Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Environnement – Évaluation du risque'
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Maréchal, Jean-Paul. "La gestion économique du risque environnemental majeur." Paris 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA010038.
Full textThe last thirty years have seen the risk of pollution increasingly take the form of major technological accidents and micropollutions. It is this new kind of risk that we call "major environmental risk". The aim of this thesis is to determine how this new risk can be submitted to economic management. After having demonstrated that the major environmental risk is a non-probabilisable risk due to an inmeasurable probability of occurrence and unpredictable real maximum consequences - a situation of uncertainty according to f. H. Knight's defini- tion - with the notions of responsibility liability and general interest being chal- lenged, the author proposes a double economic management of the major environmental risk. First, a "downstream management" based ont he "economy of conventions" consist- ing of a four level insurance system. Second, an "upstream management" which, given the limits of the neoclassical theory in general and the decision theory in particular, requires the conceptualiza- tion of an "open economy" whereby the means of intervention is the "normative manage- ment under constraint"
Rasse, Gabrièle. "Les plans de prévention des risques technologiques au prisme de la vulnérabilité." Paris, ENMP, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00363570.
Full textDuring their creation in 2003 further to the accident of AZF in Toulouse, the plans of technological risks prevention (PPRT) were introduced as juridical tools allowing reducing efficiently the territories vulnerability. Five years later, the question of the contentment of this mission settles. The researches on the notion of vulnerability, illustrated by the results of an inquiry of ground into the concrete application of the first PPRT, is going to show the positive points and the insufficiencies of the juridical answer to the question of the vulnerability of the territories. The first part of this thesis sets out to show beneficial effects procreated by PPRT on the territories. The second part of this thesis compensates this first positive effect showing the insufficiencies of the legal framework given by PPRT
Bardy, Jennifer. "Le concept comptable de passif environnemental, miroir du risque environnemental de l'entreprise." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR0001.
Full textWhether it is through the risks that the company imposes on the environment or through the risks thatweigh on it with regard to the multiplication of legal obligations aimed at protecting the environment,the company can no longer afford to ignore the environmental risk. Henceforth, the environmental riskapprehension requirement must guide the company throughout its existence. The accounting law, asmuch for its historical abilities to apprehend the risks of the company as for its quality of organizing thelanguage of the company, appears as the instrument that can help in the identification and control of theenvironmental risk. Through the concept of environmental liability, the accounting law offers, on onehand, an environmental risk reading grid that highlights most of the nuances of this risk. On the otherhand, because of the concept of environmental liability, the accounting law reveals its ability to controlthe damaging consequences that the environmental risk imposes on the company or the environment.The merits of the accounting law as regards the apprehension of the environmental risk of the companymust not however mask an original conception exclusively based on the recognition of the violations ofthe financial capital of the company. Because persisting in the path of ignorance of an environmentalcapital has the effect of restricting the apprehension of environmental risk, the refoundation of theaccounting law in the direction of the integration of an environmental capital offers to the accountinglaw the opportunity to assert itself as a branch of law which, although specific, is none the less alive andas such, capable of evolution
Hamoudani, Mohamed. "La mise en oeuvre du principe de précaution : une étude du droit marocain à la lumière du droit international, du droit communautaire et du droit français." Angers, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ANGE0084.
Full textIn recognizing the principle of precaution, the law pursues the goal of reconciling rather than opposing scientific and technological advances with enviromental and sanitary concerns. In order to attain this objective diverse referential approaches suggest themselves, short of requiring scientific certitude on the existence of a serious and irreversible risk in order to apply the principle of precaution. This application must be proportional but also provisionary. Even if judicial reflection on the concept has been widely initiated this principle is found at the heart of debate every time a new risk emerges. In an essential way, if the principle of precaution is conceived as forseeing possible risks created by scientific and technological advances, it assumes that its adoption into law will be attached to societies enjoying an advanced technological level. Through examples taken from international law, Euopean law, and from French and Moroccan law this thesis attempts to put this idea into perspective, opting for a decidedly comparative approach. The conclusion proposed allows then to observe that in the context of globalization where the sanitary and enviromental risk know no boundaries, judicial recognition of the principle of precaution is not a function of the degree of development of the country. This study attempts to epouse the different aspects as much conceptual as operational with the purpose of arriving at a comprehensive, synthetic, and up to date principle of precaution. To start, the following questions will guide our considerations : Do the diverse references including the principle of precaution allow us to draw different preventative policies together and thereby to improve enviromental and sanitary protection on a global scale?
Alexandre, Anne-Gwenn. "Assurabilité et assurance du risque environnemental : approches européenne et nord-américaine." Nice, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NICE0024.
Full textIndustrial disasters remind us everyday that serious environmental dangers threaten our planet. Insurance provides one sort of financing method to recover from environmental damage. This thesis illuminates the issue of insurability and insurance of environmental risk by way of a comparative analysis of practices in the European Union and North America (United States, Canada). First of all, this study analyzes the manner in which environmental risk can be insured from legal, technical and financial perspectives and reveals the different nature of the guarantee provided by each of theses perspectives. Second, this work studies the manner in which environmental risk is insured and rectified by insurance companies on a local or international level. This study reveals that insurance generally plays an important role in repairing of environmental risk that arises, but more particularly, insurance plays a crucial preventive role, in a sustainable development objective
Celica-Caracciolo, Carole. "Le risque environnemental : élément détreminant dans la transmission de l'installation classée en procédure collective." Aix-Marseille 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX32020.
Full textFor some now decades, environmental protection has been appearing in a domain that was never its: Business Law. It first appeared as an answer to industrial nuisances but was never considered as a major decision factor in the business world. Today, this reality has changed due to an increasing ecological collective awareness. Other reasons are less praiseworthy but so important. Environmental protection is become a factor of risk for companies called classified facilities. Thus, it couldn’t be separated from the decisions of the transmission of the economic assets, especially when it’s in a crisis which needs the start of collective proceedings. Once estimated, environmental risk will be categorized into accountable, financial and scientific values. They will influence the collective procedures, defining the participants, which will then become the new environmental protectors. These protectors will have to maintain the rules and ensure all relevant information published on environmental liabilities
Lelièvre, Maud. "Entre santé et environnement : l'émergence d'un nouveau droit de la sécurité sanitaire fondé sur la précaution." Paris 8, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA084225.
Full textScholtus, Marie. "Construction d'un indicateur de qualité des eaux de surface vis-à-vis des produits phytosanitaires à l'échelle du bassin versant viticole." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2004. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_2004_THIOLLET-SCHOLTUS_M.pdf.
Full textThe degradation of surface water quality is mainly due to intensive agricultural practices. The main goal of this PhD program is to construct a watershed decision aid tool from a field decision aid tool which already exists. I-PhyField is calculated in 2 experimental French watersheds (Chablis, Rouffach). The adaptation proposed for the I-Phy indicator is to add a module which accounts for the distance between field and outlet and characteristics of the runoff water way : field connectivity index" (Ci). Ci index deals with factors outlying the field of study which may influence pesticide runoff and also, hydrological characteristics of the water way between the field and the watershed outlet. Ci index and I-Phy-BV indicator were calculated and validated for the 2 vineyard watersheds. Further research is needed for the validation
Guillaume, Bertrand. "L'articulation entre évaluation et négociation environnementales : Concepts et techniques pour les politiques publiques de prévention et de gestion térritoriale des risques naturels." Paris, ENSAM, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ENAM0031.
Full textSchiopu, Nicoleta. "Caractérisation des émissions dans l'eau des produits de construction pendant leur vie en oeuvre." Lyon, INSA, 2007. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2007ISAL0076/these.pdf.
Full textThe various French and European regulatory or voluntary actions push more and more the construction products manufacturers to an environmental assessment policy. A « horizontal » approach (i. E. , applicable to one or several families of products used in a certain scenario) is considered the best route for the assessment. Moreover, it is required by the Mandate M/366 addressed to CEN. The aim of this research is to contribute to the development of this kind of approach, in order to assess the substances emission from construction products into water, during their service life. Three products were tested: concrete slabs, wood duckboards and zinc gutters. The experiments were carried out at two scales: laboratory scale (controlled conditions) and pilot scale (outdoor / not-controlled conditions, with meteorological monitoring). At pilot scale the products were exposed to meteoric water, during one year. A release model (chemical and transport modelling) was developed for the case of the concrete slabs. PHREEQC software was adapted and used. The main results show that in order to assess the substances emission from construction products into water, in a « horizontal » approach framework, the following steps are required and must take into account the product and the exposure conditions specificities: - physicochemical characterisation of the product, which could be more or less complex, depending on the product and on the knowledge already available ; - characterisation of leaching behaviour, under static (equilibrium) and dynamic conditions, which must take into account especially the use and the evolution of the product during its service life. The Continuous Monolithic Leaching Test (CMLT) seems more suitable for release dynamic assessment ; - modelling of the products behaviour in a specific exposure scenario. The laboratory data cannot be directly transferred to service conditions but they are essential for the modelling of environmental behaviour
Cartier, Stéphane. "Entre recours à l'état et recours au marché, principes de solidarité face au risque de ruissellement érosif en pays de Caux." Paris 10, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA100069.
Full textDurand, Cyrielle Lucie. "Développement d'une batterie de mesures biologiques pour l'évaluation du risque associé aux sédiments contaminés." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0387/document.
Full textThe ecological, regulatory and economic stakes impose to propose reliable methodologies to assess the risk of contaminated sediments for the environment, following a gradual approach (which allows to rank and to proportion efforts), considering the potential risks on the ecosystems. This work aims to develop a biological tool for the hazard assessment of contaminated freshwaters sediments. It consists in the evaluation of natural sediments toxicity contaminated by chemicals pollutants, through the measurement of biological disturbances caused to laboratory exposed organisms. Thus, a bioassay battery composed of three species (G. fossarum crustacean arthropod; P. antipodarum gastropod mollusc and C. riparius insect arthropod), belonging to different phyla, was built. The battery was developed within two main steps. The first concerns the evaluation of the natural variability of organisms life-traits exposed to a good quality (not or few contaminated) sediment series, which present a range of particle size grading and organic matter content as large as possible. The second step consists in a comparison between life-traits responses in contaminated conditions and the range of responses previously obtained in control conditions. Thus, the battery capacity to discriminate was assessed on contaminated sediment for each endpoint for the three tested species. Results show some traits with a high discriminating power (e.g. G. fossarum feeding rate) and on the contrary some traits with a very low discriminating power (e.g. P. antipodarum embryo production). Intermediates responses are treated separately. Actually, it can present median sensitivity to contaminants or specific sensitivities (e.g. C. riparius growth rate responded only to pesticides contaminations). Results allow to obtain biological response thresholds for each endpoint of the three tested species, and recommendations for the use of developed tests (which species / traits to use in which conditions?)
Chevé, Morgane. "L'adéquation des choix économiques aux contraintes écologiques : optimalité et durabilité de la croissance d'une économie polluante." Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010004.
Full textCHARDON, ANNE CATHERINE. "Croissance urbaine et risques "naturels", évaluation de la vulnérabilité à Manizales, Andes de Colombie." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE10157.
Full textBuffet, Pierre-Emmanuel. "Évaluation du risque environnemental des nanoparticules métalliques : biodisponibilité et risque potentiel pour deux espèces clés des écosystèmes estuariens." Nantes, 2012. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=4222b036-2cc9-45e7-a146-038b3361bae3.
Full textThe advent of nanotechnologies is leading to the increase production of nanoparticles which could be released in the environment. Metal nanoparticles are used in a variety of commercial applications (bactericides, UV protection, medical imaging) and their toxicity is a source of concern. The aim of this work was to evaluate the fate of metal-bearing nanoparticles (Ag, Au, CuO, Cd, ZnO) in the marine environment and their effects on two marine endobenthic species : the bivalve Scrobicularia plana and the worm Hediste diversicolor by using a set of biomarkers at different levels of biological organization (behaviour, biochemical responses and genotoxicity). Effects were evaluated after exposure to different environmental sources (water, food, sediment independently or combined in mesocosms). In a number of cases, our work revealed a toxic effect of nanoparticles which is not due to the constituent metal but directly to the nanoproperties. Results show that biomarkers are promising tools to evaluate the ecotoxicity of nanoparticles and could be used to improve risk assessment
Imyim, Apichat. "Méthodologie d'évaluation environnementale des déchets stabilisés / solidifiés par liants hydrauliques." Lyon, INSA, 2000. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2000ISAL0091/these.pdf.
Full textThis research aims to assess the long-term release of inorganic pollutants leached from stabilised wastes by hydraulic binders in the environmental point of view. The research divides in three parts: (1) proposition of an assessment methodology of the long term behavior of pollutant species, (2) application and validation of the methodology to synthetic stabilised wastes, (3) application of the methodology to stabilized galvanic sludge and stabilized fly ash. The methodology includes leachning tests and a model of the long-term behavior prediction of pollutant contained in the wastes. The selected leaching tests permitting the identification of the necessary parameters for behavioral model have been done. The developed model is based on a diffusional model in the porous matrix coupled to chemical reactions of major species contained in the stabilized materials. The consistency between the experimental and simulated results proves that the model describes the physico – chemical mechanism of considered species release well. This approach leads to determine the long-term behavior of stabilized wastes in order to assess their impact on the environment
Batakou, Mahuwetin Sylvie. "Le risque environnemental et l'assurance." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LYSE3002.
Full textEnvironmental risk is defined as the damage to the environment caused by the activities of companies that give rise to their responsibilities, which are the source of ecological damage or ecological harm and oblige them to take measures to repair or even prevent it. The enshrinement by liability law for so-called pure ecological prejudice, i.e. those caused to the environment itself, has obliged insurers to structure themselves and offer adequate guarantees. Beyond environmental liability as provided for in the Environmental Code, henceforth, on the basis of Articles 1246 et seq. of the Civil Code, any person, and consequently any company, and not only those whose activity constitutes a risk for the environment, must repair the damage caused and put in place, if necessary, measures to prevent such damages. These costs, which are borne by him and are likely to affect his financial survival, cannot be assumed without recourse to insurance. This one can then be used to cover and pay for pure ecological damages. Insurance plays an essential downstream role, but also an upstream role by enabling and promoting the prevention of environmental risk. In this way, environmental risk insurance is fully in line with the current sustainable development approach. However, while traditional insurance is the technique best suited to effectively repairing damage caused to the environment, it alone cannot cover environmental risk. There are substantial, temporal and financial limitations in environmental insurance contracts, requiring consideration of the implementation of a multifaceted compensation system. As a result, the complementary intervention of other compensation mechanisms, particularly a compensation fund, is indispensable. At the end of our study, the crucial role of the insurer in repairing environmental damages is highlighted. However, it must be included in a broader and rethought compensation mechanism, consisting of the establishment of an insurance obligation on the one hand and a special compensation fund on the other
Dubos, Noalwenn. "Contribution à l'évaluation du risque sismique dans les Pyrénées centrales." Toulouse 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU30177.
Full textArnoux, Romain. "La responsabilité : enquête sur l'éthique et son fondement dans l'univers du risque." Lyon 3, 2008. https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/in/theses/2008_in_arnoux_r.pdfarnoux_r.pdf.
Full textWhat is the meaning of "being responsible” nowadays? This question, on which this work is based, makes us feel quite uncomfortable, because it reveals a cruel reality: we actually don't even know the reason, neither the object nor the judge of our responsibility. In other words, we probably have to admit that we've lost the meaning of our responsibilities, whereas the world we all live in requires from us more and more ethical behaviours… Standing half-way between over-responsibility and irresponsibility, betrayed by the multiplicity of its appearances, and nevertheless remaining a feeling that makes us constantly become the inner judge of our acts, responsibility as a concept deserves to be redefined (first part) and this redefinition is more and more urgent. Indeed, now that human beings have acquired a technical and scientific mastery of the whole nature, new dangers inevitably appear and that's the reason why we have to build ethical answers to our new power (second part). In this framework, Ethics is no longer to be considered uniquely as a way of improving our life conditions, it is now a real opportunity for us to make humans go on living in the future. Therefore, the stake of this work (making us appropriate the meaning of our responsibilities), deals with ethical, existential but also ontological matters, because we now have to be responsible for the being and its global evolution. Our goal is clear: giving to responsibility a pragmatic new dimension (third part), and a central place in a new ethics, untied from metaphysics (fourth part)
Nerriere, Eléna. "Distribution de l'exposition de la population urbaine à des polluants particuliers et gazeux génotoxiques et évaluation du risque de cancer." Nancy 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NAN11304.
Full textBardy, Jennifer. "Le concept comptable de passif environnemental, miroir du risque environnemental de l'entreprise." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR0001.
Full textWhether it is through the risks that the company imposes on the environment or through the risks thatweigh on it with regard to the multiplication of legal obligations aimed at protecting the environment,the company can no longer afford to ignore the environmental risk. Henceforth, the environmental riskapprehension requirement must guide the company throughout its existence. The accounting law, asmuch for its historical abilities to apprehend the risks of the company as for its quality of organizing thelanguage of the company, appears as the instrument that can help in the identification and control of theenvironmental risk. Through the concept of environmental liability, the accounting law offers, on onehand, an environmental risk reading grid that highlights most of the nuances of this risk. On the otherhand, because of the concept of environmental liability, the accounting law reveals its ability to controlthe damaging consequences that the environmental risk imposes on the company or the environment.The merits of the accounting law as regards the apprehension of the environmental risk of the companymust not however mask an original conception exclusively based on the recognition of the violations ofthe financial capital of the company. Because persisting in the path of ignorance of an environmentalcapital has the effect of restricting the apprehension of environmental risk, the refoundation of theaccounting law in the direction of the integration of an environmental capital offers to the accountinglaw the opportunity to assert itself as a branch of law which, although specific, is none the less alive andas such, capable of evolution
L'Homme, Patrick. "Risques majeurs et droit des sols : les outils juridiques de la protection des personnes et des biens dans les zones soumises à un risque naturel prévisible ou technologique majeur." Pau, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PAUU2005.
Full textHayet, Audrey. "Contribution de l'écologie à la caractérisation de sites contaminés : application à l'évaluation des risques pour les écosystèmes." Lille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL2S055.
Full textPrete, Giovanni. "Les intermédiaires du risque : recherche, alerte, surveillance : mobilisations scientifiques face aux introductions de pathogènes de quarantaine en agriculture." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010IEPP0071.
Full textStudying scientific mobilizations surrounding the introduction of agricultural quarantine pest in France, this dissertation analyzes how research actors and organizations (INRA) take part in the collective management of health and environmental issues. It is based on qualitative investigations and on a theoretical framework that combines organizational sociology, Risk Studies and Science & Technology Studies. The dissertation shows that the scientific participation to the pest management consists largely of “intermediation activities”. It shows how those activities, that aim not necessarily at producing scientific knowledge, support, outside formalized expertise and public controversies arenas, the development of social links and agreements between the various social worlds that are concerned (Science, Politics, Industry). The dissertation is organized in five chapters, each one allowing for the exploration of these “intermediation activities” and for the analysis of different collective processes: pest alert, outbreak and crisis management, research programs development, biosecurity norms implementation and pest monitoring and surveillance. The dissertation concludes discussing the ongoing rationalization processes in the field of health and environment problems management
Caudeville, Julien. "Développement d'une plateforme intégrée pour la cartographie de l'exposition des populations aux substances chimiques : construction d'indicateurs spatialisés en vu d'identifier les inégalités environnementales à l'échelle régionale." Compiègne, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011COMP1960.
Full textThe aim of this thesis was to develop an integrated and spatialized platform that allows characterizing the inequality linked to environmental exposure of population to chemical substances. A multimedia exposure model was used to assess the exposure dose of target population via inhalation of atmospheric contaminants and via ingestion of soil, food and drinking water. This model uses geo-referenced databases implemented in a GIS including environmental (water, air, soil, food), behavioral, and demographic data. A case study was performed across two regions in France (Picardie and Nord-Pas-de-Calais) for cadmium, chromium, nickel and lead. Exposure hotspot areas and determinants were identified by the spatial analysis of risk indicator variations. Uncertainties are associated with highlighting areas where potential hotspot exposure have been detected. Some of these uncertainties are simulated by the platform. The case study has allowed to demonstrate the platform feasibility and functioning. Hotspot areas with significantly elevated exposure indicator values might be used to define environmental monitoring campaigns, to manage and plan remedial actions. This work proposes also to improve “classical” health risk assessment with a better integration of essential determinant for the real population exposure at the territory scale
Mavoungo, Joseph. "La Vulnérabilité des populations des Petites Antilles face au risque sismique, l'exemple de la Martinique : Aspects comportementaux, cognitifs, perceptifs; gestion préventive de proximité et aménagement des espaces de vie." Antilles-Guyane, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AGUY0194.
Full textThis thesis proposes a study of the vulnerability of the insulars populations face to the seismic risks from the first example of Martinique (Lesser Antilles). This choice was made especially because of the fact that this French isle, located at the heart of the seismogen zone of the highest magnitude observed, has not yet known an important earthquake since the destructive one of 1839. This isle is also open to others Caribbean spaces as the isle of Dominica. Our approach of this vulnerability will be systemic. It takes its foundation on a long campaign of investigation which privileged the human component rather than the physic component, the first one not being enough taken into consideration in the works of preventive plannification. This work shows the importance of the consideration of perceptive and cognitive factors and of the others social, cultural, psycholosociologic and economic factors associated as fundamental elements of incline and even of determination of the components of the populations before, while and after a potential seismic crisis. In all, the thesis shows that seismic risk is not a natural thing. Depending on the connection of human behaving to their natural environment, it can be controled when the population exposed, passes from fatalism to a dynamic preventive, supported by the local and national politics. We have developed a particular methodology of evolution of the vulnerability, standing at the same time on geographic criterions and intrinsic to human, which emerge on the production of a cartography of the types and level of vulnerability, of perception and of knowledge of risk. This methodology is reproducible on others insulars territories
Kröger, Edeltraut. "Facteurs de risque occupationnels et environnementaux de la démence : l'étude sur la santé et le vieillissement au Canada." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19995.
Full textHommel, Thierry. "Environnement et stratégies des firmes industrielles : le modèle de la gestion anticipative de la contestabilité appliqué à la production des OGM agricoles et à l'industrie du traitement de surface en France et en Allemagne." Paris, EHESS, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001EHES0053.
Full textDemerseman, Natasha. "La gestion du risque environnemental par la technique assurantielle." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON10008/document.
Full textEnvironment is a fairly new concept considered as a top issue. It has become a key factor for companies which have to take into account risks and impacts related to their activities. They have to adapt themselves to more and more restrictive and demanding rules. Today, environmental stakes concern at international level but also at national one too. In a overall approach of the environmental risk management, insurance companies play a key role. The technical practice in the insurance world is a critical tool to raise awareness and to fix environmental damages. It is only by doing a very deep study that we will be able to find outhow insurance companies deal with environmental risks related to manufacturing activities
Percot, Stéphane. "Contribution des retombées atmosphériques aux flux de polluants issus d'un petit bassin versant urbain : cas du Pin Sec à Nantes." Phd thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00851955.
Full textGuyot, Delmotte Florence. "L' administration et les risques naturels et technologiques." Littoral, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009DUNK0244.
Full textThe problem posed by the treatment of risk management requires taking into account various issues. The first challenge lies in the support of all actors in defining the acceptable level of risk and the implementation and evaluation of public policy on natural and technological hazards. The second issue concerns the involvement of external partners in the implementation of public policy. The third issue concerns the ability of the administrative organization to manage the public to risks. Therefore, the main interest of this thesis was to highlight the evolution of treatment of risk management. This study found the limits of the system : one administrative territorialization necessary but inadequate, a failure of consistency in prevention, insufficient accountability of various actors, an original scheme, but the fragile. . . The vision proposed by this study is based on the clarification and simplification on the legal framework achieved and efforts still to provide. .
Hamdoun, Hakim. "Valorisation de sédiments de dragage en techniques routières et acceptabilité environnementale : caractérisation globale et études de mobilités d'éléments métalliques par extractions simples, séquentielles et cinétiques. Cas de sédiments de la Manche dans le cadre du projet SETARMS." Caen, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CAEN2033.
Full textEach year about 57 million tons of sediments are dredged from the channel ports. 90 % are directly dumped into the sea. As sea disposal is becoming more and more regulated, the management of dredged sediments is now a environmental and economical challenge for the ports authorities. This PhD thesis is part of the SETARMS project, that proposes to reuse dredged sediments for road construction, and studies sediments sampled in 13 ports across the Channel. The aim is to investigate the environmental impact of dredged sediments for a possible reuse after treatment with hydraulic binders. For that, the geochemical characterization of the dredged sediments was performed; the metals and metalloid enrichments were estimated; the elements mobility in the raw and treated sediments was studied. According the French and English thresholds references, disposal at sea is prohibited for all the sediments studied. Moreover, the enrichment and ecotoxicological index calculations show potential environmental risks for As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn mainly related to mining activities and river inputs for all samples. The results of the various chemical extractions (single, sequential and kinetic extractions) indicate high mobility of Cu, Pb and Zn and highlight the complementarity of the 3 chemical extraction protocols used, and the need to extend their simultaneous uses for such mobility study
Tixier, Philippe. "Conception assistée par modèle de systèmes de culture durables : application aux systèmes bananiers de Guadeloupe." Montpellier, ENSA, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ENSA0019.
Full textGuadeloupe banana cropping systems are threatened by agronomic (low yield due to phytoparasitic nematode development), environmental (pesticide leaching to water, particularly important in a fragile insular setting) and economic (seasonal variations in fruit prices, manpower costs) unsustainability. New systems have to be designed to solve both economic and environmental problems. Rotations with other crops or fallows, biodiversity restoration, pesticide management are some current investigated solutions. Modelling tools have been developed to combine practices, explore and optimise such systems. Banana cropping systems have some characteristics that cannot be taken into account by generic crop models; a specific model called SIMBA has been developed. The evolution of the banana population structure over time is a key point; it is simulated by SIMBA-POP, a cohort population model. Parasitism dynamics mainly due to phytoparasitic nematodes lower cropping sustainability and lead to massive use of pesticides; this is simulated by the dynamic SIMBA-NEM module. SIMBA also simulates plant growth, the soil cover and structure or water balance. Cropping practices are taken into account by decision rules that give rise to realistic technical recommendations. Qualitative, integrated and dynamic indicators are linked to biophysical modules and allow evaluation of the pesticide leaching risk, erosion risk and soil fertility. SIMBA provides agronomic (yield), environmental and economic (profit margin) outputs for multicriteria evaluation of the simulated system based on different viewpoints. An original 2-step method has been used to prototype new cropping systems with SIMBA (first a global exploration then a specific optimisation). Some interesting cropping systems have thus been highlighted and should be tested in the field. This scientific approach permits to develop some significant progress in the banana modelling by aggregating the existing knowledge and highlight the missing ones
Baillard, Vincent. "Modélisation de distribution de sensibilité des espèces pour la protection des communautés." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LORR0065.
Full textHuman activities have numerous effects on ecosystems. They can for example result in spillage or leakage of contaminants in ecosystems as during spreading of pesticides in agricultural lands. Environmental risk assessment allows to characterize those effects to maintain them at a level considered acceptable. This assessment is usually based on monospecific bioassays, but concentration-response relationships thus described can then be included in Species Sensitivity Distributions (SSD). Those SSD, widely used in environmental risk assessment, then allows to define a concentration that only have an effect on a small fraction of the species found in an ecosystem (usually 5%, leading to hazardous concentrations for 5% of species). One of the most important problems of this kind of approaches is that it still lacks environmental relevance. Monospecific bioassays indeed providing the information to model SSD are usually realised in non realist conditions (organisms isolated and thus not subject to biotic interactions, experimental conditions far from environmental reality, obtention of a unique sensitivity value for a species whereas this sensibility can be variable from one population to another...). This lack of realism is compensated by the application of an assessment factor which divides the final value by a value that increases as the realised estimation is distant from environmental reality, thus giving lower values that are considered more protectives. The work presented here sought to integrate (i) the effect of intraspecific variability on SSD curves parameters, in particular on hazardous concentrations for 5% of species and (ii) the combined effect of an herbicide and interspecific competition on the vegetal communities that are grass stripes following several modeling approaches for each data processing step. Results show the importance of the integration of all this biological complexity in environmental risk assessment procedures as well as the risk of underestimation of assessment factors usually applied on results from SSD modeling
Veillard, Isabelle. "Prévenir les nouveaux risques : Essai d'une approche globale pour la protection des personnes et de l'environnement." Paris 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA010292.
Full textBignoumba, Backouyanga Diane Marina. "Les enjeux de la gestion du risque environnemental dans la zone de N'Toum au Gabon : cas de l'entreprise CIMGABON." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Littoral, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013DUNK0358.
Full textThe end of 1970s in the municipality of N'Toum in the Gabun is marked by the setting-up of one of the most important ompanies of the country the specialityof which is the extraction and the manufacturing of clinker. However, the activity of the company CIMGABON has negative consequences which are translated by a considerable modification of the environmental landscape. It is to remedy this situation common to several companies of the country that Gabon opted, since the end of 1990s, under the pressure of the international authorities in particular, for an environmental policy, putting henceforth in the center of the action, the actors (political, social, environmental) taken in a logic of co-management, as condition necessary for a better management of the environment. The participation in so allowed to give a legitimacy to often rejected actors. However, these actors meet numerous difficulties constituting as full entities of this environmental management, the latter remaining thus chaotic
Vanuls, Caroline. "Travail et environnement : regards sur une dynamique préventive et normative à la lumière de l'interdépendance des risques professionnels et environnementaux." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM1048.
Full textCette étude s’inscrit autour du rapport travail/environnement à la lumière de l’interdépendance des risques. L’histoire des catastrophes industrielles montre qu’il n’existe pas de frontière entre les risques professionnels et environnementaux. Dans ce contexte, prend naissance la notion de risque mixte. Dans une société où les dangers se multiplient avec les progrès technologiques, a émergé une politique d’anticipation des risques. Les entreprises prennent conscience d’un rôle à jouer dans cette politique en tant qu’entités génératrices de risques industriels. Elles développent des démarches socialement responsables, connues sous le nom de Responsabilité Sociale de l’Entreprise, destinées à concilier les intérêts économiques avec les droits fondamentaux de l’environnement et les droits fondamentaux des travailleurs. Reposant sur les piliers du développement durable, le caractère transversal de la RSE résonne avec la mixité des risques et apporte une réponse de nature globale. Dans le prolongement de cette nouvelle responsabilisation, les droits du travail et de l’environnement renforcent les obligations de sécurité de l’employeur et de l’exploitant. Sous le prisme de la prévention, les deux ensembles juridiques se rejoignent dans une démarche commune d’anticipation. Le droit du travail se saisit du risque environnemental et s’emploie à le maîtriser. Le droit de l’environnement est mis au service de la protection des travailleurs qui semblerait réceptive à la précaution en milieu professionnel. La convergence de l’esprit de protection animant ces deux droits ne conduirait-elle pas à l’émergence d’un droit commun à l’environnement et au travail : un droit du risque
Amokrane, Kahina. "Suivi de l'apprenant en environnement virtuel pour la formation à la prévention des risques sur des sites SEVESO." Compiègne, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010COMP1874.
Full textA site classified "Seveso" is an industrial installation where the activity presents a significant risk to surrounding populations, in case of serious accident. Hence, the limitations encountered to reach this kind of site, particulary in the context of training. Virtual reality is one of the technologies that appear interesting to remedy these limitations. It allows to make the learner in situations close to reality and allows him to learn without any risk. My PhD thesis work falls within the framework of using virtual reality for risk prevention training. Our objectives are 1) to script virtual environment according to learner actions and profile, and pedagogical goals, 2) to trace learner activity and all the events sequences, from causes to effects, with argued explanations. For this, we base on knowledge representation models : task description language, ontology, erros model, Bayesian Networks. To achieve our objectives, we need to interpret the observable actions performed by a learner and their effects in virtual environments to determine performed task, commited errors and produced risks. To do this, we proposed an intelligent tutor called HERA (Helpful staff for safety learning in virtual environments)
Oladeji, Sunday. "Commerce Nord-Sud et environnement : une approche technologique." Aix-Marseille 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AIX24007.
Full textHamdi, Ali. "Eléments pour l'éducation relative à l'environnement : étude de l'évolution conceptuelle et des attitudes chez les élèves tunisiens de la deuxième année secondaire à travers leurs conceptions sur l'écosystème forestier." Dijon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007DIJOL035.
Full textDelpiano, Valérie. "Le processus juridique d'évaluation et d'examen en matière environnementale en Amérique du Nord et dans l'Union Européenne." Nice, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NICE0060.
Full textMery, Jacques. "Contribution à une gestion durable du risque environnemental du stockage des déchets ménagers et assimilés : l'évaluation du coût externe des fuites de lixiviat des décharges." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005VERS006S.
Full textLandfills are still the main way of municipal solid wastes treatment in many countries, including France, while their level of social acceptance is low. These are more or less known and managed depending on their nature and the horizon time to be considered and their monetarisation is still in its enfancy. We present a state of the art of landfill externalities valuation, then focus on leachate leakage impacts of dry tomb and bioreactor landfills in a weak sustainability framework (cost-benefit analysis) and to a less extent in a strong sustainability framework (cost-efficiency analysis). Their monetarisation on horizons time of necessarily many centuries requires specific intergenerational discounting procedures. The deduced external costs crucially depend on these procedures, which constitutes a numerical translation of ethical choices, leading to the fundamentals of sustainable development and to more sustainable technologies of lanfilling (bioreactors)
Saffache, Pascal. "Le littoral martiniquais : milieux, dynamiques et gestion des risques." Antilles-Guyane, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AGUY0035.
Full textThe evolution of Martinique's coastline is a source of worriness. Indeed, from 1955 to 1996, more than 90 kms of coast have receded of about 20 meters in average. At the bottom of bays and culs-de-sac, hundreds of thousands tons of sediments have piled up, thus encouraging the rising of depths and the necrosis of corals. The phenomena have continually grown ; until then, none had studied the various components of the coastline and their modes of functioning. Martinique's coastline is made up of four distinct physical entities : sandy and muddy coves, rivers and cliffs mouths. These four entities result from the same influences : earth, sea and submarine influences. The erosion of the septentrional coastline shows two characteristics. First, geological, bathymetric and hydrodynamic elements combine to erode the coast. Second, man's influence just amplifies those mentioned above. The modes of fattening of culs-de-sac are simpler, for they result from the erosive process of slopes basins completed by the fixing influence of plants growing on salt grounds and more usually by the geographic confinement. In spite of the disturbances created by these dynamics, there exists no regional policy of coast conservation. We propose to remedy it by modelling the coastline, by estimating the cost of coast damages and by systematically studying the environment before any regional development
Touron-Bodilis, Aurélie. "Contribution à l'analyse du risque microbiologique en estuaire de Seine : présence et devenir de Salmonella et relation aux flores indicatrices." Rouen, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ROUES018.
Full textThe Seine estuary is a highly anthropized environment and its waters are greatly contaminated by upstream sources and point and non-point sources of faecal contamination. The majority of etiological pathogens of waterborne diseases being associated to human or animal faecal contamination, the microbiological quality of waters is assessed by the enumeration of the indicator flora for faecal contamination in the different areas of the estuary (water, mudflats and mussel beds), we have assessed the abundance of total and thermotolerant coliforms, enterococci and spores of C. Perfringens, and detected the pathogen Salmonella in its culturable form. The loss of culturability of the enteric pathogens in aquatic environments (viable but non culturable state), has led us to develop a molecular detection method by Nested Multiplex PCR. The geographical dissemination of the pathogen has been detected up to the mudflats sediments. A cluster analysis allowed us to group the sites of the estuary based on their microbiological contamination and to show the relative contribution of the lateral sources (tributaries and wastewater treatment plants)and the upstream of the estuary, in different flow rate conditions. Finally, a study to assess the loss of viability and culturability of Salmonella has been initiated with Seine water in a microcosm
Merlinsky, María Gabriela. "Atravesando el Río : la construcción social y política de la cuestión ambiental en Argentina : dos estudios de caso en torno al conflicto por las plantas de celulosa en el Río Uruguay y al conflicto por el saneamiento de la Cuenca Matanza-Riachuelo." Paris 8, 2009. http://octaviana.fr/document/150970102#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
Full textThis research considers the incursion into a field of new problems, relative to the emergence of the environmental issue as a socially problematised matter in Argentina. Our aim is to contribute to the analysis of the way in which the social selection of the environmental issues occurs in different societies and its relationship with more general processes of change. The road taken has been the analysis of the environmental conflicts considered as moments of socialization and turning points in the material and symbolic construction of the environmental issue. In this exploration, we have selected two cases of relevance for their ability to impact the public arenas of deliberation around the environmental problems, and because they represent hinge times in the construction of the environmental institutionality in Argentina: the conflict over the pulp mills on the Uruguay River and the conflict over the clean-up of the Matanza-Riachuelo River Basin. The thesis describes the emergence of these conflicts and the course they followed establishing an influence on the formation of public arenas around the environmental issue. It also identifies the instances of institutional rupture triggered by these conflicts and their exemplary nature for the national environmental debate and the social construction of the collective risk
Biboutou, Armel. "Dynamiques d'urbanisation et risques écosystemiques dans la région de Libreville (Gabon)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UNIP7047.
Full textSince its creation in 1849, Libreville has experienced unplanned and uncoordinated urbanisation. Over the decades, this anarchic urbanisation has been accompanied by environmental imbalances and has subjected city dwellers to numerous ecosystem risks. This research focuses on anarchic urbanisation, its production universe and the resulting ecosystem risks. Questions that are not often addressed in Gabon are raised: how, by whom and why is anarchic urbanisation produced? What does this form of urban production reveal? To what extent does the production of anarchic urbanisation contribute to the increase in ecosystem risks? The answers are formulated along four lines. In the first axis, land use changes in the city were identified, characterised and analysed. Remote sensing and GIS tools were used to produce land use maps and risk maps. A second axis studies nature-society relations in Libreville, and highlights the perceptions of the city and nature, while identifying the benefits that the population derives from nature, and the ecosystemic risks to which the population is exposed. The urbanisation process underway in Libreville was characterised and analysed in a third axis. These last two axes are based on fieldwork using semi-directive interviews and life stories collected from local populations and actors. In the fourth section, a prospective view of Libreville was taken using land-use simulation maps. The results of this research show a rapid, significant and unstructured expansion of the urban area of Libreville and its surroundings, accompanied by significant deforestation of the region, mainly in the north. The dynamics observed in the city are the result of a vicious circle: anarchic land occupation, access to land by mutual agreement, land speculation, lack of land control by the state and laissez-faire, etc. These results show a widespread perception of nature degradation and conservation and protection practices by both city dwellers and decision-makers, a reduction in biodiversity and evidence of city-nature conflicts. The degradation and extensive deforestation of mangroves and the construction of houses are the main causes put forward by the respondents. Thus, changes in land use and impacts on nature lead to an increase in the ecosystem risks of flooding and coastal erosion, which are perceived differently according to age, location, professional status, etc. Continental erosion is very little perceived as a risk or a problem, despite mapping results showing exposed areas. As a co-production of local populations and actors, the various actors find an interest in uncontrolled urbanisation. Routines structure the co-production of space: precarious settlements, roads and tracks pave the way for urbanisation and deforestation, etc. A lack of synergy, conflicts of competence, insufficient decentralisation, financial mismanagement and excessive politics also mark this anarchic urbanisation. In a laissez-faire scenario, prospective land-use modelling shows a significant reduction in dense vegetation in protected areas. In a control scenario, on the other hand, it shows a conservation of almost all the protected areas. These situations, which provide information on the future of Libreville, raise questions about urban and environmental governance in Gabon. An attempt is therefore made to analyse the possibilities for change based on models of cities in Africa and the world, both on urban and environmental aspects
Besse, Jean-Philippe. "Impact environnemental des médicaments à usage humain sur le milieu récepteur : évaluation de l'exposition et des effets pour les écosystèmes d'eau douce." Thesis, Metz, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010METZ023S/document.
Full textA high number of pharmaceuticals are used in France and can reach the aquatic environment. This observation have contributed to a growing concern for authorities in targeting and quantifying these substances in freshwaters. Considering the high number of molecules used in France, it is necessary, prior to implement any comprehensive monitoring survey in freshwaters, to build a list of priority pharmaceuticals in terms of their risk for the aquatic environment. The work conducted here aims at proposing reliable lists of priority pharmaceuticals, based on expected environmental concentrations and biological effects on aquatic non-target organisms. Several methodologies were implemented, depending on the type of pharmaceuticals assessed and the availability of data. Finally, 300 parent molecules and 50 human metabolites were screened and scientifically sound priority lists were built. Moreover, this work allowed to draw the following conclusions : The issue of pharmaceutical mixtures and their interactions with other environmental polutants needs to be addressed. Preventing the rejection of human pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment should be a priority. For a good management of the environmental risk of pharmaceuticals, an agreement between public health authorities, environment authorities on one hand, and pharmaceutical industries and professionals on the other hand, is necessary
Guindo, Abdoulaye. "Modélisation de l’hétérogénéité spatiale du risque environnemental dans les essais de prévention randomisés contre les maladies transmissibles." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0679.
Full textIn the context of communicable diseases (e.g. malaria, cholera, etc.), proximity to environments favoring transmission (e.g. breeding sites or sources of contagion, etc.) influences the infection risk, thus causing a spatial heterogeneity of this risk. However, in randomized trials, these environmental aspects are not fully observable (e.g. breeding sites).The aim of this thesis was to model this spatial heterogeneity of environmental risk not observed in a prevention trial.In the first section, using a simulation study, we showed that randomization alone did not eliminate the bias due to the spatial heterogeneity of environmental risk. We showned that the SPDE (Stochastic Partial Differential Equations) approach estimated with the INLA (Integrated Nested Laplace approximations) method and modeling this spatial heterogeneity through the localization of individuals by a Gaussian field defined by the Matèrn covariance, allowed to correct this bias.The second section focused on modeling the spatial heterogeneity of environmental risk in the context of recurrent events. We re-analyzed the data from two malaria prevention trials in Mali: One evaluating the effect of adding azithromycin to Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention (SMC) against malaria in children under 5 years of age in Bougouni, and the other evaluating the efficacy of malaria protection measures in Bandiagara.In the last section, we have elaborated a user guide for the Bayesian SPDE model with the INLA estimation method
Sierra, Alexis. "Gestion et enjeux des espaces urbains à risque d'origine naturelle : les versants et les quebradas de Quito, Equateur." Paris 8, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA081788.
Full textBec, Emmanuel. "Croyances et information dans l'évaluation d'une ressource naturelle : une analyse amenée par l'évaluation de l'incidence économique de l'expansion de l'algue caulerpa taxifolia en Méditerranée." Aix-Marseille 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX24016.
Full textThis thesis subject have been brought up by an empirical study that consists in estimating economic impact of Caulerpa taxifolia alga expansion phenomenon in the Mediterranean sea. Market values and non-market (use and non-use) values are considered. Non-market values are estimated with contingent valuation method in order to analyse uncertainty and agents' a priori beliefs which effect has been shown. The thesis analyses the information and beliefs impact on individual valuation of natural ressources, assuming that people value goods from what they know about them - their beliefs. People have imperfect knowledge about natural ressources which are complex subjects. Then, beliefs are uncertain and any information can induce their revision and therefore a different valuation. We consider two cases in which information can have such an effect. First case is when information is received before valuation and then we design a model to analyse information and a priori beliefs effect on willingness to pay formulation. Second case is when an agent anticipates forthcoming information at the beginning of a sequence of decisions. Two reasons can lead a bayesian decision-maker to consider fothcoming information : if information to be received depends on his initial decision or if possibility of using forthcoming information depends on his initial decision. In the first situation, we show that value of information can contribute to willingness to pay formulation whereas the second situation allows to discuss the irreversibility effect defined by Henry (1974). This theoretical subject leads us to design methodological development about how to consider information and beliefs impact on individual valuation of natural ressources