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1
Nagal, Vandana, Sakeena Masrat, Marya Khan, et al. "Highly Sensitive Electrochemical Non-Enzymatic Uric Acid Sensor Based on Cobalt Oxide Puffy Balls-like Nanostructure." Biosensors 13, no. 3 (2023): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13030375.
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Early-stage uric acid (UA) abnormality detection is crucial for a healthy human. With the evolution of nanoscience, metal oxide nanostructure-based sensors have become a potential candidate for health monitoring due to their low-cost, easy-to-handle, and portability. Herein, we demonstrate the synthesis of puffy balls-like cobalt oxide nanostructure using a hydrothermal method and utilize them to modify the working electrode for non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor fabrication. The non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor was utilized for UA determination using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The puffy balls-shaped cobalt oxide nanostructure-modified glassy carbon (GC) electrode exhibited excellent electro-catalytic activity during UA detection. Interestingly, when we compared the sensitivity of non-enzymatic electrochemical UA sensors, the DPV technique resulted in high sensitivity (2158 µA/mM.cm2) compared to the CV technique (sensitivity = 307 µA/mM.cm2). The developed non-enzymatic electrochemical UA sensor showed good selectivity, stability, reproducibility, and applicability in the human serum. Moreover, this study indicates that the puffy balls-shaped cobalt oxide nanostructure can be utilized as electrode material for designing (bio)sensors to detect a specific analyte.
2
Fahmy Taha, Mohamed Husien, Hager Ashraf, and Wahyu Caesarendra. "A Brief Description of Cyclic Voltammetry Transducer-Based Non-Enzymatic Glucose Biosensor Using Synthesized Graphene Electrodes." Applied System Innovation 3, no. 3 (2020): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/asi3030032.
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The essential disadvantages of conventional glucose enzymatic biosensors such as high fabrication cost, poor stability of enzymes, pH value-dependent, and dedicated limitations, have been increasing the attraction of non-enzymatic glucose sensors research. Beneficially, patients with diabetes could use this type of sensor as a fourth-generation of glucose sensors with a very low cost and high performance. We demonstrate the most common acceptable transducer for a non-enzymatic glucose biosensor with a brief description of how it works. The review describes the utilization of graphene and its composites as new materials for high-performance non-enzymatic glucose biosensors. The electrochemical properties of graphene and the electrochemical characterization using the cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique of electrocatalysis electrodes towards glucose oxidation have been summarized. A recent synthesis method of the graphene-based electrodes for non-enzymatic glucose sensors have been introduced along with this study. Finally, the electrochemical properties such as linearity, sensitivity, and the limit of detection (LOD) for each sensor are introduced with a comparison with each other to figure out their strengths and weaknesses.
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Lansdorp, Bob, William Ramsay, Rashad Hamid, and Evan Strenk. "Wearable Enzymatic Alcohol Biosensor." Sensors 19, no. 10 (2019): 2380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19102380.
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Transdermal alcohol biosensors have the ability to detect the alcohol that emanates from the bloodstream and diffuses through the skin. However, previous biosensors have suffered from long-term fouling of the sensor element and drift in the resulting sensor readings over time. Here, we report a wearable alcohol sensor platform that solves the problem of sensor fouling by enabling drift-free signals in vivo for up to 24 h and an interchangeable cartridge connection that enables consecutive days of measurement. We demonstrate how alcohol oxidase enzyme and Prussian Blue can be combined to prevent baseline drift above 25 nA, enabling sensitive detection of transdermal alcohol. Laboratory characterization of the enzymatic alcohol sensor demonstrates that the sensor is mass-transfer-limited by a diffusion-limiting membrane of lower permeability than human skin and a linear sensor range between 0 mM and 50 mM. Further, we show continuous transdermal alcohol data recorded with a human subject for two consecutive days. The non-invasive sensor presented here is an objective alternative to the self-reports used commonly to quantify alcohol consumption in research studies.
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Hassan, Mohamed H., Cian Vyas, Bruce Grieve, and Paulo Bartolo. "Recent Advances in Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Sensing." Sensors 21, no. 14 (2021): 4672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21144672.
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The detection of glucose is crucial in the management of diabetes and other medical conditions but also crucial in a wide range of industries such as food and beverages. The development of glucose sensors in the past century has allowed diabetic patients to effectively manage their disease and has saved lives. First-generation glucose sensors have considerable limitations in sensitivity and selectivity which has spurred the development of more advanced approaches for both the medical and industrial sectors. The wide range of application areas has resulted in a range of materials and fabrication techniques to produce novel glucose sensors that have higher sensitivity and selectivity, lower cost, and are simpler to use. A major focus has been on the development of enzymatic electrochemical sensors, typically using glucose oxidase. However, non-enzymatic approaches using direct electrochemistry of glucose on noble metals are now a viable approach in glucose biosensor design. This review discusses the mechanisms of electrochemical glucose sensing with a focus on the different generations of enzymatic-based sensors, their recent advances, and provides an overview of the next generation of non-enzymatic sensors. Advancements in manufacturing techniques and materials are key in propelling the field of glucose sensing, however, significant limitations remain which are highlighted in this review and requires addressing to obtain a more stable, sensitive, selective, cost efficient, and real-time glucose sensor.
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Leong, Khok Lun, Mui Yen Ho, Xiau Yeen Lee, and Maxine Swee-Li Yee. "A Review on the Development of Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensor Based on Graphene-Based Nanocomposites." Nano 15, no. 11 (2020): 2030004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292020300042.
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In this 21th century, the demand for glucose sensors in monitoring diabetes reaches a year-on-year peak due to the unhealthy lifestyle of society. Therefore, it is the utmost important task for scientists and researchers to develop a highly efficient and effective glucose sensor. However, conventional enzymatic glucose sensors have showed some drawbacks and the underlying issues faced by enzymatic glucose sensors are outlined in this paper. With the tremendous advancement of science and technology, the field of diabetes monitoring has evolved from enzymatic to nonenzymatic glucose sensor that heavily emphasized on the usage of nanomaterial. This transformation is supported by various justifications such as a better stability of nonenzymatic sensors towards the surrounding, higher sensitivity and ease of fabrication. Numerous materials including graphene, noble metals, (transition) metal oxides and composites have been explored for its potential in the development and performance improvement of nonenzymatic glucose sensors. This paper reviewed nonenzymatic glucose sensors, their mechanism of glucose oxidation and various promising graphene-based nanocomposite systems as well as the challenges and future perspectives of glucose biosensors.
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Qi, Kaili, Shan Liu, Yuanyuan Li, Rongsheng Chen, and Feng Liang. "One-Dimensional Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Embedded Conductive Nanotube Arrays for High Performance Glucose Sensors." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 168, no. 11 (2021): 116505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac34cd.
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Non-enzymatic glucose sensors have been extensively exploited recently. But the nanostructured non-enzymatic sensors often suffer from the aggregation of the nanoscale particles and poor conductivity of the composed metal oxides. In this work, a highly conductive one-dimensional carbon nanofilm coated TiO2 nanotube arrays (TiO2@C NTAs) were fabricated as the substrate. Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuOx NPs) were then deposited on the substrate to prepare CuOx NPs/TiO2@C NTAs as the glucose sensor. Under optimal conditions, the CuOx NPs/TiO2@C NTAs sensor shows a linear dependence on glucose concentration from 0.001 to 2.467 mM, with a sensitivity of 1155.68 μA mM−1 cm−2. The detection limit is 0.17 μM (S/N = 3). The prepared sensor exhibits high reproducibility and selectivity towards glucose determination, with minimal response to the coexistent species such as mannose, fructose, and 4-acetaminophenol, etc. Monitoring glucose from human serum sample has also been conducted, suggesting good reliability of this sensor.
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Kalkozova, Zh K., U. A. Balgimbayeva, A. S. Serikkanov, and Kh A. Abdullin. "SYNTHESIS OF ZINC, COBALT AND COPPER HYDROXY-CARBONATES FOR CREATION OF ELECTROCHEMICAL NON-ENZYMATIC GLUCOSE SENSOR." Herald of the Kazakh-British technical university 21, no. 2 (2024): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.55452/1998-6688-2024-21-2-273-280.
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Non-enzymatic glucose sensors are promising for reusable electrochemical test systems because of their high sensitivity, fast response and ease of operation. A wide class of materials such as noble metal nanoparticles, composites based on carbon nanomaterials, and metal oxides are used to create non-enzymatic glucose sensors. The search for new materials for the creation of highly sensitive glucose sensors is an urgent task. In the present work a new sensor material promising for the creation of glucose biosensors is investigated. Zinc, cobalt and copper hydroxy-carbonates were synthesized by hydrothermal method at 120 oC and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, Raman spectroscopy and electrochemical methods. It is shown that the synthesized material exhibits high sensitivity to glucose (11.2 mA*mM-1*cm-2), wide sensitivity range, thermal stability and is promising for the development of non-enzymatic glucose biosensors. The limit of detection, evaluated by the magnitude of the electrochemical response when the glucose concentration was varied within the interval up to 0.5 mM, was 0.007 mM. The obtained material showed thermal stability up to 200 oC when heated in an oxidizing atmosphere, which is important for ensuring long-term stability of sensory characteristics.
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Li, Longxiao, Yufei Han, Yuzhe Zhang, et al. "Laser-Induced Graphene Decorated with MOF-Derived NiCo-LDH for Highly Sensitive Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensor." Molecules 29, no. 23 (2024): 5662. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29235662.
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Designing and fabricating a highly sensitive non-enzymatic glucose sensor is crucial for the early detection and management of diabetes. Meanwhile, the development of innovative electrode substrates has become a key focus for addressing the growing demand for constructing flexible sensors. Here, a simple one-step laser engraving method is applied for preparing laser-induced graphene (LIG) on polyimide (PI) film, which serves as the sensor substrate. NiCo-layered double hydroxides (NiCo-LDH) are synthesized on LIG as a precursor, utilizing the zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-67), and then reacted with Ni(NO3)2 via solvent-thermal methods. The sensitivity of the non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor is significantly improved by employing NiCo-LDH/LIG as the sensing material. The porous and interconnected structure of NiCo-LDH, derived from ZIF-67, enhances the accessibility of electrochemically active sites, while the incorporation of LIG ensures exceptional conductivity. The combination of NiCo-LDH with LIG enables efficient electron transport, leading to an increased electrochemically active surface area and enhanced catalytic efficiency. The fabricated electrode achieves a low glucose detection limit of 0.437 μM and demonstrates a high sensitivity of 1141.2 and 631.1 μA mM−2 cm−2 within the linear ranges of 0–770 μM and 770–1970 μM, respectively. Furthermore, the NiCo-LDH/LIG glucose sensor demonstrates superior reliability and little impact from other substances. A flexible integrated LIG-based non-enzymatic glucose sensor has been developed, demonstrating high sensitivity and suggesting a promising application for LIG-based chemical sensors.
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Domínguez-Aragón, Angelica, Alain Salvador Conejo-Dávila, Erasto Armando Zaragoza-Contreras, and Rocio Berenice Dominguez. "Pretreated Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode and Cu Nanoparticles for Creatinine Detection in Artificial Saliva." Chemosensors 11, no. 2 (2023): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11020102.
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Creatinine is the final metabolic product of creatine in muscles and a widely accepted biomarker for chronic kidney disease. In this work, we present a non-enzymatic sensor based on an electrochemical pretreated screen-printed carbon electrode (PTSPCE) with electrodeposited Cu nanoparticles (CuNPs). To function in a PoC format, the prepared PTSPCE/CuNPs non-enzymatic sensors were used as disposable elements in a portable potentiostat. The pretreatment using mild anodic and cathodic potentials in PBS resulted in an increased electroactive surface area and improved conductivity, confirmed by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance. Moreover, the detection through the CuNPs–creatinine interaction showed an enhanced performance in the PTSPCE surface compared to the bare electrode. The optimized PTSPCE/CuNPs sensor showed a linear working range from 10 to 160 μM (R2 = 0.995), a sensitivity of 0.2582 μA·μM−1 and an LOD of 0.1 μM. The sensor analytical parameters covered the requirements of creatinine detection in biofluids such as blood and saliva, with a low interference of common biomarkers such as urea, glucose, and uric acid. When evaluated in Fusayama/Meyer artificial saliva, the PTSPCE/CuNPs showed an average recovery rate of 116%. According to the observed results, the non-enzymatic PTSPCE/CuNPs sensor can potentially operate as a creatinine early screening system in PoC format.
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Chen, Tse-Wei, Rasu Ramachandran, Shen-Ming Chen, Ganesan Anushya, and Kumarasamy Ramachandran. "Graphene and Perovskite-Based Nanocomposite for Both Electrochemical and Gas Sensor Applications: An Overview." Sensors 20, no. 23 (2020): 6755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20236755.
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Perovskite and graphene-based nanocomposites have attracted much attention and been proven as promising candidates for both gas (H2S and NH3) and electrochemical (H2O2, CH3OH and glucose) sensor applications. In this review, the development of portable sensor devices on the sensitivity, selectivity, cost effectiveness, and electrode stability of chemical and electrochemical applications is summarized. The authors are mainly focused on the common analytes in gas sensors such as hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, and electrochemical sensors including non-enzymatic glucose, hydrazine, dopamine, and hydrogen peroxide. Finally, the article also addressed the stability of composite performance and outlined recent strategies for future sensor perspectives.
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Hsu, Cheng-Chih, Wen-Kai Ho, Chyan-Chyi Wu, and Ching-Liang Dai. "The Enzymatic Doped/Undoped Poly-Silicon Nanowire Sensor for Glucose Concentration Measurement." Sensors 23, no. 6 (2023): 3166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23063166.
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In this work, enzymatic doped/undoped poly-silicon nanowire sensors with different lengths were fabricated using a top-down technique to measure glucose concentration. The sensitivity and resolution of these sensors correlate well with the dopant property and length of nanowire. Experimental results indicate that the resolution is proportional to the nanowire length and dopant concentration. However, the sensitivity is inversely proportional to the nanowire length. The optimum resolution can be better than 0.02 mg/dL for a doped type sensor with length of 3.5 μm. Furthermore, the proposed sensor was demonstrated for 30 applications with similar current-time response and showed good repeatability.
12
He, H. "Non-enzymatic optical sensor for penicillins." Talanta 40, no. 3 (1993): 453–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0039-9140(93)80258-s.
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Chakraborty, Titisha, Munmun Das, Chan-Yu Lin, Yen Su, Bing Yuan, and Chyuan-Haur Kao. "ZIF-8 Nanoparticles Based Electrochemical Sensor for Non-Enzymatic Creatinine Detection." Membranes 12, no. 2 (2022): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12020159.
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There is a consistent demand for developing highly sensitive, stable, cost-effective, and easy-to-fabricate creatinine sensors as creatinine is a reliable indicator of kidney and muscle-related disorders. Herein, we reported a highly sensitive and selective non-enzymatic electrochemical creatinine sensor via modifying poly(3,4 ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) coated indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate by zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 nanoparticles (ZIF-8 NPs). The topography, crystallinity, and composition of the sensing electrode were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The peroxidase-like activity of ZIF-8 nanoparticles enabled it to detect creatinine forming a zinc-creatinine composite. The electrochemical behavior and sensing performance were evaluated by amperometric and impedimetric analysis. The sensor obtained a sufficiently low limit of detection (LOD) of 30 µM in a clinically acceptable linear range (0.05 mM–2.5 mM). The interference study demonstrated high selectivity of the sensor for creatinine concerning other similar biomolecules. The sensing performance of the creatinine sensor was verified in the actual human serum, which showed excellent recovery rates. Hence, the magnificent performance of ZIF-8 based non-enzymatic creatinine sensor validated it as a responsible entity for other complicated renal markers detection.
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He, Jia Hong, Qiang Xu, Zhi Qiang Gao, and Zhong Rong Song. "An Improved Sensitivity Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensor Based on a Nano-Gold Modified Ag Electrode." Key Engineering Materials 503 (February 2012): 427–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.503.427.
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A non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on nano-gold modified Ag electrode was fabricated by two steps. Gold colloid were firstly prepared according to the literature[11] and then a carefully cleaned Ag electrode was dipped into the gold colloid to obtain the non-enzymatic glucose sensor. The structures and morphologies of nano-gold colloid and nano-Au modified electrode were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and UV-Vis absorption spectra. The direct electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose in alkaline medium at this modified electrode has been investigated in detail. The result showed that the nano-gold modified electrode had good current response to glucose. The oxidation current was linearly related to the concentration of glucose range frome 0.2 to 175.2μmol/L with a detection limit of 29.5 nmol/L. The nano-gold modified electrode allows highly sensitive, low working potential, fast amperometric sensing of glucose, thus is promising for the future development of non-enzymatic glucose sensors.
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Miya, Nonkululeko, Lerato F. Eugeni Machogo-Phao, and Bulelwa Ntsendwana. "Exploring Copper Oxide and Copper Sulfide for Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensors: Current Progress and Future Directions." Micromachines 14, no. 10 (2023): 1849. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14101849.
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Millions of people worldwide are affected by diabetes, a chronic disease that continuously grows due to abnormal glucose concentration levels present in the blood. Monitoring blood glucose concentrations is therefore an essential diabetes indicator to aid in the management of the disease. Enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensors presently account for the bulk of glucose sensors on the market. However, their disadvantages are that they are expensive and dependent on environmental conditions, hence affecting their performance and sensitivity. To meet the increasing demand, non-enzymatic glucose sensors based on chemically modified electrodes for the direct electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose are a good alternative to the costly enzymatic-based sensors currently on the market, and the research thereof continues to grow. Nanotechnology-based biosensors have been explored for their electronic and mechanical properties, resulting in enhanced biological signaling through the direct oxidation of glucose. Copper oxide and copper sulfide exhibit attractive attributes for sensor applications, due to their non-toxic nature, abundance, and unique properties. Thus, in this review, copper oxide and copper sulfide-based materials are evaluated based on their chemical structure, morphology, and fast electron mobility as suitable electrode materials for non-enzymatic glucose sensors. The review highlights the present challenges of non-enzymatic glucose sensors that have limited their deployment into the market.
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Mahmoud, Amira, Mosaab Echabaane, Karim Omri, et al. "Cu-Doped ZnO Nanoparticles for Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensing." Molecules 26, no. 4 (2021): 929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26040929.
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Copper-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles (NPs) CuxZn1−xO (x = 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, and 0.04) were synthesized via a sol-gel process and used as an active electrode material to fabricate a non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor for the detection of glucose. Their structure, composition, and chemical properties were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopies, and zeta potential measurements. The electrochemical characterization of the sensors was studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Cu doping was shown to improve the electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation of glucose, which resulted from the accelerated electron transfer and greatly improved electrochemical conductivity. The experimental conditions for the detection of glucose were optimized: a linear dependence between the glucose concentration and current intensity was established in the range from 1 nM to 100 μM with a limit of detection of 0.7 nM. The proposed sensor exhibited high selectivity for glucose in the presence of various interfering species. The developed sensor was also successfully tested for the detection of glucose in human serum samples.
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Zhu, Jieyi, Meiyan Feng, and Guofu Lian. "Graphene Based FET Biosensor for Organic-Phosphorous Sample Detection and the Enzymatic Analysis." Crystals 12, no. 10 (2022): 1327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12101327.
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Our paper presents a flexible enzymatic acetylcholinesterase graphene based FET biosensor of the target organic phosphorous. The sensor’s purpose is to detect pesticide residues in the field of food safety. In our sensor design, the material is graphene with its functionalization, and graphene based FET structure will be discussed in one section of this paper. The mechanism of this graphene sensor is the enzymatic linked reaction on a sensor surface. The enzyme is fixed on the sensor surface by the linker 3-mercapto propionic acid. Measurement experiments using the biosensor were performed for detecting the concentration of isocarbophos (an organophosphate). The enzymatic biosensor has successfully detected 100 μg/mL isocarbophos from the water sample, presenting a significant detection limit index for organophosphate detection.
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Radhakrishnan, Sithara, Seetha Lakshmy, Shilpa Santhosh, Nandakumar Kalarikkal, Brahmananda Chakraborty, and Chandra Sekhar Rout. "Recent Developments and Future Perspective on Electrochemical Glucose Sensors Based on 2D Materials." Biosensors 12, no. 7 (2022): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12070467.
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Diabetes is a health disorder that necessitates constant blood glucose monitoring. The industry is always interested in creating novel glucose sensor devices because of the great demand for low-cost, quick, and precise means of monitoring blood glucose levels. Electrochemical glucose sensors, among others, have been developed and are now frequently used in clinical research. Nonetheless, despite the substantial obstacles, these electrochemical glucose sensors face numerous challenges. Because of their excellent stability, vast surface area, and low cost, various types of 2D materials have been employed to produce enzymatic and nonenzymatic glucose sensing applications. This review article looks at both enzymatic and nonenzymatic glucose sensors made from 2D materials. On the other hand, we concentrated on discussing the complexities of many significant papers addressing the construction of sensors and the usage of prepared sensors so that readers might grasp the concepts underlying such devices and related detection strategies. We also discuss several tuning approaches for improving electrochemical glucose sensor performance, as well as current breakthroughs and future plans in wearable and flexible electrochemical glucose sensors based on 2D materials as well as photoelectrochemical sensors.
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Aviha, Reagan, Anju Joshi, and Gymama Slaughter. "Fabrication of Palladium-Decorated Zinc Oxide Nanostructures for Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensing." Chemosensors 13, no. 6 (2025): 201. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13060201.
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The growing global burden of diabetes necessitates the development of glucose sensors that are not only reliable and sensitive but also cost-effective and amenable to point-of-care use. In this work, we report a non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor based on laser-induced graphene (LIG), functionalized with zinc oxide (ZnO) and palladium (Pd) nanostructures. The ZnO nanostructures were systematically optimized on the LIG surface by varying electrochemical deposition parameters, including applied potential, temperature, and deposition time, to enhance the electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose in alkaline medium. Subsequent modification with Pd nanostructures further improved the electrocatalytic activity and sensitivity of the sensor. The performance of the LIG/ZnO/Pd sensor was investigated using chronoamperometric and cyclic voltammetric analysis in 0.1 M NaOH at an applied potential of 0.65 V. The sensor exhibited a wide dynamic range (2–10 mM; 10–24 mM) with a limit of detection of 130 μM, capturing hypo- and hyperglycemia conditions. Moreover, a sensitivity of 25.63 µA·mM−1·cm−2 was observed. Additionally, the sensor showcased selective response towards glucose in the presence of common interferents. These findings highlight the potential of the LIG/ZnO/Pd platform for integration into next-generation, non-enzymatic glucose monitoring systems for clinical and point-of-care applications.
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Vilela, Alice, Eunice Bacelar, Teresa Pinto, et al. "Beverage and Food Fragrance Biotechnology, Novel Applications, Sensory and Sensor Techniques: An Overview." Foods 8, no. 12 (2019): 643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8120643.
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Flavours and fragrances are especially important for the beverage and food industries. Biosynthesis or extraction are the two main ways to obtain these important compounds that have many different chemical structures. Consequently, the search for new compounds is challenging for academic and industrial investigation. This overview aims to present the current state of art of beverage fragrance biotechnology, including recent advances in sensory and sensor methodologies and statistical techniques for data analysis. An overview of all the recent findings in beverage and food fragrance biotechnology, including those obtained from natural sources by extraction processes (natural plants as an important source of flavours) or using enzymatic precursor (hydrolytic enzymes), and those obtained by de novo synthesis (microorganisms’ respiration/fermentation of simple substrates such as glucose and sucrose), are reviewed. Recent advances have been made in what concerns “beverage fragrances construction” as also in their application products. Moreover, novel sensory and sensor methodologies, primarily used for fragrances quality evaluation, have been developed, as have statistical techniques for sensory and sensors data treatments, allowing a rapid and objective analysis.
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Jiang, Shulan, Yueqi Chen, and Yong Peng. "Ginkgo Leaf Inspired Fabrication of Micro/Nanostructures and Demonstration of Flexible Enzyme-Free Glucose Sensors." Sensors 22, no. 19 (2022): 7507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22197507.
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Flexible enzyme-free glucose sensors have attracted widespread attention due to their importance and potential applications in clinical diagnosis, flexible wearable devices, and implanted devices in vivo. At present, there are still major problems in fabricating flexible enzyme-free glucose sensors with low detection limits, high stability, and high sensitivity at low cost, hindering their practical application. Here, we report a facile strategy for the fabrication of flexible non-enzymatic glucose sensors using ginkgo leaf as a template. NiO film and PEDOT:PSS composite film were deposited on the surface of the ginkgo leaf induced micro-nano hierarchical structure as a sensitive layer and a conductive layer, respectively. The as-prepared, flexible, enzyme-free glucose sensor exhibited excellent electrochemical performance toward glucose oxidation with a sensitivity of 0.7413 mA·mM−1/cm−2, an operating voltage of 0.55 V, a detection limit of 0.329 μM, and good anti-interference. Due to the simple fabrication process and performance reliability, the novel flexible enzyme-free glucose sensor is an attractive candidate for next generation wearable and implantable non-enzymatic glucose diagnostic devices.
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Jie Zhang, Jie Zhang, Ri Xia Ri Xia, and Xianchun Li and Jiasheng Xu Xianchun Li and Jiasheng Xu. "Fabrication of Porous Co3O4 Arrays by a Co-Precipitation Method and it Application as a Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensor." Journal of the chemical society of pakistan 45, no. 4 (2023): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.52568/001287/jcsp/45.04.2023.
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The porous cobaltosic oxide (Co3O4) arrays has been prepared by a chemical co-precipitation route using the nickel foam as s substrate. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), and ampere current method (i-t curve) are used to explore the non-enzymatic glucose sensor in a three-electrode system. This porous Co3O4 array non-enzymatic sensor shows a sensitivity of 592.8 mA mM1 cm2 in concentration from 0.99 M to 1.073 mM. The porous Co3O4 array sensor electrode also showed low LOD value (0.005 M) and fast response time (4 s). This porous Co3O4 electrode shows a good sensor performance due to these rich redox reaction sites in the unique porous structure. This porous cobaltosic oxide arrays maybe a potential sensor material in the glucose detection application
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Fang, Yueh-Yuan, Yi-Cheng Hsieh, and Cii-Wann Lin. "NANOSTRUCTURED Pt–Ir NON-ENZYMATIC GLUCOSE SENSORS." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 25, no. 06 (2013): 1350048. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237213500488.
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Over the past decade, the development of non-enzymatic electrochemical biosensors had thriven at a considerable rate. Compared with the traditional enzymatic electrochemical biosensors, the non-enzymatic electrochemical biosensors have the advantages of higher sensitivity and stability. Recently, plenty of researches have devoted to synthesizing new materials, such as bimetallic nanoparticles, and also develop specific nanostructures on the sensor surface to solve the problem of poisoning and increase the selectivity. This work develops two non-enzymatic glucose sensors that are based on nanostructured Pt – Ir films which were deposited by electrodeposition. Because of the relatively high deposition current density, bubbles produced vigorously on the working electrode surface. This phenomenon results in leaf-like nanostructure formed naturally on the surface of the working electrode and further increased the catalytic reaction area. Besides, as determined by the sampling analysis method that is developed herein, the presented Pt – Ir sensors mitigate the current drifting problem which is easily observed when a constant potential is applied in an amperometric glucose detection. Furthermore, the presented Pt – Ir sensors show high sensitivity and stability in 1X PBS (0.15 M NaCl ) at 37°C in the glucose concentration range of 1–12 mM. Therefore, the presented non-enzymatic glucose sensors not only provide great potential in biomedical applications, such as homecare products, but can also be adapted for the biological application, such as continuous cell culture monitoring.
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Mohapatra, Jeotikanta, Balakrishna Ananthoju, Vishnu Nair, et al. "Enzymatic and non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor based on carbon nano-onions." Applied Surface Science 442 (June 2018): 332–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.02.124.
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Ramašauskas, Lukas, Rolandas Meškys, and Dalius Ratautas. "Real-time glucose monitoring system containing enzymatic sensor and enzymatic reference electrodes." Biosensors and Bioelectronics 164 (September 2020): 112338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2020.112338.
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Ye, Jyun-Sian, Chin-Wei Chen, and Chien-Liang Lee. "Pd nanocube as non-enzymatic glucose sensor." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 208 (March 2015): 569–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2014.11.091.
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Pulidindi, Indra Neel, and Aharon Gedanken. "Carbon nanoparticles based non-enzymatic glucose sensor." International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 94, no. 1 (2013): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2013.782488.
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Kang, Xin Huang, Zhi Bin Mai, Xiao Yong Zou, Pei Xiang Cai, and Jin Yuan Mo. "A novel sensitive non-enzymatic glucose sensor." Chinese Chemical Letters 18, no. 2 (2007): 189–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2006.12.034.
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Ali, Md Younus, Dorian Knight, and Matiar M. R. Howlader. "Nonenzymatic Electrochemical Glutamate Sensor Using Copper Oxide Nanomaterials and Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes." Biosensors 13, no. 2 (2023): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13020237.
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Glutamate is an important neurotransmitter due to its critical role in physiological and pathological processes. While enzymatic electrochemical sensors can selectively detect glutamate, enzymes cause instability of the sensors, thus necessitating the development of enzyme-free glutamate sensors. In this paper, we developed an ultrahigh sensitive nonenzymatic electrochemical glutamate sensor by synthesizing copper oxide (CuO) nanostructures and physically mixing them with multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) onto a screen-printed carbon electrode. We comprehensively investigated the sensing mechanism of glutamate; the optimized sensor showed irreversible oxidation of glutamate involving one electron and one proton, and a linear response from 20 μM to 200 μM at pH 7. The limit of detection and sensitivity of the sensor were about 17.5 μM and 8500 μA·mM−1·cm−2, respectively. The enhanced sensing performance is attributed to the synergetic electrochemical activities of CuO nanostructures and MWCNTs. The sensor detected glutamate in whole blood and urine and had minimal interference with common interferents, suggesting its potential for healthcare applications.
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Bt Ahamad Mashat, Zamharirah, Faizuan Abdullah, Asnida Abdul Wahab, Muhammad Faiz Md Shakhih, and Anis Suzziani Roslan. "Development of non-enzymatic screen-printed carbon electrode sensor for glucose using cyclic voltammetry." Environmental and Toxicology Management 2, no. 1 (2022): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33086/etm.v2i1.2542.
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Enzyme-based sensors frequently produce unsatisfactory results such as poor reproducibility and insufficient long-term stability due to the natural instability of enzymes, stringent experimental conditions, and complicated immobilization procedures. Thus, an electrochemical non enzymatic sensor was fabricated by deposition of the multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NP) and also molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) on a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE). Then, the modified electrode (SPCE/MWCNT/ZnO/MIP) was formed on the surface area of the SPCE. This study wanted to demonstrate the glucose detection between molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) which contained glucose as template, o-phenylenediamine (oPD) and potassium persulfate as initiators in 0.1 M PBS at pH 7 and non-imprinted polymer (NIP) without addition of the template. The characterization and evaluation of various factor such as sensitivity, selectivity and limit of detection (LOD) were investigated through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to look up onto the surface area of the modified electrode. The SPCE/MWCNT/ZnO/MIP electrode sensor showed a linear glucose concentration range from 0, 0.5, 1, 2 to 5 mM (R2 = 0.9709). The sensitivity of the sensor was 0.3386 μA mM-1 cm-2 with low detection limit of 1.81 mM. The sensor showed good stability and reproducibility along with excellent anti-interference properties to ascorbic acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, and acetic acid. Finally, the applicability of the as-prepared SPCE/MWCNT/ZnO/MIP electrode sensor was successfully studied for detection of glucose. The results obtained for our sensor confirm that it is a promising non-enzymatic glucose sensor to be used for practical purpose.
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Sakr, Mahmoud A., Karim Elgammal, Anna Delin, and Mohamed Serry. "Performance-Enhanced Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensor Based on Graphene-Heterostructure." Sensors 20, no. 1 (2019): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20010145.
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Non-enzymatic glucose sensing is a crucial field of study because of the current market demand. This study proposes a novel design of glucose sensor with enhanced selectivity and sensitivity by using graphene Schottky diodes, which is composed of graphene (G)/platinum oxide (PtO)/n-silicon (Si) heterostructure. The sensor was tested with different glucose concentrations and interfering solutions to investigate its sensitivity and selectivity. Different structures of the device were studied by adjusting the platinum oxide film thickness to investigate its catalytic activity. It was found that the film thickness plays a significant role in the efficiency of glucose oxidation and hence in overall device sensitivity. 0.8–2 μA output current was obtained in the case of 4–10 mM with a sensitivity of 0.2 μA/mM.cm2. Besides, results have shown that 0.8 μA and 15 μA were obtained by testing 4 mM glucose on two different PtO thicknesses, 30 nm and 50 nm, respectively. The sensitivity of the device was enhanced by 150% (i.e., up to 30 μA/mM.cm2) by increasing the PtO layer thickness. This was attributed to both the increase of the number of active sites for glucose oxidation as well as the increase in the graphene layer thickness, which leads to enhanced charge carriers concentration and mobility. Moreover, theoretical investigations were conducted using the density function theory (DFT) to understand the detection method and the origins of selectivity better. The working principle of the sensors puts it in a competitive position with other non-enzymatic glucose sensors. DFT calculations provided a qualitative explanation of the charge distribution across the graphene sheet within a system of a platinum substrate with D-glucose molecules above. The proposed G/PtO/n-Si heterostructure has proven to satisfy these factors, which opens the door for further developments of more reliable non-enzymatic glucometers for continuous glucose monitoring systems.
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Trnková, Libuše, and Iveta Třísková. "Electroanalysis of Insulin on Nanocomposite Electrodes." Chemické listy 117, no. 9 (2023): 551–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.54779/chl20230551.
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The article notes the latest presented work on the electrochemical detection of insulin and presents a critical view of the research and development of its electrochemical non-enzymatic sensors. It monitors the effect of experimental conditions on the insulin oxidation signal and considers the catalytic effects of nanoparticles or nanocomposites deposited on the surfaces of the electrochemical sensor.
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Li, Panpan, Yi Peng, Jinpeng Cai, Yang Bai, Qing Li, and Huan Pang. "Recent Advances in Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and Their Composites for Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Sensors." Bioengineering 10, no. 6 (2023): 733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10060733.
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In recent years, with pressing needs such as diabetes management, the detection of glucose in various substrates has attracted unprecedented interest from researchers in academia and industry. As a relatively new glucose sensor, non-enzymatic target detection has the characteristics of high sensitivity, good stability and simple manufacturing process. However, it is urgent to explore novel materials with low cost, high stability and excellent performance to modify electrodes. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and their composites have the advantages of large surface area, high porosity and high catalytic efficiency, which can be utilized as excellent materials for electrode modification of non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensors. However, MOFs and their composites still face various challenges and difficulties that limit their further commercialization. This review introduces the applications and the challenges of MOFs and their composites in non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensors. Finally, an outlook on the development of MOFs and their composites is also presented.
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Jemal Kassim Ebrahim. "Review on non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor of hybrid nanostructure materials." Magna Scientia Advanced Research and Reviews 1, no. 2 (2021): 01–017. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/msarr.2021.1.2.0028.
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This review made on the progress of five years non-enzymatic electrochemical sensing of glucose. Following a brief discussion of the merits and limitations of enzymatic glucose sensors, we discuss the history of unraveling the mechanism of direct oxidation of glucose and theories of non-enzymatic electro-catalysis. And also we discussed non-enzymatic glucose electrodes based on the use of the metals (platinum, gold, nickel, copper, of alloys and bimetals, of carbon material), and of metal-metal oxides and some electrochemical techniques which are used to analyze different real samples according to their techniques of analysis as well a show of different sensors are produce signals from the analyte of interest.
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Yu, Xiaojiao, Jie Zhang, Xiyan Tang, et al. "Preparation and performance of non-enzymatic glucose sensor electrode based on nanometer cuprous oxide." Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology 8 (January 1, 2018): 184798041879352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1847980418793526.
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Cuprous oxide nanometer thin-film electrodes of different structures were successfully prepared by electrochemical deposition. The structures and properties of the samples were characterized by X-ray diffractometer, ultraviolet–visible and scanning electron microscope. The cuprous oxide thin-film electrode was used as a non-enzymatic glucose sensor, and the electrocatalytic response of the sensor for glucose was investigated by cyclic voltammetry. Results showed that cuprous oxide with higher purity, neat morphology structure and uniform grain size was prepared. The cuprous oxide nanometer thin-film sensor with a sword-shaped dendrite has a good response to glucose. Moreover, it has a good linear relationship of 1–20 mg·L−1 in the range of glucose concentration, a correlation coefficient of 0.997, a detection limit of 0.337 mg·L−1, a sensitivity of 23.24 mA·cm−2·mM−1 and good stability. Therefore, it has potential for application in sensors.
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Lee, Ahyun, Wooseok Kang, and Jin-sil Choi. "Highly Enhanced Enzymatic Activity of Mn-Induced Carbon Dots and Their Application as Colorimetric Sensor Probes." Nanomaterials 11, no. 11 (2021): 3046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11113046.
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Nanomaterial-based enzyme mimetics (nanozymes) have attracted significant interest because of their lower cost and higher stability compared to natural enzymes. In this study, we focused on improving the enzymatic properties of metal induced N-doped carbon dots (N-CDs), which are nanozymes of interest, and their applications for sensory systems. For this purpose, Mn(acetate)2 was introduced during the synthetic step of N-doped carbon dots, and its influence on the enzymatic properties of Mn-induced N-CDs (Mn:N-CDs) was investigated. Their chemical structure was analyzed through infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectrometry; the results suggest that Mn ions lead to the variation in the population of chemical bonding in Mn:N-CDs, whereas these ions were not incorporated into N-CD frameworks. This structural change improved the enzymatic properties of Mn:N-CDs with respect to those of N-CDs when the color change of a 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine/H2O2 solution was examined in the presence of Mn:N-CDs and N-CDs. Based on this enhanced enzymatic property, a simple colorimetric system with Mn:N-CDs was used for the detection of γ-aminobutyric acid, which is an indicator of brain-related disease. Therefore, we believe that Mn:N-CDs will be an excellent enzymatic probe for the colorimetric sensor system.
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Al-Graiti, Wed. "“A review of classifications of enzymatic and non-enzymatic electrodes-based nano-carbon for detection of glucose”." Journal of Education for Pure Science- University of Thi-Qar 11, no. 2 (2022): 90–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.32792/jeps.v11i2.118.
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In recent years, the number of people having diabetes mellitus is steadily increasing in countries known by low and middle income. Millions of them have been diagnosed with high blood sugar. Diabetes mellitus is related to irregular carbohydrates metabolism with difficulty managing blood glucose which by the time leads to serious damage to nervous system or even macrovascular, or blood vessels. Therefore, the demand for advanced devices for glucose monitoring is highly growing. A bio-sensor is a signal detecting device generated from reactions either biological or chemical. They can be used for many purposes, for example, detection of biological molecules using in vitro and in vivo samples. Electrochemical sensors represent one of the technologies could be used for this purpose. It shows high sensitivity and mechanical strength while utilizing in physiological conditions which is a promising advantage for glucose determination. The aim of current study is to review electrodes generations for glucose detection, as well as, commonly prepared and investigated electrochemical electrodes for glucose determination. In addition, types of glucose electrodes have been mentioned here based carbon nanotubes and/or graphene as excellently conductive, stable, reproducible, and sensitive materials. The aim of current study is listing and discussing the progression of glucose generations as well as the development of glucose sensors in recent years. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic nanocarbon sensors were mainly studies and classified as glucose sensors also explained with further details regarding limit of detection
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Caldevilla, Renato, Stephanie L. Morais, Agostinho Cruz, et al. "Electrochemical Chemically Based Sensors and Emerging Enzymatic Biosensors for Antidepressant Drug Detection: A Review." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 10 (2023): 8480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24108480.
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Major depressive disorder is a widespread condition with antidepressants as the main pharmacological treatment. However, some patients experience concerning adverse reactions or have an inadequate response to treatment. Analytical chromatographic techniques, among other techniques, are valuable tools for investigating medication complications, including those associated with antidepressants. Nevertheless, there is a growing need to address the limitations associated with these techniques. In recent years, electrochemical (bio)sensors have garnered significant attention due to their lower cost, portability, and precision. Electrochemical (bio)sensors can be used for various applications related to depression, such as monitoring the levels of antidepressants in biological and in environmental samples. They can provide accurate and rapid results, which could facilitate personalized treatment and improve patient outcomes. This state-of-the-art literature review aims to explore the latest advancements in the electrochemical detection of antidepressants. The review focuses on two types of electrochemical sensors: Chemically modified sensors and enzyme-based biosensors. The referred papers are carefully categorized according to their respective sensor type. The review examines the differences between the two sensing methods, highlights their unique features and limitations, and provides an in-depth analysis of each sensor.
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Hajimiri, Hasti, Seyed Hamid Safiabadi Tali, Muna Al-Kassawneh, Zubi Sadiq, and Sana Jahanshahi-Anbuhi. "Tablet-Based Sensor: A Stable and User-Friendly Tool for Point-of-Care Detection of Glucose in Urine." Biosensors 13, no. 9 (2023): 893. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13090893.
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The colorimetric detection of glucose in urine through enzymatic reactions offers a low-cost and non-invasive method to aid in diabetes management. Nonetheless, the vulnerability of enzymes to environmental conditions, particularly elevated temperatures, and their activity loss pose significant challenges for transportation and storage. In this work, we developed a stable and portable tablet sensor as a user-friendly platform for glucose monitoring. This innovative device encapsulates glucose oxidase and horseradish peroxidase enzymes with dextran, transforming them into solid tablets and ensuring enhanced stability and practicality. The enzymatic tablet-based sensor detected glucose in urine samples within 5 min, using 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) as the indicator. The tablet sensor exhibited responsive performance within the clinically relevant range of 0–6 mM glucose, with a limit of detection of 0.013 mM. Furthermore, the tablets detected glucose in spiked real human urine samples, without pre-processing, with high precision. Additionally, with regard to thermal stability, the enzyme tablets better maintained their activity at an elevated temperature as high as 60 °C compared to the solution-phase enzymes, demonstrating the enhanced stability of the enzymes under harsh conditions. The availability of these stable and portable tablet sensors will greatly ease the transportation and application of glucose sensors, enhancing the accessibility of glucose monitoring, particularly in resource-limited settings.
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Stanciu, Lia, Melania-Liliana Arsene, and Constanta Parlog. "IMMOBILIZATION OF ALCOHOL OXIDASE IN SiO2 MATRIX PREPARED BY SOL-GEL METHOD." SOUTHERN BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY 6, no. 6 (1998): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.48141/sbjchem.v6.n6.1998.86_1998.pdf.
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The possibility of obtaining a biochemical sensor for colorimetric determination was studied for this purpose, we have used the redox indicator 2.6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCIP) and the binary enzymatic system composed by alcohol oxidase (AO) and peroxidase (PER). The binary enzymatic system immobilized in an inert SiO2 matrix was obtained by modfied sol-gel process. The chromogen and binary enzymatic system immobilization into a SiO2 matrix was confirmed by I.R. spectroscopy. By immobilization of the enzymatic system, both the stability and enzymatic activity increase.
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Chu, Thi Xuan. "Non-enzymatic Glucose Sensor Based on CuO Nanoplates." Journal of Science and Technology - Technical Universities 30.7, no. 146 (2020): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.51316/30.7.10.
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We have successfully fabricated an electrochemical sensor for non-enzymatic glucose measurement based on copper oxide (CuO) nanoplates. CuO nanoplates were synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method at 180 oC for 23 h without using any surfactants. Filed-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize morphologies and crystal structures of synthesized CuO nanoplates. A mixture of CuO nanoplates and polytetrafluoroethylene with mass ratio 0.15:1 was compressed at 9800 kPa onto platinum (Pt) to form Pt/CuO disk and it has been used as a working electrode for glucose measurement following non-enzymatic approach. Glucose concentration was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry in 0.1M NaOH solution. This enzyme-free electrochemical method was able to detect glucose with a concentration as low as 0.1 mM. These results show that CuO nanoplates are a promising candidate for non-enzymatic glucose detection.
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Md Shakhih, Muhammad Faiz, Anis Suzziani Rosslan, Anas Mohd Noor, Santheraleka Ramanathan, Azwan Mat Lazim, and Asnida Abdul Wahab. "Review-Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Sensor for Lactate Detection in Human Biofluids." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 168, no. 6 (2021): 067502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac0360.
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Huda, N., P. L. Sambegoro, N. L. W. Septiani, M. Iqbal, A. Sholehah, and B. Yuliarto. "Modification of screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) by the Nafion functionalized silicon nanoparticles (SiNP/Naf) materials in non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor for uric acid (UA) detection." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2243, no. 1 (2022): 012106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2243/1/012106.
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Abstract A non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor has been successfully developed to detect uric acid (UA) based on a modified screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) using Nafion functionalized silicon nanoparticles. Silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) material is used because of their advantages, including its abundant availability, good biocompatibility, and adjustable porosity and surface area according to the synthesis method used. Nafion is a sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoropolymer-copolymer that has been widely used for electrochemical sensors and is functioned as a stabilizer of the sensor. In this study, SiNPs material was successfully synthesized through the non-thermal chemical vapor deposition method. XRD diffractogram and SEM image confirmed its structure and morphology. The crystallinity of the produced SiNPs is 69.85%. SEM-EDS characterization was also carried out to confirm the success of the SPCE modification by SiNPs and SiNPs/Naf materials. The changes in the morphology of SPCE and the EDS spectrum that were measured indicated the success of the SPCE modification process for each stage. Cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and differential pulse voltammetry study were used to analyze the electrochemical characteristics and performance of non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors based on SPCE/SiNPs/Naf structures against uric acid analytes. Based on the results of electrochemical analysis, the sensitivity, detection limit, and quantification limit of the sensor are 0.01 μA.mM-1. cm-2, 0.21 μM, and 0.69 μM respectively in the linear measurement range of uric acid concentration of 10 – 1000 μM. Then, a sensor stability study was also carried out which resulted in an RSD value of 4.83%.
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Feeney, Stanley G., Joelle M. J. LaFreniere, and Jeffrey Mark Halpern. "Perspective on Nanofiber Electrochemical Sensors: Design of Relative Selectivity Experiments." Polymers 13, no. 21 (2021): 3706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13213706.
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The use of nanofibers creates the ability for non-enzymatic sensing in various applications and greatly improves the sensitivity, speed, and accuracy of electrochemical sensors for a wide variety of analytes. The high surface area to volume ratio of the fibers as well as their high porosity, even when compared to other common nanostructures, allows for enhanced electrocatalytic, adsorptive, and analyte-specific recognition mechanisms. Nanofibers have the potential to rival and replace materials used in electrochemical sensing. As more types of nanofibers are developed and tested for new applications, more consistent and refined selectivity experiments are needed. We applied this idea in a review of interferant control experiments and real sample analyses. The goal of this review is to provide guidelines for acceptable nanofiber sensor selectivity experiments with considerations for electrocatalytic, adsorptive, and analyte-specific recognition mechanisms. The intended presented review and guidelines will be of particular use to junior researchers designing their first control experiments, but could be used as a reference for anyone designing selectivity experiments for non-enzymatic sensors including nanofibers. We indicate the importance of testing both interferants in complex media and mechanistic interferants in the selectivity analysis of newly developed nanofiber sensor surfaces.
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Melo, Wiviane E. R. de, Karoline S. Nantes, Ana L. H. K. Ferreira та ін. "A Disposable Carbon-Based Electrochemical Cell Modified with Carbon Black and Ag/δ-FeOOH for Non-Enzymatic H2O2 Electrochemical Sensing". Electrochem 4, № 4 (2023): 523–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electrochem4040033.
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Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an essential analyte for detecting neurodegenerative diseases and inflammatory processes and plays a crucial role in pharmaceuticals, the food industry, and environmental monitoring. However, conventional H2O2 detection methods have drawbacks such as lengthy analysis times, high costs, and bulky equipment. Non-enzymatic sensors have emerged as promising alternatives to overcome these limitations. In this research, we introduce a simple, portable, and cost-effective non-enzymatic sensor that uses carbon black (CB) and silver nanoparticle-modified δ-FeOOH (Ag/δ-FeOOH) integrated into a disposable electrochemical cell (DCell). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) confirmed successful CB and Ag/δ-FeOOH immobilization on the DCell working electrode. Electrochemical investigations revealed that the DCell-CB//Ag/δ-FeOOH sensor exhibited an approximately twofold higher apparent heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant than the DCell-Ag/δ-FeOOH sensor, capitalizing on CB’s advantages. Moreover, the sensor displayed an excellent electrochemical response for H2O2 reduction, boasting a low detection limit of 22 µM and a high analytical sensitivity of 214 μA mM−1 cm−2. Notably, the DCell-CB//Ag/δ-FeOOH sensor exhibited outstanding selectivity for H2O2 detection, even in potential interferents such as dopamine, uric acid, and ascorbic acid. Furthermore, the sensor has the right qualities for monitoring H2O2 in complex biological samples, as evidenced by H2O2 recoveries ranging from 92% to 103% in 10% fetal bovine serum. These findings underscore the considerable potential of the DCell-CB//Ag/δ-FeOOH sensor for precise and reliable H2O2 monitoring in various biomedical and environmental applications.
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Gričar, Ema, Josip Radić, Boštjan Genorio, and Mitja Kolar. "Highly Sensitive and Selective Graphene Nanoribbon Based Enzymatic Glucose Screen-Printed Electrochemical Sensor." Sensors 22, no. 24 (2022): 9590. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22249590.
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A simple, sensitive, cost effective, and reliable enzymatic glucose biosensor was developed and tested. Nitrogen-doped heat-treated graphene oxide nanoribbons (N-htGONR) were used for modification of commercially available screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs), together with MnO2 and glucose oxidase. The resulting sensors were optimized and used to detect glucose in a wide linear range (0.05–5.0 mM) by a simple amperometric method, where the limit of detection was determined to be 0.008 mM. (lifetime), and reproducibility studies were also carried out and yielded favorable results. The sensor was then tested against potential interfering species present in food and beverage samples before its application to real matrix. Spiked beer samples were analyzed (with glucose recovery between 93.5 and 103.5%) to demonstrate the suitability of the developed sensor towards real food and beverage sample applications.
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Mao, Qi, Weixuan Jing, Weizhuo Gao, et al. "High-Sensitivity Enzymatic Glucose Sensor Based on ZnO Urchin-like Nanostructure Modified with Fe3O4 Magnetic Particles." Micromachines 12, no. 8 (2021): 977. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12080977.
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A novel and efficient enzymatic glucose sensor was fabricated based on Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4MNPs)-modified urchin-like ZnO nanoflowers (ZnONFs). ZnONFs were hydrothermally synthesizing on a flexible PET substrate. Fe3O4MNPs were deposited on the surface of the ZnONFs by the drop-coating process. The results showed that the urchin-like ZnONFs provided strong support for enzyme adsorption. For Fe3O4MNPs, it significantly promoted the redox electron transfer from the active center of GOx to the ZnO nanoflowers beneath. More importantly, it promoted the hydrolysis of H2O2, the intermediate product of glucose catalytic reaction, and thus improved the electron yield. The sensitivity of the Nafion/GOx/Fe3O4MNPs/ZnONFs/Au/PET sensor was up to 4.52 μA·mM−1·cm−2, which was improved by 7.93 times more than the Nafion/GOx/ZnONFs/Au/PET sensors (0.57 μA·mM−1·cm−2). The detection limit and linear range were also improved. Additionally, the as-fabricated glucose sensors show strong anti-interference performance in the test environment containing organic compounds (such as urea, uric acid, and ascorbic acid) and inorganic salt (for instance, NaCl and KCl). The glucose sensor’s service life was evaluated, and it can still maintain about 80% detection performance when it was reused about 20 times. Compared with other existing sensors, the as-fabricated glucose sensor exhibits an ultrahigh sensitivity and wide detection range. In addition, the introduction of Fe3O4MNPs optimized the catalytic efficiency from the perspective of the reaction mechanism and provided potential ideas for improving the performance of other enzymatic biosensors.
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Aparicio-Martínez, Eider Pedro, Alejandro Vega-Rios, Velia Osuna, and Rocio Berenice Dominguez. "Salivary Glucose Detection with Laser Induced Graphene/AgNPs Non-Enzymatic Sensor." Biosensors 13, no. 2 (2023): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13020207.
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The tailoring of novel nanomaterials for sensitive glucose detection through a non-enzymatic mechanism is currently under intensive research. Here, we present a laser-induced graphene (LIG) electrode decorated with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as a catalytic element for the direct electrooxidation of glucose. The AgNPs were synthesized through cyclic voltammetry using LIG as a template, resulting in a porous tridimensional assembly with anchored nanostructures. The characterization corroborated the formation of LIG/AgNPs composite with distinctive peaks attributed to Ag2O and AgO interaction with glucose. The proposed non-enzymatic sensors were successfully applied for non-enzymatic amperometric detection, exhibiting a linear range from 1 to 10 mM in the first peak (+0.7 V) and a narrow range from 1 to 2 mM with higher sensitivity of 52.2 mA/mM and improved LOD of 45 μM in the second peak (+0.55 V). The applicability of the LIG/AgNPs sensor was evaluated with spiked artificial saliva in a PoC format using a smartphone potentiostat, showing an average recovery rate of 91%. The analysis was performed in a portable, mobile, and low-cost fashion using a simulated non-invasive sample, with promising results in clinical ranges.
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Puttananjegowda, Kavyashree, Arash Takshi, and Sylvia Thomas. "Silicon carbide nanoparticles electrospun nanofibrous enzymatic glucose sensor." Biosensors and Bioelectronics 186 (August 2021): 113285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2021.113285.
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Marie, Mohammed, Sanghamitra Mandal, and Omar Manasreh. "An enzymatic glucose detection sensor using ZnO nanostructure." MRS Advances 1, no. 13 (2016): 847–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2016.100.
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Abstract:Glucose sensor based on ITO/ZnO NRs/GOx/nafion is fabricated and tested under different glucose concentrations. Hydrothermal growth method along with sol-gel technique is used to grow high quality ZnO nanorods that have well-alignment and high density with an acceptable aspect ratio. The as-grown of ZnO nanorods are used to fabricate a working electrode that can be used for glucose detection in blood after a modification process with GOx and nafion membrane. Annealing at 110 °C helped in improves the crystallinity of the seed layer and as a result, a high density and well alignment as-grown ZnO nanorods were obtained. High sensitivity and short response time were obtained from the fabricated device with an acceptable lower limit of detection.