Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'EOB Model'

Liver biopsy is a very common, but invasive procedure for diagnosing liver disease. However, such a biopsy may result in severe complications and in some cases even death. Therefore, it would be highly desirable to develop a non-invasive method which would provide the same amount of information on staging of the disease and also the location of pathologies. This thesis describes the implementation of such a non-invasive method for visualizing and quantifying liver function by the combination of MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), image reconstruction, and image analysis, and pharmacokinetic modeling. The first attempt involved automatic segmentation, functional clustering (k-means) and classification (kNN) of in-data (liver, spleen and blood vessel segments) in the pharmacokinetic model. However, after implementing and analyzing this method some important issues were identified and the image segmentation method was therefore revised. The segmentation method that was subsequently developed involved a semi-automatic procedure, based on a modified image forest transform (IFT). The data were then simulated and optimized using a pharmacokinetic model describing the pharmacokinetics of the liver specific contrast agent Gd-EOB-DTPA in the human body. The output from the modeling procedure was then further analyzed, using a least-squares method, in order to assess liver function by estimating the fractions of hepatocytes, extracellular extravascular space (EES) and blood plasma in each voxel of the image. The result were in fair agreement with literature values, although further analyses and developments will be required in order to validate and also to confirm the accuracy of the method.

La stima dei parametri fisici degli eventi di onde gravitazionali rilevati da LIGO e Virgo si basa su modelli di forme d'onda analitiche, eventualmente calibrati da simulazioni di Relatività Numerica. Il modello EOB (Effective-One-Body) è uno dei principali modelli analitici per l’analisi dei segnali gravitazionali emessi da buchi neri e stelle di neutroni. La qui presente tesi, a grandi linee, è un lavoro di “potenziamento” di questo modello, e in particolare I) lo miglioriamo nei suoi vari settori, con l'obiettivo finale di costruire un modello che includa tutte le informazioni fisiche disponibili: in particolare, quelle riguardanti i multipoli subdominanti, utili per ottimizzare la risoluzione angolare dell'analisi dati degli esperimenti di onde gravitazionali [ 1, 4, 5, 7]; II) usarlo per sviluppare approssimanti Post-Newtoniani veloci, di ordine elevato, molto utili per le analisi bayesiane inerenti le pipeline LIGO e Virgo [3]; III) utilizzarlo per studiare, nel caso delle stelle binarie di neutroni, l’influenza degli effetti di self-spin sulla loro forma d'onda [2]. Uno degli elementi costitutivi centrali del modello EOB è la forma d'onda multipolare Post-Newtoniana (PN) fattorizzata e circolarizzata introdotta in [8] per binarie senza spin. In[4], estendiamo fino a l= 6 (cioè a multipoli alti) l'approccio di Nagar e Shah [9], poiché ha un accordo con la relatività numerica (utilizzata come punto di riferimento per la calibrazione) migliore del suo precursore [8]. In [4], questo approccio è stato aggiornato al caso di una particella rotante intorno ad un buco nero di Schwartzschild. Lo stesso approccio è stato altresì adattato in [5] al fine di aggiornare il modello EOB quadrupolare TEOBResumS, un codice C ++ [1] disponibile nella LIGO Advanced Library (LAL) e citato nel catalogo [10], a una sua naturale versione multipolare [7]. Fatto salvo ciò, mediante la tecnica di espansione EOB-PN definita in [11], il lavoro svolto in [3] conduce a un approssimante fenomenologico di ordine 5.5PN veloce e preciso che, includendo più informazioni sulle correzioni test-particle rispetto a quello standard a 3.5PN, ottimizza la stima dei parametri di marea dell'analisi dei dati BNS. Nel lavoro [2], incorporiamo in TEOBResumS i termini di self-spin dipendenti dall’equazione di stato (EOS) all'ordine next-to-next-to-leading (NNLO), insieme ad altri effetti (bilineari, cubici e quartici) al leading-order (LO). Qui, con la stessa cassetta degli attrezzi usata in[3], studiamo la dipendenza degli effetti di self spin legati all’EOS, e dimostriamo che le correzioni di ordine NLO e NNLO, a livello di interazione monopolo-quadrupolo, producono effetti di accelerazione di fase più marcati rispetto al corrispondente contributo LO; oltre a questo, si osserva altresì che una volta inclusi gli effetti di auto spin al NLO (3PN) nel Taylor F2, essi sono più attrattivi rispetto a quanto previsto dalla corrispondente descrizione EOB. Infine, abbiamo ottenuto un approssimante TaylorF2 che fornisce una rappresentazione analiticamente semplificata, ma fedele all'EOB, degli effetti di self-spin (effetti di coda inclusi) che può essere utile per migliorare gli attuali modelli di forma d'onda PN (o fenomenologici) per l’inspiralling di stelle di neutroni. Referenze: References: [1] Phys. Rev., D98(10):104052, 2018. [2] Phys. Rev., D99:044007, 2019. [3] Phys. Rev., D99:124051, 2019. [4] Phys. Rev., D97(8): 084016, 2018. [5] Phys. Rev., D100(10):104056, 2019. [6] Phys. Rev., D99(4):044051, 2019. [7] Phys. Rev. D 102, 024077 (2020) [8]Phys. Rev., D79:064004, 2009. [9] Phys. Rev., D94(10):104017, 2016. [10] Phys. Rev. X 9, 031040 [11] Phys. Rev., D95(12):124001, 2017.<br>The parameter estimation of gravitational wave events detected by LIGO and Virgo relies on analytical waveforms models, possibly calibrated (or informed) by Numerical Relativity simulations. The effective-one-body (EOB) model is one of the main analytical models available that can be efficiently used for analyzing both black hole and neutron star binaries. In this script we I) improve it in its various sectors, with the final aim to build a model that includes all the physical information available: in particular, the higher subdominant multipoles information, that is useful to optimize GW data analysis’ angular resolution [1, 4, 5, 7]; II) use it to develop high-order fast PN approximants for Bayesian analysis in LIGO and Virgo pipelines [3]; III) use it to study the self-spin effects of binary Neutron Stars on their own waveform [2]. One of the central building blocks of the EOB model is the factorized and resummed (circularized) multipolar post-Newtonian (PN) waveform introduced in Ref. [8] for nonspinning binaries. In Ref. [4], we extend up to ` = 6 (i.e. to high multipoles) the resummation approach of Nagar and Shah [9], since it has a better analytical/numerical relativity agreement than its precursor [8]. Ref. [4], updated to the case of a spinning particle of Schwartzschild problem in Ref. [5], has been used in order to update the spin-aligned, quadrupolar EOB model TEOBResumS, a C++ code [1] available in the LIGO Advanced Library (LAL) and cited in the GW catalogue [10], to a multipolar version [7]. Therefore, following the EOB-PN expansion technique defined in [11], Ref. [3] leads to a fast and accurate 5.5PN phenomenological approximant that, by including more point-mass information than the standard 3.5PN one, optimizes the tidal-parameter estimation of BNS data analysis. In Ref [2], we incorporate the EOS-dependent selfspin terms in TEOBResumS at next-to-next-to-leading (NNLO) order, together with other (bilinear, cubic and quartic) nonlinear-in-spin effects (at leading order, LO). Here, with the same toolbox used in Ref. [3], we study the EOS dependence of the self-spin effects and show that the next-to-leading order (NLO) and NNLO monopole-quadrupole corrections yield increasingly phase-accelerating effects compared to the corresponding LO contribution; that the standard TaylorF2 post-Newtonian (PN) treatment of NLO (3PN) EOS-dependent self-spin effects makes their action stronger than the corresponding EOB description; and, finally, we obtain a tail-augmented TaylorF2 approximant that yields an analytically simplified, EOB-faithful, representation of the EOS-dependent self-spin phasing that can be useful to improve current PN-based (or phenomenological) waveform models for inspiralling neutron star binaries. References: [1] Phys. Rev., D98(10):104052, 2018. [2] Phys. Rev., D99:044007, 2019. [3] Phys. Rev., D99:124051, 2019. [4] Phys. Rev., D97(8): 084016, 2018. [5] Phys. Rev., D100(10):104056, 2019. [6] Phys. Rev., D99(4):044051, 2019. [7] Phys. Rev. D 102, 024077 (2020) [8]Phys. Rev., D79:064004, 2009. [9] Phys. Rev., D94(10):104017, 2016. [10] Phys. Rev. X 9, 031040 [11] Phys. Rev., D95(12):124001, 2017.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the liver is an important non-invasive tool for diagnosing liver disease. A key application is dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI). With the use of the hepatocyte specific contrast agent (CA) Gd-EOB-DTPA it is now possible to evaluate the liver function. Beyond traditional qualitative evaluation of the DCE-MRI images, parametric quantitative techniques are on the rise which yields more objective evaluations. Systems biology is a gradually expanding field using mathematical modeling to gain deeper mechanistic understanding in complex biological systems. The aim of this thesis to combine these two fields in order to derive a physiologically accurate minimal whole body model that can be used to quantitatively evaluate liver function using clinical DCE-MRI examinations.  The work is based on two previously published sources of data using Gd-EOB-DTPA in healthy humans; i) a region of interest analysis of the liver using DCE-MRI ii) a pre-clinical evaluation of the contrast agent using blood sampling.  The modeling framework consists of a system of ordinary differential equations for the contrast agent dynamics and non-linear models for conversion of contrast agent concentrations to relaxivity values in the DCE-MRI image volumes. Using a χ2-test I have shown that the model, with high probability, can fit the experimental data for doses up to twenty times the clinically used one, using the same parameters for all doses. The results also show that some of the parameters governing the hepatocyte flux of CA can be numerically identifiable. Future applications with the model might be as a basis for regional liver function assessment. This can lead to disease diagnosis and progression evaluation for physicians as well as support for surgeons planning liver resection.

Efterfrågan på elfordon växer snabbt, med en ökning i Europa från 734 nyregistrerade elbilar 2010 till 550 000 år 2019 (Europeiska miljöbyrån, 2020). Medan denna trend fortsätter följer efterfrågan på litiumjonbatterier (LIB) en liknande väg. Europeiska unionen visar stort intresse för marknadsutvecklingen eftersom elektrifieringen av transporter är ett viktigt delmål på vägen mot noll-utsläpp av växthusgaser. EU utvecklar därför ett nytt direktiv för batterier där EV-batterier (EVB) har mer fokus än i det tidigare batteridirektivet från 2006. I det nya direktivet kommer EVB-tillverkaren att ha ett utökat ansvar, vilket innebär att den ansvarar för de EVB:er den för till marknaden i slutet av livslängden (EOL). Denna studie syftar till att undersöka den aktuella försörjningskedjan och designen av EVB:er, liksom de nuvarande och kommande tekniska lösningarna för återvinning av EVB:er. Detta för att sedan diskutera hur EVB-tillverkare ska agera gällande återvinning som svar på det nya EUdirektivet om batterier. Studien avgränsas till supply-chain och materialförsörjning; hur man utformar EVB:er för återvinning; och de nuvarande tekniska lösningarna för EVB:er som nått EOL. Grunden till studien är till fullo genomgång av vetenskapliga publikationer, tekniska rapporter och prognoser för marknads- och teknisk utveckling. Resultaten av den inlästa litteraturen visar en allmän enighet om att det kommer uppstå brist på litium och andra kritiska material för EVB-tillverkning vilket i slutändan kommer att leda till volatila priser. Det uppdaterade batteridirektivet är konstaterat att sätta tydliga mål för högre nivåer av återvunnet material i nya EVB:er, men det kommer också sätta tydliga mål att EVB:er som kan återanvändas i andra applikationer än EV:er måste återanvändas fram till EOL. Man har dragit slutsatsen att design för återvinning kommer att vara viktigt för att göra återvinningsprocessen lönsam. Vi har diskuterat möjligheterna och utmaningarna som leasing av EVB:er ger EVB-tillverkare i samband med leasing av EVB:er. Leasingen ger EVB-tillverkaren möjligheten att säkra EVB:er ochdärmed batterimaterial genom återvinning vid EOL. Positioneringen i värdekedjan har också diskuterats. Vi ser att det finns en uppenbar avvägning mellan att integrera uppströms och att förbli flexibel. Integrering uppströms möjliggör kontroll över EVB:er till EOL samt möjlighet att välja om man vill sälja det återvunna litiumet eller att använda det i sin egen produktion.<br>The demand of electric vehicles (EV) grows rapidly, with an increase in Europe from 734 newly registered EVs in 2010, to 550 000 in 2019 (European Environment Agency, 2020). While this trend continues, the demand of lithium ion batteries (LIB) follows a similar path. With electrified transportation being an important sub-goal on the road to net-zero greenhouse gas emissions, the European Union shows great interest for the development of the market. The EU is therefore developing a new directive for batteries in which EV batteries (EVB) have more focus than in theearlier Batteries Directive from 2006. In the new directive, producers of EVBs will have an extended responsibility, meaning that they are responsible for the batteries at end of life (EOL). This study aims at investigating the current supply-chain and design of EVBs, as well as the current and upcoming technical solutions for recycling of EVBs, in order to discuss how EVB manufacturers can and should act regarding recycling, as a response to the new EU directive on batteries. The study is delimited to supply-chain and material sourcing; how to design batteries for recycling; and the current technical solutions for EOL batteries. The research is solely based on literature review of scientific publications, technical reports and forecasts of market and technical development. The results of the literature shows a general consensus that there will be shortage of lithium andother critical materials for EVB manufacturing which ultimately will lead to unstable prices. The updated battery directive will most certainly set clear goals of higher levels of recycled material in new EVBs, but it will also implicate that batteries that can be used for other applications than EVs need to be reused until EOL. It has been concluded that designing for recycling will be importantfor making the recycling process economically viable. We have discussed the possibilities and challenges for EVB manufacturers associated with leasing EVBs as a business model where they can secure batteries and by extension material for recycling at EOL. The positioning in the value chain has also been discussed. We see that there is an apparent tradeoff between integrating upstream and remaining flexible. Integrating upstream will enable control over batteries at EOL as well as the opportunity to choose whether to sell the recycled lithium or to use it in their own production.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited<br>The Explosive Ordnance Disposal Training and Evaluation Unit TWO (EODTEU TWO) trains Explosive Ordnance and Disposal (EOD) and Mobile Diving and Salvage (MDS) companies and platoons prior to worldwide deployments. This thesis describes EODSKED, an optimization model designed to assist EODTEU TWO in scheduling platoons that optimizes the use of limited resources and maximizes training value. EODSKED produces an optimized schedule that respects a large number of manpower and materiel resource constraints, such a schedule is difficult to achieve with the current manual scheduling process. Schedule modifications are often required after a schedule has been published; therefore, EODSKED incorporates persistence constraints to generate new schedules that match existing schedules closely.

In an attempt to investigate the relationship between microscopic and macroscopic fluid properties, like viscosity and density, a vibrational spectroscopic study of the model lubricant 2-ethylhexyl benzoate (EHB) was initiated. The variation in frequencies and band shapes of the vibrational modes of the molecule have been studied as a function of concentration, temperature and pressure. Estimates of correlation times for the reorientational motion of the phenyl ring of EHB, as a function of temperature, have been made from measurements of the Raman bands of the ring v(C-C) deformation mode and (^13)C N.M.R. spin lattice relaxation times. It has been shown using this data that the viscosity/temperature behaviour of EHB is dependent on the reorientational as opposed to the translational motion of the molecule. A noncoincidence of the Raman isotropic and anisotropic bands of the v(C=0) stretching mode of EHB has been seen and explained in terms of a resonance energy transfer (RET) process via transition dipole-transition dipole interactions, most probably as a consequence of preferential alignment via dipole-dipole interactions. It appears from dilution experiments that the EHB molecules do not become completely separated until below 2% mole-fraction. The infrared band of the v(C=0) stretching mode of EHB shows an unusual red shift with increased pressure to 6.5kbar, followed by a blue shift as the pressure is further increased. This has been explained as due to the competing effects of increased alignment of carbonyl dipoles (red shift) and the increase in the repulsive interactions (blue shift). All the other bands exhibit blue shifts, of varying degree, with increased pressure, showing that the repulsive forces dominate the shifts. The spectral changes are consistent with chain extension and increased interchain interactions with increased pressure. The band widths of all the vibrational modes increase with pressure consistent with an increase in vibrational relaxation rate. The fluid appears to exhibit a phase change close to 6.5kbar.

Large amounts of oil are left in reservoirs after primary and secondary recovery. To recovery as much of the remaining oil as possible, EOR techniques as chemical flooding is considered. Naturally fractured carbonates have often large amount of residual oil left in the reservoir after primary and secondary production periods. Carbonates are in general more complex reservoirs than sandstones, thus must recovery methods be tailored for the environment of the reservoir system. Chemical EOR has become more attractive after the financial crisis in 2008 because of the high oil prices. Ekofisk is naturally fractured chalk reservoir, and is the largest, oldest and longest producing reservoir on Norwegian continental shelf. To improve the recovery is surfactant injection considered as a possible EOR method. A mechanist reservoir model with Ekofisk reservoir properties and a single fracture was made with the purpose to investigate the potential of surfactant injection in Ekofisk. Several parameters that effect the performance of surfactants was investigated and the recovery results were compared with a waterflood basecase. In addition was a mechanistic model with four fractures made for further investigation of surfactant flow in a fracture network and for comparison of the performance of a surfactant flood with surfactant-polymer flood. The author&#146;s simulation results show that surfactant injection should be considered for the field, but more research with a more advanced reservoir model with respect to possible wettability alteration, a larger fracture network and heterogeneity should be done. The model shows poor sweep efficiency in layers far from the fracture in the model, thus should an eventual chemical flood in Ekofisk be considered done with polymers. Surfactant concentration in the injection solution affects the surfactant performance the most. For the single fracture model is the recovery increased with 2,8% when surfactants are injected, and NPV was increased with 8,31E+06 $. For the 9-block model with four fractures, was the recovery improved with 3% for the surfactant-polymer flood compared with a surfactant flood. Also the NPV was increased with 3,71E+06$.

In this thesis the idea of using neural networks as a forward model for the EOS-MLS (Earth Observation System – Microwave Limb Sounder) is considered for a direct assimilation scheme. Neural networks are a type of non-linear regression technique that can provide fast, accurate results and are used extensively in many different fields. Here a neural network is constructed to act as a forward model for the EOS-MLS. The neural network uses a temperature profile and tangent pressure levels as inputs and produces the corresponding radiance profile for one channel of the EOS-MLS. The work here primarily concentrates on one band of the EOS-MLS that is centred on an oxygen line and whose radiances are affected only by temperature for the majority of the channels. It shows that a neural network can function as a forward model in this case, producing radiances that are within instrument noise and for most channels, within half the instrument noise. Adding ozone to the forward model affects the radiances in only two channels of this band, increasing the radiances in some minor frames by around ~10K. It was found that this difference could be accounted for in the neural network forward model by adding ozone to the inputs. A second band, which is centred on an ozone line, is briefly considered. It was found that above 150hPa the radiances from this band could be modelled well using a neural network. Below this height, the neural network produced large errors in radiance (of around 1.5K – four times the instrument noise). This is thought to be due to the effects of water vapour. A problem specific to limb sounders that must be faced when doing direct assimilation is determining the tangent pressures of the radiances. During retrieval, these tangent pressures are normally retrieved as part of the state vector and discarded. For an assimilation process, these tangent pressures may be unavailable and have to be deduced in some way. Here, a neural network is used to retrieve tangent pressures outside the assimilation process. These retrieved tangent pressures can then be used by the forward model and assumed to be correct. It was found that tangent pressures could be retrieved with an accuracy of around 50m, much better than required for a forward model. The final problem faced within this thesis is the creation of the Jacobian of the instrument forward model. This is the derivative of the radiances with respect to the state vector and is used by the assimilation process to update the model fields during the assimilation process.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 20-23, 2003 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada<br>As part of the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) Preparatory Project (NPP), the Direct Readout Laboratory (DRL) of NASA/GSFC Code 935, is developing the prototype NPP In-Situ Ground System (NISGS). The NISGS supports earth remote sensing, and its functions bridge from all EOS satellites to planning for future NASA and interagency launches. The NISGS solution enables the end user to acquire and process NPP and predecessor instrument data, and provide a means to make these technologies and data products available to the Direct Broadcast Community. This document describes the NISGS model, methodology, and system architecture.

Today more and more people buy second-hand products on internet. As the typical durable goods, second-hand cars are very popular among consumers. In recent years, the sale of second-hand cars increases quickly in China. In addition, there is still potential in the second-hand market. On the other hand, consumers are the subject in the second-hand market. So what consumers take into consideration is important when buying second-hand cars. We have chosen some social factors that influence consumers’ decision when they purchase second-hand cars. Furthermore, we have analyzed the importance of these social factors and the relationship between factors.The purpose of this study is to give vehicle dealers a guide how consumers with different characteristics will pay attention to different factors of the cars but also to guide consumers to make a rational decision when they buy second-hand cars.We have chosen the EKB model as our basic theory. A quantitative research approach and cross sectional research design were used in this study. The link of our questionnaire was published in Baidu Tieba after being designed by SOJUMP and we collected 151 responses. Then, respondent demographics, cross tabulations analysis, one-way ANOVA analysis, Cronbach’s alpha, and sorting analysis were analyzed.The results show that information about the real condition of the car is the most important factor influencing customers when purchasing second-hand cars, price is the second most influencing factor, vehicle model and brand are the third and the fourth respectively, after-sales service ranks the least as most influencing factor.

The global resources of unconventional oil such as heavy oil, extra-heavy oil, and bitumen are vast and are expected to play an increasingly important role in meeting the world‘s future energy needs. However, the highly viscous nature of these resources means that only a small fraction of them can be recovered by the simple and inexpensive primary and secondary oil recovery techniques. A greater fraction demands complex and costly tertiary oil recovery techniques known as Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). Of the various EOR techniques available today, the recovery of viscous oil remains inextricably tied to steam-based EOR (S-EOR). S-EOR involves the injection of large quantities of steam into the reservoir in order to reduce the oil viscosity to improve its mobility, and thus increase oil production. The economics of S-EOR projects is governed by the time-rate of the recovery of oil versus the time-rate of expenses required to recover this oil. Steam generation is typically the largest cost component in S-EOR projects and it accounts for more than fifty percent of the total operating cost. Despite this, the focus during preliminary development phases is often on maximizing the oil production rate rather than optimizing long run economics. It is argued throughout this study that for optimum S-EOR development, the decision-making process should be based upon optimizing the long term economics. A multidisciplinary approach that includes considerations of surface, subsurface, environmental, and risk perspectives is therefore needed. This thesis reports on the development of TERM-EOR, an integrated surface-subsurface tool to enhance the decision-making processes involved in S-EOR projects. The tool consists of economic, fiscal, environmental, and risk modules that are fully integrated in a single user-friendly platform. The tool can be used both during project feasibility studies and for operation optimization. The use of TERM-EOR is illustrated through two case studies, one of which is surface-oriented while the other is subsurface-oriented. In the first case study, the thermodynamic performance of gas turbine cogeneration in a typical S-EOR project is evaluated and its economics is compared with a fired boiler system. Cogeneration wasfound to provide substantial fuel savings and CO2 reduction, and its economics remains competitive even under the most unfavourable conditions. The unit technical cost (UTC) of the project with cogeneration was found to be between 2 to 10 dollars lower than the project without. In addition, the break-even oil price for the project with cogeneration was also found to be 6 to 8 dollars lower than that without. In the second case study, TERM-EOR is used to optimize the operating pressure of a Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) project. It was found that there is no cut-off answer to the question of optimum operating pressure for SAGD. The answer is found to be influenced by a number of factors including the obtained oil rate, the steam to oil ratio, crude oil prices, steam technology and steam cost, as well as the environmental regulations in place. Operating at high pressure, though resulting in higher oil rates, increases steam consumption, fuel usage and GHG emissions. On the other hand, operating at low pressure is thermodynamically more efficient but results in lower oil rates. In general, from a government viewpoint the economics of the SAGD project was found to be more sensitive to the obtained oil rate, and thus favouring high pressure operations. This is in contrast to the oil company perspective where the economics was found to be driven by the operating costs, and thus favouring low pressure operations. A preliminary thermodynamic evaluation of a parabolic-trough solar system designed to deliver steam for S-EOR projects was carried out. The study highlights a number of technical challenges facing the integration of solar technology into S-EOR operations. For a typical day in Oman, it was found that the steam injection process can only be maintained for less than nine hours a day, after which the steam injectors will be shut-in. The cyclic cooling and heating of injector wells will expose them to fatigue problems, which may result in premature failures. Solar-generated steam will also have to be injected at peak rates during daytime in order to compensate for steam unavailability during the night. The peak in steam rate for the solar case was found to be three times greater than that required for constant-rate operation. Therefore, more steam injectors and larger steam facilities with high turndown capabilities are required to handle peak steam rates. It will also raise concerns about the steam injectivity of the reservoir and whether it will be able to handle peak steam rates associated with solar steam plants, an issue which is still open to debate.

<p>Component based software engineering promotes the use of software component as a cor-</p><p>ner stone for new software. Taken from other manufacturing fields, the vision of selecting</p><p>the components needed and building them as Lego to create a new software seems to of-</p><p>fer enormous advantages for software development. Worldwide, industry and scholars are</p><p>trying to remove the obstacles obstructing this course of action. This report names some</p><p>of the problems that software integrators and developers face. It concentrates on low-level</p><p>communication and other aspects of integration problems. it is based upon practical and</p><p>theoretical research. the conclusion of the report is that while each problem can be solved</p><p>in and of itself, these solutions often lead to the creation of new problems, and therefore</p><p>leave ample room for further research.</p>

The aim of this thesis is to create an application in MS Excel, which would have been able to count on basic stock models, and Markov decision processes with alternatives. This issue is devoted to the first part of the work. This is the theory needed to understand the basic principles and method of calculation tasks. The second part describes the developed application that can be solved one-product and multiproduct deterministic stock models, stochastic stock models and Markov decision processes with alternatives, and changing valuation of the transition. The description is supplemented with graphic images directly from the application, which makes using applications easier to understand. The part of work is also CD with created application.

Um sistema eficiente de prognóstico é capaz de reduzir o número de paradas não programadas e conseqüentemente gerar uma redução em custos de manutenção. Devido à grande competitividade da área de atuação, a indústria aeronáutica tem voltado sua atenção a sistemas deste tipo com a finalidade de maximizar a vida útil de seus equipamentos, aumentar sua disponibilidade e reduzir os seus custos de operação e manutenção, otimizando assim a eficiência operacional de suas aeronaves. O presente trabalho apresenta uma metodologia de prognóstico de falhas baseada em modelo para o sistema do estabilizador horizontal da aeronave EMBRAER 190. Para realizar a previsão do tempo de vida útil remanescente do sistema, esta metodologia utiliza a modelagem do mesmo e o monitoramento de resíduos através de equações de paridade. O pós-processamento destes resíduos permite avaliar a severidade atual da condição de degradação do sistema e a estimação do tempo para se atingir a severidade máxima projetada em que a falha é declarada. Os resultados obtidos utilizando-se o modelo do sistema do estabilizador horizontal e a inserção das falhas simuladas típicas mostram o grande potencial para a utilização de modelos, quando possível, no desenvolvimento de um processo de PHM de alto desempenho.

[EN] Water is the foundation for all biological life on Earth and one of the basic links between the biosphere and atmosphere. It is equally fundamental for humans and nature (Tolba, 1982). In an environment of growing scarcity and competition for water, increasing the understanding of all fluxes of the water cycle lies at the heart of the scientific community's goals. Traditionally, water and vegetation have been considered as different systems. However, it is necessary to take a holistic approach which considers the question of the water cycle in an integrated manner by taking into account both: blue water and green water (Birot et al., 2011). Around this idea, the new discipline Ecohydrology emerged in the early 20th century and, from then; it has grown steadily as shown by the increasing number of research lines and scientific papers related to this new field. However, most of the current hydrological models includes the vegetation as static parameter and not as state variable. There are some exceptions taking explicitly the vegetation as state variable but in those cases, the models' complexity and parametrical requirements increase substantially. In practice, we have to deal against the 'data scarcity - high parametrical requirements' issue really often. To reduce that issue, two strategies can be applied: (1) simplification of the models' conceptual scheme and (2) increase of data availability by incorporating new sources of information. In this thesis, we explored the use of a distributed parsimonious ecohydrological modelling (with low parametrical requirements) calibrated and validated exclusively with remote sensing data. First, we used the parsimonious ecohydrological model proposed by Pasquato et al. (2015) in an experimental plot located in a semi-arid Mediterranean forest. The results in this previous stage suggested that the model was able to adequately reproduce the dynamics of vegetation as well as the soil moisture variations. In other words, it has been shown that a parsimonious model with simple equations can achieve good results in general terms. But, as long as we applied the model at plot scale, the challenging task to reproduce the spatial variation of the vegetation and water cycle remained. To explore the spatio-temporal variation of the vegetation and the water cycle, the distributed version of the parsimonious ecohydrological model used previously was applied in a basin located in Kenya, concretely in the Upper Ewaso Ngiro River basin. In order to explore the potential applicability of the satellite data, we calibrated the model using exclusively the NDVI provided by NASA. First of all, we had to deal with the fact that we were not calibrating the model with only one temporal series such as historical streamflow as usual. In fact, satellite data is composed by one temporal series per pixel. We had to identify how to use spatio-temporal (and not only temporal) data during models' calibration and validation. In that sense, unfortunately, there is still a deep lack in literature. A methodology based on the use of Empirical Orthogonal Function analysis was proposed and successfully applied. This experience provided amazing and promising results. The obtained results demonstrated that: (1) satellite data of vegetation dynamics contains an extraordinary amount of information that can be used to implement ecohydrological models in scarce data regions; (2) the proposed semi-automatic calibration methodology works satisfactorily and it allows to incorporate spatio-temporal data in the model parameterization and (3) the model calibrated only using satellite data is able to reproduce both the spatio-temporal vegetation dynamics and the observed discharge at the outlet point. It is important to highlight the positive consequences of this last result particularly in ungauged basins where the use of satellite data could be an alternative in order to obtain a proxy of the streamflow at outlet point.<br>[ES] El agua es la base de toda vida biológica en la Tierra y uno de los enlaces básicos entre la biosfera y la atmósfera. Es igualmente fundamental para los seres humanos y la naturaleza (Tolba, 1982). Tradicionalmente, el agua y la vegetación se han considerado como sistemas diferentes pero es claramente necesario tomar un enfoque holístico que considere la cuestión del ciclo del agua de una manera integrada, teniendo en cuenta tanto el agua azul como el agua verde (Birot et al., 2011). Alrededor de esta idea surgió la nueva disciplina llamada Ecohidrología a principios del siglo XX y desde entonces, no ha dejado de crecer tal y como demuestran el creciente aumento de líneas de investigación y publicaciones científicas relacionadas con este nuevo campo. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los modelos hidrológicos actuales incluye la vegetación como un parámetro estático y no como una variable de estado. Hay algunas excepciones que toman explícitamente la vegetación como variable de estado, pero en esos casos, la complejidad y el número de parámetros a determinar de los modelos aumentan sustancialmente. En la práctica, tenemos que hacer frente a la temible combinación de "escasez de datos - alto número de parámetros a determinar" con mucha frecuencia. Para reducir este problema, se pueden aplicar dos estrategias: (1) simplificar la complejidad conceptual de los modelos y así reducir el número de parámetros a calibrar, y/o (2) aumentar la disponibilidad de datos mediante la incorporación de nuevas fuentes de información. En esta tesis, hemos explorado el uso de un modelo ecohidrológico distribuido y parsimonioso (con pocos parámetros a determinar) que ha sido completamente calibrado y validado exclusivamente con datos de teledetección. En primer lugar, se utilizó el modelo ecohidrológico parsimonioso propuesto por Pasquato et al. (2015) en una parcela experimental situada en un bosque mediterráneo semiárido. Los resultados obtenidos en esta primera etapa de la tesis sugirieron que el modelo era capaz de reproducir adecuadamente la dinámica de la vegetación, así como las variaciones de humedad del suelo. En otras palabras, se pudo demostrar que un modelo parsimonioso con ecuaciones simples puede lograr buenos resultados en términos generales. Pero, como el modelo había sido aplicado a escala de parcela, todavía quedaba como tarea pendiente reproducir la variación espacial de la vegetación y del ciclo hidrológico. Para explorar la variación espacio-temporal de la vegetación y del ciclo del agua, se aplicó la versión distribuida del modelo ecohidrológico y parsimonioso utilizado previamente en una cuenca situada en Kenia. Con el fin de explorar la posible aplicabilidad de los datos de satélite, calibramos el modelo utilizando exclusivamente el NDVI proporcionada por la NASA. Se aplicó con éxito una metodología basada en el uso de la identificación de las funciones ortogonales empíricas (EOF por sus siglas en inglés). Esta última prueba proporcionó resultados prometedores: (1) los datos de satélite contienen una cantidad extraordinaria de información que puede ser usado para implementar modelos ecohidrológicos en regiones donde no se dispone de tal cantidad de información; (2) la metodología de calibración propuesta funciona satisfactoriamente y permite incorporar datos espacio-temporales en el proceso de parametrización del modelo, y (3) el modelo calibrado sólo con datos de satélite es capaz de reproducir tanto la dinámica espacio-temporal de la vegetación así como el caudal observado en el punto de desagüe de la cuenca. Es importante destacar las consecuencias positivas de este último resultado sobre todo en cuencas no aforadas, donde el uso de datos de satélite podría ser una alternativa para obtener una aproximación del recurso en el punto de desagüe.<br>[CAT] L'aigua és la base de tota vida biològica a la Terra i un dels enllaços bàsics entre la biosfera i l'atmosfera. És igualment fonamental per als éssers humans i la naturalesa (Tolba, 1982). Tradicionalment, l'aigua i la vegetació s'han considerat com a sistemes diferents però és clarament necessari prendre un enfocament holístic que considere la qüestió del cicle de l'aigua d'una manera integrada, tenint en compte tant l'aigua blava com l'aigua verda (Birot et al., 2011). Al voltant d'aquesta idea va sorgir la nova disciplina anomenada Ecohidrología a principis del segle XX i des de llavors, no ha deixat de créixer tal com demostren el creixent augment de línies de recerca i publicacions científiques relacionades amb aquest nou camp. No obstant això, la majoria dels models hidrològics actuals inclou la vegetació com un paràmetre estàtic i no com una variable d'estat. Hi ha algunes excepcions que prenen explícitament la vegetació com a variable d'estat, però en aquests casos, la complexitat i el nombre de paràmetres a determinar dels models augmenten substancialment. En la pràctica, hem de fer front a la temible combinació de "escassetat de dades - alt nombre de paràmetres a determinar" amb molta freqüència. Per reduir aquest problema, es poden aplicar dues estratègies: (1) simplificar la complexitat conceptual dels models i així reduir el nombre de paràmetres a calibrar, i/o (2) augmentar la disponibilitat de dades mitjançant la incorporació de noves fonts d'informació. En aquesta tesi, hem explorat l'ús d'un model ecohidrològic distribuït i parsimoniòs (amb pocs paràmetres a determinar) que ha estat completament calibrat i validat exclusivament amb dades de teledetecció. En primer lloc, es va utilitzar el model ecohidrològic i parsimoniòs proposat per Pasquato et al. (2015) en una parcel·la experimental situada en un bosc mediterrani semi-àrid. Els resultats obtinguts en aquesta primera etapa de la tesi van suggerir que el model era capaç de reproduir adequadament la dinàmica de la vegetació, així com les variacions d'humitat del sòl. En altres paraules, es va poder demostrar que un model parsimoniòs amb equacions simples pot aconseguir bons resultats en termes generals. Però, com el model havia estat aplicat a escala de parcel·la, encara quedava com a tasca pendent reproduir la variació espacial de la vegetació i del cicle hidrològic. Per explorar la variació espai-temporal de la vegetació i del cicle de l'aigua, es va aplicar la versió distribuïda del model ecohidrològic i parsimoniòs utilitzat prèviament en una conca situada a Kenya. Al mateix temps, amb la finalitat d'explorar la possible aplicabilitat de les dades de satèl·lit, calibrem el model utilitzant exclusivament el NDVI proporcionat per la NASA. Es va aplicar amb èxit una metodologia basada en l'ús de la identificació de les funcions ortogonals empíriques (EOF per les seues sigles en anglès). Aquesta última prova va proporcionar resultats sorprenents i prometedors. De fet, els resultats obtinguts van demostrar que: (1) les dades de satèl·lit contenen una quantitat extraordinària d'informació que pot ser usada per implementar models ecohidrològics en regions on no es disposa de tal quantitat d'informació; (2) la metodologia de calibratge proposat funciona satisfactòriament i permet incorporar dades espai-temporals en el procés de parametrització del model, i (3) el model calibrat només amb dades de satèl·lit és capaç de reproduir tant la dinàmica espai-temporal de la vegetació així com el cabal observat en el punt de desguàs de la conca. És important destacar les conseqüències positives d'aquest últim resultat sobretot en conques no aforades, on l'ús de dades de satèl·lit podria ser una alternativa per obtenir una aproximació del recurs en el punt de desguàs.<br>Ruiz Pérez, G. (2016). On the use of satellite data to calibrate a parsimonious ecohydrological model in ungauged basins [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/72639<br>TESIS

L'approche MDA (Model Driven Architecture) définie par l'OMG préconise une séparation entre les aspects métier des applications dans des modèles indépendants des plates-formes appelés PIMs, et ceux liés à l'implémentation dans des modèles dépendants des plates-formes appelés PSMs. Cela faciliterait ainsi la migration des applications vers de nouvelles plates-formes. Cependant, l'approche MDA ne traite qu’un seul aspect de l’évolution de ces applications qui est celui de leurs plates-formes mais non pas celui de l'évolution de leurs métiers, i. E. PIMs. Une manière de traiter ce deuxième aspect de l'évolution est de réutiliser autant que possible les modèles PIMs et PSMs existants. Pour cela, nous proposons une initiative basée sur deux points : 1) l’expression d'opérations de réutilisation (composition, extension et modification) sur les PIMs ; 2) la génération automatique, à partir de cette expression, d'entités de la plate-forme (entités glus) qui appliqueront ces opérations sur les PSMs

We give an overview of quantum chemical methods with a particular emphasis on the development of high-accuracy quantum chemical models. The reliability of these methods often hinges on whether enough electron correlation is included in the truncated wave function. As an example, we investigate the structures of m-benzyne and its fluorinated derivative, tetrafluoro-m-benzyne where the inclusion of triple excitations is paramount to correctly describe through-bond delocalization of the monocyclic form. At the CCSDT/6-31G** level of theory, the C1â C3 distance of the minimum energy form of m-benzyne is 2.0°A and the profile of the PES along the C1â C3 distance is that of an asymmetric, single-well, in agreement with previous density-functional theory and coupled cluster studies. In addition, the calculated CCSD(T) fundamental frequencies are in excellent agreement with the measured infrared frequencies, thus confirming the monocyclic form of m-benzyne. For tetrafluoro-m-benzyne, however, the increased eclipsing strain between the ring-external Câ X bonds stabilizes the bicyclo[3.1.0]hexatriene form: the C1â C3 distance is calculated at the CCSD(T)/cc-pVTZ level to be approximately 1.75 °A, which is in the range of elongated CC bonds. Computed harmonic vibrational frequencies compare reasonably well with the experimental neon-matrix difference spectrum and provide further evidence for the existence of a bicyclic form. We also report an extension of the coupled cluster iterative-triples model, CC3, to excited states of open-shell molecules, including radicals. We define the method for both spin-unrestricted Hartree-Fock (UHF) and spin-restricted open-shell Hartree-Fock (ROHF) reference determinants and discuss its efficient implementation in the PSI3 program package. The program is streamlined to use at most O(N7) computational steps and avoids storage of the triple-excitation amplitudes for both the ground-and excited-state calculations. The excitation-energy program makes use of a Lowdin projection formalism (comparable to that of earlier implementations) that allows computational reduction of the Davidson algorithm to only the single- and double-excitation space, but limits the calculation to only one excited state at a time. However, a root-following algorithm may be used to compute energies for multiple states of the same symmetry. Benchmark applications of the new methods to the lowest valence 2B1 state of the allyl radical, low-lying states of the CH and CO+ diatomics, and the nitromethyl radical show substantial improvement over ROHF- and UHF-based CCSD excitation energies for states with strong double-excitation character or cases suffering from significant spin contamination. For the allyl radical, CC3 adiabatic excitation energies differ from experiment by less than 0.02 eV, while for the 2§+ state of CH, significant errors of more than 0.4 eV remain. Finally, ground- and excited-state dipole moments are derived diagramatically and were recently developed within the PSI3 quantum chemistry package. However, convergence problems with computing the left-hand excited-state has prevented us from reporting any meaningful results. Thus, future work includes solving this convergence problem before the effects of triple excitations on one-electron properties can be reported with certainty.<br>Ph. D.

Carbonate reservoirs contain more than half of the world’s conventional hydrocarbon resources. Hydrocarbon recovery in carbonates, however, is typically low, due to multi-scale geological heterogeneities that are a result of complex diagenetic, reactive, depositional and deformational processes. Improved Oil Recovery (IOR) and Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) methods are increasingly considered to maximise oil recovery and minimise field development costs. This is particularly important for carbonate reservoirs containing fractures networks, which can act as high permeability fluid flow pathways or impermeable barriers during interaction with the complex host rock matrix. In this thesis, three important contributions relating to EOR simulation and optimisation in fractured carbonate reservoirs are made using a high-resolution analogue reservoir model for the Arab D formation. First, a systematic approach is employed to investigate, analyse and increase understanding of the fundamental controls on fluid flow in heterogeneous carbonate systems using numerical well testing, secondary and tertiary recovery simulations. Secondly, the interplay between wettability, hysteresis and fracture-matrix exchange during combined CO2 EOR and sequestration is examined. Finally, data-driven surrogates, which construct an approximation of time-consuming numerical simulations, are used for rapid simulation and optimisation of EOR processes in fractured carbonate reservoirs while considering multiple geological uncertainty scenarios.

Aquesta tesi doctoral consta de cinc capítols, una introducció general, la bibliografia i un annex. A l'introducció general, fem una justificació de l'importància del tema triat, centrada en els tres aspectes següents: actualitat, interès didàctic i el seu estudi sobre un enfoc realista. <br/><br/>El primer capítol es diu "Les Actituds" i comprèn els següents apartats:<br/><br/>(1.1) Aprofundim en el <i>Concepte</i> a travès de diferents facetes. Es fa una anàlisi minuciosa del que aporten diversos autors i per últim donem la nostra definició personal, i que seria "Predisposició de l'individu per a respondre devant estímuls". Presentem les caractrerístiques més destacades i fem èmfasi en els seus components: afectiu, cognoscitiu i comportamental. Presentem una mostra de les seves quatre funcions i fem una reflexió entorn el problema de la classificació, amb la proposta d'un model senzill. Per últim, contrastem aquest Concepte amb d'altres que sovint han estat motiu de confusions. <br/><br/>(1.2) Analitzem els diferents aspectes que intervenen per a la <i>Formació</i> (o no) <i>d'una actitud</i>. <br/><br/>(1.3) De manera paral.lela tractem el <i>Canvi d'actitud</i>, aprofundint en tots aquells elements influents i esbrinant les "Teories de la Consistència Cognitiva", que pretenen explicar aques canvi. <br/><br/>(1.4) Com que la <i>Relació entre Actitud i Conducta</i> és un tema de gran actualitat, aquest apartat vé dedicat a mostrar les tendències existents en el decurs de l'història, els factors més influents i els models presentats per diversos autors amb els quals pretenen explicar aquesta relació.<br/><br/>(1.5) Un dels aspectes més polèmics ha estat i és el <i>Mesurament</i> de les actituds. En el present apartat s'expliciten els motius fonamentals d'aquesta problemàtica així com els diferents tipus de mesures existents. <br/><br/>El Capítol Segon du com a títol "Les actituds i la lectura", i podriem dir que forma el nucli teòric de l'investigació. Un cop feta una presentación molt general sobre el camp de la lectura (concepte, elements i línies de recerca), es presenta una recopilació de materials d'arreu del món sobre el tema de <i> les actituds i la lectura</i>, tot i considerant que es tracta d'una matèria que es va començar a estudiar en una data relativament recent. (1978). També s'analitzen els factors que hi intervenen: la família, l'escola, l'ambient i el nen. <br/><br/>El Capítol Tercer inclou el material d'investigació i la metodologia utilitzada. Prenent com a base una mostra d'infants de 5è. d'Educació General Bàsica (EGB) de les escoles de Sant Feliu del Llobregat (Barcelona), es presenta la instrumentació utilitzada per la recerca i quines són les variables que s'han tingut en consideració. <br/><br/>El Capítol Quart comenta d'una manera àmplia els resultats obtinguts com a resultat de la recerca. Se'n fa una anàlisi descriptiva (barems, fiabilitat i validesa dels inventaris, proves de normalitat, associació i correlación, proves de contrast.) i també una anàlisi cualitativa a nivell d'estudi del contingut de frases ofertes, mitjançant el SPAD. <br/><br/>Per últim, el Capítol Cinquè inclou les conclusions més rellevants a nivell teòric i experimental, a més d'assenyalar quines són les noves línies de recerca que s'obren en aquest tema.

The industrialization and the subsequent economic development occurred in the last century have led industrialized societies to pursue increasingly higher economic and financial goals, laying temporarily aside the safeguard of the environment and the defense of human health. However, over the last decade, modern societies have begun to reconsider the importance of social and environmental issues nearby the economic and financial goals. In the real industrial environment as well as in today research activities, new concepts have been introduced, such as sustainable development (SD), green supply chain and ergonomics of the workplace. The notion of “triple bottom line” (3BL) accounting has become increasingly important in industrial management over the last few years (Norman and MacDonald, 2004). The main idea behind the 3BL paradigm is that companies’ ultimate success should not be measured only by the traditional financial results, but also by their ethical and environmental performances. Social and environmental responsibility is essential because a healthy society cannot be achieved and maintained if the population is in poor health. The increasing interest in sustainable development spurs companies and researchers to treat operations management and logistics decisions as a whole by integrating economic, environmental, and social goals (Bouchery et al., 2012). Because of the wideness of the field under consideration, this Ph.D. thesis focuses on a restricted selection of topics, that is Inventory Management and in particular the Lot Sizing problem. The lot sizing problem is undoubtedly one of the most traditional operations management interests, so much so that the first research about lot sizing has been faced more than one century ago (Harris, 1913). The main objectives of this thesis are listed below: 1) The study and the detailed analysis of the existing literature concerning Inventory Management and Lot Sizing, supporting the management of production and logistics activities. In particular, this thesis aims to highlight the different factors and decision-making approaches behind the existing models in the literature. Moreover, it develops a conceptual framework identifying the associated sub-problems, the decision variables and the sources of sustainable achievement in the logistics decisions. The last part of the literature analysis outlines the requirements for future researches. 2) The development of new computational models supporting the Inventory Management and Sustainable Lot Sizing. As a result, an integrated methodological procedure has been developed by making a complete mathematical modeling of the Sustainable Lot Sizing problem. Such a method has been properly validated with data derived from real cases. 3) Understanding and applying the multi-objective optimization techniques, in order to analyze the economic, environmental and social impacts derived from choices concerning the supply, transport and management of incoming materials to a production system. 4) The analysis of the feasibility and convenience of governmental systems of incentives to promote the reduction of emissions owing to the procurement and storage of purchasing materials. A new method based on the multi-objective theory is presented by applying the models developed and by conducting a sensitivity analysis. This method is able to quantify the effectiveness of carbon reduction incentives on varying the input parameters of the problem. 5) Extending the method developed in the first part of the research for the “Single-buyer” case in a "multi-buyer" optics, by introducing the possibility of Horizontal Cooperation. A kind of cooperation among companies in different stages of the purchasing and transportation of raw materials and components on a global scale is the Haulage Sharing approach which is here taken into consideration in depth. This research was supported by a fruitful collaboration with Prof. Robert W. Grubbström (University of Linkoping, Sweden) and its aim has been from the beginning to make a breakthrough both in the theoretical basis concerning sustainable Lot Sizing, and in the subsequent practical application in today industrial contexts.<br>L’industrializzazione ed il conseguente sviluppo economico avvenuti nello scorso secolo hanno spinto le società industrializzate a perseguire obiettivi economico-finanziari sempre più alti, mettendo momentaneamente in secondo piano la tutela per l’ambiente e per la salute umana. Tuttavia, nel corso dell’ultimo decennio le moderne società hanno cominciato a riconsiderare l’importanza degli aspetti sociali ed ambientali contestualmente agli obiettivi economici. Nel mondo industriale, così come nell’attività di ricerca scientifica odierna, sono stati introdotti nuovi concetti quali lo sviluppo sostenibile, la green supply chain e l’ergonomia dei posti di lavoro. La nozione di “triple bottom line” (3BL) è divenuta sempre più importante nella gestione industriale negli ultimi anni (Norman and MacDonald, 2004). L’idea che sta alla base del concetto di 3BL è che il successo finale di una azienda non dovrebbe essere misurato solo in termini di risultati finanziari, ma anche dai risultati in ambito etico ed ambientale. I concetti di responsabilità sociale ed ambientale sono oggi essenziali poiché una società forte e sana non si può realizzare e mantenere se i singoli individui che la compongono non godono di ottima salute. L’interesse crescente verso lo sviluppo sostenibile spinge il mondo industriale e della ricerca scientifica a trattare i problemi di operations management con un approccio integrato, in modo da inglobare in un’unica procedura obiettivi economici, ambientali e sociali (Bouchery et al., 2012). Vista la vastità degli aspetti contemplati dal settore, in questa tesi di dottorato si affronterà solo una parte ristretta dei molteplici aspetti in gioco, quelli della gestione delle scorte di magazzino e più in dettaglio della determinazione del lotto economico. Si tratta senza dubbio di uno dei problemi più tradizionali in ambito di operations management, tanto che il primo problema di lot sizing è stato affrontato più di un secolo fa (Harris, 1913). Questo lavoro di tesi si pone i seguenti obiettivi principali: 1) Lo studio e l’analisi dettagliata della letteratura riguardante i problemi di Inventory Management e Lot Sizing a supporto della gestione delle attività produttive e logistiche. In particolare dopo aver analizzato i diversi fattori e approcci decisionali alla base dei modelli esistenti in letteratura, lo sviluppo di un innovativo framework concettuale identifica i sotto-problemi associati, le variabili decisionali e i principali aspetti che influenzano la sostenibilità nelle decisioni logistiche, aiutando a delineare i requisiti delle ricerche future. 2) L’elaborazione di nuovi modelli di calcolo a supporto dell’Inventory Management e del Lot Sizing sostenibile. A questo scopo è stata sviluppata una nuova procedura metodologica, elaborando un’applicazione matematica completa del metodo di Lot Sizing Sostenibile. Tale metodo è stato opportunamente validato con dati provenienti da casi reali. 3) La comprensione e l’applicazione delle tecniche di ottimizzazione multi-obiettivo al fine di analizzare l’impatto economico, ambientale e sociale nelle scelte di approvvigionamento, trasporto e gestione dei materiali in ingresso ad un sistema produttivo. 4) L’analisi della fattibilità e convenienza di sistemi governativi di incentivazione per promuovere la riduzione delle emissioni ambientali dovute alle attività di approvvigionamento e stoccaggio dei materiali di acquisto. Sfruttando i modelli sviluppati e conducendo una analisi di sensitività, è stato sviluppato un metodo basato sulla teoria multi-obiettivo per quantificare l’effetto di incentivi per la riduzione delle emissioni in relazione ai parametri in ingresso del problema. 5) L’estensione del metodo sviluppato per il caso di approvvigionamento tradizionale “Single-Buyer”, in ottica “multi-buyer” introducendo la possibilità di Cooperazione Orizzontale e Haulage Sharing da parte di aziende diverse nelle fasi di acquisto e trasporto di materia prima e componenti su scala globale. Questo lavoro di ricerca è stato supportato da una proficua collaborazione con il Prof. Robert W. Grubbström (University of Linkoping, Svezia), e fin dall’inizio si è posto l’obiettivo di apportare un’innovazione sia nella base teorica riguardante il Lot Sizing sostenibile, sia nella conseguente applicazione pratica in contesti industriali a noi contemporanei.

Práce se zabývá empirickým ověřením platnosti efektu biče u reálného dodavatelského řetězce. Zároveň na reálných datech ukazuje rozdíl mezi optimalizací zásob každého dílčího článku řetězce a optimalizací zásob podél celého řetězce. Součástí práce je vytvořená učební pomůcka pro ukázku optimalizace zásob (model EOQ) a Pivní hra pro demonstraci platnosti efektu biče.

This thesis deals with component software, software frameworks for the Eclipse platform and the creation of a graphical editor for designing component systems with the usage of the Eclipse platform. After introducing the conception of UML component diagram, it describes the overview of component software, components and component technologies of major players on ground of component software: OMG, Sun, Microsoft. A significant part is dedicated to software frameworks for the Eclipse platform for manipulating with meta models. EMF, GEF and GMF are described in more detail. The main part presents the design, implementation and evaluation of a graphical editor for designing component systems with emphasis on understandability and good arrangement.

Mestrado em Economia Monetária e Financeira<br>O presente estudo tem como objectivo fundamental investigar qual o significado do papel atribuído pelo Banco Central Europeu (BCE) ao agregado monetário largo M3 na condução da política monetária na zona euro. Partindo de um breve enquadramento teórico quanto ao papel atribuído pelo BCE à moeda, procede-se a uma análise empírica, baseada em vectores autoregressivos (usando essencialmente as variáveis macroeconómicas: taxa de crescimento do M3, hiato do M3 em termos reais, taxa de inflação e hiato do produto), no sentido de detectar evidência empírica de suporte ao papel proeminente que foi atribuído à moeda pelo BCE. As principais conclusões deste estudo apontam para a existência de uma enorme sensibilidade em torno da definição da taxa de inflação. No entanto, partindo-se da taxa de inflação medida pelo deflator do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB), a evidência empírica parece sugerir uma certa primazia como indicador de evolução futura dos preços o hiato do M3 em termos reais quando comparado quer com a taxa de crescimento do agregado monetário largo M3 quer com o hiato do produto.<br>The main target of this study is to investigate the meaning of the role assigned by the European Central Bank (ECB) to the broad monetary aggregate M3 in its conduction of the monetary policy for the euro area. The work begins with a brief theoretic framing of the role assigned to the money by ECB, which is followed by an empirical analysis, based on autoregressive vectors (employing essentially the following macroeconomic variables: growth rate of M3, real gap of M3, inflation rate and output gap), with the objective of detecting empirical evidence that support the prominent role of money assigned by the ECB. The main conclusions of this study support the existence of a high sensibility to the definition of the inflation rate. However, starting with the best measure of inflation rate based on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) deflator, the empirical evidence supports a certain primacy, as future inflation indicator, to the real gap of M3 rather than to the growth rate of M3 or output gap.

La presente monografía tiene como objetivo minimizar los costos totales de pedidos, proponer un sistema de inventario que permita saber cuánto y cuando pedir, esto será relevante para la nueva política de inventarios. Para ello se han aplicado modelos de inventarios que se ajuste a las condiciones de la empresa Aspersud, la misma que tiene un departamento de Operaciones y Mantenimiento al cual llamamos también departamento de O y M, que se encarga de conservar los institutos IRU y ILN funcionales y seguros, optimizando la vida útil de cada uno de sus componentes. En la actualidad O y M presenta una nueva política de reducción de costos. Adicionalmente, la presente Monografía tiene la finalidad de demostrar la importancia de que toda organización lucrativa o no, debe aplicar un sistema de inventarios que le permita tener un buen control, y tener la certeza de tomar buenas decisiones. No solo se enuncia el modelo matemático de inventario, además de hacer un análisis de la procedencia de dicha fórmula que permite minimizar mis costos de pedido y saber en qué momento se debe reabastecer.

La presente monografía tiene como objetivo minimizar los costos totales de pedidos, proponer un sistema de inventario que permita saber cuánto y cuando pedir, esto será relevante para la nueva política de inventarios. Para ello se han aplicado modelos de inventarios que se ajuste a las condiciones de la empresa Aspersud, la misma que tiene un departamento de Operaciones y Mantenimiento al cual llamamos también departamento de O y M, que se encarga de conservar los institutos IRU y ILN funcionales y seguros, optimizando la vida útil de cada uno de sus componentes. En la actualidad O y M presenta una nueva política de reducción de costos. Adicionalmente, la presente Monografía tiene la finalidad de demostrar la importancia de que toda organización lucrativa o no, debe aplicar un sistema de inventarios que le permita tener un buen control, y tener la certeza de tomar buenas decisiones. No solo se enuncia el modelo matemático de inventario, además de hacer un análisis de la procedencia de dicha fórmula que permite minimizar mis costos de pedido y saber en qué momento se debe reabastecer.<br>Trabajo de suficiencia profesional

Les collaborations inter-organisationnelles relèvent généralement de circonstances opportunistes et s’avèrent par conséquent éphémères. Les organisations doivent alors être disposées à s’intégrer dans ce type de collaboration tout en gardant leur identité propre. Ce constat est le point de départ du projet MISE (Mediation Information System Engineering), qui aborde cette notion de collaboration d’organisations selon l’angle du système d’information, en proposant une démarche de conception d’un SIM (système d’information de médiation). Ce SIM constitue un système tiers, médiateur des SI des diverses organisations, destiné à prendre en charge, d’une part la coordination des actions des partenaires (orchestration de la dynamique collective) et d’autre part, de gérer la circulation de l’information au sein de la collaboration (acheminement et traduction des données). La conception du SIM repose sur une démarche d’ingénierie dirigée par les modèles (IDM). Par ailleurs, la notion de crise, reposant par définition sur la sollicitation d’acteurs hétérogènes concernés par une collaboration opportuniste (qui plus est dans le cadre d’un phénomène évolutif d’une durée indéterminée), fait du domaine de la gestion de crise un parfait cas d’étude pour le projet MISE. Ces travaux de thèse, liés au projet ANR-CSOSG ISyCri, présentent cette démarche de conception du SIM appliqué au domaine de la gestion de crise. Le manuscrit parcourt la démarche MISE appliquée au domaine de la gestion de crise depuis la définition conceptuelle jusqu’à la réalisation technique selon les trois étapes de cette démarche IDM : (i) au niveau « métier » : l’utilisation d’une base de connaissance, représentée par une ontologie, permet, à partir des caractéristiques de la situation de crise et du savoir-faire des partenaires de la collaboration, de définir le processus collaboratif représentatif de la succession des activités à exécuter dans le cadre de la réponse à la crise. (ii) au niveau « logique » : une transformation de modèle permet de construire, à partir du modèle de processus collaboratif obtenu au niveau « métier », une architecture logique du SIM (orientée service, selon les préceptes SOA). (iii) au niveau « technique » : une deuxième transformation de modèles permet de générer les éléments nécessaires à la configuration du SIM, notamment le fichier BPEL. L’agilité du SIM ainsi déployé constitue une exigence incontournable. Les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit proposent donc d’intégrer ces différentes étapes de conception du SIM sous la forme de composants logiciels indépendants, sollicités à loisir au sein d’une architecture orientée service. Cette solution apporte une grande flexibilité structurelle à la démarche, en autorisant la reconfiguration partielle du SIM à partir du niveau adapté à la situation<br>Organizations should be able to take part into opportunistic and brief collaborative networks. However, they should also control their identity. The MISE project (Mediation Information System Engineering) aims at dealing with that issue from the information system point of view. The main principle is to design a specific third part mediation information system (MIS) in charge of, first, orchestrating the collaborative workflow of the collaborative network and, second, managing information (carrying and translating data). Designing such a MIS is based on a model-driven engineering approach (MDE). Considering crisis management field, it is obvious that such a domain requires opportunistic collaboration of heterogeneous partners involved in the crisis response (furthermore, crisis management is a very dynamic process where agility is a crucial point). Directly linked to the French funded ISyCri project, this PhD research work presents the overall approach for MIS design in a crisis management context.That MDE approach is based on three steps: (i) “Business” level: a collaborative process model is deduced from a knowledge base represented through an ontology. (ii) “Logical” level: an abstract service-oriented architecture of MIS is built, based on a model transformation from the previously obtained collaborative process model. (iii) “Technical” level: all the required deployment files are generated (including BPEL file), based on another model transformation, from the logical architecture. Besides, agility is a strong requirement for such a MIS. Therefore, these three steps are integrated, as independent software components, in a service-oriented architecture of a MIS-design tool. This solution brings structural flexibility to the overall approach by allowing partial redesign of the MIS (at theexpected step)

BACKGROUND: Exercise on Prescription (EoP) means that a doctor writes out a customized form of exercise to the patient instead of medicine, or in combination with medication. The activity becomes a part of the treatment. Since many today do not follow recommendations for physical activity occurs in the long term a number of public health diseases. EoP promotes health and prevents disease. AIM: The aim of this paper is toexamine whether EoP from a patient perspective perceived to be an efficient and effective method of treatment. METHOD: A qualitative approach was used. Semi-structured interviews were conducted by telephone. The target audience was adults over age 18 who received EoP. RESULTS: The findings of the interviews were that the experience of EoP was largely positive and that most understood why it was important to have physical activity. A visit to a health care raised the direct motivation to exercise, but declined unless follow-up occurred. Several had been needed more help and advice from a contact person or coordinator that the patient could turn to. CONCLUSION: By getting more help with motivation probably more of the respondents had received better results from EoP.<br>BAKGRUND: Fysisk aktivitet på recept (FaR) innebär att en läkare skriver ut en anpassad träningsform till patienten istället för medicin, eller i kombination med medicin. Aktiviteten blir en del i behandlingen. Eftersom många idag inte följer rekommendationerna för fysisk aktivitet uppstår på sikt en rad folkhälsosjukdomar. FaR främjar hälsan och förebygger sjukdom. SYFTE: Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att undersöka huruvida FaR ur ett patientperspektiv upplevs vara en effektiv och fungerande behandlingsmetod. METOD: En kvalitativ ansats har använts. Semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts via telefon. Målgruppen var vuxna personer över 18 år som fått FaR. RESULTAT: Det som framkom av intervjuerna var att upplevelsen av FaR i stort sett var positiv och att de flesta förstod varför det var viktigt med fysisk aktivitet. Besöket hos sjukvården höjde direkt motivationen till att träna, men sjönk om inte uppföljning skedde. Trots den positiva upplevelsen så hade det i flera fall behövts mer råd och hjälp. Det saknades i många fall en kontaktperson eller samordnare som patienten kunde vända sig till. SLUTSATS: Genom att få mer hjälp med motivation och stöttning hade troligen flera av respondenterna fått bättre resultat av FaR.

The thesis is focused on finding optimal solution of stock company Dencop Lighting spol. s.r.o. At the very beginning of the thesis there is a brief characteristic of Dencop Lighting, their market aims and goals. After this view we are going to introduce you warehouse systems. There are analysis of products, their selection, flows and potentials for company. After completing product analysis we are going to focus on key factors of optimalization. There are mentioned many ways of optimalization with their advantages and disadvantages. Deterministic and stochastic methods are included as well. For better illusion in real live you can find added CD at the bottom of the thesis. Using guide of this software with detailed information about functions is in last pages of the thesis.

Les proprietes antioxydantes d'un extrait de feuilles de ginkgo biloba titre et standardise (egb 761) ont ete etudiees sur des modeles in vitro et in vivo. Apres exposition de microsomes de cellules de foie de rat a une irradiation uv-c ou a un systeme nadph-adp-fec13, l'analyse des acides gras polyinsatures (agpi) par chromatographie en phase gazeuse confirme que l'egb 761 exerce une protection efficace des agpi contre les radicaux libres in vitro. Cette analyse, couplee au dosage des substances tba-reactives (stbar), permet une evaluation quantitative globale et qualitative des degradations radicalaires des agpi et des proprietes antilipoperoxydantes de l'egb 761. Etant donne l'existence d'une hypothese radicalaire du vieillissement, la richesse en agpi des organismes marins et le developpement nerveux important des cephalopodes ont ete mis a profit pour etudier l'evolution des constituants lipidiques du systeme nerveux central de sepia officinalis au cours du vieillissement, et de tester l'influence d'un traitement antioxydant par l'egb 761 pendant la senescence. Il est suggere que des degradations d'origine oxydative peuvent apparaitre dans les lobes optiques pendant le vieillissement tandis que la masse suprasophagienne pourrait avoir une degenerescence plus tardive ne s'expliquant pas par un processus peroxydatif. L'egb 761 previent la diminution de la concentration des acides gras et l'augmentation de la concentration des stbar au niveau central chez sepia officinalis

Between 2002 and 2005, Lufthansa, Swiss and KLM in cooperation with PrivatAir, start-up airlines Eos and MAXjet individually, launched scheduled business class-only services between Europe and the US. This paper qualitatively analyses the new business model from the strategic and operational point of view. Different approaches based on pull or push motivation have been identified and the characteristics of the service offerings extensively examined. From the strategic aspect, the analysis has proven that the products have an inherent value benefit for the respective target group. It has been established that short and ultra-long haul routes are not viable for the business model. The main shortcoming of the offering is the lack of connectivity as opposed to network carriers, resulting in dependency on the local demand. For the start-up airlines, establishment of market presence and goodwill is critical. In the area of operating economics, pilot crew and navigation charges have a higher impact than in the mixed class operation. Airport charges and administrative overhead build a larger portion of total expenses in case of traditional airline services. No significant evidence against the viability of the premium airline model could be found. (author's abstract)<br>Series: Schriftenreihe des Instituts für Transportwirtschaft und Logistik - Verkehr

Resultados da reanálise SODA v2.2.6 (Carton, Giese, 2008) e da Renálise do Século 20 v2 (Compo, et al., 2011) foram analisados para verificar alterações dos modos de variabilidade da TSM (o modo do Gradiente Meridional de Temperatura (GMT) e o Modo Zonal) no Atlântico Tropical (de 1929 a 2008) através de funções empíricas ortogonais (EOF) e funções empíricas ortogonais associadas (jEOF). A evolução do padrão espacial do modo do GMT se inicia com a configuração de dipolo de temperatura, com eixo central em &#8776; 5ºN evoluindo para o GMT com variabilidade concentrada no Atlântico Tropical Norte. O Modo Zonal apresenta inicialmente variabilidade associada à região equatorial (entre 5ºS e 5ºN) e à costa sudoeste africana, que evolui para um gradiente meridional de TSM, centrado em &#8776; 5ºN. Sua variabilidade concentra-se exclusivamente no Atlântico Tropical Sul. A variabilidade equatorial se degenera ao longo do período, devido ao aumento, gerado pelo vento, da profundidade das isopicnais na termoclina. No equador o acoplamento entre o oceano e a atmosfera ocorre nos períodos de T = 30 meses e T &#8776; 34 meses, com o vento antecedendo a temperatura em 1 e 2 meses, respectivamente. O Modo Zonal apresenta acoplamento com o vento durante a segunda metade das análises. O período associado é de T &#8776; 34 meses, com o vento antecedendo a temperatura em cerca de 1 mês. O modo do GMT está associado aos ventos no Atlântico Tropical Norte e Atlântico Tropical Sul. Os períodos de acoplamento são de T = 96 e T = 60 meses, com o vento antecedendo a TSM em 3 e &#8776; 2 meses respectivamente.<br>The results of SODA v2.2.6 reanalysis (Carton, Giese, 2008) and 20th Century Reanalysis v2 Project (Compo, et al., 2011) were analyzed in order to verify changes of the SST modes (the Meridional Temperature Gradient mode (GMT) and the Zonal Mode) in the Tropical Atlantic (1929 to 2008) using Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF) and joint Empirical Orthogonal Functions (jEOF). The spatial distribution of GMT starts initially as a temperature dipole centred at &#8776; 5ºN. It evolves into a meridional gradient with variability concentrated at the Tropical North Atlantic. The zonal mode variability is initially associated with the equatorial region (between 5ºS and 5ºN) and with the northwestern african coast. It evolves into a merdional gradient with central axis located at 5ºN. Its variability is concentrated exclusively in the Tropical South Atlantic. The equatorial variability degenerates throughout the period, due to the inhibition of the isopicnal uplift by the wind. At the equator, the coupling occurs in periods of T = 30 months and T &#8776; 34 months, with the wind preceding the TSM by 1 and 2 months, respectively. The zonal mode presents coupling with the wind only during the second half of the analysis. The periods are of T = 34 months, with wind preciding TSM by about 1 month. GMT mode is associated to the winds of both Tropical North Atlantic and Tropical South Atlantic. Coupling periods are of T = 96 and T = 60 months, with the wind preceding TSM in 3 and &#8776; 2 months respectively.

The goal of the graduate thesis is the analysis of the current chain of suppliers in the purchasing department in a company named Ammann Czech Republic. The core of the thesis is the analysis of the present situation and optimalization of the costs of transferring material to the company, which concurs to the characteristics of logistics as a whole, theory of stock, and theoretical definition of purchasing department, its function and goals. Analysis of the chain of suppliers is made in terms of almost one year of working on the project, which was submitted by the company Ammann Czech Republic with the goal of minimizing the costs of the purchase material.

The recovery characteristics of Bolu-Himmetoglu, Bolu-Hatildag, K&uuml<br>tahya- Seyit&ouml<br>mer, and Nigde-Ulukisla oil shale samples and Bati Raman, &Ccedil<br>amurlu, and Garzan crude oil samples were tested experimentally using retort and microwave heating techniques. Many parameters like heating time, porosity, water saturation were studied. To enhance the efficiency of the processes three different iron powders (i.e.<br>Fe, Fe2O3, and FeCl3) were added to the samples and the doses of the iron powders were optimized. While crude oil viscosities were measured to explain the fluid rheologies, since it is impossible to measure the shale oil viscosity at the laboratory conditions due to its very high viscosity, shale oil viscosities were obtained numerically by using the electrical heating option of a reservoir simulator (CMG, STARS 2007) by matching between the laboratory and numerical oil production and temperature distribution results. Then the field scale simulations for retorting of oil shale and crude oil fields were conducted. Since the microwave heating cannot be simulated by CMG, STARS, microwave heating was modeled analytically. In order to explain the feasibility of heating processes, an economic evaluation was carried out. The experimental, numerical, and analytical results show that field scale oil recovery from oil shales and heavy crude oils by electrical and electromagnetic heating could be economically viable. While microwave heating is advantageous from an operational point of view, retorting is advantageous if the technically feasibility of the study is considered.

Afin d’étudier la question de l’usure du genou et de la douleur lors du développement de l’arthrose, relié à la fois aux pressions sur les cartilages et la stabilité du genou, un modèle de l’articulation du genou a été créé. Cette étude propose une approche mixte, utilisant à la fois des imageries médicales (IRM, système EOS) et un capteur de force en conjonction avec un modèle EF. Deux modèles EF ont été créés ici, se focalisant sur la stabilité passive du genou lors de la recréation d’un processus expérimental : la décomposition en 4 images EOS statiques du mouvement de montée de marche d’escalier. Pour ce faire, un modèle géométrique du genou du sujet a été recalé sur la position physiologique des os obtenue par les images EOS. Les conditions aux limites expérimentales ont été ajoutées et la simulation numérique a été menée jusqu’à ce que l’équilibre mécanique global soit atteint. Ensuite la position simulée des os a pu être comparée avec la position expérimentale, et les surfaces de pression et les contraintes dans les ligaments été obtenues.Pour des angles de flexion faibles les modèles montrent une très bonne concordance avec les données expérimentales mesurées, les os étant dans leur position physiologique une fois l’équilibre mécanique atteint. Les résultats pour des angles de flexion plus importants restent satisfaisants et sont prometteurs, indiquant des pistes claires d’amélioration du modèle<br>Knee degradation and pain when developing osteoarthritis are strongly related not only to the pressure on the cartilage, but also to the knee stability and to the subsequent loadings on the ligaments. Here, we propose a mixed approach, both using medical imaging (MRI, EOS X-ray system) and force platform in conjunction with a finite element model.Two finite element model were created, focusing on the passive stability of the knee while modelling an experiment: the acquisition of the movement of climbing a step decomposed in 4 static EOS images. To do so, a geometric model of the subject’s knee have been fused on the bone physiological positions obtained by EOS imaging. The FEA was carried out according to the experimental boundary conditions so as to ensure the global knee mechanical equilibrium. This allow the model to be validated by comparing its numerical results with the EOS data. This model will reveal the roles of the ligaments during the knee flexion and give pressure maps on the cartilages.For low flexion angles, both models’ results concord well with the experimental data: the bones are in their physiological position once the mechanical equilibrium reached. For higher flexion angles the results are satisfying and promising, showing clear ways to improve the models

碩士<br>國立高雄海洋科技大學<br>航運管理研究所<br>95<br>In the traditional inventory model, most of them assume that all of the purchased items are perfective. Sometimes, this may not practical. In practice, returning the defective items to the vendors is one of the popular ways. However, it was discussed less in the previous literature. Furthermore, uncertainty is another problem that purchasers usually need to face during the purchasing process, such as the uncertainty of demand and purchasing price. For those uncertain situations, fuzzy theory is usually employed to solve the problem. The purpose of this research is to discuss the fuzzy EOQ model with imperfect items. In this study, the EOQ model with imperfect items being returned was discussed. Then, the parameters in the model, demand, imperfective rate and purchasing price, were fuzzed. For validate the model, the above 3 parameters with triangle fuzzy numbers were investigated, and several sets of number examples were constructed to explain the characteristics and applications of the model. The results are practical that can provide useful information for purchasers to make their inventory policies.

碩士<br>國立彰化師範大學<br>會計學系<br>93<br>Recently, the inventory control with seasonal demand becomes very important issue because many industries meet this situation, especially in hi-tech industries. However, the assumption of constant demand in classical EOQ model is unsuitable for solving the problem in practice. This paper proposes a new model for solving the inventory problem with seasonal demand in which four basic types of demand curves (i.e., convex-concave, concave, concave-convex, and convex) are derived to measure precisely inventory holding cost for obtaining approximated global optimal solution. The proposed model revised the classical EOQ model for making rational and effective inventory management. Contrary to the classical EOQ model, three advantages of the proposed model are listed below: 1. It is well-suited in the situation of seasonal demand in finding the optimal policy of purchasing in practice. 2. To evaluate the holding cost, the more precise value can be found by the proposed model. 3. The number of order placed is integer, which makes easy to the solution of purchasing problems.

碩士<br>逢甲大學<br>企業管理所<br>93<br>Financial distress has been an important topic in corporate governance. And we pay attention to the topic more by a series of distressed companies in Taiwan in 2004. In the term of Asian Financial Crisis, some companies happened financial distressed situation because of depressed economics. So we exclude those distressed companies samples in the term of Asian Financial Crisis. And Taiwan’s economics turned off better in 1999, so we choose the 12 distressed companies’ samples that had been announced full-delivery in 2000-2004. We adopt the principle in (Beaver, 1966) to collect distressed and healthy companies by the proportion of 1: 2. In all, there were 36 companies listed companies in TSEC (Taiwan Stock Exchange Corp.). The 36 datas are further divided into training and testing samples by three different sample methods. The training sample is used to induct the rules for testing, while the forecasting sample is used to test against the rules. Finally, this study applies EBO (Edwards-Bell-Ohlson) model to forecast financial distress. In short, we apply two models to forecast financial distress. First, the distressed judgment of Lee’s EBO Model（Model 1） is to examine whether the value of the stock is lower than the par value: $10. Second, we apply two decision trees（Model 2） approache based on the three variables in the EBO models to forecast financial distress. Empirical analyses are showed that the two models can make up for the others’ shortcomings. So we can divide two steps to forecast financial distress and it will have a high correct rate.

博士<br>淡江大學<br>管理科學研究所博士班<br>96<br>This thesis constructs two distinct models from the classical EOQ model where the transaction costs and transportation costs are considered respectively. The first extension of EOQ model mainly improves the traditional inventory model in which the demand rate of a product is presumed as a constant. As usual, if the sale leads to the demand of product, the selling rate of inventory will be definitely constant. In practice, however, the expenditure of the consumer on the transaction will be significantly decreased due to the increasing investment in the transaction process for the wholesaler. Thus, the two key factors, “transaction costs and selling price,” will become the important variables that would be incorporated into the inventory decision-making process. Based on this, as constructing a realistic EOQ model, it is necessary to discuss in advance how to utilize a bivariate distribution function with the consumer willing-to-pay price and transaction costs to construct a special demand function, . The one of main contributions in the thesis is to establish such a special demand function by means of a concrete mathematical expression so that the characteristics and the managerial implications of this demand function can be revealed through the sensitivity analysis. Furthermore, this proposed mathematical model applies the characteristics of the special demand function to construct an EOQ model with controllable selling rate. In such a model, the wholesaler can control the selling rate and further determine the initial inventory level for each business cycle by means of manipulating the selling price and the unit transaction costs so that the profit of unit time is maximized. In the traditional EOQ model, the transportation costs during the production and marketing courses are usually regarded as a part of manufacturing or ordering costs. In practice, to give an example of Taiwan, based on the consideration of global arrangement strategy and the geographical proximity between Taiwan and mainland China, many firms have dispersed their manufacturing plants in China and to establish their processing, packing or marketing centers in Taiwan. Thus, facing the transshipment problem, the decision makers must simultaneously consider how many quantities of goods should be ordered and how many container cars with limited capacity and the ceiling on continuous working hours should be rented, so that the total transportation cost per unit time is minimized. The second extension of EOQ model is therefore constructed to analyze and discuss the various characteristics of optimal solutions. That is also another contribution of this thesis.

碩士<br>中原大學<br>工業與系統工程研究所<br>102<br>Inventory is an important asset of a company, and its policy greatly influences the financial success of a company. Therefore, a company’s profit may decline due to inappropriately inventory management. Hence, inventory model should aim to minimize the total relevant inventory cost. Consequently, the total inventory cost becomes an important consideration and it affects the performance of a company. In this research, we propose a more practical EOQ models where the ordering cost and the holding cost are an increasing function of the ordering cycle length. Two EOQ models are developed. One considers no shortage environment and the other allows for shortage and backorder. The main objective of this research is to minimize the total inventory related costs. The optimum inventory cycle, the economic order quantity, and backorder size are the decision variables in this study. The classical optimization techniques using calculus technique with first-order and second-order derivatives have been performed to determine the optimum lot size, and to prove its convexity. To demonstrate the utility of the formulated models, and study the effect of the ordering cost (α)shape parameter and the holding cost (β) shape parameter on the optimal solution, numerical examples considering different value of α and β are given. Sensitivity analyses are also performed. They are presented graphically and numerically to illustrate the behavior of the models, and to determine the effects of the parameters changes. The numerical results show that our proposed models give smaller annual total costs than the traditional EOQ model. Finally, the results of the sensitivity analysis show that only the ordering cost parameter has a significant effect on the optimal total cost in both models.

Oil production from EOR and waterflood processes supplies a considerable amount of the world's oil production. Therefore, the screening and selection of the best EOR process becomes important. Numerous steps are involved in evaluating EOR methods for field applications. Binary screening guides in which reservoirs are selected on the basis of reservoir average rock and fluid properties are consulted for initial determination of applicability. However, quick quantitative comparisons and performance predictions of EOR processes are more complicated and important than binary screening that are the objectives of EOR forecasting. Forecasting (predicting) the performance of EOR processes plays an important role in the study, design and selection of the best method for a particular reservoir or a collection of reservoirs. In EOR forecasting, we look for finding ways to get quick quantitative results of the performance of different EOR processes using analytical model/s before detailed numerical simulations of the reservoirs under study. Although numerical simulation of the reservoirs is widely used, there are significant obstacles that restrict its applicability. Lack of necessary reservoir data and time consuming computations and analyses can be barriers even for history matching and/or predicting EOR/waterflood performance of one reservoir. There are different forecasting (predictive) models for evaluation of different secondary/tertiary recovery methods. However, lack of a general purpose EOR/waterflood forecasting model is unsatisfactory because any differences in results can be caused by differences in the model rather than differences in the processes. As the main objective of this study, we address this deficiency by presenting a novel and robust analytical-base general EOR and waterflood forecasting model/tool (UTF) that does not rely on conventional numerical simulation. The UTF conceptual model is based on the fundamental law of material balance, segregated flow and fractional flux theories and is applied for both history matching and forecasting the EOR/waterflood processes. The forecasting model generates the key results of isothermal EOR and waterflooding processes including variations of average oil saturation, recovery efficiency, volumetric sweep efficiency, oil cut and oil rate with real or dimensionless time. The forecasting model was validated against field data and numerical simulation results for isothermal EOR and waterflooding processes. The forecasting model reproduced well (R2> 0.8) all of the field data and reproduced the simulated data even better. To develop the UTF for forecasting when there is no injection/production history data, we used experimental design and numerical simulation and successfully generated the in-situ correlations (response surfaces) of the forecasting model variables. The forecasting model variables were proven to be well correlated to reservoir/recovery process variables and can be reliably used for forecasting. As an extension to the abilities of the forecasting model, these correlations were used for prediction of volumetric sweep efficiency and missing/dynamic pore volume of EOR and waterflooding processes.<br>text