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Journal articles on the topic 'Epichlorohydrin epoxy resin'
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1
Mognonov, D. M., O. Zh Аyurova, and O. V. Il'ina. "Synthesis of aminoanthraquinone-containing structured-painted epoxy resins." Plasticheskie massy, no. 5-6 (July 2, 2019): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.35164/0554-2901-2019-5-6-24-26.
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The 1-aminoanthraquinone glycidyl ester (GEAA) obtained by reaction of N-alkylation of 1-aminoanthraquinone with epichlorohydrin was used in the synthesis of a structurally colored epoxy resin by co-polycondensation with with diphenylolpropane and epichlorohydrin. Structurally colored epoxy resin is a viscous liquid with a molecular weight of 400–1000, colored orange and soluble in organic solvents. The optimal amount of GEAA (from 0.1 to 0.5% wt.) is established, which provides high color intensity (molar extinction coeffi cient 0.16–1.38·104).
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Jyoti Chaudhary. "Synthesis, Characterization and Curing of Vinyl ester resin." Journal of Environmental Nanotechnology 2, (Special Issue) (2022): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.13074/jent.2013.02.nciset37.
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The epoxy resin employed in this study is synthesized by using excess of epichlorohydrin and aniline. Further the prepared diglycidyl aniline epoxy resin (DGA) is treated by crotonic acid to form vinyl ester resin (VER).The resultant resin was characterized by FT-IR spectral studies. The curing study of this resin was monitored by Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC). The unreinforced cured resin was subjected to Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).
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Jyoti, Chaudhary* Supriya Dadhich Giriraj Tailor. "PREPARATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND THERMAL BEHAVIOR OF ALKYL SUBSTITUTED PHENOLIC EPOXY RESIN." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY 6, no. 1 (2017): 261–65. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.246801.
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The present article deals with the synthesis of phenolic epoxy resin by the reaction of phenolic resin and epichlorohydrin. The synthesis of phenolic resin was carried out by using p-ethylphenol, formaldehyde and naphthol. The structures of phenolic and epoxy resins were confirmed by spectroscopic analysis. The synthesized epoxy resin showed solubility in polar solvents like DMF, dioxane, acetone, DMSO, THF, ethyl acetate, and chloroform. Thermal characterization of epoxy resin was monitored by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) using curing agent and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). Molecular weight of the resin was evaluated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC).
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Patel, Milan R., Manish P. Patel, Rashmika H. Patel, and Ranjan G. Patel. "Glass Fiber Reinforced Composites of Coloured Epoxy Resin Cured with Different Amines." Polymers and Polymer Composites 10, no. 6 (2002): 441–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110201000604.
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A novel coloured epoxy resin has been synthesized by reaction between epichlorohydrin and bisazodiol. The curing of the resin, blended with a DGEBA resin, were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The thermal stability of the cured products has been investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The cured products showed good thermal stability. Glass fibre composites were fabricated by blending a DGEBA resin and the novel coloured epoxy resin and their mechanical properties, electrical properties and chemical resistance were studied.
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van Joust, Th. "Occupational sensitization to epichlorohydrin and epoxy resin." Contact Dermatitis 19, no. 4 (1988): 278–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1988.tb02927.x.
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Malburet, Samuel, Chiara Di Mauro, Camilla Noè, Alice Mija, Marco Sangermano, and Alain Graillot. "Sustainable access to fully biobased epoxidized vegetable oil thermoset materials prepared by thermal or UV-cationic processes." RSC Advances 10, no. 68 (2020): 41954–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra07682a.
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Beyond the need to find a non-toxic alternative to DiGlycidyl Ether of Bisphenol-A (DGEBA), the serious subject of non-epichlorohydrin epoxy resins production remains a crucial challenge that must be solved for the next epoxy resin generations.
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Duraibabu, D., M. Alagar, and S. Ananda Kumar. "Studies on mechanical, thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of functionalized nanoalumina reinforced sulphone ether linked tetraglycidyl epoxy nanocomposites." RSC Adv. 4, no. 76 (2014): 40132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra06511e.
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The objective of the present work is to synthesize 1,4′-bis (4-amine-phenoxy) sulphone benzene epoxy resin (TGBAPSB) via 1,4′-bis (4-amine-phenoxy) sulphone benzene (BAPSB) and epichlorohydrin in order to obtain tetra functional epoxy with improved properties.
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Raj, Mahendrasinh, Jaykumar Maheta, and Lata Raj. "Synthesis characterization and application of hexafunctional epoxy resin and comparison against commercial epoxy resin." Polymers and Polymer Composites 30 (January 2022): 096739112210767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09673911221076721.
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Current study compares the various analytical results of hexafunctional epoxy resins based on bisphenol-A with conventional epoxy resins. Reaction of bisphenol-A, formaldehyde, and epichlorohydrin produces hexafunctional epoxy resin. The curing properties of commercial epoxy resin and hexafunctional epoxy resin were determined using a variety of hardeners, including diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, phenalkamine, polyamido amines, and polyamides. The epoxy equivalent weight (EEW), hydrolyzable chlorine content, volatile content, Brookfield viscosity, weight average molecular weight, elemental analysis (C, H, N, O analysis), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the hexafunctional resin (FT-IR). Jute and glass reinforced composites were also prepared by using hexafunctional epoxy resins and commercial epoxy resins. Mechanical properties (tensile strength, flexural strength, Izod impact strength, and Rockwell hardness), thermal properties, and chemical resistance were determined for each composite. Hexafunctional epoxy resin-based composites exhibited superior mechanical characteristics, thermal resistance, and chemical resistance properties than commercial epoxy resin-based composites.
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Sankar, Prasad Bhuniya, and Maiti Sukumar. "Flame retardant behavior of nitrogen and phosphorus based polymers and effect of nitrogen and antimony on their flame retardancy." Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 77, Oct 2000 (2000): 482–85. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5867719.
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Materials Science Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-72 1 302, India <em>Manuscript received 20 September 1999, revised 24 April 2000, accepted 4 July 2000</em> Phosphorus and heterocyclic based epoxy resins have been synthesized as comparatively more flame retardant and thermally stable polymers than commercially available bisphenol-A-epichlorohydrin standard epoxy resin. The effects of nitrogen and antimony on flame retardancy of the phosphorus-based and heterocyclic-based epoxy resin are also reported. At a particu­lar <em>P/N </em>or Sb/N ratio the synergistic effect is maximum.
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Zhang, Xiongfei, Xiaolian Lu, Lu Qiao, Linqi Jiang, Ting Cao, and Yunyi Zhang. "Developing an epoxy resin with high toughness for grouting material via co-polymerization method." e-Polymers 19, no. 1 (2019): 489–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2019-0052.
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AbstractIn order to improve the toughness of epoxy resin for grouting material, the flexible hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) was utilized to manufacture a new kind of epoxy resin with high toughness via co-polymerization method. In the procedure of preparing bisphenol A epoxy resin, before the reaction between bisphenol A (BPA) and epichlorohydrin (ECH), HDI was introduced to react with BPA for embedding flexible segments into the chain of epoxy resin, then modified epoxy resin (HDI/EP) was manufactured. The mechanical properties, especially the toughness of the HDI/EP, are significantly increased – the fracture elongation is up to 124%. In addition, the compressed specimens can fully recover to their original shape in a few minutes. Thermal performance and corrosion resistance of the HDI/EP specimen were also investigated, which showed that the specimen can be used under 258°C, and can remain stable in H2SO4, NaOH and NaCl solutions with 10 wt% for 100 h, respectively. The present work provides a convenient avenue pathway to prepare an epoxy resin with high toughness, which may be used in many technologies.
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Ding, Xiaoma, Haijuan Kong, Mengmeng Qiao, Luwei Zhang, and Muhuo Yu. "Surface modification of an aramid fiber via grafting epichlorohydrin assisted by supercritical CO2." RSC Advances 9, no. 53 (2019): 31062–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra05395f.
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In this article, the surface modification of AF with epichlorohydrin assisted by supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> was investigated in order to improve the interface combination property between an aramid fiber and an epoxy resin matrix.
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Aslanova, E. T., S. Y. Heydarova, E. G. Iskenderova, and B. A. Mamedov. "New epoxy-imide resin." Perspektivnye Materialy 5 (2024): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.30791/1028-978x-2024-5-48-55.
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By interaction of dipotassium salt of 2-hydroxypropyl-1,3-bis-carboxymethylesterimide of saccharin-6-carboxylic acid with epichlorohydrin, N,N’-diglycidyl-1,3-bis-carboxymethylestersulfoimide of 2-hydroxypropyl saccharin-6-carboxylic acid has been obtained. The structure of the obtained epoxy-imide compound has been confirmed by data of the IR spectroscopy. On the basis of the obtained resin the thermostable epoxy-imide composition of “hot” curing was made. For comparative estimation ofthe heat- resistance of the obtained oligomer, it has been also made the composition on the basis of epoxy- diane resin ED-20. The curing process of the composition was studied by a method of differential thermal analysis on derivatograph of Paulik-Paulik-Erdey system. It was found that the degree of curing of the obtained composition under the optimal hardening regime reaches 82 %. It has been established according to the received data that the composite material based on epoxy-imide resin is characterized by sufficiently high thermal indices in comparison with materialson the basis of the resin ED-20 and can replace them in those areas where heat-resistant epoxy compounds are needed and also be used to produce heat-resistant epoxy adhesives and coatings.
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Chen, Chunfu. "Sustainable Bio-Based Epoxy Technology Progress." Processes 13, no. 4 (2025): 1256. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13041256.
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Sustainable bio-based epoxy technology is developed by using bio-based epoxy materials instead of conventional fossil-derived ones. Significant progress in new bio-based epoxy material development on bio-based epoxy resins, curing agents, and additives, as well as bio-based epoxy formulated products, has been achieved recently not only in fundamental academic studies but also in industrial product development. There are mainly two types of bio-based epoxy resins: conventional epoxy resins and novel epoxy resins, depending on the epoxy resin building-block type used. Bio-based conventional epoxy resins are prepared by using the bio-based epichlorohydrin to replace conventional fossil-based epichlorohydrin. Bio-based novel epoxy resins are usually prepared from epoxidation of renewable precursors such as unsaturated vegetable oils, saccharides, tannins, cardanols, terpenes, rosins, and lignin. Typical bio-based curing agents are bio-based polyamines, polyamides, amidoamines, and cardanol-based phenalkamine-type curing agents. Cardanol is a typical bio-based reactive additive available commercially. Certain types of partially bio-based formulated epoxy products have been developed and supplied for use in bonding, coating, casting, composite, and laminating applications.
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Bekhta, Atiqa, Rachid Hsissou, Mehdi El Bouchiti, and Ahmed EL Harfi. "Synthesis, Structural, Viscosimetric, And Rheological Study, of A New Trifunctional Phosphorus Epoxyde Prepolymer , Tri-Glycidyl Ether Tri-Mercaptoethanol Of Phosphore (TGETMEP)." Mediterranean Journal of Chemistry 6, no. 1 (2016): 665–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.13171/mjc61/01610151105/bekhta.
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The aim of our work is to synthesize a new phosphorus tri-functional epoxy resin tri-glycidyl ether tri-mercaptoethanol of phosphorus (TGETMEP) in two stages. In the first stage, we got the precursor molecule of the epoxy matrix tri-mercaptoethanol phosphate (METR). The second step led us to the synthesis of tri-functional resin TMEP condensation with epichlorohydrin. The standard TGETMEP resin was characterized by the Fourier infrared transformation (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), on one hand. The viscosimetric analysis was investigated by the Hebbelod capillary viscometer and rheometer Rheomat 01, on the other hand. The cross-linked resins and tertiary formulated composites have been studied by the rheometer 01 which was observed by means of SEM.
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Zhang, Yan-min-zi, Meng-yao Huang, Jun Zhou, Da-zhe Li, and Yi Lei. "Synthesis and characterization of a chalcone-derived epoxy containing pyrazoline ring with excellent flame resistance." High Performance Polymers 33, no. 7 (2021): 785–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008321993523.
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Traditional epoxy resins are made by the reaction of petroleum-based bisphenol A and epichlorohydrin. The disadvantages of these petroleum-based epoxy including certain biological toxicity and flammability. To solve these problems, we first synthesized a diphenol compound 3,5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-pyrazoline (TPP), which was prepared by condensation reaction of bio-based chalcone with hydrazine hydrate to replace standard petroleum-based bisphenol A. Then it was condensed with epichlorohydrin under alkaline condition to form a fully aromatic pyrazoline ring epoxy (TPP-EP). For further research, we use 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) as the curing agent. When compared with bisphenol A epoxy resin (DGEBA/DDM), TPP-EP/DDM possessed a higher glass transition temperature (233°C vs. 176°C), and even showed that the residual carbon (in N2) and the storage modulus (at 30°C) increased by 201% and 74%, respectively. What’s more, TPP-EP/DDM system also had good inherent flame retardancy. The limiting oxygen index of TPP-EP/DDM was 33.1, reaching the V-0 level tested by UL-94. From the cone test, the THR, p-HRR, p-SPR and TSP values of TPP-EP/DDM systems also showed different degrees of reduction. Since TPP-EP contained tertiary amine active groups that could be used as a kind of catalytic curing agents for epoxy resins, thus the compound had certain self-curing properties. This work was of great significance for the synthesis of pyrazoline bio-based environmentally friendly flame-retardant epoxy resin.
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Zhang, C. H., Y. D. Huang, and L. Liu. "Surface Modification of PBO Fibres by Gamma-Ray Irradiation: Effects on Interfacial Properties of their Epoxy Composites." Polymers and Polymer Composites 13, no. 3 (2005): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110501300306.
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The surfaces of poly [p-phenylene benzobisoxazole] (PBO) fibres were grafted with epichlorohydrin by a gamma (γ)-ray irradiation method. The influence of irrdiation dose on the interfacial shear strength (IFSS), interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) and the fibre wettability were investigated. In addition, the fibre surface composition, and the shear fracture topography of PBO fibre/epoxy resin composites were analysed by X–ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The results indicate that a dose of 30KGy was the optimal condition for PBO fibre surface modification. The oxygen content of the irradiated PBO fibres was 22% higher than that of the untreated ones, and chlorine atoms were introduced onto the surface of the fibres through grafting actions between epichlorohydrin and PBO. The wettability of the epichlorohydrin-grafted PBO fibres was significantly increased, and the values of IFSS and ILSS of its composites were increased by 70% and 135%, respectively. SEM shows that the improved interfacial adhesion resulted in a change in the failure mode of PBO fibre/epoxy composite from an adhesive-type interfacial failure to a cohesive-like matrix failure.
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Ahmadov, E. N., P. M. Shirinov, R. Z. Shahnazarli, and G. A. Ramazanov. "USE OF GLYCIDYLOXYMETHYL SUBSTITUTED PHENYL (BENZYL) CYCLOPROPANES IN THE COMPOSITION OF EPOXIDE OLIGOMER ED-20 AS DILUENTS." Chemical Problems 21, no. 3 (2023): 262–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.32737/2221-8688-2023-3-262-268.
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By the interaction of phenyl (benzyl) substituted cyclopropylcarbinols with epichlorohydrin, the glycidyloxymethyl substituted phenyl(benzyl)cyclopropanes, used as active diluents of epoxide resin ED-20, were synthesized. It found that the addition of the obtained epoxy compounds to the epoxide resin decreases the viscosity of the resin and increases the lifetime of the compositions. The high degree of curing (96-98%) indicates the participation of the synthesized epoxycyclopropanes in the cross-linking processes. Some physical-mechanical characteristics of compounds made with the participation of the synthesized epoxycyclopropanes were established. The improvement of strength and heat-physical parameters of cured compositions in comparison with compositions made without diluents was revealed.
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Zhang, Wen Ming, Wen Shuo Wu, Zhi Qiang Liu, Xiao Wei Li, and Yu Cang Zhang. "Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Liquefied Corn Bran-Based Epoxy Resins." Applied Mechanics and Materials 587-589 (July 2014): 212–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.587-589.212.
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Corn bran was liquefied in phenol catalyzed by sulfuric acid at 120-180 °C. The liquefaction product (LCB) had groups of bound phenol and was considered as a precursor for synthesizing corn bran-based epoxy resin (LCBER). Namely, the phenolic OH groups of LCB reacted with epichlorohydrin under alkali condition. The structure and average molecular weights of LCB and LCBER in various reaction conditions were examined by FT-IR and GPC. Epoxy functionality was introduced to LCB and the extreme high molecular weight portion of LCBER-30 was obtained using LCB at 30 min as raw materials. LCBER was cured with polyamide-650 (PA-650) and the thermal and mechanical properties were evaluated. Comparing to the petroleum-based bisphenol-A type epoxy resin (DGEBA), LCBER presented higher adhesive shear strength and good thermal stability. These suggested that LCBER would be more suitable to glue biomass materials.
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Arham, Muh Azwar, Zulkifli Djafar, Ilyas Renreng, and Taufiqqurrahman Zulkifli. "The Effect of Water Absorption on Woven Ramie Fiber Reinforced Composite." Materials Science Forum 1145 (March 13, 2025): 49–56. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-7r83cd.
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Natural fibers are widely used as reinforcement in composites and undergo development in the surrounding environment. However, natural fibers have a water-absorbing property that reduces the strength of the composite. The objective of this research was to analyze the percentage increase in water absorption of resin epoxy composite reinforced with woven ramie fibers. In this research, bisphenol a-epichlorohydrin resin epoxy and polyaminoamide hardener epoxy were utilized as the matrix with a volume fraction of 60:40. Various additions of cerepol pigment pastes (CPP) were made to the resin, specifically 5%, 7.5%, and 10%. The composite was fabricated using the hand layup method, molded in a mold with dimensions of 250mm x 250mm x 4mm, and immersed in seawater for 12 days. The results of the study indicated that the woven ramie fibers reinforced composites, both without CPP and with 5% CPP, and 10% CPP, experienced the highest percentages of water absorption, which were 1.34%, 1.28%, and 1.10%, respectively, while the lowest percentages of water absorption were 0.7%, 0.6%, and 0.75%.
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Kheyrabadi, Rasool, Hossein Rahmani, and S. Heydar Mahmoudi Najafi. "Flame-retardant halogen-free polymers using phosphorylated hexaglycidyl epoxy resin." High Performance Polymers 30, no. 2 (2017): 202–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008316688759.
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Flame-retardant halogen-free epoxy resin, containing phosphorus and nitrogen atoms in the main chain, was synthesized through the curing of tris(3-(bis(oxiran-2-ylmethyl)amino)phenyl)phosphine oxide (HGE, hexaglycidyl epoxy monomer), starting from tris(3-aminophenyl) phosphine oxide (TAPO) and epichlorohydrin. The molecular structure of HGE with molecular weight 660 was confirmed using Fourier transform infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry techniques. Epoxy equivalent weight determined by titration method was 120. The thermal curing behavior of the HGE/TAPO was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. An intense exotherm due to curing reaction was observed in the temperature range from 123°C to 215°C. The HGE cured with TAPO, 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS), and 1,5-diaminonaphthalene (DAN) and the thermal behaviors were studied by thermogravimetric analysis. The flame retardancy properties of the HGE/TAPO, DDS, and DAN were evaluated by vertical burning test (UL-94 V). The high performance cured epoxy resins showed high thermal stability and UL-94 V-0 flame retardancy rating.
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Kireev, Bilichenko, Borisov, et al. "Synthesis of Bisphenol A Based Phosphazene-Containing Epoxy Resin with Reduced Viscosity." Polymers 11, no. 12 (2019): 1914. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11121914.
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Phosphazene-containing epoxy oligomers (PEO) were synthesized by the interaction of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCP), phenol, and bisphenol A in a medium of excess of epichlorohydrin using potassium carbonate and hydroxide as HCl acceptors with the aim of obtaining a product with lower viscosity and higher phosphazene content. PEOs are mixtures of epoxycyclophosphazene (ECP) and a conventional organic epoxy resin based on bisphenol A in an amount controlled by the ratio of the initial mono- and diphenol. According to 31P NMR spectroscopy, pentasubstituted aryloxycyclotrophosphazene compounds predominate in the ECP composition. The relative content in the ECP radicals of mono- and diphenol was determined by the MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry method. The organic epoxy fraction, according to gas chromatograpy-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), contains 50–70 wt % diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A. PEO resins obtained in the present work have reduced viscosity when compared to other known phosphazene-containging epoxy resins while phosphazene content is still about 50 wt %. Resins with an epoxy number within 12–17 wt %, are cured by conventional curing agents to form compositions with flame-retardant properties, while other characteristics of these compositions are at the level of conventional epoxy materials.
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Feofilovs, Maksims, Kriss Spalvins, and Karlis Valters. "Bibliometric Review of State-of-the-art Research on Microbial Oils’ Use for Biobased Epoxy." Environmental and Climate Technologies 27, no. 1 (2023): 150–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2023-0012.
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Abstract Epoxy resins are widely used polymers from which a variety of products are derived and applied in many industries. Most epoxy resins are still obtained from mainly fossil feedstocks, such as epichlorohydrin and bisphenol A, which are also highly toxic. Additionally, fossil derived epoxy resin products are forming non-biodegradable waste at their end of life. Recently the number of studies aiming to find solutions and other raw materials for the replacement of fossil derived epoxy resins has increased, showing that bio-based epoxy resins are a promising alternative. An interesting alternative raw material for bio-based epoxy resins is epoxides derived from microorganisms, such as epoxidized microbial oil. This review article explores and compares the latest solutions for the use of microbial oils in the production of bio-based epoxides, outlines the prospects for their future use and points out the shortcomings of these solutions.
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Das, Abhishek, and Gautam Sarkhel. "Effect of stoichiometric ratios for synthesized epoxy phenolic novolac (EPN) resins on their physicochemical, thermomechanical and morphological properties." Pigment & Resin Technology 45, no. 4 (2016): 265–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-08-2014-0060.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of various stoichiometric ratios for synthesised epoxy phenolic novolac (EPN) resins on their physicochemical, thermomechanical and morphological properties. Design/methodology/approach In the present study, EPN (EPN-1, EPN-2, EPN-3, EPN-4 and EPN-5) resins were synthesised by varying five types of different stoichiometric ratios for phenol/formaldehyde along with the corresponding molar ratios for novolac/epichlorohydrin. Their different physicochemical properties of interest, thermomechanical properties as well as morphological properties were studied by means of cured samples with the variation of its stoichiometric ratios. Findings The average functionality and reactivity of EPN resin can be controlled by controlling epoxy equivalence as well as cross-linking density upon its curing as all of these factors are internally correlated with each other. Research limitations/implications Epoxy resins are characterised by a three-membered ring known as the epoxy or oxirane group. The capability of the epoxy ring to react with a variety of substrates imparts versatility to the resin. However, these resins have a major drawback of low toughness, and they are also very brittle, which limits their application in products that require high impact and fracture strength. Practical implications Epoxy resins have been widely used as high-performance adhesives and matrix resins for composites because of their outstanding mechanical and thermal properties. Because of their highly cross-linked structure, the epoxy resin disables segmental movement, making them hard, and it is also notch sensitive, having very low fracture energy. Social implications Epoxy resin is widely used in industry as protective coatings and for structural applications, such as laminates and composites, tooling, moulding, casting, bonding and adhesives. Originality/value Systematic study has been done for the first time, as no exact quantitative stoichiometric data for the synthesis of EPN resin were available on the changes of its different properties. Thus, an optimised stoichiometric composition for the synthesis of the EPN resin was found.
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Ahamad, Tansir, and Saad M. Alshehri. "New Thermal and Microbial Resistant Metal-Containing Epoxy Polymers." Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications 2010 (2010): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/976901.
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A series of metal-containing epoxy polymers have been synthesized by the condensation of epichlorohydrin (1-chloro-2,3-epoxy propane) with Schiff base metal complexes in alkaline medium. Schiff base was initially prepared by the reaction of 2,6 dihydroxy 1-napthaldehyde ando-phenylenediamine in 1 : 2 molar ratio and then with metal acetate. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by elemental, spectral, and thermal analysis. The physicochemical properties, viz., epoxy value, hydroxyl content, and chlorine content [mol/100 g] were measured by standard procedures. The antimicrobial activities of these metal-containing epoxy polymers were carried out by using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) methods againstS. aureus,B. subtilis(Gram-positive bacteria), andE. coli,P. aeruginosa(Gram-negative bacteria). It was found that the ECu(II) showed higher antibacterial activity than other metal-chelated epoxy resin while EMn(II) exhibited reduced antibacterial activity against all bacteria.
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Feng, Pan, and Fangeng Chen. "Preparation and characterization of acetic acid lignin-based epoxy blends." BioResources 7, no. 3 (2012): 2860–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.7.3.2860-2870.
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Lignin-based epoxy resin (LER) was prepared from phenolated lignin (PL) and epichlorohydrin (ECH) in the presence of sodium hydroxide. The eucalyptus acetic acid lignin (AAL) was first reacted with phenol in the presence of sulfuric acid to obtain PL. Then, PL was reacted with ECH in aqueous sodium hydroxide to obtain LER. LER was mixed with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (E-44) and then cured with triethylenetetramine (TETA). The initial thermal degradation temperature (Td) of the cured epoxy blends decreased with the increase in LER content. The residue ratio at 500 °C of the cured epoxy blends (R500), however, increased with the LER content. The maximum adhesive shear strength of the cured epoxy blends was obtained at 20 wt% of LER. The water absorption of epoxy blends increased with increasing the content of LER. SEM photos showed that increasing the content of LER increased inhomogeneity and porosity of epoxy blends.
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Reyes-Mayer, Adriana, and Angel Romo-Uribe. "Single layer woven carbon fibers improved the thermal and mechanical properties of epoxy resin." Emerging Materials Research 14, no. 1 (2025): 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1680/jemmr.23.00190.
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Epoxy EPON 828 was reinforced with a single layer of carbon fiber fabrics and exhibited significant increase of thermal and mechanical properties. Two fabric types, twill 2/2 and 4-harness satin (4HS), were investigated. Epoxy of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A/epichlorohydrin, EPON 828 was crosslinked with 4,4’-diamino diphenyl methane (DDM). The thermal decomposition temperature, Tdec, and the glass transition temperature, Tg, of the composites were increased relative to the neat epoxy, and the 4HS fabric increased Tdec and Tg over 60 K. The twill fabric increased fourfold the tensile Young’s modulus E and twofold the flexural modulus E’. In contrast, when adding a non-woven glass fiber fabric, the tensile modulus only increased twofold thus highlighting the unique reinforcement effect of woven carbon fibers. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the epoxy resin was well dispersed within the carbon fiber fabrics and the absence of matrix-fiber debonding indicated an efficient stress transfer between epoxy and carbon fibers. DMA showed a shift to higher temperatures of the α mechanical relaxation, and the intensity of the mechanical damping was attenuated denoting restricted macromolecular motions, and this may explain the enhanced thermal and mechanical properties.
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Gao, Jungang, Min Zhao, and Liting Yang. "Kinetics of epoxy resin formation from bisphenol-S, tetrabromobisphenol-A, and epichlorohydrin." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 63, no. 9 (1997): 1137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19970228)63:9<1137::aid-app5>3.0.co;2-i.
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Tian, Qiao, Yan Chao Yuan, Min Zhi Rong, and Ming Qiu Zhang. "Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Epoxy with Improved Processability." Advanced Materials Research 47-50 (June 2008): 290–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.47-50.290.
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For purposes of developing a novel epoxy with low viscosity and high activity, N,N-diglycidyl-furfurlamine (DGFA) was successfully synthesized through a two-step reaction between 2-furfurylamine and epichlorohydrin involving ring-opening and ring-closure mechanisms. The product structure was verified by FTIR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and elemental analysis, respectively. Its viscosity was found to be 0.02 Pa·s at 25oC. To understand its curing behavior, exothermic habit of the model mixture of DGFA and the curing agent methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride (MHHPA) at stoichiometric ratio of epoxy ring/anhydride of 1:0.8 was inspected with DSC. By changing the heating rates from 2.5 to 15oC/min, activation energy for consolidation of the resin was estimated to be 46.2 kJ/mol, which is much lower than the value involved in curing of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A catalyzed by anhydride. Besides, thermal decomposition performance of cured version of the newly synthesized epoxy was also examined. The predominant pyrolysis took place at around 330-390oC as a result of chain scission of epoxy. The cured resin possesses comparable mechanical properties as conventional diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A. Its flexural strength and modulus are 111MPa and 3.6GPa, respectively. Evidently, the resultant epoxy is provided with balanced properties for practical applications.
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Tserpes, K., S. Lagkousi, E. Tourountzi, and G. Floros. "Synthesis and characterization of bulk mechanical properties of a bio-based resin filled by graphene nanoplatelets and cellulose nanocrystals." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2526, no. 1 (2023): 012056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2526/1/012056.
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Abstract In the present paper, a novel bio-based resin derived from epichlorohydrin was reinforced by Graphene NanoPlatelets (GNPs) and Cellulose NanoCrystals (CNCs) in different weight ratios and characterized experimentally through tension tests and fracture toughness tests on bulk specimens. The nanofillers were applied separately. The experimental results showed that the neat resin has a Young’s modulus of 3.29 GPa, a tensile strength of 45.15 MPa, a stress intensity factor of 0.61 MPa m1/2 and a critical strain energy release rate of 0.091 kJ/m2. The level of the properties reveal that the bio-based adhesive can be used for cosmetic and for some structural applications. The addition of cellulose nanocrystals in the epoxy resin didn’t improve the mechanical properties of the neat resin mainly due to the development of intense aggregation of cellulose nanocrystals. On the other hand, the addition of graphene has led to the increase of the Young’s modulus and the fracture toughness and to the decrease of the tension strength of the resin. Development of agglomerations of graphene were also present in this case. The contradictory findings on the mechanical properties of the reinforced resin gives a clear message about the need for optimizing the manufacturing process. Both nanocomposites have undergone a complete life-cycle analysis which has shown that they are far more environmentally friendly than a conventional epoxy resin.
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Jiang, Zhanpeng, Jingyi He, Huijie Li, et al. "Straw Tar Epoxy Resin for Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Plastic: A Review." Polymers 16, no. 17 (2024): 2433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16172433.
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The massive consumption of fossil fuels has led to the serious accumulation of carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere and global warming. Bioconversion technologies that utilize biomass resources to produce chemical products are becoming widely accepted and highly recognized. The world is heavily dependent on petroleum-based products, which may raise serious concerns about future environmental security. Most commercially available epoxy resins (EPs) are synthesized by the condensation of bisphenol A (BPA), which not only affects the human endocrine system and metabolism, but is also costly to produce and environmentally polluting. In some cases, straw tar-based epoxy resins have been recognized as potential alternatives to bisphenol A-based epoxy resins, and are receiving increasing attention due to their important role in overcoming the above problems. Using straw tar and lignin as the main raw materials, phenol derivatives were extracted from the middle tar instead of bisphenol A. Bio-based epoxy resins were prepared by replacing epichlorohydrin with epoxylated lignin to press carbon fiber sheets, which is a kind of bio-based fine chemical product. This paper reviews the research progress of bio-based materials such as lignin modification, straw pyrolysis, lignin epoxidation, phenol derivative extraction, and synthesis of epoxy resin. It improves the performance of carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) while taking into account the ecological and environmental protection, so that the epoxy resin is developed in the direction of non-toxic, harmless and high-performance characteristics, and it also provides a new idea for the development of bio-based carbon fibers.
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Zhang, Guang Hua, Ting Shang, and Long Liu. "Synthesis of Epoxy Sulfonated Phenolic Resin and it's Effects on the Coal-Water Slurry." Advanced Materials Research 550-553 (July 2012): 2844–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.550-553.2844.
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As a kind of raw material, phenol was sulfonated by sulfuric acid, polymerized by fomaldehyde, and grafted by epoxy chloropropane to get the epichlorohydrin modified sulfonated phenolic resin dispersant, which is used in coal water slurry (CWS). Studies on rheological behaviours of CWS with different concentrations and syneresis rates during 72h storing were carried out to analyze the interaction between the dispersants and the surfaces of Shenhua coal of Shaanxi in China. The results show that the CWS had a syneresis rate of 5.9% and an apparent viscosity of 725mPa.S at a shearing rate of 100S-1 when the mass fractions of coals and dispersants are 64% and 0.5% respectively. Epoxy chains of the dispersant combine with the hydrophobic groups on coal surfaces and sulfonic acid groups of the dispersant are hydrophilic. This dispersant increases the stabilities of CWS effectively through steric hindrance effect to keep the coal particles from gathering.
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Yadav, Ranjana, and Deepak Srivastava. "Studies on cardanol-based epoxidized novolac resin and its blends." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 2, no. 3 (2008): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht02.03.173.
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Cardanol-based novolac-type phenolic resin was synthesized with a mole ratio 1.0:0.5 of cardanol-to-formaldehyde using a dicarboxylic acid catalyst such as succinic acid. The cardanol-based novolac-type phenolic resin may further be modified by epoxidation with epichlorohydrin excess at 393 K in a basic medium to duplicate the performance of such phenolic-type novolacs. Carboxyl-terminated butadiene acrylonitrile copolymer (CTBN) has been studied by various researches with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DEGBA) epoxy resin and epoxidized phenolic novolac resins. The epoxidized novolac resin was blended with different weight ratios of carboxyl-terminated butadiene acrylonitrile copolymer (CTBN) and cured with a stoichiometric amount of polyamine curing agent. The formation of various products during the synthesis of cardanol-based novolac resin, epoxodized novolac resin and blending of epoxidized novolac resin with CTBN has been studied by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis. Further, the products were confirmed by a proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopic analysis. The number average molecular weight was determined by a gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis. The blend sample, having 15 wt % CTBN concentration showed minimum cure time and most thermally stable systems.
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Utami, Agnes Manik Sari, Abdul Syakur, and Hermawan Hermawan. "Analysis of Leakage Current and Insulator Resistivity for Quality Assurance of Medium Voltage Network Polymer Insulators Alumina - SiO2 in Tropical Climate Simulator Room." TEKNIK 42, no. 1 (2021): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/teknik.v42i1.36152.
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The tropical climate of Indonesia, which has moderately high rainfall, has an impact on the output of outdoor insulators. The presence of chemical particles, pollen, and salt in the air will bind to the insulating material's outer surface and settle, resulting in crystallization that allows the insulating material's surface roughness to increase. One of the insulators that are being produced is an insulator made of epoxy resin. The injection of fillers is used to further improve the durability of the outdoor epoxy resin insulators installed in tropical climatic conditions. Epoxy resin from bisphenol A-epichlorohydrin and polyaminoamide combined with silane, alumina, and SiO2 is used as research materials. The parameters examined were leakage current and resistance to insulation. The use of silane as a hardener will also improve the resistivity on the surface of the insulator, which makes it more difficult to flow or reduces the leakage current. Alumina is well-known for being a solid heat and voltage insulator. The addition of SiO2 to the epoxy resin insulating material increases the insulator's mechanical strength in the form of tensile and compressive strength. With fluctuations in temperature and humidity, the artificial tropical environment is replicated in a test chamber. The value of the leakage current increases with an increase in temperature and humidity. The correlation between air temperature and humidity and insulation resistance is inversely proportional, the higher the temperature applied to the insulator, the lower the insulator resistivity. The same refers to the relationship between air humidity and resistance to insulation. The higher the humidity applied to the insulator, the lower the insulator resistivity. At a test voltage of 11 kV, a humidity of 60%, and a temperature variation of 25oC, the leakage current of epoxy resin insulators is up to 9.2 uA lower than in a factory-made SiR insulator. The leakage current and insulator resistivity's number is already in the good and protected range such that the insulator can be used and reproduce.
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Nandiyanto, Asep Bayu Dani, Meli Fiandini, Dwi Novia Al Husaeni, Risti Ragadhita, and Siti Nur Hofifah. "Production of Brake Pad from Epoxy Resin: From Polymerization Concept to the Experiment with Analysis of Mechanical Properties." Jurnal Penelitian Enjiniring 25, no. 2 (2022): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.25042/jpe.112021.05.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of variations in the use of catalysts on the performance of brake pads. The performance testing is compressive strength and puncture strength. The resin is formed from a mixture of Bisphenol A-epichlorohydrin and cycloaliphatic amine. Based on the results of the study, it was found that brake pads with samples B and C had better performance. The hardness values of samples A, B, and C are 307.4; 331.1; and 334.3 N, respectively. The ratio of resin and catalyst mixture affects the performance of the brake pad. The more catalysts added, the faster the hardening process. It is hoped that this research can be the basis for developing brake pads.
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López-Campos, Jevet E. D., Genoveva Hernández-Padrón, and Victor M. Castaño. "Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Epoxy/SiO2 Hybrid with Graphene Oxide Nanosheets." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 19, no. 1 (2025): 108–16. https://doi.org/10.23939/chcht19.01.108.
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Nanocomposites were prepared and characterized with a functionalized epoxy resin hybrid (REF) with SiO2 nanoparticles, synthesized by the in-situ sol-gel process, and graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets. The epoxy resin is synthesized with bisphenol A and epichlorohydrin for its subsequent functionalization with abietic acid, providing –OH groups having a greater number of active chemical sites on the surface so that they can join with the SiO2 particles synthesized in situ from TEOS and modified-Hummers GO. The nanocomposites were prepared with REF and a solution of TEOS 40 v/v%; to this hybrid material (HREF), two concentrations of GO at 1 wt% (HREF1) and 5 wt% (HREF5) were added. All materials were characterized by spectroscopic techniques FT-IR and Raman: showing groups -(COOH) from abietic acid, silanol -OH, which will bond with the same groups in the GO sheets. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that SiO2 nanoparticles decorated the basal plane of GO by covalent bonding TGA, increasing the thermal stability at 50 oC, HREF5 being the material with the highest degradation temperature. A homogeneous dispersion of SiO2/GO decorated sheets in the functionalized epoxy was studied using the SEM technique, with HREF1 as the most homogeneous. ASTM D2369 establishes that volatile organic content should not surpass 3.4 g/mL, and the materials prepared have only 0.23 g/mL, which marks the first step to achieve real applications in several industries.
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Tang, Xinyuan, Ming Hu, Xiaoran Liu, Yanyun Li, Junying Zhang, and Jue Cheng. "Preparation of Chiral Epoxy Resins and the Optically Active Cured Products." Advances in Polymer Technology 2023 (October 14, 2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/6612220.
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Chirality is one of the most common and significant phenomenon in nature, and epoxy resin is one of the most widely used and researched thermosetting resins, however the influences of chiral carbon in epoxy group on the performances of the cured epoxy resins have ever been hardly studied, therefore it is crucial and meaningful to explore the structure–function relationship of chirality and performance of epoxy resins. Herein, from the analysis of synthesis mechanism, the different chiral configuration with high percent enantiomeric excess (>99%) and racemic bisphenol A epoxy resins were simply prepared by controlling the chirality of epichlorohydrin. The apparent activation energy of the curing process with D230 was calculated by Kissinger method and Flynn–Wall–Ozawa method, respectively, and both results indicate that chirality have no effect on the curing reaction. We found that the secondary structure of epoxy monomer is untouched by its chirality, and they are all right helix structure. For this reason, the thermal stability, glass transition temperature, and thermomechanical properties of diverse chiral epoxy resins cured by D230 have no significant difference. Nevertheless, it was found that the optical rotation activity of chiral epoxy resins can be partially maintained after curing reaction, it manifests the cured products of chiral epoxy resins possesses the possibility of application in the field of polarized materials.
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Kumar, Hemant, S. K. Tripathi, Sukhen Mistry, and Ganeshdatt Bajpai. "Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Coatings Based on Epoxy Novolac and Liquid Rubber Blend." E-Journal of Chemistry 6, no. 4 (2009): 1253–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/826071.
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Phenol-based novolac resins were synthesized with different mole ratios of phenol-to-formaldehyde. These novolac resins were epoxidized with molar excess of epichlorohydrin at 120 °C in basic medium. Novolac and epoxy novolac resin were characterized by FTIR, NMR and GPC analysis. Molecular weight was found to be 838. The epoxidized novolac resins were separately blended with different weight ratios of carboxyl-terminated polybutadiene liquid rubber ranging between 0-25 wt % with an interval of 5 wt %. All the blends were cured at 150 °C with 40 wt % polyamide. The cured films of blend samples were checked for use them in coating applications.
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Joost, Th van, I. D. Roesyanto, and I. Satyawan. "Occupational sensitization to epichlorohydrin (ECH) and bisphenol-A during the manufacture of epoxy resin." Contact Dermatitis 22, no. 2 (1990): 125–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1990.tb01543.x.
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Sudarisman, Budi Nur Rahman Muhammad, and Andi Bagus Prabowo. "Impact Behavior of Apus Bamboo (Gigantochloa apus) Fiber/Epoxy Green Composites." Applied Mechanics and Materials 758 (April 2015): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.758.83.
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The objective of this work is to investigate the impact behavior of bamboo fiber/epoxy composites. The test was carried out in accordance with the ASTM D5941 Izod impact test standard. Whilst the fiber was obtained from local bamboo the matrix being used is Eposchon general purpose Bisphenol A-epichlorohydrin epoxy resin mixed with Eposchon general purpose Polyaminoamide epoxy hardener. The specimens were cut from nine bamboo fiber/epoxy composite panels. Each panel contains either random or unidirectional fiber orientation of four different volume fraction,i.e. 10, 20, 30 and 40%, of fiber, along with a pure epoxy, without fiber, panel board as reference. According to the adopted standard, the specimens are of prismatic bars of 85 [mm] long × 10 [mm] wide × 5 [mm] thick. Photo macrographs of selected samples were analyzed to describe their failure modes. It was revealed that both the impact strength and energy absorption capacity of the samples increase with the increase of fiber content up to 40%, for both unidirectional and randomly oriented fiber arrangement. In addition, unidirectional fiber composite samples show higher values in both impact strength and energy absorption capacity (0.162 [J.mm-2] and 8.5 [J], respectively) in comparison with those of randomly oriented fiber composite samples (0.144 [J.mm-2] and 7.6 [J], respectively).
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Sudarisman, Budi Nur Rahman Muhammad, and Rizkianto Hidayat Aziz. "Tensile and Flexural Properties of Bamboo (Gigantochloa apus) Fiber/Epoxy Green Composites." Applied Mechanics and Materials 758 (April 2015): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.758.119.
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The current work deals with the tensile and flexural properties of bamboo fiber/epoxy composites. Tensile and flexural property evaluations were carried out in accordance with the ASTM D638 and ASTM D790 standards, respectively. Bamboo fiber was obtained from local bamboo by means of degumming process. The matrix being used is Eposchon general purpose Bisphenol A-epichlorohydrin epoxy resin mixed with Eposchon general purpose Polyaminoamide epoxy hardener supplied by P.T. Justus Kimiaraya. The specimens were cut from five bamboo fiber/epoxy composite panels. Five different fiber volume fractions, Vf, i.e. 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 vol%, have been considered. All mechanical and physical characterization were carried out at the Mechanical Engineering laboratory, Universitas Muhammaiyah Yogyakarta. Photo macrographs of selected samples were analyzed to describe their failure modes. Physical property evaluation revealed that a slight fiber content deviation from their expected results was observed. Whilst tensile strength, modulus and strain to failure, as well as flexural strength and modulus were found to increase with the increase of fiber content up to 29.8%, maximum flexural strain to failure was being at Vf = 21.1%. Tensile specimens were mostly failed by debonding followed by fiber breakage, while flexural specimens were mostly failed by debonding followed by fiber breakage and fiber pull-out at tension sides.
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Van de Velde, Nigel, Saška Javornik, Tilen Sever, et al. "Bio-Based Epoxy Adhesives with Lignin-Based Aromatic Monophenols Replacing Bisphenol A." Polymers 13, no. 22 (2021): 3879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13223879.
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A bio-epoxy surface adhesive for adherence of the metal component species to glass substrate with desirable adhesion strength, converted controlled removal upon request, and bio-based resource inclusion was developed. For the development of resin, three different lignin-based aromatic monophenols, guaiacol, cresol, and vanillin, were used in the chemical epoxidation reaction with epichlorohydrin. The forming transformation process was studied by viscoelasticity, in situ FTIR monitoring, and Raman. Unlike other hydroxyl phenyls, guaiacol showed successful epoxide production, and stability at room temperature. Optimization of epoxide synthesis was conducted by varying NaOH concentration or reaction time. The obtained product was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance and viscosity measurements. For the production of adhesive, environmentally problematic bisphenol A (BPA) epoxy was partially substituted with the environmentally acceptable, optimized guaiacol-based epoxy at 20, 50, and 80 wt.%. Mechanics, rheological properties, and the possibility of adhered phase de-application were assessed on the bio-substitutes and compared to commercially available polyepoxides or polyurethanes. Considering our aim, the sample composed of 80 wt.% bio-based epoxy/20 wt.% BPA thermoset was demonstrated to be the most suitable among those analyzed, as it was characterized by low BPA, desired boundary area and recoverability using a 10 wt.% acetic acid solution under ultrasound.
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Deng, Lianli, Zehua Wang, Bailu Qu, Ying Liu, Wei Qiu, and Shaohe Qi. "A Comparative Study on the Properties of Rosin-Based Epoxy Resins with Different Flexible Chains." Polymers 15, no. 21 (2023): 4246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15214246.
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This study aims to reveal the effects of flexible chain lengths on rosin-based epoxy resin’s properties. Two rosin-based epoxy monomers with varying chain lengths were synthesized: AR-EGDE (derived from ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether-modified acrylic acid rosin) and ARE (derived from acrylic acid rosin and epichlorohydrin). Diethylenetriamine (DETA), triethylenetetramine (TETA), and tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) with different flexible chain lengths were used as curing agents. The adhesion, impact, pencil hardness, flexibility, water and heat resistance, and weatherability of the epoxy resins were systematically examined. It was found that when the flexible chains of rosin-based epoxy monomers were grown from ARE to AR-EGDE, due to the increased space of rosin-based fused rings, the toughness, adhesion, and water resistance of the rosin-based epoxy resins were enhanced, while the pencil hardness and heat resistance decreased. However, when the flexible chains of curing agents were lengthened, the resin’s performance did not change significantly because the space between the fused rings changed little. This indicates that the properties of the rosin-based resins can only be altered when the introduced flexible chain increases the space between the fused rings. The study also compared rosin-based resins to E20, a commercial petroleum-based epoxy of the bisphenol A type. The rosin-based resins demonstrated superior adhesion, water resistance, and weatherability compared to the E20 resins, indicating the remarkable durability of the rosin-based resin.
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Kim, Hyeon-Gook, Hye-Ryun Na, Hye Ryeon Lee, Moon Il Kim, Choong-Sun Lim, and Bongkuk Seo. "Distillation-pervaporation membrane hybrid system for epichlorohydrin and isopropyl alcohol recovery in epoxy resin production process." Separation and Purification Technology 254 (January 2021): 117678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117678.
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S., Menjivar, Cotton L., and K. Hamidi Y. "Effect of Silk Treatment on Silk/Resin Wettability." American Journal of Advanced Research 4, no. 2 (2020): 7–11. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4105415.
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Silk is being pursued as viable alternative reinforcement to widely used glass fibers, especially for environmentally cautious industries. Although silk is known to exhibit comparable specific mechanical properties to glass fibers, only scarce commercial applications employ silk composite laminates. Foiling associated fabrication-induced defects would significantly improve silk composites’ performances, and thus widen their industrial applications. One such defect is weak silk/matrix bond induced by poor fiber/resin wettability. In this study, silk treatment effects on silk/resin wettability is investigated through contact angle measurements for different resin/silk systems with different treatments. The silk/resin affinity is used to evaluate the reinforcement/matrix bonding potential, which in turn determines the mechanical properties of the silk reinforced composites. Two silk surface treatments are explored: epichlorohydrin (ECH), methanol (MeOH), in addition to a baseline with no coating. Furthermore, three resins are investigated including a vinylester and two epoxies. Treating the silk fibers with MeOH consistently yielded an improved silk/resin affinity for all resins investigated. For instance, the complete impregnation of MeOH silk by one epoxy resin is observed to be 48% shorter compared to baseline plain silk, from 882 to 461 seconds. Furthermore, among investigated resins, the vinylester resin displayed the best silk/resin affinity for all treatments, exhibiting initial contact angles of 45.7°, 56.1°, and 51.7° for silk fibers with no sizing, ECH sizing, and MeOH sizing, respectively. Total impregnation times followed a similar trend with 21, 15, and 12 seconds, respectively. The superior affinity obtained with vinylester resin and MeOH treatment indicates the potential for an improved silk/resin bond, yielding enhanced mechanical performance for silk composites.
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Carpenter, Chris. "Resin-Cement Blend Enhances Wellbore Integrity." Journal of Petroleum Technology 76, no. 05 (2024): 109–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0524-0109-jpt.
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_ This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 213763, “Use of Innovative Resin-Cement Blend To Enhance Wellbore Integrity,” by Wajid Ali, Faisal A. Al-Turki, and Athman Abbas, SPE, TAQA Well Services, et al. The paper has not been peer reviewed. _ A major challenge occasionally faced during a well’s life cycle is the buildup of sustained casing pressure (SCP). Compromised cement-sheath integrity is one of the primary reasons for such a pressure buildup. Meeting this challenge requires development of an isolation material that can enhance the mechanical properties of cement. This paper presents the laboratory testing and application of a resin-cement system in a scenario where potential high-pressure influx was expected across a water-bearing formation. The resin-cement system was designed to be placed as a tail slurry to provide enhanced mechanical properties compared with a conventional slurry. Introduction The objectives of this study were to investigate the use of new systems at different densities with epoxy resin as an additive and to demonstrate value added in terms of improved mechanical properties and bonding. The resin used in this study is diglycidylether of bisphenol-F, a linear epoxy resin formed by reacting bisphenol-F with a suitable amount of epichlorohydrin and hydroxide. Amines are used as curing agents for epoxy resins. The curing mechanism is a step-growth polymerization. The curing is observed initially by an increase in viscosity and then by hardening. The final product’sproperties, in terms of compressive strength and viscosity, also are affected by the type and concentration of the amine. Aliphatic amines produce more-flexible types of epoxy resins compared with aromatic amine curing agents. Aromatic amines will produce a stronger, harder epoxy resin. Experimental Study Cement Slurry Preparation and Testing. The cement slurry was formulated and mixed with a maximum speed of 12,000 rev/min for 15 seconds and then at 4,000 rev/min for 35 seconds. To condition the cement slurry, an atmospheric consistometer was used. A viscometer was used to measure rheological properties. Thickening time tests also were conducted. Fluid-loss measurements (dynamic and static) were performed on the prepared cement slurry. Dynamic fluid loss can affect rheology and thickening time of cement slurries. Static fluid loss can result in reduction in cement slurry and allow formation fluids to enter the cement slurry. Separation of water is observed when a cement slurry is allowed to stand for a period before it sets. To determine the extent of water separation, a free water test was performed to determine the extent of water separation. The test was conducted by allowing cement slurry to stand in a 250-mL graduated cylinder for 2 hours. The cement slurry was poured into a cylindrical cell and lowered into a curing chamber. While maintaining pressures and temperatures, the cement slurry was cured up to 30 days. At the end of the curing period, the pressure and temperature were reduced to ambient conditions and the test specimens were removed from the curing chamber to be tested for mechanical properties.
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Hayes, S. A., W. Zhang, M. Branthwaite, and F. R. Jones. "Self-healing of damage in fibre-reinforced polymer-matrix composites." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 4, no. 13 (2007): 381–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2006.0209.
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Self-healing resin systems have been discussed for over a decade and four different technologies had been proposed. However, little work on their application as composite matrices has been published although this was one of the stated aims of the earliest work in the field. This paper reports on the optimization of a solid-state self-healing resin system and its subsequent use as a matrix for high volume fraction glass fibre-reinforced composites. The resin system was optimized using Charpy impact testing and repeated healing, while the efficiency of healing in composites was determined by analysing the growth of delaminations following repeated impacts with or without a healing cycle. To act as a reference, a non-healing resin system was subjected to the same treatments and the results are compared with the healable system. The optimized resin system displays a healing efficiency of 65% after the first healing cycle, dropping to 35 and 30% after the second and third healing cycles, respectively. Correction for any healability due to further curing showed that approximately 50% healing efficiency could be achieved with the bisphenol A-based epoxy resin containing 7.5% of polybisphenol-A- co -epichlorohydrin. The composite, on the other hand, displays a healing efficiency of approximately 30%. It is therefore clear that the solid-state self-healing system is capable of healing transverse cracks and delaminations in a composite, but that more work is needed to optimize matrix healing within a composite and to develop a methodology for assessing recovery in performance.
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Gouveia, Julia R., Guilherme E. S. Garcia, Leonardo Dalseno Antonino, Lara B. Tavares, and Demetrio J. dos Santos. "Epoxidation of Kraft Lignin as a Tool for Improving the Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Adhesive." Molecules 25, no. 11 (2020): 2513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25112513.
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Owing to its chemical structure, wide availability and renewable nature, lignin is a promising candidate for the partial replacement of fossil-based raw material in the synthesis of epoxy resins. Its poor compatibility has been reported to be one of the main drawbacks in this domain. On the other hand, a well-established modification method for lignin epoxidation has been used for many years for the improvement of lignin compatibility. However, the extent of the effect of lignin epoxidation on the improvement of bio-based epoxy mechanical properties, applied as adhesives, is still an open question in the literature. In this context, a pristine and industrial grade kraft lignin (AKL) was reacted with epichlorohydrin to yield epoxidized lignin (E-AKL) in this work. Afterwards, AKL or E-AKL were separately blended with petroleum-based epoxy resin at 15 and 30 wt% and cured with a commercial amine. The adhesive curing kinetic was evaluated using a novel technique for thermal transition characterization, Temperature Modulated Optical Refractometry (TMOR); the results showed that the incorporation of AKL reduces the crosslinking rate, and that this effect is overcome by lignin modification. Mechanical tests revealed an improvement of impact and practical adhesion strength for samples containing 15 wt% of E-AKL. These results elucidate the effect of lignin epoxidation on the application of lignin-based epoxy adhesives, and might support the further development and application of these bio-based materials.
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Kim, Min, Daehwan Kim, Seonwook Hwang, et al. "A Case of Allergic Contact Dermatitis Caused by Epichlorohydrin and tris-DMP in an Epoxy Resin Worker." Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 21, no. 3 (2009): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2009.21.3.276.
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Solala, Iina, Toni Antikainen, Mehedi Reza, Leena-Sisko Johansson, Mark Hughes, and Tapani Vuorinen. "Spruce fiber properties after high-temperature thermomechanical pulping (HT-TMP)." Holzforschung 68, no. 2 (2014): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2013-0083.
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Abstract Spruce was submitted to high-temperature (150°C–170°C) refining for 2 or 5 min to produce thermomechanical pulp (TMP) fibers with decreased electrical energy consumption. The pulp was characterized in terms of specific energy consumption as well as tensile and surface properties. The fibers from high-temperature TMP contained more surface lignin even if all sample types usually broke at the S1–S2 cell wall region. They also produced significantly weaker paper sheets, whereas their dry zero-span strength did not suffer substantial losses, indicating decreased fiber-fiber bonding. Tensile strength properties were also determined of a bisphenol-A-epichlorohydrin-based epoxy resin mixed with 5% fiber as a test for fiber-matrix compatibility in composite applications. Based on these preliminary results, high-temperature TMP shows potential for composite reinforcement due to its lower tendency to aggregate and its better compatibility with the tested matrix material.
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Kistriyani, Lilis, Zainus Salimin, and Achmad Chafidz. "Utilization of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) immobilized in epoxy polymer as double ion exchanger biosorbent for removal of chromium from aqueous solution." Communications in Science and Technology 5, no. 1 (2020): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21924/cst.5.1.2020.179.
Full textAbstract:
Cation and industrial pollutant anions are removed from wastewater using organic cation and anion exchange resin. "Extracellular Polymeric Substance" (EPS) from bacterial extraction can accumulate cation and anion elements through biosorption by adsorption mechanism, ion exchange, formation of complex compounds and hydrogen bonds. EPS can be used as an biosorbent and ion exchange bioresin replacing organic resins, because EPS contains organic functional groups that are negatively charged (RCOOH, ROPO3H, ROPO3Na, ROSO3H, ROSO3Na, etc.) cation absorbers and positively charged (ROH, RCNH2HCOOH, etc.) anion absorber. EPS consists of 40-95% polysaccharide compounds, protein 1-60%, nucleic acids 1-10%, lipids 1-10% and the remaining amino acid polymers and other compounds. The tannery industry produces trivalent (Cr+3) chromium pollutants at levels of 15.2 ppm and hexavalent (CrO4-2 or Cr2O7-2) levels of 0.77 ppm which exceeds the standard quality for a total Cr of 0.6 ppm. Cr pollutants are very dangerous for human health. Research had been done on the use of immobilized EPS bioresin in epoxy polymers for chromium binding. EPS was extracted from bacterial activated sludge by centrifugation at 9000 rpm for 20 minutes at 4°C, the filtrate was EPS. The analysis showed EPS content were 16% fat, 12% carbohydrate, and 16% protein. The functional group analysis results with infrared ray spectroscopy (FTIR) showed EPS containing chemical bonds such as -CH, -OH, -NH, and -C=O which proved that EPS extraction contained RCOOH, ROH, and RCNH2HCOOH functional components which were exchanging components cations and anions. Epoxy polymers were prepared by mixing bisphenol A monomers and 1: 1 ratio epichlorohydrin. Immobilized EPS double ion exchange biorecin in epoxy polymers was prepared by mixing 200 mg EPS and 1800 mg epoxy. The binding of chromium ions in the resin was carried out by recirculating the chromium solution through a burette column filled with 2 rams of bioresin at pH 5, 6 and 7. The optimum results gave chromium ion absorption efficiency of 89.20% at pH 5. Column operations could be optimized by varied the amount of bioresin used.