Dissertations / Theses: 'Epidemia social'

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Neto, Mary Anne do Nascimento. "Memórias da equipe de enfermagem na primeira década da epidemia da Aids." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2013. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5146.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Na década de 80 dramáticas ocorrências atingiram o país e o mundo na área da saúde com a descoberta da Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (Aids) síndrome, causada pelo Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana (HIV). O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as representações sociais do HIV/Aids e as memórias sociais do cuidado de enfermagem construídas na década de 80 pela equipe de enfermagem. Optou-se por uma abordagem qualitativa, embasada na teoria de representações sociais e nos conceitos do campo da memória social. Os sujeitos do estudo foram 20 profissionais de enfermagem de serviços ambulatoriais e/ou da atenção básica, atuantes em 11 instituições públicas de saúde da cidade do Rio de Janeiro que possuem o Programa Nacional de DST/Aids. A coleta de dados foi realizada através de entrevista semiestruturada e questionário de caracterização sócio profissional. A análise dos dados deu-se em duas etapas, a primeira atraves da técnica de análise de conteúdo temática destinada a identificar nos depoimentos dos entrevistados os conteúdos discursivos relativos a década de 80. Posteriormente os trechos selecionados foram submetidos à análise lexical pelo software Alceste 4.10. Obteve-se três classes temáticas que abordaram: As percepções e as ações do cuidado de enfermagem na década de 80; Os primeiros contatos profissionais e pessoais com HIV/Aids e A mídia e a construção das representações sociais do HIV/Aids. Na primeira classe os profissionais de enfermagem relatam as memórias referentes aos cuidados prestados na década de 80, descrevendo como esse cuidado era prestado, o medo da contaminação e os profissionais que atuavam na prestação de serviços. Na classe 2 os sujeitos resgatam as primeiras vivências com as pessoas com HIV/Aids e os sentimentos experimentados neste primeiro contato. As características físicas, os aspectos emocionais, a introdução do AZT e o abandono familiar são elementos destacados. Na classe 3 são relatas as memórias referentes ao início da epidemia de HIV/Aids, com destaque para as ancoragens representacionais do surgimento do vírus, tendo especialmente o macaco como hospedeiro. Os meios de comunicação surgiram como formadores das memórias do início da epidemia, veiculando imagens, como a do cantor Cazuza, fortemente citado pelos sujeitos. Conclui-se que este estudo permitiu compreender, através das memórias e das representações, como se constituiu a atuação dos profissionais no início da epidemia, assim como a permanência de elementos simbólicos até hoje nas representações sociais do HIV/Aids.
In the 80s dramatic events reached Brazil and the whole world in health area with the discovery of the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (Aids), caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The aim of this study is to describe social representations of HIV/Aids and the social memories of nursing care constructed in the 80s by nursing staff. A qualitative approach was chosen based on theory of social representations and the concepts in the field of Social Memory. The subjects of this study were 20 nursing professionals of outpatient clinic and/or of basic attention, who acted in 11 public health institutions at Rio de Janeiro where the National Program of STD/Aids exists. The data collection was achieved by an interview structured in questions about social and professional profile. The data analysiswas performed in two stages first, by an analysis of contents to identify, at the speeches of the professionals asked, the discursive contents in the 80s; after, the pages selected were submitted to an analysis by the software Alceste 4.10. Were acquired three thematic classes which approached: the perceptions and actions of nursing care in the 80s; the first professional and personal contacts with HIV/Aids; the media and the construction of social representations of HIV/Aids. In the first class, the nursing professionals relate memories which refer to the care developed in the 80s, describing how this care were rendered, the fear of contamination and the professionals who acted rendering the tasks. In the second class, the subjects rescue first experiences with the people who have the HIV/Aids and the feelings experienced at this first contact. The material characteristics, emotional aspects, the introduction of AZT and the abandon by family are contrasted elements. In the third class, the memories are related in the beginning of HIV/Aids epidemic and detach representational anchorages by appearance of the virus having, specially, the monkey as a harbored. The Medias appeared as creator of memories in the beginning of epidemic conveying pictures, as some of the singer Cazuza, strongly referred by the subjects. Concluding that this study enables to comprehend, by the memories, how were constituted the acting of professionals at the beginning of epidemic, so as how the permanence of symbolic elements since then until today in social representations of Aids.

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Teixeira, Isabela Bentes Abreu. "Expurgos urbanos : epidemia e gestão penal na política de enfrentamento ao crack." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.26512/2015.04.D.19062.

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Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Departamento de Sociologia, 2015.
Debruçando-se sobre o atual cenário de consumo de crack no contexto brasileiro, as políticas públicas de enfrentamento a esta substância têm encontrado raízes no discurso da epidemia. Tal discurso, fundamentado a partir da construção social do pânico moral e da histeria social, é protagonizado fundamentalmente pela mídia e pelo poder público, a partir da manutenção de notícias diárias que envolvem o tema do crack, assim como de campanhas calcadas na perspectiva de horror e sofrimento. Tal afirmativa foi atestada na análise de mídia do jornal na cidade de Natal/RN denominado Tribuna do Norte. Partindo de um horizonte histórico que desenha o processo de proibição das drogas, o objeto central da pesquisa consistiu na análise da política pública intitulada “Crack, é Possível Vencer” e sua implementação na cidade de Natal/RN, resultado desta conjuntura epidemiológica a partir da necessidade de que algo deve ser feito para banir o “mal do crack” da sociedade. Para compreender a dimensão da implementação deste programa, foram utilizadas as entrevistas estruturadas com usuários de crack realizadas a partir do estudo multicêntrico Perfil dos usuários de crack nas 26 capitais, DF, 9 regiões metropolitanas e Brasil. A partir da análise teórica, concluiu-se que o programa “Crack, é Possível Vencer” é instrumentalizado para controlar as populações em situação de vulnerabilidades associadas e ampliar a gerência do capital nos espaços urbanos, e que o crack, por sua vez, é dispositivo para fortalecer o processo de criminalização da pobreza e de exclusão social.
The use of crack cocaine is regarded as one of the great social evils of the present days. Regarded as a vector element of an epidemic that kills and causes the death of an expressive amount of users, signaling that something must be urgently done by the state to solve this problem. As a response, the Brazilian government presents the plan “Crack, é Possível Vencer” (“Crack, it is possible to win”) as an instrument to face the threat that plagues the socially excluded population. Several investigations were pursued over the narrative of the crack epidemic through the analysis of news transmitted by the newspaper Tribuna do Norte, and the implementation of the “Crack, é Possível Vencer” plan in the city of Natal/RN was researched, through its axis of prevention, care and authority. Structured interviews were also done with users through the multicentric study Profile of Crack users in the 26 capitals, Federal District, 9 metropolitan regions and Brazil. Through the theoretical analysis it was concluded that the “Crack, é Possível Vencer” program is instrumentalized to control populations in the situation of associated vulnerabilities and to expand the management of capital in the urban spaces, and that crack is therefore a tool to strengthen the process of criminalization of poverty and social exclusion.

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DAMACENA, NETO Leandro Carvalho. "A Influenza espanhola de 1918/1919 na Cidade de Goiás." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2011. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/2313.

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Research on the Spanish flu in Goiás aimed to understand the impacts and meanings which accounted for the population. We analyze its symptoms Spanish flu, as well as highlight the imprecision of medicine to define and characterize it, the multiple symptoms diagnosed and the variety of treatments and therapeutic measures. For this, the research is anchored in the records of the press Goiás, in the context of 1918/1919 were lodged with the population and called Advice to people: that is, they were indications of health authorities to combat the Spanish flu. More than a biological problem, the Spanish flu became a social problem, and as such has been analyzed here, from its social representation - ie, the disease constituted a problem that requires an explanation by the company attacked, it is imperative that has a social and cultural. Historicize diseases is one of the ways to understand a society.
A pesquisa sobre a gripe espanhola em Goiás teve como principal objetivo compreender os impactos e os significados que representou para a população. Buscamos analisar a sintomatologia da doença de gripe espanhola, bem como ressaltar a imprecisão da medicina ao defini-la e caracterizá-la, os múltiplos sintomas diagnosticados e a variedade de tratamentos e medidas terapêuticas. Para tanto, a pesquisa ancorou-se nos registros da imprensa goiana, que, no contexto de 1918/1919, foram dirigidos à população e denominados Conselhos ao povo;ou seja, eram indicações das autoridades sanitárias para o combate da gripe espanhola. Mais que um problema biológico, a gripe espanhola se tornou um problema social, e como tal foi aqui analisada, a partir da sua representação social ou seja, a doença constituiu-se um problema que exige uma explicação pela sociedade atacada; é imperativo que tenha sentido social e cultural. Historicizar as doenças é um dos caminhos para se compreender uma sociedade.

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Costa, Camila Perroni Marouço da. "O passado no presente: estudo das memórias e representações sociais de profissionais de saúde no contexto da epidemia do HIV/Aids." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2013. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5098.

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Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar os conteúdos das memórias sociais, construídas por profissionais de saúde, acerca da epidemia do HIV/Aids no Brasil, desde o seu surgimento até os dias atuais. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório-descritivo, pautado na abordagem qualitativa, orientado pela Teoria das Representações Sociais, em interseção com as Memórias Sociais. Os sujeitos do estudo foram 23 profissionais de saúde graduados de serviços ambulatoriais e/ou da atenção básica, atuantes em 18 instituições públicas de saúde da cidade do Rio de Janeiro que possuem o Programa Nacional de DST/Aids. A coleta de dados deu-se por meio de um roteiro de entrevista semiestruturada e um questionário de caracterização sócio profissional. Para a análise dos dados foi utilizada a técnica de análise lexical, realizada pelo software ALCESTE 4.10. Na análise do grupo total de sujeitos foram definidas três categorias denominadas: As primeiras décadas da epidemia: a formação da representação social do HIV/Aids e das memórias, abordando a formação das representações e os elementos de memória nas décadas de 80 e 90; As práticas multiprofissionais e o atendimento à pessoa com HIV/Aids nos dias atuais, abordando a cotidianidade e as representações acerca do HIV/Aids na atualidade e Formas de transmissão e precaução pessoal e profissional, abordando a precaução pessoal e profissional implicada na prevenção, enquanto conteúdo atemporal e transversal aos períodos analisados. A análise dos dados revelou que os profissionais de saúde delimitaram as memórias acerca da Aids no inicio da epidemia, associadas ao homossexualidade e à morte, tendo as mesmas se estruturado através da difusão dos conhecimentos estabelecidos na época pela mídia e pelo aparecimento dos primeiros casos assistidos pelos profissionais, que determinaram um cenário de estereótipos atrelados ao HIV e à Aids. A década de 90 foi relembrada como aquela de uma nova esperança com a inserção dos antirretrovirais e o estabelecimento de protocolos de acompanhamento determinando o início de uma mudança da representação. Na atualidade, as representações reconstroem a dinâmica estabelecida pelo Programa de Aids e Hepatites Virais enfatizando o papel das equipes multiprofissionais, a interdisciplinaridade, o tratamento e as práticas de cuidado. Observa-se a inserção de uma nova dinâmica relacionada à diminuição da importância da morte e da homossexualidade na centralidade da representação e a inserção de outros elementos relacionados ao Programa de Aids e Hepatites Virais estabelecido. Conclui-se que as memórias e representações sociais acerca do HIV/Aids e das pessoas acometidas foram construídas com base nas práticas de saúde estabelecidas pelos profissionais e, ainda, apoiadas nas características dos pacientes com Aids em cada período, conforme representadas.
The present study aims to analyze the contents of social memories structured by health professionals, concerning the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Brazil, from its emergence to these days. It is an exploratory and descriptive study, based on the qualitative approach, oriented by the Theory of Social Representations, in intersection with the Social Memories. The subjects of the study were 23 health professionals graduated either in ambulatory service or basic attention. They act in 18 public health institutions from Rio de Janeiro which possess the National Program of STD/Aids. The collection of data was feasible by means of a script of a semistructured interview and a questionnaire about socio-professional characterization. In order to analyze the data, a lexical analysis technique, accomplished by the software ALCESTE 4.10, was used. In the analysis of the entire group of people, three categories have been established, as it follows: The first decades of the epidemic: the formation of HIV/Aids social representation and the formation of memories, approaching the formation of representations and the elements of memory in the 1980s and the 1990s; The multiprofessional practices and the assistance to the person with HIV/AIDS nowadays., approaching everyday life and the representations regarding the HIV/AIDS in current days and Ways of transmission, personal and professional precaution., approaching the personal and professional precaution implicating in the prevention, as non-temporal and transversal content to the analyzed periods. The analysis of the data revealed that health professionals have categorized the memories concerning Aids in the beginning of the epidemic associating them to homosexuality and to death. These memories have been structured through the diffusion of the assisted cases by the professionals, who determined a scenery of stereotypes linked to HIV/Aids. The 1990s has been remembered as a decade of new hope with the insertion of antiretrovirals and the establishment of follow-up protocols determining the beginning of a change in representation. Nowadays, the representations reconstruct the dynamic established by the Program of Aids and Viral Hepatitis emphasizing the role of multiprofessional teams, the interdisciplinarity, the treatment and the practices of medical care. It is noticeable the insertion of a new dynamic related to the reduction of the importance of death and homosexuality in the centrality of representation and the insertion of other elements related to the established Program of Aids and Viral Hepatitis. Therefore, the memories and social representations concerning HIV/Aids and the affected people were constructed under the basis of the health practices which were established by the professionals and, in addition, supported in the characteristics of the patients with Aids in each period, accordingly to its representation.

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Solange, Guerra Rocha Maria. "Silenciosa conveniência entre transgressão e conservadorismo: trajetórias feministas frente à epidemia da Aids no Brasil." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2011. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/9510.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Em algumas regiões do Brasil, a epidemia da Aids cresce significativamente entre as mulheres, marcada por desigualdades sociais e econômicas; pelo sexismo, racismo, classismo e silêncios relacionados à vivência da sexualidade. A pesquisa realizada no Brasil é um estudo documental, com perspectiva crítica e histórica que abrange o período de 1992 a 2008. Trata das iniciativas feministas, em particular da Rede Feminista de Saúde frente a epidemia da Aids. O estudo toma o princípio de integralidade contido no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS); nas políticas de saúde da mulher e na política de controle da Aids para interpretar as escolhas estratégicas do movimento feminista na área da saúde. Identifica os limites das estratégias de prevenção e assistência adotadas pelo SUS para combater o HIV/Aids, frente a adoção do ideário de Estado mínimo. A análise aponta que o heterogêneo movimento feminista, inflexionou as diretrizes nacionais para o enfrentamento da Aids com o enfoque antissexista-racista-classista. Entretanto, encontra-se na encruzilhada entre as demandas dos movimentos por mais direitos e à agenda do governo que torna-se mais conservadora economica e moralmente. A tese interpreta que o feminismo na saúde imprime uma trajetória contra-hegemônica que cede diante da hegemonia dominante neoliberal, ao cumprir a agenda governamental minimizou sua agenda na reprodução biológica e no monitoramento das políticas públicas. Razão pela qual as tendências que se avizinham às iniciativas de enfrentamento ao HIV/Aids, no âmbito das políticas de saúde da mulher, não contemplam os direitos reprodutivos, direitos sexuais e a concepção de integralidade nelas referida e, todavia, não concretizada na proposta do SUS. O movimento é refém de seu próprio caminho, enfraqueceu sua luta, silenciou frente a Aids e não reflete os avanços antipatriarcal-capitalista alcançado pela movimentação feminista no seu propósito para transformar as opressões e desigualdades vividas pelas mulheres

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González, Parra Gilberto Carlos. "Mathematical modeling of childhood obesity from a social epidemic point of view for the spanish region of Valencia: numerical and analytical solutions." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/6284.

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This thesis dissertation deals with the mathematical modeling of childhood obesity from a social epidemic point of view for the Spanish region of Valencia. Three mathematical models based on systems of nonlinear ordinary differential equations of first order were constructed. The first one is constructed for simulating childhood obesity for the 3-5 years old population. For this model a nonstandard scheme based on the techniquesn developed by Ronald Mickens is constructed. This model is simulated with real data and the results show an increasing trend of obesity for the next years. The second model is an age-structured model developed in order to study the influence of age stages in the obesity population dynamics. This model considers overweight and obese in the groups 6-8 and 9-12 years old. Based on the numerical simulations of different scenarios it is shown that the prevention of children obesity in early years is of paramount importance. Therefore public health strategies should be designed as soon as possible to reduce the worldwide social obesity epidemic. The last model considers seasonal fluctuations of obesity prevalence using a nonautonomuos system of nonlinear of ordinary differential equations and we show that their solutions are periodic using a Jean Mawhin's Theorem of Coincidence. To corroborate the analytical results and perform numerical simulations, multistage Adomian and differential transformation methods are implemented. Numerical solutions using these methods are compared with those produced using Runge-Kutta type schemes. These implemented methods ensure good approximations using larger step sizes.
González Parra, GC. (2009). Mathematical modeling of childhood obesity from a social epidemic point of view for the spanish region of Valencia: numerical and analytical solutions [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/6284
Palancia

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Rottenbacher, de Rojas Jan Marc. "Emociones colectivas, autoritarismo y prejuicio durante una crisis sanitaria : la sociedad limeña frente a la epidemia de fiebre amarilla de 1868." Master's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2013. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/4652.

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Esta tesis se enfoca en la epidemia de fiebre amarilla que padeció Lima en 1868 como un medio para analizar, tanto la dinámica y conflictividad social existentes en Lima hacia mediados del siglo XIX, como los mecanismos de control social que las diversas instancias de autoridad pudieron ser capaces de implementar frente a esta situación de crisis. Como fuente primaria principal han sido utilizados los números del diario El Comercio publicados entre marzo y junio de 1868 –el período más intenso de la epidemia–. Otros documentos como memorias de autoridades, leyes promulgadas y escritos de viajeros y médicos, han complementado la revisión de archivo. Un marco conceptual provisto por la psicología política y por las ciencias políticas, permite comprender mejor la relación entre emociones colectivas como el miedo y la incertidumbre, y la exacerbación de los prejuicios y el autoritarismo en momentos de crisis. Entre las conclusiones principales de la tesis podemos mencionar: a) que la epidemia y sus consecuencias generaron altos niveles de miedo e incertidumbre, lo que permitió a los sectores socialmente privilegiados expresar abiertamente, a través de la prensa, una serie de actitudes hostiles –prejuicios– hacia los grupos percibidos como diferentes o de bajo estatus: los sectores populares y los recién llegados inmigrantes chinos, y b) que las principales medidas autoritarias desplegadas durante la epidemia fueron: la obligatoriedad de las inspecciones domiciliarias, la conducción obligatoria de los enfermos a los Lazaretos y, en especial en el caso de los inmigrantes chinos, la destrucción de pertenencias y el desalojo.
Tesis

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Rivadeneira, Guerrero María Fernanda. "Epidemia de sarampo no Equador em 2011-2012 : características associadas à ocorrência do surto e análise espacial da desigualdade social na vacinação contra sarampo." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/149597.

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Depois de mais de uma década sem casos de sarampo, Equador apresentou surto em 2011-2012, que atingiu nove províncias do país, com um total de 329 casos. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar características populacionais associadas ao surto, assim como identificar desigualdades sociais relacionadas com a vacinação contra sarampo. No primeiro artigo nós identificamos as características populacionais associadas ao surto, mediante um estudo ecológico de casos e controles, utilizando dados agregados. A unidade de estudo foram as 1024 paróquias do Equador. A partir do banco de dados da vigilância epidemiológica de doenças transmissíveis do país foram definidas paróquias-caso aquelas que apresentaram casos confirmados de sarampo, e paróquias-controle as quais não tiveram casos da doença. Dados censitários nacionais além de dados da atenção pré-natal e da vacinação contra sarampo do Ministério de Saúde foram utilizados para avaliar características socioeconômicas, ambientais e de acesso aos serviços de saúde. Delineou-se um modelo de análise hierarquizado, considerando as relações entre as variáveis de acordo com o marco conceitual, e foi aplicada regressão logística múltipla, além da análise descritiva univariada e bivariada respectiva, utilizando o pacote estatístico SPSS versão 21. Parroquias caso foram principalmente urbanas e apresentaram una maior proporção de crianças menores de um ano de idade, assim como chefes de família con maior nível educativo, maior população indígena, menores taxas de imunização contra o sarampo, e menores taxas de atendimento pré-natal. Na análise multivariada, acharam-se associações significativas com o nível de escolaridade do chefe da família ≥ 8 anos (OR: 0,29; IC 95% 0,15-0,57) e ≥ 1,4% população indígena (OR: 3,29; IC 95% 1,63-6,68). O aumento da taxa da imunização contra o sarampo e do atendimento pré-natal teve um efeito de proteção contra o sarampo (P <0,05). Ausência de vacinação contra o sarampo foi o determinante mais importante do surto (P <0,001). Concluímos a partir desses resultados, que populações indígenas e aquelas com menor acesso aos serviços de saúde, manifestadas por coberturas vacinais inferiores, foram os mais vulneráveis durante o surto de sarampo. No segundo artigo apresentamos a análise de desigualdades sociais em saúde relacionadas com a vacinação contra sarampo. Foi utilizada nesse caso, informação coletada por agregados populacionais chamados de cantones, unidade político-territorial maior do que as paróquias. Delineou-se assim um estudo ecológico, incluindo 220 cantões do Equador. As fontes dos dados foram: um inquérito vacinal contra sarampo realizado entre 2011-12, com informação de 3.140.799 pessoas de 6 meses a 14 anos de idade, e o censo demográfico de 2010. Foi realizada regressão com análise espacial e análise de desigualdade social na cobertura. Na análise de dados achou-se que a cobertura vacinal contra sarampo se encontrava associada inversa e significativamente com a proporção de necessidades básicas insatisfeitas urbanas (P<0,01), porcentagem de indígenas e afro-equatorianos (P<0,05), e diretamente com a taxa de emprego no cantão (P<0,05). Houve dependência espacial nas variáveis e agrupamentos de cantões com baixas coberturas. Os percentuais mais baixos de cobertura vacinal ocorreram nos cantões com menor nível socioeconômico (RP 1.72; IC95% 1.69-1.72). Uma diferença na cobertura vacinal de 10,56 pontos percentuais entre os cantões estimados como estando na melhor versus a pior posição socioeconômica foi calculada pelo índice angular de desigualdade. O índice relativo de desigualdade de Kunst e Mackenbach mostrou que a cobertura de vacinação foi 1,12 vezes maior nos cantões com maior nível socioeconômico, quando comparados com os de menor nível. De acordo com esses resultados, concluímos que existem desigualdades sociais na cobertura vacinal afetando os cantões menos privilegiados. Sugere-se avaliar as estratégias atuais de vacinação nas populações menos favorecidas.
After more than a decade without cases of measles, Ecuador presented outbreak in the years 2011-2012, which reached nine provinces of the country, with a total of 329 cases. It is important to assess population characteristics associated with the outbreak, and identify social inequalities related to vaccination against measles, in order to have a coherent subsidy for the development of policies and strategies to prevent and control the disease. In the first article we identify the population characteristics associated with the outbreak through an ecological study of cases and controls, using aggregate data. Units of study were the 1024 parishes of Ecuador, the smallest political and territorial unity of the country. From the surveillance database of communicable diseases in the country, parishes-cases were defined those who had confirmed cases of measles, and parishes-control which had no cases of the disease. National census data as well as prenatal care data and vaccination against measles of Ministry of Health´s data, were used to assess socioeconomic characteristics, environmental and access to health services. A hierarchical model was designed for the analysis, considering the relationship between the variables according to the conceptual framework, and multiple logistic regression was applied in addition to the univariate and bivariate respective descriptiva analysis using the statistical package SPSS version 21. Parishes case were mostly urban and presented una higher proportion of children under one year of age, as well as higher educational level of householders, largest indigenous population, lower immunization rates against measles and lower prenatal care rates. Multivariate analysis found were significant associations with the head of the educational level of the family ≥ 8 years (OR: 0.29; 95% CI 0.15 to 0.57) and ≥ 1.4% indigenous population (OR: 3.29, 95% CI 1.63 to 6.68). The increased rate of measles immunization and prenatal care had a measles protective effect (P <0.05). Measles vaccination absent was the most important determinant of relapse (P <0.001). We conclude from these results that indigenous people and those with less access to health services, expressed by lower vaccination coverage, were the most vulnerable during the measles outbreak. In the second article we present the analysis of social inequalities in health related to vaccination against measles. It was used in this case, information collected by population aggregates called cantons, political-territorial unit larger than the parishes. An ecological study was designed, with 220 cantons of Ecuador included. The sources of data were: a survey about measles vaccination carried out in 2011-12, with information from 3,140,799 people 6 months to 14 years of age, and the national census of 2010. It was conducted regression analysis and spatial analysis of social inequality in coverage. Data analysis was found that vaccination coverage against measles was in reverse and significantly associated with the proportion of urban unsatisfied basic needs (P <0.01), percentage of indigenous and african-Ecuadorians (P <0.05) and directly with the employment rate in the canton (P <0.05). There was spatial dependence on the variables and the cantons of groups with low coverage. The lowest percentage of vaccination coverage occurred in the cantons with lower socioeconomic status (PR 1.72; 95% CI 1.69-1.72). A difference in vaccination coverage of 10.56 percentage points between the estimated cantons in the best versus the worst socioeconomic status was calculated using the angular index of inequality. The relative index of inequality of Kunst and Mackenbach showed that vaccination coverage was 1.12 times higher in cantons with higher socioeconomic level, when compared with the lower level. According to these results, we conclude that there are social inequalities in vaccination coverage affecting the less privileged cantons. It is suggested to assess current vaccination strategies in disadvantaged populations.

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Nichiata, Lucia Yasuko Izumi. "A epidemia da AIDS infantil & os sistemas de informação: limites e possibilidades da intervenção em saúde coletiva na cidade de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2001. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/7/7136/tde-16112006-135314/.

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O impacto que a epidemia da aids vem produzindo sobre a população infantil é particularmente importante, pois, do total de casos notificados no mundo todo, entre adultos e crianças, aproximadamente 10% têm menos de 15 anos de idade, sendo a maioria proveniente dos países em desenvolvimento. A aids confirma a associação, historicamente determinada, entre as condições concretas de vida e a produção da doença. Tomando a expressão da epidemia como objeto do estudo, teve por finalidade oferecer subsídios para a intervenção em saúde coletiva no fenômeno da aids infantil, de transmissão vertical, especialmente, para o aprimoramento do Sistema de Informação em Vigilância Epidemiológica da aids. Adotou-se a como refererencial teórico-filosófico a determinação social do processo saúde-doença e as categorias analíticas exclusão/inclusão social e processo de adoecimento e morte por aids. A fonte empírica de dados foi obtida do Sistema de Informação de Vigilância Epidemiológica da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde do Estado de São Paulo e do Programa de Aprimoramento das Informações de Mortalidade da Prefeitura Municipal de São Paulo. A análise dos dados demonstra a gravidade da situação: as crianças já nascem duplamente em desvantagem, têm suas mães e/ou pais acometidos pela doença e encontram pela frente um penoso processo de aprendizagem com a própria soropositividade. Evidenciaram-se situações que denotam exclusão social, na constatação do número de crianças órfãs de mães, na ocorrência de crianças institucionalizadas, na vulnerabilidade programática e no uso de drogas injetáveis pelas mães. No entanto, não ficou explícita a exclusão social como produto das formas diferenciadas de reprodução social dos grupos sociais. Apontou-se a necessidade de transformar a forma de captação da realidade pela vigilância epidemiológica, para superar os modelos multicausais que tornam invisíveis as dimensões sociais da doença. A ausência de visibilidade pública da exclusão social, especialmente no caso das crianças vulneráveis ao HIV/aids, está diretamente vinculada à sua ausência de autonomia, ou seja, à incapacidade do Sistema de Informação em Vigilância Epidemiológica em considerar a criança como sujeito com pleno direito de cidadania. Reconhece-se a necessária e urgente revisão da ficha de notificação, importante instrumento que informa sobre a epidemia, de modo a ser possível a caracterização da exclusão social das pessoas afetadas pelo HIV/aids no caso de crianças. Ao final apontam-se recomendações para a intervenção em saúde coletiva na Cidade de São Paulo frente à epidemia de aids infantil.
The impact that aids epidemic has been producing on the infantile population is particularly important, out of the total number of notified cases in the whole world, among adults and children, approximately 10% is composed of individuals who are younger than 15 years old and the majority comes from countries in development. Aids cases confirm the association, historically determined, between the concrete conditions of living and the disease production. Taking the expression of epidemic as the object of study, our study had as its objective to offer subsidy for the intervention of collective health at infantile aids phenomena, of vertical transmission, especially, to the improvement of Information System in Aids Epidemiological Surveillance. The social determination and the analytical categories social inclusion/exclusion and the process of becoming sick and dying due to aids were adopted as a theoretical-philosophic reference. Data is from the Sistema de Informação of the Vigilância Epidemiológica da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde do Estado de São Paulo (Health State Department of Epidemiological Surveillance Information System from the State of São Paulo) and from the Programa de Aprimoramento das Informações de Mortalidade da Prefeitura Municipal de São Paulo (Mortality Information Improvement Program from the Municipality of the City of São Paulo). The data analysis shows the seriousness of the situation: many children are born with double disadvantage, their fathers or mothers already have the disease and they will face a painful learning process with their own HIV positive status. We found some evident situations in which we could notice social exclusion, verifying the number of children without mothers, in institucionalized children, at programmatic vulnerability and the usage of injectable drugs by mothers. However, social exclusion was not explicit as a product of the different ways of social reproduction from the social groups. A need to transform the methodology of data recording by the epidemiological vigilance, to surpass the multicause models that make the social dimensions of the disease invisible. The lack of public ability to be aware and record data about social exclusion, especially in the case of children vulnerable to HIV/aids, is directly linked to the lack of autonomy, or due to the incompetence of the Epidemiological Surveillance Information System in considering the child as a person with rights to citizenship. We consider it urgent to review the notification record, important instrument that informs about the epidemic, in a way that enables health professionals to distinguish social exclusion of the affected people, mainly in case of HIV/aids positive children. At the end, proposals are made for intervention in collective health in the City of São Paulo, in order to better enable health professionals to have other resources to face infantile aids epidemic.

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Villela, Edlaine Faria de Moura. "Representações sociais sobre dengue na mídia impressa: informação epidemiológica, educativa ou política?" Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6132/tde-01102012-161911/.

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Introducao - Ha reduzido conhecimento no campo da Saude Publica sobre a funcao social da midia em saude e, particularmente, sobre a relacao entre a midia e o contexto de uma epidemia associada a vetores biologicos, como a dengue. Diante desse quadro, optou-se por estudar a primeira epidemia de dengue em Ribeirao Preto, a qual ocorreu entre novembro de 1990 e marco de 1991. O fato dessa epidemia, assim como as demais, ter sido estudada apenas em seu aspecto biologico, desconsiderando o aspecto social, justifica a realizacao deste estudo. Objetivo - Investigar como se deu a construcao midiatica da primeira epidemia de dengue no municipio de Ribeirao Preto, de novembro de 1990 a marco de 1991, para os leitores dos jornais e revistas veiculadas na epoca. Metodo O material de pesquisa foram reportagens de jornais e revistas confeccionadas na regiao de Ribeirao Preto e na capital do Estado de Sao Paulo - as de grande circulacao na epoca da primeira epidemia de dengue em Ribeirao Preto, de novembro de 1990 a marco de 1991. O metodo adotado foi o Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo, fundamentado na Teoria das Representacoes Sociais. Resultados Foram resgatadas as representacoes sociais veiculadas pela midia e o poder de difusao dessas representacoes no processo de divulgacao cientifica para o publico em geral durante a primeira epidemia de dengue. A analise do conteudo midiatico permitiu apresentar os principais assuntos veiculados no noticiario por meio da elaboracao dos discursos. Conclusoes Foi possivel entender como se deu a construcao dos sentidos acerca da dengue: o jornal fez existir uma realidade epidemica. Comprovou-se a defasagem na informacao disponibilizada nos meios de comunicacao e observou-se vies politico nas reportagens veiculadas, desviando a atencao que deveria ser direcionada para educacao e promocao da saude. Salientou-se a importancia de formacao de profissionais que transitem na interface Saude Publica e Comunicacao para que questoes politicas nao prevalecam sobre questoes prioritarias de saude na midia impressa
Introduction There is limited knowledge in the field of Public Health about the social role of media in health and particularly on the relationship between the media and the context of an epidemic associated with biological vectors such as dengue. So, it was decided to study the first epidemic of dengue at Ribeirao Preto, which occurred between November 1990 and March 1991. This epidemic, like the others, was studied only in its biological aspect, ignoring the social aspect, which justifies this study. Aim The aim of this study was to investigate how was the media construction of the first epidemic of dengue in Ribeirao Preto, from November 1990 to March 1991 for the readers of newspapers and magazines circulating at the time. Method The research material were reports of newspapers and magazines made at Ribeirao Preto and at the capital of the State of Sao Paulo - the large circulation - at the time of the first dengue epidemic at Ribeirao Preto, from November 1990 to March 1991. The method adopted was the Collective Subject Discourse, which is based on the Social Representations Theory. Results Social representations in the media were rescued in the media and also the power of diffusion of these representations in the process of scientific diffusion to the general public during the first dengue epidemic. The analysis of media content allowed to present the main issues in the newspapers and magazines through the speeches elaboration. Conclusions In this research, it could be understood how was the construction of meanings about dengue: the newspaper created a reality epidemic. The lag of information provided by mass media was proven and there was political bias in the news published, diverting the attention that should be directed towards education and health promotion. A professional transiting the interface Public Health and Communication is important so that political issues do not prevail on priority issues of health in printed media

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LEBREGO, Arina Marques. "Estudo psicanalítico sobre a feminização da epidemia do HIV/AIDS com usuários do Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto." Universidade Federal do Pará, 2008. http://repositorio.ufpa.br/jspui/handle/2011/5151.

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
FAPESPA - Fundação Amazônia de Amparo a Estudos e Pesquisas
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo investigar os processos de subjetivação de mulheres sem parceiro fixo à exposição ao vírus HIV/ Aids para identificar fatores sobredeterminantes de vulnerabilidade. Utilizamos como método o estudo de caso, visando uma análise em profundidade, que permitisse identificar um maior número de determinantes subjetivos relacionados com a problemática considerada. O estudo apresenta fragmentos de casos clínicos de mulheres vivendo com Aids, internadas nas enfermarias do Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto (HUJBB), no Estado do Pará, Brasil. A partir da análise da transferência e da contratransferência, apontamos como resultado o que cada caso em sua singularidade, desvela a partir do encontro terapêutico: No caso Clínico I, encontramos que a paciente, a qual chamamos Dinah, apresentava um modo de subjetivação psicopatológico masoquista feminino, que faz com que ela demonstre certa satisfação quando se expõe ao sofrimento, se posicionando como vítima em seus relacionamentos afetivos e sexuais, sobre determinados pela identificação imaginária com ideais culturais sobre o ser mulher, concebendo imagens de homens e mulheres, e, portanto, suas e de seu parceiro, como pares antitéticos de força/fraqueza, atividade/passividade, poder/submissão. Esse ideal de eu compósito de mulher virgem e de um homem só, levou Dinah a negar seus temores de contaminação, aceitar passivamente relações desprotegidas, atribuindo à iniciativa sexual a seu parceiro e, tornando-se vulnerável a infecção pelo HIV. No caso Clínico II, Alice, submetida a um modo de subjetivação melancólico, auto-destrutivo, se posicionava nas relações afetivas e sexuais procurando incessantemente sua auto-destruição pela própria vulnerabilidade inconsciente à contaminação pelo HIV. Tendo contraído o vírus e contaminado seu marido e, demais parceiros, mesmo após saber de seu diagnóstico, Alice permanecia aprisionada em um silêncio mortífero, impedindo-se de cuidar de sua saúde e procurar atendimento médico contínuo, tornando-se vulnerável à reinfecção. O Caso III, Ana Laura, é de uma mulher que sofreu inúmeras violências desde a infância, como abuso sexual infantil, exploração do trabalho doméstico e, abandono pelos pais. Após ter tido seu primeiro filho, este lhe foi retirado sem seu consentimento, pela tia materna que o deu a terceiros, razão alegada por Ana Laura, para prostituir-se no cais do porto da cidade de Belém, onde trabalhou até bem pouco tempo antes de sua internação. Lá onde a negociação por sexo mais caro sem preservativo era prática comum, Ana Laura negociou sua vida, vendendo sexo sem preservativo, assim se infectando. O desamparo e as violências sofridas por esta paciente são, portanto, sobredeterminantes de sua vulnerabilidade à infecção pelo HIV. Como conclusões, destacamos que as mulheres atendidas sem parceiro fixo, não apresentaram maior facilidade para se protegerem, estando em desacordo com os estudos que apontam que estas mulheres negociam o preservativo com maior liberdade e estão menos vulneráveis, demonstrando a importância de estudos que abordem os aspectos psíquicos, sociais, políticos e culturais, de maneira a desvelar os modos de produção de subjetividade dos sujeitos em sua singularidade, para além da mensuração de dados, a fim de estabelecer estratégias de prevenção em saúde mais eficazes.
This study aimed to investigate the processes of subjectivation of women having no steady partners and their exposition to HIV/AIDS in order to identify overdetermination factors of vulnerability. As method, we used a case study, aiming at a in-depth analysis which allowed the identification of a greater number of subjective determinants related to the problem considered. The study presents fragments of clinical cases of women living with AIDS, hospitalized in the wards of the João de Barros Barreto University Hospital (HUJBB) in the State of Pará, Brazil. Based on the analysis of transference and countertransference, we showed as results what each case, in its singularity, reveals from the therapeutic encounter. In clinical case I, we found that the patient, whom we called Dinah, had a female masochistic mode of psychopathological subjectivation, what caused her to show some satisfaction when exposed to suffering, and to position herself as a victim in her emotional and sexual relationships. Those relationships were overdetermined by a imaginary identification with cultural ideals about the woman human being, conceiving images of men and women, and therefore of herself and her partners, as antithetical pairs of strength/weakness, active/passive, power/submission. This ideal of composite person of a virgin woman and a man only, caused Dinah to deny her fears of contamination, and to passively accept unprotected sexual relations, leaving the sexual initiative to her partner, and, thereby, becoming vulnerable to HIV infection. In clinical case II, Alice, which has a melancholic, self-destructive mode of subjectivation, positioned herself in her emotional and sexual relationships by incessantly searching for her self-destruction through an unconscious vulnerability to HIV. Having contracted AIDS and infected her husband and other partners, even after knowing her diagnosis, Alice remained trapped in a deadly silence, and prevented herd]self from taking care of her health and seeking continuous medical care, making herself vulnerable to re-infection. In clinical Case III, Ana Laura, is a woman who has gone through violence several times since childhood, for instance, she underwent child sexual abuse, was exploited as a domestic worker, was abandoned by her parents. After having her first baby, the child was taken from her without her consent by a maternal aunt who gave her to others. Ana Laura used that as a reason to prostitute herself on quay of Belém Port, where she worked until she was hospitalized. That was where negotiation for more expensive unprotected sex was a common practice, and so Ana Laura negotiated her life, selling unprotected sex and ended up getting infected by HIV. The helplessness and the violence that this patient went through are therefore the overdetermination factors of her vulnerability to HIV infection. As conclusions, we highlight that the women looked after without steady partners, did not care to protect themselves, and are not in accordance with the studies showing that those women negotiate the use of condom more freely and are less vulnerable to HIV. This demonstrates the importance of studies addressing the psychic, social, political and cultural aspects, so as to reveal the modes of production of subjectivity of the subjects in their singularity, beyond data measurement, in order to establish strategies for more effective health prevention.

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Sun, Lan. "Epidemic Content Distribution in Mobile Networks : A study of epidemic content distribution characteristic with social relationship evaluation." Thesis, KTH, Kommunikationssystem, CoS, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-118470.

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With the growing popularity of integrating mobile networks and social networks, people now enjoy a freer and more efficient means of communication. Smarter mobile devices facilitate modern human life. In the information age, various new types of information have begun to appear. How to disseminate content to people in a swift and fair way has long been a question. Choosing the right strategy for content distribution is especially crucial for mobile social networks. In this thesis project we use epidemic models for content distribution in mobile social networks. Stochastic mobility models and an SIR epidemic model are set up in the evaluation. We analyze the impact of various parameters of mobility models and epidemic model on content distribution’s success rate and delivery delay. Also, we exploit the social relationships to facilitate content distribution and show the impact of social relationships on content distribution. Simulations have shown that increasing speed and node number in the mobility models will have positive impact on content distribution success rate as well as decreasing the delay. The infect time limit and infect count limit of the epidemic model are also important for swiftly distributing content while considering energy consumption and fairness for nodes. In the social relationship simulation, nodes’ meeting times during a period of time are calculated and a threshold based on a certain level of meeting times is used for categorizing the friendship relationships between nodes. The results show that it will be easier for a successful distribution to be achieved as the social relationship between nodes gets stronger. Also, the delay shows a decreasing trend until reaching the ideal distribution delay time.
Med den växande populariteten för att integrera mobila nätverk och sociala nätverk, människor njuta nu en friare och effektivare sätt att kommunicera. Smartare mobila enheter underlättar moderna människans liv. I den information som ålder, har olika nya typer av information börjat visas. Hur sprida innehåll till människor påett snabbt och rättvist sätt har länge varit en fråga. Att välja rätt strategi för distribution av innehåll är särskilt viktigt för mobila sociala nätverk. I den här avhandlingen projekt använder vi epidemiska modeller för distribution av innehåll i mobila sociala nätverk. Stokastiska rörlighet modeller och en SIR-epidemi modell sätts upp i utvärderingen. Vi analyserar effekterna av olika parametrar rörlighet modeller och epidemisk modell påinnehållsdistribution s framgång och leveransförsening. Dessutom utnyttjar vi de sociala relationerna för att underlätta distribution av innehåll och visa hur sociala relationer pådistribution av innehåll. Simuleringar har visat att ökad hastighet och nodnummer i rörlighet modellerna kommer att ha en positiv inverkan pådistribution av innehåll framgång samt att minska fördröjningen. Den infektera tid och infektera räkna gräns epidemin modellen är ocksåviktiga för att snabbt distribuera innehåll och samtidigt överväga energiförbrukning och rättvisa för noder. I den sociala relationen simulering är noder möte tid under en tidsperiod beräknas och en tröskel baserad påen viss nivåav mötestiden används för att kategorisera vänskap relationer mellan noder. Resultaten visade att det blir lättare för en lyckad spridning uppnås som den sociala relationen mellan noder blir starkare. Dessutom visar fördröjningen en nedåtgående trend tills den når fördröjningen av en ideal fördelning.

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COSTA, Magda Nazaré Pereira da. "Caridade e saúde pública em tempo de epidemias. Belém 1850-1890." Universidade Federal do Pará, 2006. http://repositorio.ufpa.br/jspui/handle/2011/4307.

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Obrigados a enfrentar uma grave crise epidêmica desencadeada ao longo de quase toda a segunda metade do século XIX, os habitantes de Belém assistem, a partir daquele momento, a uma intensa mobilização social em prol da preservação da saúde pública, que há muito deixara de ser objeto de interesse do Governo Provincial e que agora se via ameaçada pela fúria da febre amarela, da cólera e da varíola, que vinham desordenadamente fazendo suas vítimas pela cidade. Diante disso, esta dissertação procura analisar alguns mecanismos empregados para conter o aumento dos casos das doenças na Capital da Província do Pará, destacando as estratégias sanitárias propostas pelos facultativos ligados à ciência médica, levadas a cabo, muitas vezes sem resultado, pelo poder público, mas que interferiram e modificaram significativamente as práticas de assistência aos enfermos mais necessitados, que geralmente eram socorridos em nome da caridade no Hospital da Santa Casa de Misericórdia. A falta de conhecimento sobre a etiologia das moléstias trouxe à tona ainda um acirrado conflito ideológico entre os médicos, que divergiam quanto aos possíveis fatores que motivaram as epidemias e o tipo de terapêutica a ser aplicada aos doentes, ao mesmo tempo em que o perigo da contaminação aguçou também a “compaixão” e a “caridade” de todos que se viram direta ou indiretamente ameaçados por aqueles males.
Forced to face a serious epidemic crisis that started nearly throughout the second half of the XIX century, the inhabitants of Belém witness, from that moment on, an intense social mobilization that sought to preserve public health in the city. Public health had long ceased being object of interest to the “governo provincial” and now felt the rage of yellow fever, cholera and chickenpox which were erratically making victims around town. Based on these factos this paper seeks to analize some ways used to contain the spread of cases of these cliseases in the capital of the “Província do Pará”, by stressing the sanitary strategies put fort by the people connected to medical science. Such strategies, in most cases carried out by public administration, did not yield worthwhile results; but they interfered with and significatly modified the ways of providing assistance to the most needy patients who were in general helped in the name of charity at the “Santa Casa de Misericórdia” Hospital. The lack of knowledge concerning the etiology of those diseases brought up an even bitterer ideology conflict among medical doctors who disagreed about the possible sources of the epidemic and about the kind of therapeutic methods to be provided to patients at the same time that the risk of contamination also increased “compassion” and “charity” of al who had been direct or indirectly threatened by those diseases.

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Schneider, Catarina Menezes. "A construção discursiva dos jornais O Globo e Folha de S. Paulo sobre a epidemia de meningite na ditadura militar brasileira (1971-1975)." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 2016. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/1823.

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Esta dissertação tem como objetivo principal entender a construção dos discursos jornalísticos sobre a epidemia de meningite que se alastrou pelo Brasil na década de 1970. Como a epidemia aconteceu na época da ditadura, foi possível observar que esse momento político do país influenciou diretamente no surgimento e agravamento da doença. Tomando por base a Análise do Discurso (AD), na vertente da Escola Francesa, o presente trabalho procura discutir como foram construídos os discursos dos jornais O Globo e Folha de S. Paulo. Além disso, busca-se observar os silenciamentos dos discursos sobre a meningite, as formações discursivas e também a influência da memória envolta da palavra “epidemia”. São resgatadas discussões sobre a comunicação no campo da saúde, questões seculares relacionadas às pestes e às epidemias, um breve histórico sobre a ditadura militar no Brasil e a influência desse governo na saúde pública do país. Pelo estudo foi possível constatar que a meningite demorou alguns anos para ser considerada como uma epidemia e, consequentemente, para ser divulgada como uma doença que estava se alastrando rapidamente. Além dessa questão de divulgação da doença, observa-se que os discursos construídos sobre ela foram atravessados, em alguns momentos, pelo silêncio, e em outros pela tentativa de informar à população o que estava acontecendo.
This research aims to understand the construction of journalistic discourse about the meningitis epidemic that raged in Brazil in the 1970s Since the epidemic occurred during the dictatorship, it was observed that this political moment the country directly influenced the emergence and worsening of the disease. Based on the Discourse Analysis (AD), on the slope of the French School, this paper discusses how were built the speeches of newspapers O Globo and Folha de S. Paulo. In addition, we seek to observe the silencing of discourses on meningitis, discursive formations and also the influence wrapped the word memory "epidemic." Communicating discussions are redeemed in the health field, secular issues related to pests and epidemics, a brief history of the military dictatorship in Brazil and the influence of government on public health of the country. The study it was found that meningitis took a few years to be considered an epidemic and therefore to be reported as a disease that was spreading quickly. In addition to this issue of dissemination of the disease, it is observed that the speeches built on it were crossed, at times, by silencing, and other by trying to inform the people what was going on.

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Sousa, António Manuel. "Diferenças históricas, espaciais, sociais e por grupos de idade da razão de sexo, na população internada pelo SUS por HIV." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2011. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3417.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
A epidemia de HIV/AIDS, pelo seu histórico, é de natureza mutável em vários contextos sociais em todo o mundo. Desde a notificação dos primeiros casos até hoje, observa-se um curso diferenciado no decorrer do tempo, tanto no campo social como na biomedicina, o que a torna um problema passível de controle a longo prazo. Essas mudanças, entretanto, não são percebidas de igual maneira em todos os países ou regiões. Devido a vários fatores, a epidemia persiste como uma das dez primeiras causas de morte no mundo, sendo a primeira delas na África. No Brasil, o perfil da epidemia assemelha-se ao global, tendendo a diminuir/estabilizar a velocidade do surgimento de novos casos. Essa contenção deve-se ao impacto de ações preventivas desenvolvidas por iniciativas governamentais e não governamentais no sentido de promover práticas sexuais mais seguras. Neste mesmo contexto, algumas análises espaciais revelam transições demográficas da epidemia de HIV/AIDS nos anos mais recentes. Há mudanças e desigualdades na razão de sexo em diferentes condições sociodemográficas e do ponto de vista geracional. Em razão disso, este trabalho justifica-se pela necessidade de analisar as mudanças na razão de sexo, fornecendo informações importantes para o planejamento e política de prevenção no tratamento da AIDS, tendo em vista a vulnerabilidade da população feminina. O objetivo principal desta pesquisa é analisar diferenças históricas, espaciais e sociais da razão de sexo e idade na população internada pelo SUS em consequência da infecção pelo HIV no período de 1998 a 2009. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo e ecológico das diferenças históricas, espaciais e por grupos de idade na Razão de Sexo abrangendo também uma análise da Regressão Linear Múltipla das variáveis. Foram utilizados os dados do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do SUS-SIH/SUS - DATASUS/MS, como fonte de informação para os casos de AIDS internados no período de 1998 a 2009. Foram considerados casos com idade compreendida entre 15 e 49 anos, bem como estratificados e analisados dados gerados nas microrregiões, a fim de homogeneizar as informações dentro de cada estrato com dados do censo de 2000. As variáveis independentes foram representadas pelos seguintes indicadores (fatores de vulnerabilidade): a) percentagem da população rural residente na região; b) tamanho da população da microrregião, para testar se o tamanho da população está associado à razão de sexo por HIV e c) percentagem da população de 15 a 49 anos de idade não alfabetizada. Nos resultados é possível notar que em quase todas as regiões há um aumento considerável do número de mulheres infectadas pelo HIV, o que leva à dedução da presença de um processo de feminização, atrelado à heterossexualização da epidemia. Os resultados do estudo apontam que a epidemia de HIV/AIDS tende a atingir indiscriminadamente as regiões Nordeste, Sul e Sudeste, especialmente as duas últimas. Esta constatação de que, em anos recentes, as mulheres vêm sendo infectadas em proporções maiores que os homens, corrobora o processo de feminização da AIDS, já anunciado por alguns autores.
The HIV/AIDS, its history, is the changing nature in various social contexts around the world. Since the notification of the first cases to date, there is a different course over time, both in social as in biomedicine, which makes it possible to control a problem in the long term. These changes, however, are not perceived equally in all countries or regions. Due to various factors, the epidemic remains one of the ten leading causes of death worldwide, being the first one in Africa. In Brazil, the profile of the epidemic resembles the global, tending to decrease/stabilize the speed of onset of new cases. This contention is due to the impact of preventive measures undertaken by governmental and non-governmental initiatives to promote safer sexual practices. In the same context, some spatial analysis reveals demographic transitions of the HIV/AIDS in recent years. There are changes and unequal sex ratio under different socio-demographic and generational perspective. As a result, this work is justified by the need to analyze changes in sex ratio, providing important information for planning and prevention policy in the treatment of AIDS taking into account the vulnerability of the female population. The main objective of this research is to analyze historical differences, spatial and social aspects of sex ratio and age in the population hospitalized by SUS as a result of HIV infection in the period 1998 to 2009. It is a descriptive study of ecological and historical differences, spatial and age groups in the sex ratio also covering a multiple linear regression analysis of variables. We used data from the Hospital Information System SUS-SIH/SUS-DATASUS/MS as a source of information for hospitalized AIDS cases in the period 1998 to 2009. Cases were defined as aged between 15 and 49 years old, as well as stratified and analyzed data generated in the regions, in order to mix the information within each stratum with data from the 2000 census. The independent variables were represented by the following indicators (vulnerability factors): a) percentage of rural population residing in the region b) population size of the micro-region, to test whether the population size is associated with the sex ratio of HIV and c) percentage of population 15 to 49 years old are literate. In the results it is noticed that in almost all regions there is an increase in the number of women infected with HIV, which leads to the deduction of the presence of a process of feminization, linked to the heterosexual epidemic. The study results indicate that the HIV/AIDS tends to strike indiscriminately the Northeast, South and Southeast, especially the last two. The fact that in recent years, women have been infected in greater proportions than men, supports the process of feminization of AIDS, already announced by some authors.

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Carvalho, Alexsandro Marian. "Dinâmica de epidemias numa rede social real." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/25580.

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Fenômenos como a rápida propagação de epidemias em escala mundial tem chamado a atenção para a importância da estrutura da rede de contatos, através da qual os membros de uma comunidade interagem entre si. O efeito da topologia das redes de contatos sociais na dinâmica de epidemias tem sido estudado recentemente de maneira geral em redes paradigmáticas (mundo pequeno, livre de escala, etc.), mostrando efeitos que dão outra dimensão aos resultados típicos de campo medico, i.e, ausência de limiar de epidemia e limiar de epidemia dependente da topologia. Aproveitamos o primeiro levantamento completo de uma rede real de contatos amorosos, denominada por seus autores de romântica, para estudar a propagação hipotética de uma doença sexualmente transmissível com dinâmica SIR (suscetível, infectado e removido). Quando as interações entre os indivíduos permanecem inalteradas no tempo (rede estática), comparamos as propriedades epidérmicas entre as topologias real e paradigmáticas. Alem disso, incluímos nesta comparação a variabilidade na freqüência de interações entre os indivíduos. Por fim, consideramos a dinâmica real de formação de pares na rede romântica e estudamos propagação da doença. Confrontamos as propriedades epidêmicas da rede romântica dinâmica com a versão estática. Os resultados obtidos indicam por um lado a substancial diferença entre a rede real e a rede livre de escala, em todos os cenários. Por outra parte, sugerem que o espalhamento da epidemia e, bem menos grave na rede romântica dinâmica quando comparado a versão estática dessa rede.
Pfenomenons as the fast propagation of epidemics the world scale has been getting the public's attention in general for the importance of the structure of the network of contacts through which a community's members interact amongst themselves. The effect of the topology of the networks of social contacts in the dynamics of epidemics has been studied recently in a general way in networks pragmatics (small-world, scale-free, etc), showing effects that give other dimension to the typical results of medium field, i.e, absence of threshold epidemic and threshold of epidemic dependent of the topology. We utilize the first complete rising of a real network of loving contacts, denominated by their authors of romantic, to study the hypothetical propagation of a disease sexually transmissible with dynamics SIR (susceptible, infected and removable). In the context in that the interactions among the individuals stay unaffected in the time (static), we compared the epidemic properties between the topologies real and pragmatics. Besides, we use this comparison the variability in the frequency of interactions among the individuals. Finally, we consider the real dynamics of formation of pairs in the romantic network and we study the propagation of the disease. We confront the epidemic properties in the networks romantic, dynamics and static. The results obtained indicate not only the substantial difference between the real network and the scale-free network in all of the sceneries as well as they suggest that the dispersal of the epidemic is less serious in the dynamic formation of the pairs when compared the static situation in the romantic network.

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Said, Maryam Darwesh. "Epidemic cholera in KwaZulu-Natal the role of the natural and social environment /." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-12082006-124732.

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Vondal, Jennafer. "Chasing the Dragon: The Social Construction of the U.S. Opioid Epidemic." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29548.

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Utilizing a social construction perspective, this study uses a mixed method approach to examine the opioid epidemic. The study begins by identifying the numerous claims-making groups along with conducting a content analysis of the rhetoric and symbols used to legitimize the claims about the opioid epidemic. The data for the content analysis was obtained through a search of the websites, newsrooms, and pressrooms of claims-making groups. Additionally, the study examines and assesses the volume of money that is generated and allocated towards opioid research and prevention in an effort to determine who has more power to influence the policy initiatives. Findings show that the frequency of rhetoric and the number of claims-making groups releasing information about the opioid epidemic increased from 2010-2016. Most of the rhetoric consists of groups proposing resolution strategies and formulating new policies. Only a few claims-makers are making financial contributions towards opioid prevention initiatives and in most cases, it is a very small amount of money.

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Badham, Jennifer Marette Information Technology &amp Electrical Engineering Australian Defence Force Academy UNSW. "Role of social network properties on the impact of direct contact epidemics." Awarded by:University of New South Wales - Australian Defence Force Academy. School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/38730.

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Epidemiological models are used to inform health policy on issues such as target vaccination levels, comparing quarantine options and estimating the eventual size of an epidemic. Models that incorporate some elements of the social network structure are used for diseases where close contact is required for transmission. The motivation of this research is to extend epidemic models to include the relationship with a broader set of relevant real world network properties. The impact of degree distribution by itself is reasonably well understood, but studies with assortativity or clustering are limited and none examine their interaction. To evaluate the impact of these properties, I simulate epidemics on networks with a range of property values. However, a suitable algorithm to generate the networks is not available in the literature. There are thus two research aspects: generating networks with relevant properties, and estimating the impact of social network structure on epidemic behaviour. Firstly, I introduce a flexible network generation algorithm that can independently control degree distribution, clustering coefficient and degree assortativity. Results show that the algorithm is able to generate networks with properties that are close to those targeted. Secondly, I fit models that account for the relationship between network properties and epidemic behaviour. Using results from a large number of epidemic simulations over networks with a range of properties, regression models are fitted to estimate the separate and joint effect of the identified social network properties on the probability of an epidemic occurring and the basic reproduction ratio. The latter is a key epidemic parameter that represents the number of people infected by a typical initial infected person in a population. Results show that social network properties have a significant influence on epidemic behaviour within the property space investigated. Ignoring the differences between social networks can lead to substantial errors when estimating the basic reproduction ratio from an epidemic and then applying the estimate to a different social network. In turn, these errors could lead to failure in public health programs that rely on such estimates.

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Nascimento, Murilo César do. "Representações sociais de enfermeiros da atenção primária à saúde sobre a dengue." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17139/tde-27072016-163236/.

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A Dengue avança como um problema social cada vez mais expressivo. Por isso, foi desenvolvido este estudo cujos objetivos foram conhecer os significados da Dengue para os Enfermeiros da Atenção Primária à Saúde de Alfenas, Minas Gerais, bem como identificar forças restritivas e propulsoras para o controle da doença. Tratou-se de uma Pesquisa de Representação Social, de abordagem qualitativa, que adotou a Teoria das Representações Sociais e o Método do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo como o referencial teórico-metodológico. O trabalho de campo contemplou entrevistas individuais aos Enfermeiros nas Unidades de Atenção Primária à Saúde do Município, entre junho e julho de 2015; os depoimentos foram gravados, transcritos e posteriormente analisados/apresentados por meio do Método do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo. Os 17 profissionais de nível superior em enfermagem eram do sexo feminino e a média das idades foi de 40 anos; observou-se mediana de cinco anos de atuação na Atenção Primária à Saúde, sendo a maioria destas Enfermeiras integrantes de Equipes de Saúde da Família urbanas; três entrevistadas já tinham sido acometidas por Dengue. Do sujeito coletivo emergiram as seguintes Representações Sociais: desconforto enorme, problema de saúde pública, descuido das pessoas, consequência da falta de educação, doença viral, preocupação e medo, doença grave, doença causada pela picada do mosquito, epidemia, doença de país pobre, mais uma doença para a gente cuidar e uma guerra. Em relação ao controle da Dengue, foram reconhecidos como dificultadores: a falta de conscientização da população, a resistência e falta de responsabilidade das pessoas, a alta proliferação do mosquito, a grande quantidade de foco, os boatos, a falta de informação sobre a doença em si, o desconhecimento da causa, a capacitação dos Agentes de Controle de Endemias e a falta de mais cobrança dos Agentes Comunitários de Saúde; como facilitadores, o trabalho de orientação e de conscientização, a educação da população, a consciência das pessoas, o saneamento básico, as parcerias das Equipes de Saúde da Família com os Agentes de Controle de Endemias, a cobrança da população, a capacitação e a remuneração dos Agentes de Controle de Endemias e o dever da população. O conhecimento das Representações Sociais sobre a Dengue é importante para a compreensão da sua causalidade e para o enfrentamento do problema de Saúde Pública/Saúde Coletiva na atualidade. Do estudo emergiram valores e símbolos do sujeito coletivo de Enfermeiros da Atenção Primária à Saúde de Alfenas-MG sobre a Dengue e o enfrentamento da epidemia, que contribuíam com a inteligência dos serviços de saúde, por se tratar de profissionais que atuam na linha de frente do Município, promovendo o enfrentamento da doença.
Dengue advances as an increasingly significant social problem. Thus, this study was developed with the aim to learn the meanings of Dengue for primary health care nurses from Alfenas, in the state of Minas Gerais; and to identify limiting and driving forces for its control. A social representation study was developed, with a qualitative approach, and the adoption of the social representation theory as its theoreticalmethodological framework. Field work consisted of individual interviews with nurses from the primary health care units of the city, between June and July of 2015; which were recorded, transcribed and later analyzed and presented by means of the discourse of the collective subject method. The 17 professionals interviewed had a nursing undergraduate degree, were women and had a mean age of 40 years. They presented a median length of activity in primary health care of five years, with most nurses being members of urban family health teams; and three nurses had already been infected by the Dengue virus. The collective subject resulted in the following social representations: extreme discomfort, public health problem, people\'s negligence, consequence of the lack of education, viral disease, concern and fear, severe disease, disease caused by a mosquito bite, epidemic, poor country\'s disease, one more disease for us to care for, and a war. According to the nurses, factors that make the control of Dengue difficult include: the population\'s lack of awareness, people\'s resistance and lack of responsibility, the mosquitoes\' rapid spread, the high amount of focuses, rumors, lack of information on the disease, lack of knowledge on its cause, lack of qualification of workers of endemic diseases control, and lack of supervision on the work of community health workers. Factors that facilitate the disease control include the work to guide, educate and raise people\'s awareness, basic sanitation, partnerships of family health teams and endemic diseases control workers, demanding the population\'s commitment, better qualification and remuneration of endemic diseases control workers and the population\'s duty being served. Knowledge about social representations on Dengue is important to understand its causality and to cope with this current public health problem. This study managed to give rise to values and symbols of the collective subject of primary health care nurses from Alfenas on Dengue and the coping with the epidemic, which contributed to enhance the intelligence of health services, since these professionals work at the frontline of the city, promoting the fight against the disease.

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Almeida, Hélder Nunes de. "Previsão de epidemias através do Twitter." Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, 2016. http://tede.bc.uepb.edu.br/tede/jspui/handle/tede/2772.

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Aiming at better management of resources and democratization of health services, the DATASUS offers a database with information relevant to the quantification and evaluation of health information. However, one difficulty is that not always the data obtained through official channels are made available in a timely manner and often are only available when an epidemic is out of control, not giving time to preventive measures of public agencies. In this context there is a need to investigate other methods that allow the collection and analysis of data to facilitate the dissemination of information required for preventive actions in health. Therefore, the main objective of this dissertation is to propose a methodology for analysis of epidemics from the social network Twitter. To do this, we conducted a study in which we sought to identify suspected cases of Chikungunya fever in Brazil from the symptoms reported by users on the social network. Then, with the use of text mining techniques were checked 258,707 tweets with any symptoms of the disease during the period from 15 August 2015 to 31 January 2016. The results show a high correlation between the cases verified in the social network with the cases notified by the Secretariat of health surveillance, which indicates that the social network of Twitter can be used as a means for analysis and prediction of epidemics. In this way, we can also conclude that the symptoms can be used as a parameter for detection of outbreaks of the epidemic.
Visando uma melhor gestão dos recursos e democratização dos serviços de saúde, o DATASUS disponibiliza de uma base de dados com informações relevantes para a quantificação e a avaliação das informações em saúde. Porém, uma dificuldade encontrada é que nem sempre os dados obtidos pelos meios oficiais são disponibilizados em tempo hábil e muitas vezes só são disponibilizados quando uma epidemia já se encontra fora de controle, não dando tempo para medidas de prevenção dos órgãos públicos. Nesse contexto existe a necessidade de investigar outros métodos que possibilitem a obtenção e análise de dados para a disseminação de informações necessárias às ações preventivas em saúde. Portanto, o objetivo principal dessa dissertação é propor uma metodologia para análise de epidemias a partir da rede social Twitter. Para isso, foi realizado um estudo de caso no qual buscou-se identificar os casos suspeitos de febre Chikungunya no Brasil a partir dos sintomas relatados pelos usuários na rede social. Então, com o uso de técnicas de mineração de texto foram verificados 258.707 tweets com algum sintoma da doença, durante o período de 15 de agosto de 2015 a 31 de janeiro de 2016. Os resultados mostram uma alta correlação entre os casos verificados na rede social com os casos notificados pela Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, o que indica que a rede social do Twitter pode ser utilizada como meio para análise e previsão de epidemias. Desse modo, também podemos concluir que os sintomas podem ser utilizados como parâmetro para detecção de focos da epidemia.

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AMARAL, Alexandre Souza. "Vamos à vacina?: doenças, saúde e práticas médico-sanitárias em Belém (1904 a 1911)." Universidade Federal do Pará, 2006. http://repositorio.ufpa.br/jspui/handle/2011/4254.

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CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Desde o final do século XIX e, até, o início do século XX, Belém na fala do intendente Antonio Lemos era conhecida como a “necrópole” paraense. Doenças e epidemias estavam no centro do debate das práticas médico-sanitárias. O higienismo de médicos tornou se discurso recorrente de intervenção no espaço cotidiano dos moradores, onde as campanhas de profilaxias foram alçadas enquanto responsáveis pela cura da cidade. As ações propostas por esculápios cientistas geraram tensões entre moradores e autoridades públicas diante a aliança do saber médico e o poder público, sobre a qual me propus analisar para explicar o dia-a-dia das medidas coercitivas, no intuito de entender essa aliança. Analisando artigos na imprensa, literatos, jornalistas, políticos, relatos médicos, mensagens de governo, relatórios, fotografias e charges foi possível acompanhar os significados atribuídos pelos contemporâneos em relação as epidemias da varíola, tuberculose e febre amarela, por exemplo, por parte dos saberes médico-sanitários. A belle époque em Belém deixou de ser nessa dissertação um cristal historiográfico, diante as adversidade do viver de sujeitos anônimos. Belém tornou-se um laboratório de experiências, os médicos propunham curá-la para alcançar o tão propalado desenvolvimento econômico ou progresso. A consolidação dessa aliança coube à responsabilidade do renomado sanitarista Oswaldo Cruz, que desembarcou, em 1910, na capital paraense para combater a febre amarela, com carta branca do governador João Coelho. Por outro lado, a cura da cidade ou “necrópole” paraense teve significados mais amplos, destacando-se o sepultamento do mal amarílico, como também, concomitantemente, o sepultamento da oligarquia do coronel Antonio Lemos.
Since the end of the nineteenth century until the beginning of the twentieth century, Belém, according to the intendant Antonio Lemos, was known as the “paraense necropolis”. Illnesses and epidemics have been in the focus of the discussion of medical-sanitary practices. The doctor’s hygienism has become recurrent speech of intervention in the inhabitants’ daily Space, where the prophylaxes’ campaigns were considered responsible for the cure of the city. The proposed actions by medical doctors create tensions among inhabitants and public Authorities in face of the alliance between the medical knowledge and the government, topic Which I have chosen to analyze in order to explain the day-to-day of the coercive actions, with The intention of understand such alliance. Analyzing medical articles in the press, literary theoretical, journalists, politicians, Medical reports, government’s messages, photographs and charges, it was possible to follow The meanings attributed by the contemporaries related to epidemics as the smallpox, Tuberculosis and yellow fever, for example, considering the medical knowledge. The Belle Époque in Belém it was no more considered in this paper as a historiographical crystal, in face Of the adversity of anonymous citizens’ way of life. The city has become a laboratory of Experiences that propose to cure it in order to reach such divulged economic development. The city has been left in the doctor’s hands. The consolidation of this alliance has been given To the well-known sanitarian Oswaldo Cruz, that arrived in Belém City in 1910 to fight Against the yellow fever with the complete support of the governor João Coelho. On the other Hand, the cure of the city or “paraense necropolis” has brought out larger significances, Among them, coincidentally, the burial of the amarílico evil, as well as, the burial of colonel Antonio Lemos’ oligarchy.

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SILVA, Jairo de Jesus Nascimento da. "Da Mereba-ayba à Varíola: isolamento, vacina e intolerância popular em Belém do Pará, 1884 -1904." Universidade Federal do Pará, 2009. http://repositorio.ufpa.br/jspui/handle/2011/4580.

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SEDUC/PA - Secretaria de Estado de Educação
Esta dissertação procura desvendar como o crescimento da cidade de Belém, ao longo do século XIX, provocou ou ampliou problemas já existentes, entre os quais o da saúde pública, destacando-se o desencadeamento de frequentes epidemias de varíola. Em termos de temporalidade o destaque foi dado à segunda metade do século XIX, quando foi intenso o debate acerca da necessidade de modernizar a cidade, sendo que o projeto modernizador em questão foi fortemente marcado pelos preceitos excludentes da Ciência da Higiene. Assim, o foco da pesquisa foi o período entre 1884 e 1904, marcado pela eclosão de três epidemias de varíola, em Belém. O objetivo principal do trabalho foi demonstrar as razões da intolerância popular às profilaxias e práticas terapêuticas encaminhadas pelo poder público, principalmente a política de isolamento baseada no discurso higienista e, também, a vacina. A experiência desenvolvida pela população de Belém com essas profilaxias oficias, ao longo do século XIX, foi bastante negativa, propiciando a conduta aversiva desta.
The present work tried to find out how the development of Belem, during the 19th century, caused or intensified the problems that already existed, amidst those ones the public health, especially the smallpox epidemic. In terms of times, was highlighted the end of the 19th century, when was intense the debate about the need to make the city more modern. The project to achieve that target was characterized by the excludents principles of the Science of Higiene. This way, this research focused from the year of 1884 to 1904, which was marked by the three smallpox outbreaks in Belem. The main objective of this work was to show the reasons for the intolerance that people had to the ways to prevent the diseases and the therapeutics practices guided by the government, especially the politic of isolation based on the hygienist speech and, as well, the vaccine. The result of this experience during the 19th century in Belem, was negative, resulting in a repulse of these practices.

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Rodrigues, Cosete Silva. "A feminização do HIV/AIDS no município de Salvador/Bahia sob a perspectiva de mulheres infectadas: uma questão de gênero." Universidade Catolica de Salvador, 2013. http://ri.ucsal.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456730/294.

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Desde a sua descoberta em 1981, a epidemia da infecção pelo vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana (HIV) e Aids vem se mostrando como um fenômeno global, contínuo, instável e dinâmico. Em pouco tempo, essa epidemia se transformou em um grave problema de saúde pública mundial em razão dos altos índices de morbi-mortalidade. A característica epidêmica fortemente masculina dessa patologia, com a maioria das vitimas homens, tanto homossexuais quanto heterossexuais vem mudando o seu perfil, e, cada vez mais a população feminina tem sido acometida: segundo dados da UNAIDS, no mundo, as mulheres jovens representam mais de 60% de todos os jovens que vivem com HIV e na África essa taxa chega a 72%. Diante desses dados, suscitou-se ao seguinte questionamento: Será que a vulnerabilidade das mulheres relacionada ao gênero vem contribuindo com o processo de feminização do HIV/Aids no município de Salvador no estado da Bahia? A partir de então, traçou-se como objetivo geral dessa pesquisa: descrever valores, atitudes, crenças, comportamentos e contextos historico-socio-culturais que possam ter vulnerabilizado mulheres para a infecção pelo vírus HIV/Aids em Salvador, no estado da Bahia. E, como objetivos específicos: identificar com mulheres já contaminadas, no município de Salvador, valores, atitudes, crenças, comportamentos e contextos historico-socio culturais que vulnerabilizaram as mulheres ao processo de infecção ao HIV/Aids; buscar com mulheres já contaminadas sua percepção frente a contaminação pelo HIV/Aids com relação ao homem, a idade, a renda e ao bairro; examinar com mulheres contaminadas as ações de saúde que poderiam ser realizadas na intenção de minimizar o processo de feminização do HIV/Aids. A metodologia adotada foi a qualitativa, com abordagem exploratória, tendo como foco a feminização da AIDS, adotando o gênero como recorte analítico. Essa pesquisa foi desenvolvida no antigo Centro de Referencia em DST/ AIDS do Estado da Bahia (Creaids), instituição pública do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). A população foi composta por um quantitativo mínimo de 14 mulheres cadastradas no serviço, no período de 2004 (momento do início do funcionamento da unidade) a agosto de 2011.
Since its discovery in 1981, the epidemic infection by the Human Immunodeficiency vírus (HIV) and AIDS presentes itself as a continuous, dynamic, and unstable global phenomenon. In a short space of time, this epidemic became a serious worldwide public health problem due to the high rates of morbidity and mortality. This epidemic that was heavily male with most victims both heterosexual and homosexual men is increasingly female: according to data from UNAIDS, in the world, young women represent over 60% of all young people living with HIV in Africa and this rate reaches 72%. Given these data, raised to the following question: Does the vulnerability of women related to gender has contributed to the process of feminization of HIV / AIDS in the city of Salvador in Bahia? From then drew up the general objective of this research: to describe values, attitudes, beliefs, behaviors and contexts historico-socio-cultural factors that may have vulnerabilized women to HIV infection / AIDS in Salvador, state of Bahia. And, as specific objectives: to identify with women already infected, in the city of Salvador, values, attitudes, beliefs, behaviors and socio-historical contexts cultural that may have vulnerabilized women to the process of infection with HIV / AIDS; seeking women already infected with their perception against contamination by HIV / AIDS in relation to men, age, income and neighborhood; examine women infected health actions that could be undertaken in an attempt to minimize the process of feminization of HIV / AIDS. The methodology was qualitative, with exploratory, focusing on the feminization of AIDS, adopting gender as analytical approach. This research was developed in ancient Reference Center for STD / AIDS State of Bahia (CREAIDS), a public institution of the Unified Health System (SUS). The population was composed of a minimum quantity of 14 women enrolled in the service, from 2004 (the time of initial operation of the unit) to August 2011.

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25

Siu, Christopher E. "Simulating Epidemics and Interventions on High Resolution Social Networks." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2019. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/2051.

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Mathematical models of disease spreading are a key factor of ensuring that we are prepared to deal with the next epidemic. They allow us to predict how an infection will spread throughout a population, thereby allowing us to make intelligent choices when attempting to contain the disease. Whether due to a lack of empirical data, a lack of computational power, a lack of biological understanding, or some combination thereof, traditional models must make sweeping assumptions about the behavior of a population during an epidemic. In this thesis, we implement granular epidemic simulations using a rich social network constructed from real-world interactions. We develop computational models for three diseases, and we use these simulations to demonstrate the effects of twelve potential intervention strategies, both before and during a hypothetical epidemic. We show how representing a population as a temporal graph and applying existing graph metrics can lead to more effective interventions.

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Ogierman, Adrian [Verfasser]. "Epidemic spreading and information dissemination in technological and social systems / Adrian Ogierman." Paderborn : Universitätsbibliothek, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1060782995/34.

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Xia, Huadong. "Modeling, Analysis and Comparison of Large Scale Social Contact Networks on Epidemic Studies." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/51672.

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Social contact networks represent proximity relationships between individual agents. Such networks are useful in diverse applications, including epidemiology, wireless networking and urban resilience. The vertices of a social contact network represent individual agents (e.g. people). Time varying edges represent time varying proximity relationship. The networks are relational -- node and edge labels represent important demographic, spatial and temporal attributes. Synthesizing social contact networks that span large urban regions is challenging for several reasons including: spatial, temporal and relational variety of data sources, noisy and incomplete data, and privacy and confidentiality requirements. Moreover, the synthesized networks differ due to the data and methods used to synthesize them. This dissertation undertakes a systematic study of synthesizing urban scale social contact networks within the specific application context of computational epidemiology. It is motivated by three important questions: (i) How does one construct a realistic social contact network that is adaptable to different levels of data availability? (ii) How does one compare different versions of the network for a given region, and what are appropriate metrics when comparing the relational networks? (iii) When does a network have adequate structural details for the specific application we have. We study these questions by synthesizing three social contact networks for Delhi, India. Our case study suggests that we can iteratively improve the quality of a network by adapting to the best data sources available within a framework. The networks differ by the data and the models used. We carry out detailed comparative analyses of the networks. The analysis has three components: (i) structure analysis that compares the structural properties of the networks, (ii) dynamics analysis that compares the epidemic dynamics on these networks and (iii) policy analysis that compares the efficacy of various interventions. We have proposed a framework to systematically analyze how details in networks impact epidemic dynamics over these networks. The results suggest that a combination of multi-level metrics instead of any individual one should be used to compare two networks. We further investigate the sensitivity of these models. The study reveals the details necessary for particular class of control policies. Our methods are entirely general and can be applied to other areas of network science.
Ph. D.

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Graf, Brolund Alice. "Compartmental Models in Social Dynamics." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Avdelningen för systemteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-448163.

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The dynamics of many aspects of social behaviour, such as spread of fads and fashion, collective action, group decision-making, homophily and disagreement, have been captured by mathematical models. The power of these models is that they can provide novel insight into the emergent dynamics of groups, e.g. 'epidemics' of memes, tipping points for collective action, wisdom of crowds and leadership by small numbers of individuals, segregation and polarisation. A current weakness in the scientific models is their sheer number. 'New' models are continually 'discovered' by physicists, engineers and mathematicians. The models are analysed mathematically, but very seldom provide predictions that can be tested empirically. In this work, we provide a framework of simple models, based on Lotka's original idea of using chemical reactions to describe social interactions. We show how to formulate models for social epidemics, social recovery, cycles, collective action, group decision-making, segregation and polarisation, which we argue encompass the majority of social dynamics models. We present an open-access tool, written in Python, for specifying social interactions, studying them in terms of mass action, and creating spatial simulations of model dynamics. We argue that the models in this article provide a baseline of empirically testable predictions arising from social dynamics, and that before creating new and more complicated versions of the same idea, researchers should explain how their model differs substantially from our baseline models.
Matematiska modeller kan hjälpa oss att förstå många typer av sociala fenomen, som ryktesspridning, spridning av memes, gruppbeslut, segregation och radikalisering. Det finns idag otaliga modeller för sociala beteenden hos människor och djur, och fler presenteras kontinuerligt. Det stora antalet modeller försvårar navigering inom forskningsfältet, och många av modellerna är dessutom komplicerade och svåra att verifiera genom experiment. I detta arbete föreslås ett ramverk av grundläggande modeller, som var och en modellerar en aspekt av socialt beteende; det gäller sociala epidemier, cykler, gemensamt handlande, gruppbeslut, segregation och polarisering. Vi menar att dessa modeller utgör majoriteten av de verifierbara aspekter av socialt beteende som studeras, och att de bör behandlas som en utgångspunkt när en ny modell ska introduceras. Vilka av mekanismerna från utgångspunkten finns representerade i modellen? Skiljer den sig ens nämnvärt från utgångspunkten? Genom att ha en god förståelse för grundmodellerna, och genom att förklara på vilket sätt en ny modell skiljer sig från dem, kan forskare undvika att presentera modeller som i praktiken är mer komplicerade varianter av sådana som redan finns. I detta arbete visar vi hur dessa grundläggande modeller kan formuleras och studeras. Modellerna bygger på enkla regler om vad som händer när individer i en befolkning möter varandra. Till exempel, om en person som har vetskap om ett rykte träffar någon som inte har det, kan ryktet spridas vidare. Därför har antaganden om vilka personer som kan träffa varandra stor påverkan på de resultat som modellerna ger. I detta arbete studeras varje modell med två olika metoder: i den ena har alla personer i befolkningen samma sannolikhet att träffa varandra, i den andra representeras befolkningen av ett rutnät, där varje plats motsvarar en individ. I den senare har alltså varje person ett begränsat antal grannar att interagera med. Vilken av dessa två metoder man väljer har stor betydelse för vilka beteenden modellerna förutspår. Som ett komplement till detta arbete presenteras ett verktyg i form av ett Python-program som utför analysen av modellerna. Detta kan användas för att undersöka grundmodellerna som presenteras i detta arbete, men också för att formulera och analysera nya modeller på samma sätt. På det viset kan nya modeller enkelt jämföras mot grundmodellerna. Verktyget är användbart både som introduktion för de som är nya inom social dynamik, men också för de forskare som som vill ta fram nya modeller och föra forskningsfältet vidare.

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Stadler, Jonathan James. "Shared secrets – concealed sufferings : social responses to the AIDS epidemic in Bushbuckridge, South Africa." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/23025.

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From the early 1990s, rates of HIV infection increased dramatically in South Africa and by the early 2000s, AIDS emerged as the main cause of death for adult South Africans. During the first half of the 2000s, the South African government’s response to this crisis was inadequate, marked by denial and delays in implementing prevention and treatment, resulting in thousands of preventable deaths. Yet, apart from the challenges posed by the predominantly urban-based Treatment Action Campaign (TAC), the absence of a social response to this crisis is notable, especially in rural settings. This scenario forms the broad backdrop to this ethnographic study that draws on participant observation and interviews undertaken over a three-year period (2002-2005) in KwaBomba village previously in the Gazankulu Homeland, now located in the Bushbuckridge municipality of the South African lowveld. An ethnographic perspective provides an intimate vantage point from which to view peoples’ experiences of the AIDS epidemic and their responses in context. This perspective draws attention to gaps in public health and biomedical understandings of the epidemic and suggests alternatives to these understandings. In Bushbuckridge, mortality and morbidity due to AIDS became visible in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Households were incapable of dealing with the burden of illness and death while the health services were often unwilling and ill-prepared. HIV prevention campaigns based on individual behaviour change were not well suited to a context in which HIV spread through sexual networks. Despite widespread awareness of the threat of AIDS, the disease was subjected to public censorship and AIDS suffering was concealed. Public discourses of AIDS were hidden within gossip and rumour and articulated as witchcraft suspicions and accusations. Although these discourses appear to deny and suppress the reality of AIDS, I suggest that they are active attempts to deal with the AIDS crisis: gossip and rumour allocate blame and construct a local epidemiology through which the epidemic can be surveilled; interpreting AIDS as witchcraft creates the possibility of avenging untimely death. These discursive forms are critical in informing individual and social responses to the AIDS epidemic. While the absence of public acknowledgement of AIDS as a cause of illness and death suggests denial and fatalism and appears to limit public action, subaltern discourses create shared secrets to manage the AIDS epidemic at the local level. Furthermore, these discourses may constitute a form of resistance against biomedical models of causality. Ethnographic enquiry at the local level offers a nuanced understanding of social responses to the AIDS epidemic. By examining forms of expression that lie outside the domain of public health, the thesis reveals how these constitute significant forms of social action in response to the epidemic.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Anthropology and Archaeology
unrestricted

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30

Long, Yunhan. "Spread and interaction of epidemics and information on adaptive social networks." W&M ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539624000.

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The spread of diseases and opinions has profoundly affected the development of human societies. The structure of the underlying social network may change as a result of individuals changing their social connections in response to an ongoing epidemic or opinion spreading, either for self protection or as an expression of personal values. The interaction of spreading processes and the underlying network structure has been a focus of many recent studies. In this dissertation, we construct models to better incorporate heterogeneous responses to disease spread and attempted opinion spread.;We first model the simultaneous spread of an epidemic and awareness about the epidemic on an adaptive social network. A previous Susceptible-Infectious-Susceptible (SIS) model with avoidance rewiring is extended. Susceptible and infectious nodes are each divided into aware and unaware types. Aware nodes affect the network structure by rewiring their connections to reduce disease exposure. Public media information is considered as an external source of node awareness. The effects of awareness on disease spread and network structure are explored using stochastic simulations and mean field equations. Network adaptation can generate steady state behavior or periodic oscillations. The epidemic threshold is predicted using two methods that improve upon mean field predictions, and a critical media rate controlling the existence of an epidemic threshold under fast rewiring is given.;Node-to-node communication is then introduced as another source of node awareness, and its influence on disease levels and epidemic thresholds is compared with public media information. A relationship of the thresholds under different awareness sources is derived. Our results in both models indicate that node awareness can play a significant role in minimizing disease spread, and in some cases media information is more effective at controlling disease than communication.;We also model the competition of two opinions on a social network. A small fraction of committed supporters of a new opinion is randomly distributed in the network among supporters of a previous opinion. We introduce a new process, exacerbation, in which committed supporters of an opinion may drive their contacts away from that opinion and toward strong commitment to the opposing viewpoint. In addition to network simulations, a mass action model of the process is studied. We find that exacerbation can change the final outcome of opinion competition. The influence of the initial fraction committed to the new opinion is also explored.

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Sepe, Claudia. "BULLYING AMONG OLDER ADULTS IN RETIREMENT HOMES AN UNKNOWN EPIDEMIC." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/162.

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This study used an explorative quantitative survey method for the purpose of examining bullying among older adults in retirement homes and the consequences of bullying among this population. The study also explored the type of bullying that occurs in the community. Senior community centers were the significant domains in which to research bullying among older adults because it involved immersion of the researcher into an environment of older adults who knew one another and have witnessed or have been victims of bullying in their retirement home communities. The primary purpose of this investigation was to enhance research on bullying among older adults in retirement homes. Another purpose of this research was to address the consequences of bullying in older adults and to address mental and physical consequences of bullying addressed in previous research. Currently there is not much research done on bullying among older adults. This study found that many older adults living in retirement homes are being bullied and many of them are not speaking up and isolating themselves for the purpose of avoiding their bullies. Moreover, this study shows that staff members of the retirement communities are lacking the knowledge of the bullying problem in their community. The study suggests that future studies on bullying among older adults include qualitative research to determine if older adults understand the difference of bullying and “just being grumpy” and also explore a qualitative research regarding the perpetrator of bullying and not the victims of bullying.

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Lynteris, Christos. "Epidemic events : state-formation, class struggle and biopolitics in three epidemic crises of modern China." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2150.

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Based on extended research on Chinese medical and epidemiological archival material dating back to the beginning of the 20th century, and on six months of internship in epidemiology in Beijing’s Medical School and in Haidian District’s Centre of Disease Control and Prevention, this thesis explores the conjunction of three major epidemiological crises in modern Chinese history with processes of State formation: the 1911 Manchurian pneumonic plague, the 1952 germ-warfare, and the 2003 SARS outbreak. Analysing the three crises as Events in line with Alain Badiou’s epistemology it seeks to establish how different strategies of governmental fidelity to the imagined cause of each crisis have led to distinct modes of organisation and valorisation of the social: Republican China and its decline to fascism; the clash between professional revolutionaries and technocrats in Maoist China; and the emergence of the “Harmonious Society” of mass exploitation and repression today. This conjunction between State formation and epidemiological Events is explored with the use of Foucault’s genealogical method in a quest for a historical materialist approach that posits at its epicentre processes of class composition, decomposition and recomposition, and their contested enclosure by the governmental apparati of capture. The present thesis thus examines the three major epidemiological crises of modern China as forming grounds for biopolitical strategies that give rise to modes of subjectivation and circuits of debt/guilt within the context of the class struggle. And at the same time, it aims to create a new field of investigation for anthropology: the relation of State and Event, from a viewpoint that contests the accepted relation of event and structure expounded by Marshall Sahlins, proposing as the main object of this investigation the conjunction between necessity and will that can never be reduced either to the naturalism of historical determinism, nor to the culturalism of subjective contingency.

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Cotter, Adam. "'It's an epidemic out there': Constructing the Online Solicitation of Children as a Social Problem." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/22920.

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Social problems emerge when a behaviour, individual, or group is collectively defined as problematic. Online child solicitation is explored as a behaviour that has been defined as a social problem. This paper analyzes and explores the claims and claimsmaking process of one advocacy group, Perverted Justice. Their use of rhetorical strategies designed to persuade are of particular importance. In addition, the definitions, examples, and estimates they use to construct the problem are explored. Perverted Justice constructs the Internet as an inherently dangerous space, asserts that all children are at risk, and that online solicitation is a significant social problem. Furthermore, law enforcement, parents, and advocacy groups cannot protect children. Criticisms are rendered illegitimate through the use of rhetorical strategies. The way in which Perverted Justice constructs online child solicitation and their role in solving this issue incorporates elements of neo-liberalism, neo-conservatism, and vigilantism, reflecting the wider regulatory framework.

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Bastos, Wanja de Carvalho. "A epidemia de Fitness: uma questão de saúde pública." reponame:Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ, 2010. https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/2505.

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A proposta desse estudo é provocar um estranhamento a respeito de uma condição naturalizada e disseminada, principalmente pelos campos da saúde, política e economia, contudo apenas percebida, inicialmente, nos espaços de atuação da educação física. O fato em questão refere-se à transformação dos hábitos e comportamentos dos indivíduos, alvo de controle por parte de especialistas interessados em promover, a qualquer preço, a saúde, a beleza e o vigor dessas pessoas. No entanto, como o significado da saúde para esse conjunto de profissionais e leigos ficou reduzido aos seus aspectos biológicos, o corpo no século XXI se transformou em terreno favorável às ações obsessivas na ordem da prevenção. Outro ponto abordado no estudo é a rede estabelecida entre este fato e os empreendimentos criados por parte de empresas atuantes no mercado de bens destinados a otimizar a vida e a beleza; tudo isso com o endosso da ciência e da mídia de massa. O estudo, então, parte da visão foucaultiana de biopoder, acompanhando, ainda, as reformulações propostas para o nosso século, por Nikolas Rose, no que se refere a este poder sobre a vida dos indivíduos. É nesse sentido que traduzo a participação dos governos liberais avançados, na engrenagem de responsabilização do sujeito pela vida em si, como também interpreto o ambiente social estabelecido em decorrência desse processo de desqualificação do espaço público, incrementando projetos voltados à ampliação de estilos de vida individualizantes, ou seja, focados no próprio corpo. Dessa maneira, quando explano o interesse dos poderes oficiais e privados em incutir nos indivíduos a responsabilidade pela vida em si e todas as nuances embutidas nesse universo, emergem assuntos alinhados com as frequentes crises de insegurança, medo generalizado da morte e o lamentável perfil egoísta das relações modernas. Portanto, a atuação das autoridades engajadas com a biopolítica do indivíduo, não mais das populações, forja uma situação de sofrimento pouco considerada pela área da saúde. Foi por meio da articulação de conceitos como globalização, história da beleza, longevidade, hedonismo e o pensamento nietzscheano, que criei a base para construir a discussão teórica necessária que apontasse para o que denomino epidemia de fitness. O caminho realizado para atingir as fontes e o método empregado, dos saberes indiciários, partiu de um estudo de caso da Expo Wellness Rio 2009. E ainda, fazendo contraponto a este ambiente ascético, repleto de moralismo, em que as pessoas são impelidas ao autocontrole incessante, adoto a filosofia de Nietzsche para relativizar as certezas e ameaças sentidas pelo homem doente , expressão incessantemente empregada pelo filósofo em seu livro Genealogia da Moral.
The proposal of this study is to create a sensation of weirdness about a condition naturalized and widespread mainly in the fields of health, politics and economics, however, initially only perceived in the activities of physical education. The fact in question relates to the transformation of the habits and behaviors of individuals, subject to control by experts interested in promoting health, beauty and vigor of those people, no matter what it takes. However, as the meaning of health for this group of professionals and lay persons was reduced to its biological aspects, the body in the XXI century became a favorable terrain to obsessed actions in the field of prevention. Another topic is the network established between this fact and the enterprises created by companies whose field of action lies in the production of goods destinated to optimize life and beauty, all of this with the endorsement of science and mass media. Therefore, the study takes support on Foucault’s vision of biopower and follows the reformulations proposed for our century, by Nikolas Rose, with regard to such power on the lives of individuals. That is why I translate the participation of advanced liberal governments in the gear of the subject’s responsibility for life itself, but also I interpret the established social environment as a result of this process of disqualification of the public space, improving projects aimed at the increase of individualizing life styles, which means focused on the body. Thus, when speaking of the interest of official and private powers to instill in individuals the responsibility for life itself and all the nuances embedded in that universe, some issues emerge, in line with the frequent bouts of insecurity, widespread fear of death and the unfortunate selfish profile of modern relations. Therefore, the actions of the authorities concerned with the biopolitics of the individual, and no more of the populations, forge a situation of suffering poorly regarded by the health field. It was through the articulation of concepts such as globalization, history, beauty, longevity, hedonism and the nietzschean thought, that I created the foundation for building the necessary theoretical discussion that would point to what I call a “fitness epidemic”. The way I chose to achieving sources and the methods applied, indiciary knowledge, came from a case study of Expo Wellness Rio 2009. And yet, as a counterpart to this ascetic atmosphere, filled with moralism, in which people are driven to unceasing self-control ; I adopt the philosophy of Nietzsche to the relativize the certainties and threats experienced by the "sick man", a term constantly used by the philosopher in his book Genealogy of Morals.

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Hickler, Benjamin Hallam. "Epidemic oversight: Emerging infections and rural livelihoods in the Mekong." Diss., Search in ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. UC Only, 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3390047.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, San Francisco with the University of California, Berkeley, 2009.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 71-02, Section: A, page: . Adviser: Vincanne Adams.

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Kass, Jacob Daniel. "Justifying an Ethical Government Response to the Obesity Epidemic." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/422.

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A great virtue of our fairly liberal society is its willingness to allow, legally and socially, individuals to choose their own lifestyle, free from interference or coercion. For this reason, there is rightly a strong resistance and hostility to government regulation of wholly self-regarding behavior – acts which only affect the actor. Whether justified by an appeal to sovereignty or utility, that which one does to oneself is seen as beyond the jurisdiction of government. Yet the problem of the so-called obesity "epidemic" – the explosion in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in recent decades – is a case of self-harm which does indeed warrant government intervention. This thesis considers utilitarian and autonomy-based arguments against interference in self-regarding action, then show why obesity merits intervention nevertheless.

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Johnson, Lauri Sue. "An examination of moral boundaries associated with legal and social changes in response to the AIDS epidemic." PDXScholar, 1992. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4320.

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This thesis explores the relationship between law and society and various forms of causality: (1) legal change leading to social change; (2) social change leading to legal change; and (3) the interdependent interaction between social change and legal change. It is proposed that a multi-directional approach would be the most useful in examining the moral boundaries exemplified in the law identified with legal and social changes that have resulted in response to the AIDS epidemic.

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Nurse, Monique M. "Built Environments and Childhood Obesity Epidemic in the Immigrant Population." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7497.

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A lack of adequately built environments can negatively affect obesity rates among adolescents. The purpose of this quantitative cross-sectional study was to determine if there is a relationship between the presence of built environments and childhood obesity among the immigrant population living in Cobb County Georgia. The social ecological model was used to explain how environmental factors may influence behavior. The research questions addressed whether walkability and elements of built environments such as to healthy foods and access to parks and recreational areas of census tracts affect childhood obesity when adjusting for race/ethnicity and immigrant population in Cobb County. Data was collected from government websites. Student enrollment, school ethnicity, and free/reduced lunch data were retrieved from the website, School Digger, which gathered their information from the National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, the U.S. Census Bureau, and the Georgia Department of Education data sources. Average BMI data were gathered from the Georgia Department of Education 2016-2017 Georgia fitness assessment report. Data were analyzed using independent t-test, Pearson correlation and 1-way ANCOVA. Findings showed a statistical significance with the existence of farmer's markets and child obesity but no significance among the other built environment variables. The results from this study can help community leaders develop an inclusive plan to reduce the occurrence of obesity in adolescents within the target area.

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Boechat, Gustavo Vargas Laprovitera. "Alerta Vermelho: a AIDS bate à nossa porta (uma história da AIDS na cidade de Itapetininga 1985-1999)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5137/tde-11062018-132103/.

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Para além de um fenômeno biológico, as enfermidades são fenômenos históricos, pois a forma que a sociedade a prova é demonstrada por meio como pensam e agem em preveni-las, transmiti-las, estudá-las, compreendê-las e curá-las, e que estão calcadas pelas práticas e discursos da medicina, pelas políticas públicas desenvolvidas pelo Estado em saúde e pelos aspectos socioculturais e econômicos presentes em diferentes comunidades. A historiografia elaborou diversos estudos sobre a epidemia de AIDS (Síndrome da ImunoDeficiência Adquirida) que procuravam compreendê-la perante sua repercussão na sociedade, as comparações com outras experiências epidêmicas vividas pelas diferentes coletividades, as particularidades geográficas de infecção, a mortalidade pela enfermidade, as respostas, os preconceitos e as metáforas construídas em torno da doença por diferentes grupos sociais. Este texto apresenta o projeto de mestrado sobre como se deu a epidemia na cidade de Itapetininga (1985-1999). O presente estudo de dimensão histórica busca compreender, pelos fios dos documentos, como foram incorporados discursos e práticas sobre a AIDS no universo de uma cidade do interior paulista. Por meio da leitura da produção jornalística local e do levantamento dos projetos e requerimentos propostos na Câmara Municipal de Itapetininga, farar-se-á uma reconstrução das representações históricas sobre a doença
Beyond a biologic phenomenon, illnesses are historical fact, because of the society rehearses experience is demonstrated by show it thinks and acts to prevent, to transmit, to study, to understand, to represent and to heal. All those elements are guided by the practices and discourses of medicine, of public health policy developed by Estate and by sociocultural and economical aspects presents in many different communities. The historiography elaborated several studies about AIDS epidemic aiming at understanding it before it repercussion in society, as comparison with other epidemics by many different collectivities, the geographic infection particularities, the mortality by the illness, the answers, the preconceptions and metaphors built around of the disease by many different social groups. This work presents a master\'s degree project about how was the AIDS epidemic in Itapetininga city during the early period (1989-1996). By means of documents, the present study of historical dimension search to understand, how speeches and practices about AIDS were incorporated in the universe of a city from São Paulo State countryside. Through the reading of the local journalistic production and the survey of the projects and requirements proposed in the Municipality of Itapetininga, a reconstruction of the historical representations about the disease will be made

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Westin, Tim. ""Folk äro också rädda för den smygande sjukdomen [...]" : en studie om spanska sjukans förlopp i Karlskoga kommun år 1918." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för humaniora och samhällsvetenskap (from 2013), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-83215.

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The swedish local history research on the spanish flu is relatively scarce. The research that is available today seems to be largely centered around accounts for morbidity and mortality as a result of the epidemic. This however, has also been an important part of the research, to provide a demographic depiction of the mortality. Another important element in the present study has also been to account for the authorities' actions during the epidemic, something that is largely lacking in research. In light of the prevailing Corona epidemic and the lack of local historical research on the course of the Spanish flu in Sweden, the present study has aimed to examine the course of the epidemic in the undersigned home municipality of Karlskoga, during the epidemic in 1918. With the use of the death and funeral books of the Karlskoga parish, old issues of the newspaper ”Karlskoga Tidning” and the Health Care Board's statistics and protocols, the undersigned has, through this case study, tried to provide a quantitative aswell as a qualitative depiction of the epidemic year. The study evince that at least 43 people died in the municipality, the majority of whom were men under 40 years old. It also turned out that the workers' areas in Bofors were home to 36% of those who died during the epidemic months, no other area in the municipality had such high mortality rate. The study also indicates that the authorities in Karlskoga considered the epidemic to be of great danger. Hence, they seemed to have used the available information channels at the time, as to prevent the spread of infection. In this research it is noteworthy that as of today, a hundred years later, similar approaches are used to limit the spread of infection.

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Silva, Felipe Nascimento da. "Os debates médicos sobre as epidemias de febre amarela em Campinas (1889-1890)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8138/tde-08012013-120133/.

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Durante os anos de 1889 e 1890 uma forte epidemia se abateu sobre Campinas. Alguns médicos diziam ser a temida febre amarela, outros, no entanto, não concordavam com o diagnóstico e supunham ser alguma outra das tantas febres que reinavam na cidade. E a doença voltaria a se manifestar em 1890, colocando na pauta do dia antigas discussões. Mesmo considerando que as epidemias que se abateram em Campinas foram realmente de febre amarela, as discórdias entre os médicos evidenciavam o quanto alguns aspectos da doença ainda eram desconhecidos da comunidade médica; essas desavenças sugerem também que, ao contrário do que indica a bibliografia sobre a história da cidade de Campinas, nem sempre a classe médica daquela cidade superou suas discórdias particulares em favor da erradicação da doença na cidade. O tema da febre amarela em Campinas é pouco comentado na bibliografia sobre a história daquela cidade, e, em tais exceções, a perspectiva das narrações sempre recaia sobre os esforços de médicos e sanitaristas em vencer a doença e livrar Campinas dos infortúnios da febre amarela, prevalecendo sempre a figura de determinados personagens. Dessa maneira, ao invés de seguir essa linha costumeira e considerar apenas os esforços considerados efetivamente válidos no combate à febre amarela, interessa-nos mais observar, no próprio contexto, quais eram as percepções que aqueles clínicos possuíam sobre a doença e como essas percepções ditavam suas práticas médicas.
During the Years of 1889 and 1890, a swift epidemic outbrake stroke the city of Campinas. Even though some physicians argued that it was in fact the \"dreaded\" Yellow Fever, many doctors disagreed, assuming it was just one of the many other illnesses that had previously hunted the town. By the year of 1890, the disease was back in the hospitals and in the medical agenda. Even considering that the epidemics that fell upon Campinas in the course of those years were endeed Yellow Fever outbrakes, these opposing diagnostics clearly show that some aspects of this condition were still unknown to the medical community. They also suggest that, contrary to what the majority of the bibliography concearning Campinas\'s history states, the medical community of that area wasn\'t always able to overcome personal issues in favor of the erradication of this disease. The topic of the Yellow fever outbrake in Campinas has never been sufficiently explored by historians. In the few cases where that happened, the narratives exlusively focus on the medical and hygienical efforts to overcome the epidemic burst of the fever in the city, prevailing the image and accomplishes of some specific characters. Therefore, instead of seeing this through tradicional angles, considering just the approved measures taken back then to fight the disease, it\'s more in our interest to explore what perceptions these physicians had about this particular ilness and, more importantly, how these perceptions defined their medical practice.

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Matyas, Alexandra. "Hur påverkas turismen av en epidemi? : En innehållsanalys av turismmarknadsföring i Sierra Leone." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Kulturgeografi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-149788.

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The current study analyses the media strategies used by Sierra Leone to repair their destination image during and after crisis to attract international tourism. There is an academic study written by Avraham and Ketter (2017) that appears on this topic as well, but focusing on many Sub-Saharan African countries where Sierra Leone is mentioned. Therefore, it was chosen to study this country in more depth, to confirm or disregard Avraham and Ketters (2017) conclusions about this particular country and their media-strategies. The framework used in this research is the multi-step model for altering place image. The study was based on qualitative content analysis of online posts from two sources, which are two Sierra Leonian tourism webpages. The data was located between the years 2015-2017. The study’s conclusion shows that Sierra Leone’s marketers and policy makers used source-focused strategies to handle the crisis, which are (1) disregard for/partial acknowledgement of the crisis, (2) full acknowledgement of the crisis and moderate coping measures, (3) full acknowledgement of the crisis and extreme coping measures and (4) disengagement from the place’s main characteristics.

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Corr?a, Maria Juliana Moura. "A constru??o social do sil?ncio epidemiol?gico do benzenismo : uma hist?ria negada." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2008. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/421.

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A propor??o de casos de benzenismo no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul ?, ainda, desconhecida. Uma das principais dificuldades para o conhecimento sobre os intoxicados e os expostos ao benzeno ? a situa??o de sil?ncio epidemiol?gico dos casos e das contamina??es nos ambientes de trabalho. Com o intuito de desvelar a realidade social da problem?tica do benzenismo e da luta pela prote??o da sa?de dos trabalhadores no Brasil, constroem-se conceitos e m?todos para medir indiretamente a exposi??o e suas conseq??ncias evidentes ou presumidas. O desenho da investiga??o ? um estudo de caso, orientado pelo materialismo hist?rico-dial?tico, com metodologia que combina m?ltiplas abordagens para relacionar a exposi??o e seu efeito em um grupo de trabalhadores. Para integrar as unidades da totalidade, a especificidade e a singularidade das intoxica??es por benzeno no setor petroqu?mico, utiliza-se a triangula??o de procedimentos metodol?gicos, pela s?ntese de tr?s perspectivas: s?cio-hist?rica documental, da percep??o individual interiorizada pelos trabalhadores intoxicados e da percep??o coletiva do grupo homog?neo. Ao desvendar a ocorr?ncia de benzenismo em 9 trabalhadores oriundos do p?lo petroqu?mico de Triunfo, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, revelam-se as condi??es de trabalho, as exposi??es ocorridas no passado, os casos e o movimento de contrapoder constru?do pela hist?ria de luta no sindicato pela defesa da sa?de dos trabalhadores e pela efetiva??o das leis de restri??o da exposi??o ao benzeno. Evidencia-se igualmente a import?ncia da categoria da contradi??o na constru??o social do sil?ncio epidemiol?gico do benzenismo. Diante dessa grave situa??o de desconhecimento da dimens?o dos riscos, pelo silenciamento das informa??es e pela incerteza cient?fica dos danos, entendese que s? ? poss?vel romper com esta realidade adotando o princ?pio da precau??o, mediante a??es de fortalecimento da participa??o dos trabalhadores e das pol?ticas p?blicas de prote??o da sa?de dos trabalhadores

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Nguyen, Vinh-Kim 1963. "Epidemics, interzones and biosocial change : retroviruses and biologies of globalisation in West Africa." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=37908.

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Despite impressive advances in biomedical science, the resurgence of infectious diseases poses an emerging threat to global public health. These developments underscore the importance of considering the relationship between biological and social change. This dissertation uses the epicentre of the HIV epidemic in West Africa---Abidjan, Cote-d'Ivoire---as a case study to show how epidemics are "crystallizations" of local biological and social factors. The Abidjan epidemic is accounted for in terms of the city's sexual modernity, rather than the common view that migration and prostitution explain the proportions the epidemic took there early on. This view supports recent epidemiological work demonstrating the importance of networks rather than behaviour in determining the scope of HIV epidemics. This sexual modernity has a complex genealogy that stretches back through the modernisation drive of the postcolonial state to colonial practices of government, including colonial strategies for containing tropical diseases, which shaped how Africans engaged with the modern world. As a result, sexuality became an important strategy for self-fashioning. With the advent of the economic crisis of the 1980s, sexuality became increasingly permeable to economic relations. Likewise, with the crisis, the city's therapeutic economy, heavily weighted towards the consumption of biomedicines, shifted resort for illness from the public health sector to the informal economy. This may have led to inappropriate treatment of sexually transmitted infections and increased re-use of needles, fuelling the epidemic further. Contemporary efforts to address the epidemic demonstrate how "bio-social" crystallizations can further effect social and biological change. The interface between local groups and international organisations is a site where transnational discourses of "empowerment" of people with AIDS, predicated on a western model of "self-help," encounter the local reality of poverty and illn

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Corley, Courtney David. "Social Network Simulation and Mining Social Media to Advance Epidemiology." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc11053/.

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Traditional Public Health decision-support can benefit from the Web and social media revolution. This dissertation presents approaches to mining social media benefiting public health epidemiology. Through discovery and analysis of trends in Influenza related blogs, a correlation to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) influenza-like-illness patient reporting at sentinel health-care providers is verified. A second approach considers personal beliefs of vaccination in social media. A vaccine for human papillomavirus (HPV) was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in May 2006. The virus is present in nearly all cervical cancers and implicated in many throat and oral cancers. Results from automatic sentiment classification of HPV vaccination beliefs are presented which will enable more accurate prediction of the vaccine's population-level impact. Two epidemic models are introduced that embody the intimate social networks related to HPV transmission. Ultimately, aggregating these methodologies with epidemic and social network modeling facilitate effective development of strategies for targeted interventions.

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Antuñano, Colpaher Rosario Del Pilar. "Salubridad y epidemias en la ciudad de Lima 1535-1590." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2014. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/3828.

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Los virus, bacterias y otros microorganismos están evolucionando y transformándose para sobrevivir, para ello necesitan de un huésped, donde poder replicarse, por lo tanto cuando el hombre aparece sobre la faz de la tierra se convierte en uno más, provocando las diversas epidemias que se han dado a través de la Historia, como las mencionadas por Tucídides o las descritas en la Biblia . El presente trabajo de investigación sobre el tema de “Salubridad y Epidemias en la Ciudad de Lima 1535-1590” tiene por objetivo demostrar que las condiciones de insalubridad influyeron en las altas tasas de mortalidad causadas por las enfermedades contagiosas, que terminaron diezmando a la población, especialmente la indígena. Para el mejor análisis del tema, se ha dividido en dos partes: La primera parte trata sobre las bases teóricas de la investigación, donde planteo el problema y la sustentación de la misma. En la segunda parte desarrollo el tema de la investigación el cual dividí en tres capítulos a considerar: Primer Capítulo: trabajo sobre salubridad y sus indicadores para el siglo XVI, en el cual se describen las características de las viviendas de aquella época y las limitaciones con las cuales contaban especialmente la población indígena, cuyos espacios fueron muy reducidos; donde convivían con animales domésticos menores (aves, cuyes, etc.) y mayores (vacas, caballos, etc.) cuando laboraban en los solares y corrales de los españoles. En las viviendas se generaban una serie de desperdicios que eran desechados por los pobladores en las acequias, solares abandonados, calles y al río Rímac, de donde tomaban el agua que utilizaban para su higiene y consumo. Otro indicador fundamental fue el nivel socio-económico en la época; los españoles formaban parte de la clase dominante, quienes gozaban de todos los privilegios, con una economía que les permitía satisfacer sus necesidades básicas: vivienda, alimentación, vestido, salud y educación, fueron los que menos sufrieron por las epidemias; mientras los indígenas y esclavos, quienes se hallaban sometidos al poder español, eran las principales víctimas de las enfermedades infectocontagiosas, por las condiciones de explotación y desnutrición en que vivían. Segundo Capítulo: “Hospitales, Médicos y Curanderos”, en este punto de la investigación, describo a los hospitales existentes en el primer siglo de dominación española, la formación de los médicos, la cual se dio en Europa, porque recién en la colonia se impartieron clases de medicina en la Universidad de San Marcos en el siglo XVII; y los roles que cumplían los galenos con el apoyo de los cirujanos, boticarios y barberos. También se trabajó la medicina tradicional, propia de nuestra cultura andina y el papel de los curanderos para tratar las enfermedades de la época. Tercer Capítulo: se realiza el análisis de las epidemias que se dieron en Lima, como sus causas, manejo y consecuencias en el desarrollo económico y social. Para la realización de la Tesis visité el Archivo Arzobispal de Lima (AAL), el Archivo de la Municipalidad de Lima (AML), el Archivo General de la Nación (AGN) y bibliotecas especializadas como la Biblioteca Nacional, que me proporcionaron las fuentes primarias para esta investigación. Las epidemias del siglo XVI fueron producto de los nuevos microorganismos patógenos que llegaron con los españoles hacia América, atacando a los naturales que carecían de inmunidad natural para estos, por ser nuevos agentes infecciosos. La hecatombe originada por estas enfermedades fueron devastadoras para la población, debido a las condiciones de insalubridad en la que vivían los habitantes de la Ciudad de los Reyes, especialmente la indígena y los esclavos negros, quienes aparte de ser explotados y recibir un mísero jornal, no contaban con viviendas y alimentación adecuadas, haciéndolos presa fácil de las epidemias.
Tesis

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Diniz, Ariosvaldo da Silva. "Colera : representações de uma angustia coletiva (a doença e o imaginario social no seculo XIX no Brasil)." [s.n.], 1997. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/280003.

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Orientador: Italo Arnaldo Tronca
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-23T15:49:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Diniz_AriosvaldodaSilva_D.pdf: 12196349 bytes, checksum: f325ba3d44a4bef437c606030eafb2d7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1997
Resumo: Este trabalho trata da relação entre doença e imaginário social no Brasil do século XIX. Tomando como tema de estudo a grande epidemia de cólera de 1856 no Nordeste, tenta investigar como, a partir da percepção de uma nova e terrível doença, vão sendo construídas verdades e definições a seu respeito. Busca analisar a doença sob o ângulo epistemológico e cultural. Na dimensão epistemológica, procura situar as características discursivas e os valores presentes nas teorias produzidas sobre a propagação do cólera. Na dimensão cultural, ressalta a produção de representações do corpo biológico e social. Como doença-síntese, o cólera criou um consenso do mal e reatualizou velhas representações das antigas pestes. O seu poder de causar catástrofes e mobilizar o conjunto da sociedade desencadeou tecnologias, acentuou conflitos de poder e saber e mobilizou sentimentos, emoções e medos.
Doutorado
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48

Malan, Chantelle Therese. "The ‘obesity epidemic’ : an analysis of representations of obesity in mainstream South African newspapers post-1997." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1019751.

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Abstract:

This study of 449 newspaper articles from South Africa from 1997 provides an analysis of the representations of obesity evinced in the corpus. The research argues that obesity is overwhelmingly framed as being diseased and that there are four main refrains within this frame, namely, statistics on obesity, the naturalisation of negative assumptions about fat, the social dysfunction of fat and the use of crisis metaphors to describe fatness. This framing lends itself to representations of obesity which are raced, gendered and classed. Fat bodies are portrayed as being in deficit and fat people as lacking agency. The disproportional focus on black bodies in the corpus can be attributed to assumptions of ‘incivility’ which are premised on racial stereotypes which construct black people as being unintelligent, irrational, lacking agency and being largely dependent on others to survive. This disproportional focus on black bodies can also be understood in the context of emerging markets. This study argues that the medicalisation of obesity has contributed to many oversimplifications and contradictions in the representation of obesity in the corpus, which seem to go unquestioned, such as the conflation of weight and health, something I argue is one of the main contributors to the negative consequences of the dominant framing of obesity. Framing obesity as medicalised also promotes fat shaming and acts as a form of social control which maintains existing power relations through the use of discursive practices for the identification and control of deviants. These representations are problematic chiefly because they promote the dehumanisation of fat people, but also because that they do not promote good health as they claim to do.

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49

Ford, Rickey L. "A Minority Perspective on the Public Health Response to the Obesity Epidemic." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3442.

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Abstract:

Obesity is currently viewed as one of the most important health concerns in the United States. Researchers have minimally investigated perspectives surrounding obesity within the African-American female population. This lack of research presented a gap in knowledge concerning the perceived social, environmental, and cultural influences of obesity within this population. The research questions asked African-American females about their views toward these influences. This research was guided by tenets of the social cognitive theory and the transtheoretical model for behavioral change. Thirteen African-American females participated in the interviews. The data collected were reviewed and coded using word frequencies and themes. Findings included recurring themes of cultural influences, social disparities, and the lack of access to healthy food sources and health providers. Positive social change could result from this research to help enlighten public health professionals and community planners to understand the perspectives of African-American women's belief systems surrounding obesity. The information delivered by this research could possibly empower the participants to address the issues within their communities with civic leaders and policy makers to create and sustain needed change.

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50

Mantler, Janet L. "Judgements of responsibility for HIV-infection, a test of Weiner's Social Motivation Theory in the context of the AIDS epidemic." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0014/NQ52430.pdf.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Epidemia social'

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