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1
Hankinson, R. J. "Notes on the Text of John of Alexandria." Classical Quarterly 40, no. 2 (December 1990): 585–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838800043329.
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John of Alexandria is an obscure figure. Little is known of his life: his floruit is placed in the first half of the seventh century A.D. He was a practising doctor; the exact significance of the epithet ‘sophista’ which is found on the superscription to his commentary on the sixth book of Hippocrates' Epidemics is uncertain: but it may indicate an interest beyond the purely medical. Apart from the commentaries on the Epidemics and De Sectis, the only other work ascribed to him with any certainty is a commentary on the Hippocratic text On the Nature of the Child, although four other works traditionally attributed to Philoponus and of a purely medical nature have been ascribed to him.
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Ahmad, Wasim, Sayed Tauleha, Mohammad Zulkifle, and Ghulamuddin Sofi. "Role of Unani Medicine in Prevention and Treatment of Waba (Epidemics) including COVID-19: A Review." European Journal of Cell Science 2, no. 1 (August 15, 2020): 01–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.34154/2020-ejcs-0201-01-09/euraass.
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Mankind has faced many hardships like natural disaster, drought and epidemics. Study focuses on epidemics caused by microbes.Unani medicine has a long experience in treating epidemic diseases because its history is as old as the history of human being itself. More or less entire of the civilisations throughout the history became the basis for evolution of Unani medicine. Hippocrates (460-380BC) regarded it asbothart and science, discussed the epidemics and wrote a book on Epidemics. Body is assumed healthy when the humours are balanced. So, Unani scholars have rightly said Fa’il (Active agent) is not able to produce any change (Actions & Reactions) in the body without the prior presence of Munfa’il(Pertinent) having the capacity to accept it like in Waba(epidemic). The aim is to explore the fundamental concept of Waba from the Unani literature and understand COVID-19 in reference to existing literature of Unani medicine. The literature of Unani medicine was surveyed for concept of Waba(Epidemic) & related concepts. Internet was used to access indexed papers using search engines like Medline, PubMed, Science Direct, etc. Logical preventive strategies like quarantine, and useof fumigants, prophylactic drugs are mentioned in Unani literature that have been used in epidemics with flue like symptoms. This knowledge and experience may be used for achieving methods for prophylaxis, cure or add on therapeutic measures for COVID-19 epidemic.
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Norton, Scott A. "What caused the Athenian itch in Hippocrates' On Epidemics?" Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 57, no. 6 (December 2007): 1093–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2007.07.047.
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Khan, Asim Ali, Fouzia Bashir, and Jamal Akhtar. "TIRYAQ E ARBA: A classical Unani Formulation to boost immunity." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 10, no. 4-s (August 15, 2020): 259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v10i4-s.4312.
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Unani System of medicine is one among the oldest systems of medicine that prevails till date with its efficient drugs derived from animal, plant and mineral resources. Over 2400 years ago the father of medicine, Hippocrates practiced it, however His medicine included a great deal of ancient Egyptian Medicine as well as important components of the ancient Mesopotamian traditions. This system of medicine has a detailed description of drugs that are utilized in many infectious diseases like influenza, pneumonia and other respiratory disorders. Unani scholars have prescribed several single drugs as well as compound formulations for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases in general. Tiryaq e Arba is one such formulation, which is known to improve host immunity anytime or during the outbreak of epidemics, endemics and pandemics. Through this paper, an attempt has been made to present Unani concept of infectious and epidemic diseases and details of Tiryaq e Arba with a possible approach to manage Covid-19.
Keywords: Tiryaq e Arba, ingredients, epidemics, Unani Medicine.
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Juozapaitis, Mindaugas, and Linas Antoniukas. "Influenza virus." Medicina 43, no. 12 (December 8, 2007): 919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina43120119.
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Every year, especially during the cold season, many people catch an acute respiratory disease, namely flu. It is easy to catch this disease; therefore, it spreads very rapidly and often becomes an epidemic or a global pandemic. Airway inflammation and other body ailments, which form in a very short period, torment the patient several weeks. After that, the symptoms of the disease usually disappear as quickly as they emerged. The great epidemics of flu have rather unique characteristics; therefore, it is possible to identify descriptions of such epidemics in historic sources. Already in the 4th century BC, Hippocrates himself wrote about one of them. It is known now that flu epidemics emerge rather frequently, but there are no regular intervals between those events. The epidemics can differ in their consequences, but usually they cause an increased mortality of elderly people. The great flu epidemics of the last century took millions of human lives. In 1918–19, during “The Spanish” pandemic of flu, there were around 40–50 millions of deaths all over the world; “Pandemic of Asia” in 1957 took up to one million lives, etc. Influenza virus can cause various disorders of the respiratory system: from mild inflammations of upper airways to acute pneumonia that finally results in the patient’s death. Scientist Richard E. Shope, who investigated swine flu in 1920, had a suspicion that the cause of this disease might be a virus. Already in 1933, scientists from the National Institute for Medical Research in London – Wilson Smith, Sir Christopher Andrewes, and Sir Patrick Laidlaw – for the first time isolated the virus, which caused human flu. Then scientific community started the exhaustive research of influenza virus, and the great interest in this virus and its unique features is still active even today.
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Garofalo, Ivan. "Peter E. Pormann (Ed.): Epidemics in Context. Greek Commentaries on Hippocrates in the Arabic Tradition." Gnomon 87, no. 8 (2015): 691–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17104/0017-1417-2015-8-691.
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Livingstone, Niall, and Gideon Nisbet. "II Epigram in the Hellenistic World." New Surveys in the Classics 38 (2008): 48–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383509990209.
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As Chapter 1 ended, with questions of collecting and reception, so Chapter 2 begins. The imperial physician and prolific medical writer Galen (second to third century CE) was particularly interested in books and how people used, or misused, them. In the course of a discussion of how a particular set of annotations found their way into the Library of Alexandria's copy of a classic medical text, the third book of Hippocrates' Epidemics, he tells an interesting story to illustrate just how avid Ptolemy Euergetes, king of Egypt in the third century BCE, was as a book collector. He ordered that, whenever ships put in at the harbour of Alexandria, any books their passengers were carrying should be confiscated and copied; the copies were returned to the owners, and the originals were placed in the Library. Ptolemy went further than that, though: he borrowed the official copies of the plays of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides from the Athenian authorities on the security of a large deposit (fifteen talents), promising to make copies and return the originals.
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Vallance, J. T. "Hippocrates: One or Many? Volker Langholf: Medical Theories in Hippocrates: Early Texts and the ‘Epidemics’. (Untersuchungen zur antiken Literatur und Geschichte, 34.) Pp. v + 286. Berlin and New York: De Gruyter, 1990. DM 166." Classical Review 42, no. 01 (April 1992): 167–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009840x00282784.
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Nutton, Vivian. "Galen, On the elements according to Hippocrates, Corpus medicorum Graecorum, V. 1,2, ed. and transl. and commentary by Phillip De Lacy, Berlin Akademie Verlag, 1996, pp. 236, DM 220 (3-05-002877-7). - John of Alexandria, Commentary on Hippocrates' Epidemics VI fragments; Commentary of an anonymous author on Hippocrates' Epidemics VIfragments, ed., transl., and notes by John M Duffy. John of Alexandria, Commentary on Hippocrates' On the nature of the child, ed. and transl. by T A Bell, D P Carpenter, D W Schmidt, M N Sham, G I Vardon, L G Westerink, Berlin, Akademie Verlag, 1997, pp. 201, DM 220 (3-05-003190-5)." Medical History 42, no. 4 (October 1998): 543–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025727300064619.
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Villas Boas, Alex. "Spirituality and Health in Pandemic Times: Lessons from the Ancient Wisdom." Religions 11, no. 11 (November 4, 2020): 583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel11110583.
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The goal of this paper is to analyze how the historical episode of the so-called Plague of Athens between the years 430 and 426 BC seems to have been the first phenomenon classified as an epidemic by Hippocrates, and the historian Thucydides described its cultural, social, political and religious consequences. However, such a crisis generated the need for a new culture, and consequently a new theological mentality, as a cultural driver that made it possible to transform the Asclepiad Sanctuary of Kos into the first hospital in the West to integrate spirituality and science as ways to promote the healing of culture in order to achieve the ideal of health. The adopted method was a semantic analysis of the classic texts that help contextualize the Hippocratic view of the epidemic, spirituality, and health, and how these questions were received by Christianity at the time. The reception of this experience by Christianity, despite suffering some tension, also expands this Greek ideal and constitutes a true heritage of ancient wisdom that can be revisited in the time of the new pandemic, COVID-19. The perspective assumed here is interdisciplinary, putting in dialogue Theology and Health Sciences.
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PORMANN, PETER E. "CASE NOTES AND CLINICIANS: GALEN’S COMMENTARY ON THE HIPPOCRATIC EPIDEMICS IN THE ARABIC TRADITION*." Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 18, no. 2 (September 2008): 247–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0957423908000568.
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Galen’s Commentaries on the Hippocratic Epidemics constitute one of the most detailed studies of Hippocratic medicine from Antiquity. The Arabic translation of the Commentaries by Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq (d. c. 873) is of crucial importance because it preserves large sections now lost in Greek, and because it helped to establish an Arabic clinical literature. The present contribution investigate the translation of this seminal work into Syriac and Arabic. It provides a first survey of the manuscript tradition, and explores how physicians in the medieval Muslim world drew on it both to teach medicine to students, and to develop a framework for their own clinical research.
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Craik, Elizabeth. "Horizontal Transmission in the Hippocratic Tradition." Mnemosyne 59, no. 3 (2006): 334–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852506778132365.
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AbstractThe problem of intertextuality in the Hippocratic Corpus is addressed, with particular reference to Prorrhetic 1 and Coan Prognoses, which have blocks of prognostic material in common and which replicate passages of Epidemics. The relation between medical prognosis and religious divination is discussed. It is discovered that identical aphoristic wording is accompanied and probably safeguarded by metrical patterns, and argued that the compilers were amalgamating early sources of traditional wisdom, possibly from shrines in Thessaly, with later 'scientific' material. The term horizontal transmission, borrowed from textual criticism, describes the complex process of interpenetration seen in the Hippocratic tradition.
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Choi, Bernard C. K. "The Past, Present, and Future of Public Health Surveillance." Scientifica 2012 (2012): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.6064/2012/875253.
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This paper provides a review of the past, present, and future of public health surveillance—the ongoing systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health data for the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health action. Public health surveillance dates back to the first recorded epidemic in 3180 B.C. in Egypt. Hippocrates (460 B.C.–370 B.C.) coined the terms endemic and epidemic, John Graunt (1620–1674) introduced systematic data analysis, Samuel Pepys (1633–1703) started epidemic field investigation, William Farr (1807–1883) founded the modern concept of surveillance, John Snow (1813–1858) linked data to intervention, and Alexander Langmuir (1910–1993) gave the first comprehensive definition of surveillance. Current theories, principles, and practice of public health surveillance are summarized. A number of surveillance dichotomies, such as epidemiologic surveillance versus public health surveillance, are described. Some future scenarios are presented, while current activities that can affect the future are summarized: exploring new frontiers; enhancing computer technology; improving epidemic investigations; improving data collection, analysis, dissemination, and use; building on lessons from the past; building capacity; enhancing global surveillance. It is concluded that learning from the past, reflecting on the present, and planning for the future can further enhance public health surveillance.
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Nelson, Eric D. "Rereading Galen and Zeuxis on Ptolemy’s Port." Mnemosyne 68, no. 3 (April 24, 2015): 437–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568525x-12341642.
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This article casts doubt on the use of Zeuxis’ testimony (preserved by Galen in his commentary on Epidemics 3) regarding the acquisition of books in Alexandria as an explanation for the anonymity of some texts of the Hippocratic Corpus. Instead, it suggests that Galen’s account needs to be seen, in conjunction with his other musings on the subject, as a projection of his own experience and frustration with the fraudulent trafficking of books, including (and, perhaps, particularly) his own.
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Harris, W. V. "Manteis and Medicine." Mnemosyne 73, no. 1 (January 20, 2020): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568525x-12342644.
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Abstract The many scholars who have supposed that there were persons known as iatromanteis (healing-seers) who offered medical assistance in archaic and classical Greece have been in error—there was no such occupation. But manteis (seers) did sometimes offer medical advice in classical Greece, in addition to their other roles, especially—so it seems—during epidemics and to chronic patients, and notwithstanding the rise of Hippocratic medicine. The evidence to this effect is more extensive than is commonly realized.
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Thumiger, Chiara. "Mental Insanity in the Hippocratic Texts: A Pragmatic Perspective." Mnemosyne 68, no. 2 (February 3, 2015): 210–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568525x-12301565.
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The terminology of insanity in the Hippocratic texts appears often confusing to the reader for its variety and ambiguity. Scholarship has dealt with this problematic group of words in different ways, attributing the phenomenon to accidents in the composition of early medical texts or their status as part of a developing technical language and fundamentally reducing them to synonymous. In this piece I propose to look at them not in a semantic perspective, but from the point of view of pragmatic linguistics. How does the grammar and position in which these words are used influence their effect within the individual narrative? How are nuances of emphasis and intensity expressed? How do aspects of subjectivity and chronology emerge through narrative strategies? Through a close reading of one illustrative passage from the patient cases of the Epidemics I attempt to extract further information about the use and meaning of early medical psychiatric vocabulary.
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Kalam, Mohd Afsahul, Abdul Haseeb, Mohd Sheeraz Mushtaq, and Zaffar Hussain. "Taryaq-i-Waba‘i: A review on Potent Compound Formulation of Unani Medicine with special reference to epidemic/pandemic diseases." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 10, no. 4 (July 15, 2020): 234–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v10i4.4223.
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Unani System of medicine is one among the oldest systems practiced all over the world. Hippocrates, father of medicine also known as father of epidemiology was the first who had written about the diseases which spread as epidemic or pandemic. After him Galen had mentioned the prevention and management of pandemic/epidemic diseases, and given several drugs for its management. A large number of Unani crude drug and compound formulations have been mentioned in the context of the prevention and management of Waba’i Amrad. Mostly all the Waba’i Amrad have pyrexia with other symptoms according to the involvement of systemic organs. One of the most important formulation is Taryaq-i-Waba‘i, a poly herbal pharmaceutical preparation, in the form of Pills (Huboob), and is cited by almost all the physicians of Unani Medicine viz; Jalinus, Azam Khan, Ajmal Khan, Kabiruddin etc. in their treatises. In Unani system of medicine, Amrad-i-Waba‘i is described under a broad term which encompasses various contagious diseases which occurs due to impairment of environmental conditions related to air, and water. This compound formulation contains four ingredients, includes Aloe, Myrrh, Crocus and rose water. It is indicated as antidote, anti-epidemic and used for the treatment of epidemic fever, poisonous bites etc. There is no any scientific study has been done on the formulation but it is used by Unani practitioners since time immemorial. So here a brief description of the compound and its ingredients on the scientific basis is being presented for further study on the basis of Amrad-i-Waba‘i.
Keywords: Taryaq-i-Waba‘i, Epidemic/Pandemic, Crocus sativus, Unani Medicine.
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Graham, A. J. "Thasos: the topography of the ancient city." Annual of the British School at Athens 95 (November 2000): 301–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s006824540000469x.
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The recently published ‘Stele from the Harbour’ of Thasos provides important new evidence for the topography of the ancient city. Some streets and other topographical features are named or described. There are many problems, however, in locating these features on the ground. These problems are fully discussed and some new solutions are proposed. At the same time, the new evidence bears on several difficult and unresolved topographical questions, which have long engaged the attention of students of Thasos. These questions are, therefore, reconsidered here. Finally, the important evidence for the topography of the city, which is found in the Hippocratean Epidemics, is fully set out for the first time, and discussed in relation to the archaeological evidence.
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Retief, F. P., and L. Cilliers. "Legumes and disease in the Graeco-Roman world." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 20, no. 1 (September 28, 2001): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v20i1.244.
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Legumes formed an important part of the diet in Graeco-Roman times, and included broad beans (Vicia fava) and probably beans of the Phaseolus genus, lentils (Lens culinaris), peas (Pisium sativum) and chickpeas (Cicer arietinum) and peas of the Lathyrus genus, e.g. grasspeas (Lathyrus sativum). Vetch (Vicia ervilia) was eaten only in times of severe food shortages. Symptoms and health prob-lems associated with the consumption of legumes are reviewed, and include relatively minor issues like abdominal distention and flatulence, but also alleged sexual problems, abnormal pregnancies, bad dreams and dulling of the senses. In the 5th century BC the Hippocratic writers reported in Epidemics II that the inhabitants of Ainos developed irreversible weakness of their legs due to the eating of pulse (legume mixtures) in times of war and starvation. It is argued that this represents the lathyrism syndrome caused by a neurotoxin present in grasspeas - and that the Hippocratic doctors were the first to recognize this neurological disease. In the 6th century BC Pythagoras prohibited his followers from eating or coming into contact with broad beans. The possibility is reviewed that he might have been aware of favism - a potentially fatal illness precipitated by broad beans in patients with G6DP-deficiency (a hereditary condition common in Mediterranean peoples). It is perhaps more likely that the prohibition rested on mystic and religious considerations, as the bean (as possible origin of the human soul) was enveloped in a veil of mysticism and superstition.
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Retief, François. "The origin and development of leprosy in antiquity." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 28, no. 1 (September 2, 2009): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v28i1.45.
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Through the ages leprosy has filled mankind with awe and horror. It still remains one of the unconquered infectious diseases, although the World Health Organisation reports a decrease in its prevalence (18 million to two million new cases annually over the past 20 years). For many, leprosy’s origins are to be traced back to the Hebrew Bible and the condition of zara’ath mentioned in Leviticus 13-14. This was a light-coloured scaly skin lesion which rendered the patient ritually unclean. Such a person was banned from society by a priest, and could only return on being pronounced clean. Zara’ath was almost certainly a benign skin lesion and not leprosy. When the Hebrew Bible was translated into Greek (the Septuagint) in the 3rd century BC, zara’ath was translated as lepros/lepra, possibly after an apparently comparable disease described in the Hippocratic Corpus (5th – 4th centuries BC). The Hippocratic disease was clearly a benign, scaly skin eruption, and not leprosy as we know it. The fact that leprosy, as a very chronic progressive disease with a characteristic clinical picture, was not described by Hippocrates, almost certainly means that it did not occur in the Greek community of the time. True leprosy is an infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae, and manifests initially as light-coloured skin macules. With prominent bodily immunity against the organism the skin lesions enlarge slowly, later become scaly with a numb surface, and are complicated by nervous infiltration and atrophic degeneration of the extremities (tuberculoid leprosy). With low immunity, progressive nodular infiltration of skin and underlying structures result in extensive deformities (e.g. the typical “leonine facies”), subcutaneous abscesses, destruction of nerves and other tissues, blindness, deafness and testicular atrophy (lepromatous leprosy). Medical writings of ancient civilisations show that a leprosy-like disease was recognised in Mesopotamia by the 2nd millennium BC, and possibly in India and China in the 1st millennium BC. It has been suggested that leprosy was brought to the Mediterranean region by Alexander the Great’s armies, 4th century BC.Leprosy produces pathognomonic bone lesions, and the earliest osteo-archaeological evidence of leprosy was found in Egyptian skulls dating back to the 2nd century BC. The first clinical description of a disease recognisable as classical leprosy, can be dated to Strato of Alexandria, 3rd century BC. This condition, which became known as elephantiasis or elephas, was subsequently described by numerous notable physicians of the time, and Aretaeus of Cappadocia in particular. It migrated to Greece and Italy; Pliny the Elder stating that it fi rst appeared in Rome at the end of the 1st century BC. Although it was considered incurable, complex therapeutic programmes including venesection, purges, enemas and perspirants were prescribed in order to rid the body of the presumed fluid retention. Elephantiasis spread through the Roman Empire, but only became a notable European epidemic during the Middle Ages. In time the zara’ath-associated lepra of the Septuagint and elephantiasis were considered related diseases, and by the 4th century they were seen as the same disease. The two names became interchangeable. The influence of the Christian Church was such that the ritualised banning of lepers became incorporated into the treatment of elephantiasis – against the advice of physicians like Caelius Aurelianus (4th/5th century AD). Gradually the name lepra (leprosy) replaced elephantiasis, which ensured the stigmatisation of leprosy as an “unclean disease” with divine punishment for previous sins – a tragic misconception which persisted up to modern times. Today elephantiasis refers to a tropical parasitic disease, fi lariasis, characterised by gross swelling and deformation of the lower body.
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Olson, S. Douglas. "PHERECRATES FR. 60: SPINY FISH-HEADS, BUT NO SCRAPS." Classical Quarterly 64, no. 1 (April 16, 2014): 402–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838813000803.
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The scholia to Wasps gloss τραχήλια variously as τὰ ἄκρα καὶ τὰ εὐτελῆ κρέα (‘cheap trimmings of meat’), τὰ ἀποβαλλόμενα τῶν ὄψων (‘discarded scraps of prepared dishes’), ὀστράκιόν τι βραχὺ τελέως (‘a tiny bit of bone’), and εὐτελὲς προσόψημα ἐν λοπαδίσκοις σκευαζόμενον (‘a cheap side-dish prepared in small pans’). These might all be guesses, but the absence of the definite article in the original text shows that Bdelycleon's reference is to something more generic than ‘the backbones’ in the next verse. The ancient commentators were thus probably right not to interpret the word ‘bits of neck’, vel sim., as if this were a diminutive of τράχηλος (‘neck’ or ‘head and neck’). Instead, these must be ‘tail-ends’ of food, scraps and leftovers of a sort that might be fed to a dog; compare Hippocrates, Epidemiae 7.62 (v.428.7 Littré), where βόεια τραχήλια (‘beef tit-bits’, vel sim.) are mentioned along with ham as part of the diet of a man recovering from illness.
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S. Rodrigo, Fernando. "The Influence of Meteorological Conditions on the Yellow Fever Epidemic in Cádiz (Southern Spain) in 1800: A Historical Scientific Controversy." Atmosphere 11, no. 4 (April 18, 2020): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11040405.
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A yellow fever epidemic occurred in Cádiz and other areas of southern Spain during the last months of 1800. An anonymous author attributed this disease to the contrast between the cold and rainy winter and spring, and the subsequent very hot summer. However, the physician J.M. Aréjula published a report in 1806 where he refuted this conclusion after a detailed analysis of the meteorological conditions in the area. This controversy is a good example of the discussion about the relationships between meteorological conditions and public health. In this work, this “scientific” controversy is studied. Although the arguments of both authors were inspired by the neo-Hippocratic medical paradigm, the anonymous author put forth a simple cause–effect hypothesis, while Aréjula recognized the complexity of the problem, introducing the concept of “concause” to explain the confluence of environmental and contagious effects.
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Vagelpohl, Uwe. "IN THE TRANSLATOR'S WORKSHOP." Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 21, no. 2 (August 12, 2011): 249–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0957423911000038.
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AbstractḤunayn ibn Isḥāq's Arabic translation of Galen's commentary on the Hippocratic Epidemics is an invaluable source for our knowledge of Galenic medicine and its transmission history, not least because much of it is extant only in Arabic. Its importance for the Arabic medical tradition is amply attested in the later medical literature. It also tells us much about the methods and self-image of contemporary translators. Throughout the translation, we find remarks by Ḥunayn discussing the quality of his source text, his own interpretation and also his attempts to reconstruct problematic or damaged passages. Based on an edition of these notes, their analysis and comparison to similar texts and Galen's own thought on editing and interpreting difficult medical texts, this article aims to situate Ḥunayn's methods in the context of the Greek-Arabic translation movement. It argues that his approach differs in important respects from that of preceding Greek-Arabic and Greek-Syriac translators and that he was indebted to Galen not just as a physician, but also as a translator and exegete.
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Kubar, O. I. "ETHICAL INTERPRETATION OF THREE ELEMENTS OF MEDICINE DURING COVID-19." Bioethics 26, no. 2 (November 2, 2020): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.19163/2070-1586-2020-2(26)-9-14.
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The humanitarian idea underlying this article is to attempt an epidemiological interpretation of the classic Hippocratic triad "Medicine consists of three elements: the disease, the patient and the doctor". In the XIII century, the Syrian doctor Abul-Faraj in his saying: "Look, there are three of us – you, me, and the disease. If you are on my side, it will be easier for the two of us to defeat her. But, if you go over to her side, I alone will not be able to defeat you both" deciphered the magical meaning of these words. For centuries, the fundamental integrity of this formula has been an ethical and professional guarantee of the success of each patient's treatment and the prospect of building a personalized healthcare system. In this particular article, we have searched for new content of three key elements of the textbook aphorism in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. An understanding of the role of the doctor – "I" as the whole complex of efforts aimed at fighting the pandemic. Patient status "You" means the whole society during a pandemic, and even is as a long-term message for the physical, mental, social and geopolitical health of future generations. The meaning of "Disease" should be understood from the perspective of the problems of the entire health system and logistical ignorance, which has become an obstacle to achieving ethical integrity in managing epidemic challenges. The paper shows how adherence to the ethical principles of social responsibility, trust, and solidarity should become the moral accompaniment of the entire complex of sanitary, anti-epidemic, economic, legal, and social technologies that can ensure success in the fight against the pandemic and prevent the development of unjustified risks.
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Wittmann, Mark Matthias, Annemarei Wittmann, and Dietmar H. Wittmann. "AIDS, Emergency Operations, and Infection Control." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 17, no. 8 (August 1996): 532–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0195941700004768.
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AbstractAcquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may turn out to be the largest lethal epidemic of infection ever. The estimated global number of HIV-infected adults in 1993 was 13 million, with projections of up to 40 million by the year 2000. Human immunodeficiency virus infections and AIDS are relevant to surgeons with respect to the surgical management of AIDS patients in general, the treatment of the increasingly long list of surgical complications specific to AIDS patients in particular, and the risks of patient-to-surgeon and surgeon-to-patient HIV transmission. Because of migration of individuals and populations throughout the world, even surgeons practicing in relatively unaffected regions should be familiar with the potential surgical implications of AIDS. Ethical considerations arise, as well. Are surgeons obliged to operate on HIV-positive or AIDS patients? Some surgeons adhere strictly to the Hippocratic Oath, whereas others reserve the right to be selective on whom they operate, except in emergencies. Other common ethical considerations in the AIDS patient are similar to those arising in the terminal cancer case: whether to operate or not; whether to provide advanced support such as total parenteral nutrition or hemodialysis. Answers are not simple and require close collaboration between the surgeon, the AIDS specialist, and involved members of other specialties. Emergency operations become necessary to treat AIDS independent disease such as acute cholecystitis and appendicitis or AIDS-related life-threatening conditions such as gastrointestinal bleeding, obstruction, perforation, or ischemia complicating Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphoma, and cytomegalovirus or disseminated nontuberculous mycobacterial infections. Delays and errors in diagnosis are frequent. Poor nutritional state with weight loss, low serum albumin, and leukocyte count prevails in most patients requiring emergency operations and account for a high mortality. By applying solid judgment and selecting management appropriately, the surgeon has the ability to prolong life and to improve the quality of life for these unfortunate patients, and to do so with extremely minimal risk to himself and his team.
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Nutton, Vivian. "Caelius Aurelianus, Akute Krankheiten. Chronische Krankheiten, pt. 1: Akute Krankheiten, bks 1-3, Chronische Krankheiten, bks 1-2, ed. Gerhard Bendz, Berlin, Akademie Verlag, 1990, pp. 677, DM 190.00 (3-05-000351-0). - Galen, Sull'ottima maniera d'insegnare. Esortazione alla medicina, ed. and transl. Adelmo Barigazzi, Corpus Medicorum Graecorum V 1, 1, Berlin, Akademie Verlag, 1991, pp. 172, DM 98.00 (3-05-000745-1). - G. E. R. Lloyd, Methods and problems in Greek science: selected papers, Cambridge University Press, 1991, pp. xiv, 457, £45.00, $59.50 (0-521-37419-7). - Volker Langholf, Medical theories in Hippocrates: early texts and the ‘Epidemics’, Untersuchungen zur antiken Literatur und Geschichte 34, Berlin and New York, Walter de Gruyter, 1990, pp. 285, DM 166.00 (3-11-011956-0). - Robert Sallares, The ecology of the ancient Greek world, London, Duckworth, 1991, pp. x, 588, £42.00 (0-7156-2339-7). - Owsei Temkin, Hippocrates in a world of pagans and Christians, Baltimore and London, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991, pp. xiv, 315, £28.50, $46.00 (0-8018-4090-2)." Medical History 36, no. 1 (January 1992): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025727300054661.
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Shamsi, Yasmeen, Rais Ur Rahman, and Md Wasi Akhtar. "ROLE OF UNANI MEDICINE IN THE PREVENTION OF CORONAVIRUS DISEASE-2019 (COVID-19): A REVIEW AND RESEARCH PERSPECTIVE." Indian Journal of Unani Medicine 13, no. 1 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.53390/ijum.v13i1.5.
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In December 2019 some patients with symptoms very much similar to SARS and MERS emerged in Wuhan city of China. In January 2020 a new type of coronavirus was isolated and name as 2019-nCoV, which later termed 'SARSCoV-2'. WHO declared the Covid-19 outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern, and on March 11, the epidemic was upgraded to the pandemic. As on 02.04.2020, 827,419 confirmed cases are officially reported in more than 200 countries or territories with 40,777 deaths. The history of epidemiology typically starts with 'Hippocrates' in about 400 BC; he in his valuable book, Of the Epidemics introduced several concepts of epidemiology. In Unani Classical texts, both epidemics and pandemics have been described under a common term 'Waba'. Unani medicine have described Nazla Haar by the name of Nazla-e-Wabaiya (epidemic influenza) which is characterized by body ache, sore throat, nasal irritation, burning sensation in eyes sneezing & cough, and fever. Unexplained general weakness is an early feature of Nazla-e-Wabaiya and the disease is often complicated by pneumonia and pleurisy, therefore, Nazla-e-Wabaiya (Nazla Haar) is very much similar to that of Covid-19. In such conditions Ibn Sina advised that houses should be sanitized daily by spraying different arqiyat, he recommended the use of Bukhoor(incense) of some anti-infective drugs. Zakariya Razi has prescribed several aromatic Unani drugs for prevention of Waba. For prophylaxis of epidemic diseases, Unani scholars also prescribed several drugs to augment the immunity (Quwwat-e-Mudabbira Badan). There is a long list of drugs suggested by Unani scholars to be used in different ways to combat epidemic and pandemic situations that need to be validated on current scientific parameters.
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Alam, Md Anzar, Mohd Abdul Gani, G. Shama, Ghulamuddin Sofi, and Mohd Aleemuddin Quamri. "Possible role of Unani Pharmacology in COVID-19 – a narrative review." Reviews on Environmental Health, November 5, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2020-0106.
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AbstractAccording to the World Health Organization (WHO), viral diseases continue to rise, and pose a significant public health problem. Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of COVID-19 is close to Amraz-e-Wabai (epidemic diseases) which was described by Hippocrates, Galen, Aristotle, Razes, Haly Abbas, Avicenna, Jurjani etc. Presently, there is no specific or challenging treatment available for COVID-19. Renowned Unani Scholars recommended during epidemic situation to stay at home, and fumigate the shelters with aromatics herbs like Ood kham (Aquilaria agallocha Roxb.), Kundur (Boswellia serrata Roxb), Kafoor (Cinnamomum camphora L.), Sandal (Santalum album L), Hing (Ferula foetida L.) etc. Use of specific Unani formulations are claimed effective for the management of such epidemic or pandemic situation like antidotes (Tiryaqe Wabai, Tiryaqe Arba, Tiryaqe Azam, Gile Armani), Herbal Decoction (Joshandah), along with Sharbate Khaksi, Habbe Bukhar, Sharbate Zanjabeel, Khamira Marwareed, Jawarish Jalinus, and Sirka (vinegar). Such drugs are claimed for use as antioxidant, immunomodulatory, cardiotonic, and general tonic actions. The study enumerates the literature regarding management of epidemics in Unani medicine and attempts to look the same in the perspective of COVID-19 prevention and management.
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Alam, Md Anzar, Mohd Aleemuddin Quamri, Ghulamuddin Sofi, Umme Ayman, Shabnam Ansari, and Mariyam Ahad. "Understanding COVID-19 in the light of epidemic disease described in Unani medicine." Drug Metabolism and Personalized Therapy, September 23, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/dmdi-2020-0136.
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AbstractUnani system of medicine is based on the humoral theory postulated by Hippocrates, according to him the state of body health and disease are regulated by qualitative and quantitative equilibrium of four humours. Amraz-e-Waba is an umbrella term which is used in Unani medicine for all types of epidemics (smallpox, measles, plague, Hameer Saifi, influenza, Nipaha, Ebola, Zika, and 2019 novel coronavirus, etc.) mostly fatal in nature. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a severe acute respiratory infection, and the pathogenesis and clinical features resemble with those of Nazla-e-Wabaiya (influenza) and Zatul Riya (pneumonia) which were well described many years ago in Unani text such as high-grade fever, headache, nausea and vomiting, running nose, dry cough, respiratory distress, alternate and small pulse, asthenia, foul smell from breath, insomnia, frothy stool, syncope, coldness in both upper and lower extremities, etc. The World Health Organization declared COVID-19 as a global emergency pandemic. Unani scholars like Hippocrates (370–460 BC), Galen (130–200 AD), Rhazes (865–925 AD), and Avicenna (980–1037 AD) had described four etiological factors for Amraz-e-Waba viz., change in quality of air, water, Earth, and celestial bodies, accordingly mentioned various preventive measures to be adopted during epidemics such as restriction of movement, isolation or “quarantena”, and fumigation with loban (Styrax benzoin W. G. Craib ex Hartwich.), sandalwood (Santalum album L.), Zafran (Crocus sativus L.), myrtle (Myrtus communis L.), and roses (Rosa damascena Mill.) and use of vinegar (sirka) and antidotes (Tiryaq) as prophylaxis, and avoiding consumption of milk, oil, sweet, meat, and alcohol. This review focuses and elaborates on the concept, prevention, and probable management of COVID-19 in the light of Amraz-e-Waba.
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Baranowska-Jurkun, Angelika, Magdalena Maria Stefanowicz-Rutkowska, Wojciech Matuszewski, and Elżbieta Maria Bandurska-Stankiewicz. "Diabetes – the history of research and treatment." Polish Annals of Medicine, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29089/2020.20.00096.
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Introduction The history of diabetes is a fascinating journey – from the times before the current era to the modern day. This history is rich in a lot of discoveries, advancements in science and technology, renowned scientists, doctors and their achievements as well as challenges. Aim To present the history of research on diabetes and its treatment. Material and methods A review of literature concerning the history of research on diabetes and methods of its treatment. Results and discussion First descriptions of diabetes, today a well-known disease, date back to ancient Egypt; its mysteries were discovered by Hippocrates, Aretaeus of Cappadocia and an Arabic doctor Avicenna. The term ‘diabetes mellitus’ was first used in 1797 and the greatest breakthrough in research on diabetes took place in 1922, when insulin was discovered. This revolutionised the treatment, yet led to the development of a number of chronic vascular complications. Conclusions At present, diabetes – as a non-communicable disease – is perceived by the World Health Organisation as an epidemics, and only getting to know its history can mean having complete knowledge about the disease.
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Warrell, David A. "Louse-borne relapsing fever (Borrelia recurrentisinfection)." Epidemiology and Infection 147 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268819000116.
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AbstractLouse-borne relapsing fever (LBRF) is an epidemic disease with a fascinating history from Hippocrates’ times, through the 6th century ‘Yellow Plague’, to epidemics in Ireland, Scotland and England in the 19th century and two large Afro-Middle Eastern pandemics in the 20th century. An endemic focus persists in Ethiopia and adjacent territories in the Horn of Africa. Since 2015, awareness of LBRF in Europe, as a re-emerging disease, has been increased dramatically by the discovery of this infection in dozens of refugees arriving from Africa.The causative spirochaete,Borrelia recurrentis, has a genome so similar toB. duttoniiandB. crocidurae(causes of East and West African tick-borne relapsing fever), that they are now regarded as merely ecotypes of a single genomospecies. Transmission is confined to the human body lousePediculus humanus corporis, and, perhaps, the head louseP. humanus capitis, although the latter has not been proved. Infection is by inoculation of louse coelomic fluid or faeces by scratching. Nosocomial infections are possible from contamination by infected blood. Between blood meals, body lice live in clothing until the host's body temperature rises or falls, when they seek a new abode.The most distinctive feature of LBRF, the relapse phenomenon, is attributable to antigenic variation of borrelial outer-membrane lipoprotein. High fever, rigors, headache, pain and prostration start abruptly, 2–18 days after infection. Petechial rash, epistaxis, jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly and liver dysfunction are common. Severe features include hyperpyrexia, shock, myocarditis causing acute pulmonary oedema, acute respiratory distress syndrome, cerebral or gastrointestinal bleeding, ruptured spleen, hepatic failure, Jarisch–Herxheimer reactions (J-HR) and opportunistic typhoid or other complicating bacterial infections. Pregnant women are at high risk of aborting and perinatal mortality is high.Rapid diagnosis is by microscopy of blood films, but polymerase chain reaction is used increasingly for species diagnosis. Severe falciparum malaria and leptospirosis are urgent differential diagnoses in residents and travellers from appropriate geographical regions.High untreated case-fatality, exceeding 40% in some historic epidemics, can be reduced to less than 5% by antibiotic treatment, but elimination of spirochaetaemia is often accompanied by a severe J-HR.Epidemics are controlled by sterilising clothing to eliminate lice, using pediculicides and by improving personal hygiene.
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Davis, C. "Candida albicans. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]." IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, no. 88 (August 1, 1986). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20056400871.
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Abstract A description is provided for Candida albicans. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Candida albicans is the commonest cause of candidosis in humans and is also implicated in diseases, notably of the respiratory tract, in birds and other warm-blooded animals. The literature relating to candidosis goes back to approximately 400 BC when Hippocrates described two cases of thrush in his Epidemics book 3 (translated by F. Adams, Baltimore: Williams + Wilkins, 1939). Infections in humans may be superficial (oral thrush, vaginitis, paronychia and cutaneous candidosis) or deep-seated as a result of dissemination via the blood-stream (e.g. endocarditis, endophthalmitis). Single organs may be involved as a result of direct invasion (e.g. pulmonary candidosis). Candidosis may occur in almost any part of the body but rarely occurs in the absence of one or more predisposing factors. Candida albicans occurs commonly as a commensal of mucous membranes and the digestive tract and infection generally results from an overgrowth of the patient's indigenous flora. Predisposing factors involve those associated with hospitalization and serious underlying disease e.g. broad-spectrum antibacterial chemotherapy (see Odds, 1979), use of intravenous catheters and surgical procedures as well as malignant and immunological disorders and intravenous drug abuse. Certain groups within the healthy population are also at risk including neonates (oral thrush), pregnant women (vaginitis) and kitchen workers (paronychia). Chronic mucocutaneous candidosis is a severe superficial disease, usually in children, thought to be linked with cellular immune deficiencies and endocrinopathy syndromes. The pathogenicity of Candida albicans has been established by careful clinical studies of patients with candidosis and by laboratory experiments with animals including mice, guineapigs and rabbits. Disseminated candidosis has been produced by intravenous and intra-peritoneal inoculation of unmodified laboratory animals and may affect visceral organs with the kidney generally the focus of infection. Pretreatment with corticosteroids, irradiation etc. generally enhances the susceptibility of the animal to candidosis (see Odds, 1979 for a review of the literature). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Probably worldwide. Reported from Africa, Asia, Australasia, Europe, North and South America.
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Cilliers, Louise, and Francois P. Retief. "Infection in the Graeco-Roman era with the emphasis on epidemic ilness." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 32, no. 1 (June 26, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v32i1.331.
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In this article the views of the ancient Greeks and Romans on the etiology of infectious diseases are assessed. It appeared that these views were remarkably correct in many respects: Hippocrates for instance believed that an imbalance in the humours preceded disease, while we know today that a malnourished body predisposes a patient to epidemic disease. Further acute observations were recorded during the plague which afflicted Athenians in the 5th century BC, when it was noted that the disease (probably smallpox) was spread by close contact with patients and that the same person never contracted the disease twice – the first description in Western history of acquired immunity. The ancients’ theories of miasmata and ‘seeds of disease’ in the air were the forerunners of what is today identified as pathological micro-organisms causing disease. Little progress in the study of the etiology of infectious diseases was made since Graeco-Roman times, in fact, in the 19th century it was still believed in London that infection was the result of ‘bad air’. The problem was eventually solved when in the 19th century Robert Koch, with the help of the microscope, discovered the pathogenic organisms causing infectious diseases. In many respects the scientific discoveries during the last two centuries merely confirmed the observations of the ancient Greeks and Romans made more than 2000 years ago.
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"17.E. Workshop: Returning disease prevention and health promotion back to the table: from the 1980ies to the 2050ies." European Journal of Public Health 30, Supplement_5 (September 1, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckaa165.845.
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Abstract Disease prevention is part of medical thinking since the time of Hippocrates in the 5th century B.C. However, as a scientific concept, it developed only since the middle of the 19th century through the work of Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch developing and working along with the new germ theory of infectious diseases. Chronic diseases, cardiovascular ones in particular, came into focus only after WW II culminating in the work of Geoffrey Rose and his publication on Sick individuals and sick populations, published 1985. At that time, the new concept of health promotion entered the stage culminating in the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, 1986. The classical concepts embrace two basic interrelated modern risk behaviors, sedentary lifestyle and, typically, associated, intake of high caloric food and alcoholic beverages. All of them contribute to obesity diabetes mellitus, elevated blood pressure and cholesterol, often accompanied by smoking as a key risk factor for lung cancer and vascular damage. The individual consequences in terms of reduced quality of life and death due to non-communicable as well as uncontrolled infectious diseases - exemplified by HIV and recently the COVID epidemic - can be considerable and the socioeconomic costs constitute a heavy burden for the population. Whereas research in the field of prevention tries to identify risk factors which may with a certain probability lead to disease, in the field of health promotion efforts are made to find out how to change risky lifestyles, at the individual as well as the community level. Thus, disease prevention and health promotion are two sides of the same coin and should be an essential subject matter for all bachelor or master programs in public health. In this workshop, we shall focus on four questions: 1) What information do we have on modules for disease prevention and targeted health promotion in European Schools of Public Health? 2) What do we know and what should it be? 3) What can we learn from experience in Europe's disadvantaged neighbourhood? 4) How can disease prevention and health promotion contribute to the well-being of humanity in the second half of our century? The last question reaches out beyond the classical concept as a new dimension entered our discourse in the last years which may become the future priority: A healthy environment as a precondition of everything else, in essence in a global dimension: Air, Water, Soil, and Plants, Animals, Humans. Is this - One Health - in the making: A strategy? Leadership? Teaching and training? Solutions do not lay anymore at the individual or community level but require a collective global effort to save our Noah's Ark. Key messages The classical concept of disease prevention and health promotion has lost ground as regards teaching and training at European Schools of Public Health. To strengthen it life-style change is critical. Lifestyle change remains a crucial challenge for prevention and calls for targeted health promotion. The future demands to reach out to the dimension of a healthy environment, the ONE HEALTH concept.