Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Épidémiologie – Histoire'
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Brault, Nicolas. "Le concept de biais en épidémiologie." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC229/document.
Full textThis PhD thesis, belonging to the tradition of historical epistemology, deals with the history and the formation of the concept of bias in epidemiology. It shows that the operational function of the concept of bias is essentially critical, in the sense that this concept, used by epidemiologists throughout history as an antonym to both objectivity, causality and evidence, is central to both the construction of epidemiology as a scientific discipline and the advent of scientific medicine. An historical and critical account is given of the actual definition of bias, conceived as a systematic error or deviation from the truth, and to the various taxonomies of bias which marked the history of this concept, whose origin goes back to the founders of mathematical statistics. Bias thus appears as a threat to the validity of the design of an epidemiological study, and to the validity of statistical inference and medical reasoning. In other words, what is studied here is the consequences of the probabilistic revolution on both epidemiology and medicine, which led epidemiologists and physicians to a kind of scepticism or even criticism about their own inferences, which would ultimately give birth to the evidence-based medicine's movement
Tarer, Vanessa. "Epidemiologie des complications aigues chez l'enfant drépanocytaire ss Guadeloupéen: : histoire naturelle,incidence et facteurs de risque." Antilles-Guyane, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AGUY0141.
Full textIn Guadeloupe,sickle cell anemia (SCA) is frequently encoutered associated with high morbidity and a major public healt concern. One of the main features of SCA is the remarkable diversity of its clinical spectrum. The prospective study of 239 SCA children followed up by the guadeloupéan sickle cell center betwen 1980 and 1999,allowed to describe the natural history of SCA in this Caribbean island and to provide information about pattern and risk factors of acute clinical events. Prevalences of painful crises (VOC),acute chest syndrome (ACS),acute splenic sequestration,were 65%, 59% and 25%,respectively. Osteomyelitis,septicemia and meningitis affected 16%, 14% and 3% of the patients respectively. The propective effect of HbF level on the overall disease expression was confirmed and, for the first time,extended to acute anemic events and septicemia. Abalated medical fommow-up was associated with an increased risk of the first VOC and ACS. This is a new argument for the precocious medical follow-up of SCA patients. Two other risk factors of the first ACS were identified:asthma and homozygous state for the T8002C variant of the endothelin-1 gene,while ec NOS T-786C polymorphism seemed to have a propective effect on the occurence of first ACS. Studies like ours are a necessary preliminary to global genetic approaches newly developed to identify modifiers genes of the patology, and are indispensable for distinguishing environmental from genetic factors involved in thye polymorphism of expression of sickle cell anemia
Signoli, Michel. "Etude anthropologique de crises démographiques en contexte épidémique : aspects paléo et biodémographiques de la Peste en Provence." Aix-Marseille 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX2651U.
Full textAl-Mouaiad, Al-Azem Assaad. "Epidemiology of tuberculosis in Manitoba, 1992-1997." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0002/MQ45018.pdf.
Full textChaara, Dhekra. "Leishmania killicki : histoire évolutive et organisation spatio-temporelle des populations en Tunisie." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON1T015.
Full textRecently discovered in 1986, Leishmania killicki occurs exclusively in Maghreb. Tunisia is the first country where this parasite was identified, followed by Libya and Algeria. Few studies have been conducted on this parasite. Consequently, many elements on its epidemiology, transmission, population structure and dynamics remain unknown. The objective is to study the taxonomic position, the evolutionary history and the population structure of L. killicki to understand its epidemiology, transmission dynamics and restricted distribution while other taxa are widely dispersed throughout the world. It is worth noting that our study was conducted on the largest number of studied isolates of L. killicki up to now. In order to reach the objective, a sample of L. tropica (species genetically close to L. killicki) was included as a baseline. 198 samples of the two taxa L. killicki (85) and L. tropica (113) were studied. The sample is composed of 168 strains isolated from human skin lesions (Morocco 113, Tunisia 47, Algeria 7, Libya 1), 27 human skin lesions samples (Tunisia), two bone marrow samples of Ctenodactylus gundi (Tunisia) and a sample of a Phlebotomus sergenti female (Tunisia). The study was carried out by the three techniques Multilocus Enzyme Electrophoresis (MLEE), MLST (MultiLocus Sequence Typing) and MLMT MultiLocus Microsatellite Typing.The study of the taxonomic status of L. killicki confirms its position in the L. tropica complex. The genetic analyzes suggest that a founder effect from a subpopulation of L. tropica could be the source of L. killicki. Based on these results, we propose to call this taxon L. killicki (syn. L. tropica). The data show clearly that L. killicki (syn. L. tropica) would now evolve independently accumulating differences, probably due to ecological barriers. The comparison of the population structure of L. killicki (syn. L. tropica) and L. tropica in Maghreb reveals different structure and population dynamics. L. killicki (syn. L. tropica) appears slightly polymorphic and highly structured in space and time, while L. tropica is genetically heterogeneous, little structured geographically and temporally. These results suggest distinct evolution and epidemiological cycles. Different parameters could explain these opposite epidemiological and genetic patterns as ecosystem, vectors, reservoirs or hosts. All these data suggest that the subpopulation of L. tropica that emerged in Tunisia had to adapt to a new ecosystem generating specific epidemiological and evolutionary patterns. In this context, although today we propose that L. killicki is considered as a synonym of L. tropica, it is possible that in the future, we will observe phylogenetic and epidemiological differences that would justify reconsidering its taxonomic position
LeBlanc, Mélanie. "Histoire naturelle de l'insomnie et identification de facteurs de risque." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/18578.
Full textEdjolo, Arlette. "L'épidémiologie de la dépendance du sujet âgé. Histoire naturelle, tendances évolutives et déterminants." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0422/document.
Full textThe contingent of baby‐boomers combined with an expansion of morbidity increasinglyobserved in some layers of older and aging populations are a major challenge for society.The aim of this thesis was to study the natural history and determinants of dependency inaging. In the first part, we showed that longevity was a multifactorial phenomenon withsimilarities and discrepancies by gender. In the second part, the study of secular trendsshowed a 10‐year gain in life expectancy and a postponement of dependency in over 75‐year‐old demonstrating a compression of morbidity for men and high levels of education,but an expansion of morbidity for the subjects of low educational level. IRT models haveallowed us to more accurately describe the process of dependency. Our work confirmed thatthe ability to perform daily activities was hierarchically affected and the front door of theprocess was limitation for shopping, while the last step was for transfer limitation. Thetrajectories of functional evolution before death are more favorable to men and high levelsof education. Furthermore, the sequences are hierarchical specific to dementia, especiallyfor IADL. Demented people experienced sharper functional declines and greater levels ofdependency. Further analyzes will have to focus on exploring more widely different patternsof change in elderly population and identify the determinants underlying these profiles.Keywords:
Duranton, Flore. "Histoire naturelle de la maladie rénale : Analyse des facteurs physiopathologiques et évaluation pronostique de l’insuffisance rénale terminale et de ses complications." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON1T022/document.
Full textChronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are associated with various complications, many of which occur within the internal environment: uremia, anemia, hyperparathyroidism, uremic retention… Plasma urea concentrations have long been used as a diagnostic criterion of CKD, despite the absence of some key characteristics. We discussed these features with regards to the historical uses of urea determinations. It is essential to characterize the plasma changes which occur in CKD to understand the disease and the relationship with comorbidities. We expanded our focus to all of uremic retention solutes, and identified 56 new solutes from recently published clinical studies. The study of plasma and urinary concentrations of amino acids and their association with CKD stage and complications further extended the study of CKD diagnosis, and allowed to generate hypotheses on the metabolic origin of these alterations. On the other hand, by meta-analysis, we showed a reduced risk of death in patients treated with vitamin D derivatives. Correcting comorbidities (hypovitaminosis, disturbances of bone and mineral metabolism) and other renoprotective effects may explain these benefits. Finally, the determination of the urinary proteome and the resulting CKD273 score was proved to be very useful for identifying patients at risk of progression, which is a public health issue. This work based on clinical research and literature analyses is part of an effort to improve the characterization of CKD and the evaluation of progression in order to avoid complications. It is the basis for a wider observational project: analyzing the characteristics of CKD patients and their changes over time
Moussy, Hugues. "Les topographies médicales françaises des années 1770 aux années 1880 : essai d'interprétation d'un genre médical." Paris 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA010533.
Full textRofort, Marie-Françoise. "Les Topographies médicales : une géographie des maladies et de la santé aux XVIIIe et XXe siècles." Paris 7, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA070180.
Full textDuring the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, an important amount of medical topographies have been written without been systematically analyzed. Thus, I have applied myself to describe, to try to explain, to determine and grasp a period in the history of medical geography. To begin with, the genesis, the purpose and the principles of these medical topographies are set out. These facts stress the necessity and the importance of this kind of epidemiological observation. In this way, eight hundred and twenty medical topographies in French have been itemized. Among these ones, one hundred and forty local handwritten medical topographies were elaborated within the royal society of medicine (seventeen seventy-six - seventeen ninety-three), and one hundred and sixty-two, published between seventeen fifty-six and eighteen ninety-five, have been dealt with in a study of localization and determination of the explaining factors of these apportionments according to the size and type of towns, the medicalization rate. . . To follow with, the study of methods and technics of observation through a corpus consisting of thirty-eight urban medical topographies is followed by a thematically, epistemological analysis and by the content of the Parisian medical topographies. In view of the pluridisciplinarity of these medical topographies, the epidemiological and spatial approaches have held my attention. All things considered, medical topographies are a prefiguration of descriptive and analytical epidemiology. Finally, the comparison between medical topographies, contemporary geography and present geography shows that these observers, nearly all of the them being doctors, are pioneers as much of human and social geography as disease and health geography. In a second volume, appended documents illustrate these observations and then a geographical index of medical topographies and a thematically bibliography
Leroy, Valériane. "Infection par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine de type 1 chez la femme en Afrique : épidémiologie, histoire naturelle et implications de santé publique à propos d'études menées au Rwanda, 1988-1995." Bordeaux 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR28407.
Full textLé, Micheline. "Paléoépidémiologie de la lèpre en Europe Occidentale." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX20738.
Full textLeprosy is a dreaded disease marked by a terrible psychological and social impact that it has given its historical and cultural significance because of the horror it produced and the excessive devotion or cruelty it engendered. Leprosy leaves lasting traces on the bones. The expression of the disease, depending on the overall health and on past population immunity conditions varies within them. In this context, the classical lesions of leprosy (resorption of the anterior nasal spine, resorption of the edge of the nasal piriform aperture, atrophy of alveolar process of maxilla and palate perforation) commonly used in the palaeopathological diagnosis, are not the only expression of the disease to consider, despite their reliability. The interest of this thesis was to highlight the additional characteristics of Hansen's disease (inflammatory damages of the hard palate, the nasal conches, the nasal septum, maxillary sinusitis and periosteal reactions in long bones) in ancient human remains in order to improve the palaeopathological diagnosis and the epidemiological perception of this disease providing a more reliable pattern of the leprosy palaeoepidemiology to better understand its evolution. The corrected prevalence of Hansen's disease established with the classical characteristics traditionally used for the diagnosis of leprosy has been improved owing to the study and taking into account of the additional characteristics. One of the non specific characteristics highlighted, the periosteal reaction of long bones, was treated separately with the "Periosteal Pattern Weighed Index" (PPWI). The results obtained show that the profile distribution of periosteal reaction is not generally demonstrating the usefulness of the periosteal reactions quantification as additional diagnostic component, especially as the PPWI method remains below the diagnostic process and does not involve pre-defined aetiology in its application. It is therefore possible to envisage potential etiologic characterization because the absence of classic characteristics within well-defined disease such as leprosy, the distribution pattern of periosteal reactions given by the PPWI could allow to approach this palaeopathological diagnosis and become a diagnostic element to consider. Following our periosteal reactions study, we have developed a new index (Indice X), the rate of the periosteal reactions that quantify periosteal reactions for osteoarchaeological series with different size
Cortes, Frédéric. "Apport des études d'observation dans la connaissance de l'histoire naturelle de la maladie d'alzheimer et de ses facteurs d'évolutivité." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOU30002.
Full textA better understanding of the evolution of Alzheimer's disease is a major issue in current research. Prospective observational studies allow us to study the evolution of the disease and the factors associated with this evolution in more general populations than in clinical trials. Our work analysed data obtained in two French observational studies and results suggest a positive influence of specific medication and adapted management on the evolution of the disease and a real effectiveness of acetylcholine esterase inhibitors treatments. Results also show that the deterioration of the nutritional status or the occurrence of weight loss are risk factors for an accelerated decline whereas the existence of a family history of dementia does not influence the progression of the disease
Thomas, Gaëtan. "La routine vaccinale. Enquête sur un programme français de rationalisation par les nombres, 1949-1999." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEH049/document.
Full textThis dissertation studies the entanglement between statistical production and the normalization of immunization practices in France from the 1950s to the mid-1990s, a period during which immunization remained largely uncontroversial. By rationalizing, regulating, and justifying immunization, epidemiology (understood as a collection of practices, rather than a discrete academic discipline) has contributed greatly to this normalization – a process I term “routinization.” This research project is based on archival findings, both in France and internationally, as well as a series of interviews with significant actors in the field. It is primarily focused on a group of epidemiologists affiliated with the Centre international de l’enfance (French International Children’s Center, 1949-1999), whose mission was to rationalize and simplify immunization for children. Throughout the institution’s history, which overlaps with the late colonial period and the process of de-colonization, there is a significant engagement with Francophone Africa: numerous trials were carried out simultaneously in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Paris region. The transnational nature of this activity is also due, in part, to the involvement of the World Health Organization in matters of immunization – French epidemiologists appropriated calculations popularized on a global scale. At the end of the period in question, the Hepatitis B vaccine controversy disrupted the routinization process and shed light on the rising gap between the discourse and practice of epidemiology and the experience of vaccinated individuals. This study offers new insights into the role of numbers in the maintenance and governance of the most common public health intervention
Fauchon, André. "La population du Manitoba (Canada)." Paris 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA010688.
Full textProulx, Diane. "Le suicide à Paris de 1865 à 1913 : étude épidémiologique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27426.
Full textHeintz, Christophe. "Cognition scientifique et évolution culturelle : outils théoriques pour incorporer les études cognitives aux études sociales de la science." Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00145899.
Full textMunayeno, Muvova. "Les infections sexuellement transmissibles (maladies vénériennes) et la santé publique au Congo: contribution à l'histoire socio-épidémiologique des IST en milieux urbains (1885-1960)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210102.
Full textnégligée par des chercheurs africains spécialistes en sciences sociales, en raison notamment du tabou
qui entoure la sexualité dans ce continent. Toutefois, les dernières décennies ont donné lieu à plusieurs
recherches menées principalement par les Européens africanistes sur ces pathologies grâce à
l’émergence de la pandémie actuelle du Sida. La plupart des travaux réalisés sont axés sur les facteurs
de risque, les mécanismes de diffusion, les croyances et les attitudes populaires face à ces maladies, les
politiques de lutte, etc. Mais les études historiques consacrées aux IST sont très rares. Celles qui
existent ont surtout mis en évidence la dimension démographique axée sur le problème de la dénatalité
en laissant dans l’ombre le contexte socio-historique et les conditions socio-épidémiologiques de
propagation de ces affections. Au moment où le Sida fait des ravages dans le monde et tout
particulièrement en Afrique subsaharienne, l’intérêt d’une réflexion historique sur les IST au Congo
n’est plus à démontrer.
Contrairement à une affirmation classiquement admise dans la littérature, selon laquelle la
lutte contre les IST au sein de la population congolaise fut un franc succès pour les autorités coloniales
surtout après la Deuxième Guerre mondiale, cette thèse montre plutôt l’augmentation de la prévalence
des IST dans le temps. Les archives inédites et l’analyse des données révèlent que cette progression
continue est la conséquence de l'urbanisation accélerée et de la monétarisation de la société et de la sexualité entraînant des modes de vie propres à la société coloniale urbaine. Les villes issues de ce processus deviendront non seulement des espaces
d’acculturation et de modernité, mais aussi des lieux d’expansion de ces maladies. Le développement
de la prostitution et la multiplicité des partenaires sexuels, à travers les unions plus libres et
momentanées, sont les principaux facteurs explicatifs de cette observation.
On présente généralement de manière panégyrique l’oeuvre sanitaire coloniale de la Belgique
au Congo comme ‘‘modèle’’. Pourtant, aucune étude n’a déjà été menée pour examiner, de manière
chiffrée, les aspets liés aux différences de santé entre les Congolais et les Blancs. Cette
dissertation vient combler les lacunes existantes dans ce domaine. De ce point de vue, il en résulte de
fortes inégalités et des déséquilibres persistants de santé entre ces deux types de populations. Les Congolais beaucoup plus
nombreux, socialement défavorisés, ne bénéficient que d’une situation peu ou moins favorable ;tandis
que les Blancs, socialement plus favorisés, bénéficient en général d’une meilleure situation sanitaire.
Plusieurs indicateurs élaborés dans ce travail sont révélateurs de cette réalité coloniale, en termes
d’équipements sanitaires, d’accès et d’utilisation de soins et d’état de santé différencié./
The issue of sexually transmitted infections (STI) in Africa has long been neglected by
researchers African social scientists, particularly because of the taboo surrounding sexuality in Africa.
However, recent decades have resulted in several research conducted mainly by the European
Africanists on these diseases through the emergence of the current pandemic of AIDS. Most of studies
are focused on risk factors, distribution mechanisms, the popular attitudes about these infections,
control policies. But historical studies on STI are seldom examined. Those that exist are mainly
concerning the demographic dimension focuses on the problem of declining birth, leaving the socio-historical
and socio-epidemiological spread of such diseases. While AIDS is ravaging the world and
especially in sub-Saharan Africa, one thing to mention is that the interest of historical reflection on
STI in the Congo is obvious.
Contrary to an assertion conventionally accepted in the literature, that the fight against
gonorrhea and syphilis among the Congolese population was a success for the colonial authorities,
especially after the Second World War, our thesis shows rather the increasing prevalence of STI. The
archives and analysis of data indicates this continued progress is the result of special conditions of
industrialization and urbanization colonial that make people vulnerable. Cities from this historical
process will not only areas of acculturation and modernity, but also places for expansion of these
diseases. The development of prostitution and multiple sexual partners through free and temporary
unions are the main factors explaining this observation.
It has generally praises how the actions of Belgian colonial health in the Congo as 'model'.
However, no study has been conducted to establish or to compare quantitatively the health status
between Blacks (Congolese) and Withes (Europeans in majority). This essay shows the social health
inequalities among these two populations. The Congolese many in number, but more socially
disadvantaged have only less favorable conditions to health. While the white people, socially
privileged, generally have better health status. Several indicators developed in this study are revealing
of the colonial reality in terms of sanitation, access and use of care and health status differential.
Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Grasland, Claude. "Espaces politiques et dynamiques démographiques en Europe de 1950 à 1990." Paris 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA010520.
Full textThe study of the influence of political systems on geographical space lead to a revision of the usual concepts and methods. A general concept of political system is proposed in order to summarized the notions of state, nation, political block, cultural area,. . . , and also to precise their territorial dimension. The methods of analysis are based on the study of couples of places, so that it is possible to precise the respective influence of political interaction and spatial interaction as factors of self-organization of human societies. Those concepts and methods are applied to an empirical analysis of demographic dynamics of the whole european space (except ussr) from 1950 to 1990. The study of the correlations between spatial discontinuities and political boundaries takes place at three different scales : 1) A study of the 24 European states with more than one million inhabitants ; 2) a study of 300 regions covering eastern europe and most part of western europe ; 3) A study of 80 districts covering a transnational area which includes parts of Austria, Hungary and Czechoslovakia
Ayyadurai, Saravanan. "Specificity of the Yersinia Pestis biotype orientalis in the natural history of plague." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX20674/document.
Full textYersinia pestis is the agent of deadly plague and a bacterium listed in the group A of potential bioterrorism agents [http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/plague/]. Sporadic cases are reported in several countries in Asia, Africa and America. Majority of human plague cases and enzootic animals occur in the geographical areas of so-called plague foci. The mechanisms sustaining geographical foci of plague remain poorly understood and plague been classified as a currently re-emerging disease. As first step, we established new front line tool for Y. pestis identification by using MALDI-TOF MS. This method was demonstrated to be simple and effective for Y. pestis identification at species level. Second step, we demonstrated that Y. pestis survived fully virulent for at least 9 months in a steam sterilized, humidified soil devoid of any nutritional supplements or any soil invertebrates. In third step we successfully demonstrated that the human louse (Pediculus humanus) as vector of plague and the body lice transmission of plague was restricted to Orientalis biovar; Antiqua and Medievalis biovars of Y. pestis were not able to transmit by body lice. This result shows that a un- explained mechanism is involved in the body lice transmission of plague and Y. pestis Orientalis adaptation to newly described vectors which effectively correlates the mass death caused by bubonic plague in Black Death individuals. Finally we conclude our study by exploring new compounds for the plague prophylaxis. The potential role of lovastatin in the prevention of mortality during plague was assessed. Lovastatin could significantly reduce the mortality associated with plague in an experimental mouse model. All These data herein we reported in our study may help to better understanding the epidemiology of plague
Larmarange, Joseph. "Prévalences du VIH en Afrique : validité d'une mesure." Phd thesis, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00320283.
Full textLes EDS constituent un bon indicateur du niveau des épidémies à l'échelle national et régional, voir infrarégional grâce au recours à des techniques d'analyse spatiale en composantes d'échelles. Mais leur fréquence est inadaptée pour mesurer les évolutions à court terme. La surveillance sentinelle, estimateur local des ordres de grandeur, peut être un indicateur de tendances sous certaines conditions. Cependant, si la situation actuelle commence à être mieux connue, une mesure réelle des dynamiques est encore hors de notre portée.
Dartois, Laureen. "Facteurs comportementaux et non-comportementaux associés au risque de cancer et de mortalité à partir des données de la cohorte de femmes françaises E3N." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA11T081/document.
Full textBackground: Cancer is the second leading cause of mortality among women in France, and the leading cause of mortality among women aged between 35 and 84. Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer, with 35% of cases among women in France in 2012. Multiple behavioural and non-Behavioural factors have been associated with increases in cancer incidence and mortality. However, the literature about their combined impact is scarce. Regarding breast cancer, some risk factors differed according to the menopausal status, suggesting a different etiology between premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancers.Objectives: Data from the E3N prospective cohort of French women were used to evaluate the influence of behavioural and non-Behavioural factors on cancer risk before and after the menopause and on mortality. In addition, we aimed at estimating their relative impact on the population and identifying factors with the highest predictive power.Results: Our results suggest a modest influence of the lifestyle on cancer risk and mortality when adhering to only one public health recommendation. However, the influence is substantial with a combined adherence to several recommendations. Behavioural factors play a key role in the occurrence of cancer and mortality risk. Regarding breast cancer, these factors influence particularly the risk after the menopause, while before, their impact is lower than non-Behavioural factors. These observations were retrieved when aiming at predicting breast cancer risk according to menopausal status. Prediction was established by non-Behavioural factors in premenopause, while the prediction in postmenopause was driven by behavioural factors.Conclusion: We have shown that the etiology of breast cancer differs according to the nature of the tumour, and particularly according to the menopausal status of women. Whatever the age, lifestyle influence the risk of cancer and mortality, especially after the menopause when their impact is higher than the non-Behavioural factors’ one. New results from prospective study on younger women are warranted to confirm the results
Bonaventure, Audrey. "Facteurs de risque des leucémies aiguës de l’enfant et interactions gènes-environnement." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA11T008.
Full textThe aim of this thesis was to analyze the associations between several environmental (maternal consumption of tobacco, alcohol or caffeinated drinks during pregnancy) and medical (history of asthma or eczema) factors and childhood acute leukemia, and to study genetic polymorphisms suspected to modify those associations.The analyses were performed using data from the national population-based case-control ESCALE study conducted in 2003 and 2004. Information about medical history and maternal consumptions during pregnancy was obtained through a standardized telephone interview with the mothers. The genetic polymorphisms were selected using a candidate approach based on their functionality, in genes involved in the metabolism of tobacco (CYP1A1*2, CYP2E1*5, NQO1*2, EPHX1 and NAT2*5), alcohol (CYP2E1*5, ADH1C*2) or caffeine (NAT2*5), and in allergy (IL4, IL4R, IL10 and IL13). Biological samples consisting of blood for cases and saliva for controls allowed for the genotyping of 370,000 SNPs in the cases and 4,500 SNPs in the controls. Where the candidate polymorphisms were not available from the genotyping, genotypic imputation was used to infer those. In total, data was available for 493 acute leukemia cases and 442 controls of European origin. Maternal coffee drinking during pregnancy and, to a lesser extent, cola soda drinking, was positively associated with childhood leukemia in the ESCALE study. No significant association was observed with maternal smoking or alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Carrying two NAT2*5 alleles was associated with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Odds Ratio OR=1.9 [1.3-2.7]), although the analyses showed no association with the other candidate alleles involved in metabolism. There was no significant interaction between the candidate genetic polymorphisms and maternal consumptions of tobacco, alcohol or caffeinated drinks during pregnancy. However, the candidate alleles of CYP2E1, NQO1 and EPHX1, three enzymes involved in benzene metabolism, seemed to interact together.The variant alleles in IL13, IL4, IL10 and IL4R genes were not associated with childhood leukemia. A history of asthma or eczema was more frequently reported in controls than in cases (OR=0.7 [0.6-0.9]). This inverse association was mostly observed in children carrying a variant haplotype regulating the expression of IL10 (p for interaction=0.08), and carrying two reference alleles for IL13-rs20541 (p for interaction=0.06).As a conclusion, these results suggest a role of maternal coffee drinking during pregnancy in childhood leukemia that had already been reported in a previous French study of the same research team, and needing in-depth study and replication. However, no association was observed with maternal smoking or alcohol drinking, even after taking into account the candidate genetic polymorphisms. The gene-gene interaction of the three enzymes involved in benzene metabolism is interesting and needs to be investigated in other studies. Finally, the inverse association between childhood acute leukemia risk and medical history of asthma or eczema seems to be limited to the children with specific polymorphisms of interleukins IL10 and IL13, which could reflect underlying biological mechanisms. Those hypotheses should be further tested in other studies, such as the ESTELLE study, that has been recently conducted by the team
Hunsmann, Moritz. "Dépolitisations d'une épidémie - La lutte internationale contre le sida et les politiques de santé en Tanzanie." Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01055458.
Full textRoy, Pierre-Olivier. "Épidémiologie de la maladie de Crohn au Québec." Thèse, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/15319.
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