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Journal articles on the topic 'Epidemiology Kenya'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Laga, Marie, Herbert Nzanze, RobertC Brunham, Gregory Maitha, LourdesJ D. D'Costa, J. K. Mati, Mary Cheang, et al. "EPIDEMIOLOGY OF OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM IN KENYA." Lancet 328, no. 8516 (November 1986): 1145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(86)90544-1.

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2

Chibole, Opati. "Epidemiology of Dental Fluorosis in Kenya." Journal of the Royal Society of Health 107, no. 6 (December 1987): 242–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146642408710700612.

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3

Schwab, Larry, Randolph Whitfield, Dennis Ross-Degnan, Paul Steinkuller, Jack Swartwood, H. Adala, N. Bakker, et al. "The Epidemiology of Trachoma in Rural Kenya." Ophthalmology 102, no. 3 (March 1995): 475–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0161-6420(95)30997-9.

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4

Mbugua, Francis M., Frederick A. Okoth, Michael Gray, Tatu Kamau, Akpaka Kalu, Rudi Eggers, Peter Borus, et al. "Molecular epidemiology of measles virus in Kenya." Journal of Medical Virology 71, no. 4 (October 6, 2003): 599–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.10515.

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5

Hyams, Kenneth C., John C. Morrill, James N. Woody, F. A. Okoth, P. M. Tukei, M. Mugambi, Bruce Johnson, and Gregory C. Gray. "Epidemiology of hepatitis B in eastern Kenya." Journal of Medical Virology 28, no. 2 (June 1989): 106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.1890280210.

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6

Seif, A. A. "Epidemiology of African Cassava Mosaic Virus in Kenya." East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal 54, no. 4 (April 1989): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00128325.1989.11663569.

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7

Spencer, Harrison C., Dan C. O. Kaseje, A. David Brandling-Bennett, A. James Oloo, and William M. Watkins. "Epidemiology of chloroquine-associated pruritus in Saradidi, Kenya." Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology 81, sup1 (January 1987): 124–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00034983.1987.11812198.

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8

Kariuki, Samuel, and Robert S. Onsare. "Epidemiology and Genomics of Invasive NontyphoidalSalmonellaInfections in Kenya." Clinical Infectious Diseases 61, suppl 4 (October 7, 2015): S317—S324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/civ711.

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9

Mostert, Saskia, Festus Njuguna, Luc Kemps, Matthew Strother, Louise Aluoch, Gyabi Buziba, and Gertjan Kaspers. "Epidemiology of diagnosed childhood cancer in western kenya." Archives of Disease in Childhood 97, no. 6 (April 25, 2012): 508–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2011-300829.

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10

BROOKS, JOHN T., PENELOPE A. PHILLIPS-HOWARD, ROGER L. SHAPIRO, ERIC MINTZ, ROBERT M. HOEKSTRA, LAURENCE SLUTSKER, YA-PING SHI, JOHN M. VULULE, LATA KUMAR, and JOY G. WELLS. "EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SPORADIC BLOODY DIARRHEA IN RURAL WESTERN KENYA." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 68, no. 6 (June 1, 2003): 671–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2003.68.671.

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11

Njonge, F. K. "Epidemiology of Helminths in Cattle of Kirinyaga County, Kenya." IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science 10, no. 05 (May 2017): 106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/2380-100501106109.

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12

Agot, Kawango E., Jeckoniah O. Ndinya-Achola, Joan K. Kreiss, and Noel S. Weiss. "Risk of HIV-1 in Rural Kenya." Epidemiology 15, no. 2 (March 2004): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000112220.16977.82.

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13

Onditi, John, Nancy Ng’anga, Moses Nyongesa, and René van der Vlugt. "Farmer Knowledge in Potato Virus Epidemiology and Control in Kenya." Potato Research 64, no. 3 (December 18, 2020): 489–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11540-020-09487-5.

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AbstractPotato is an important food security crop in Kenya. High prevalence of potato viruses is one of the major causes of low potato yields. Implementation of effective virus management strategies requires information on farmers’ perceptions and practices on virus epidemiology and control. To better understand farmers’ knowledge and practices in virus control and set possible pathways for intervention, a household survey involving 147 respondents was conducted in two major potato-growing regions in Kenya. Lack of sufficient technical information on potato virus symptoms, vectors and modes of transmission was found to be the major hindrance to farmers’ efforts towards virus control. A spider diagram approach was therefore used to determine the aspect of virus control that required the highest prioritization for immediate intervention by policy makers. Use of virus-resistant cultivars was found to require the most urgent attention compared to other aspects of virus control and was expected to have greater impact in lowering virus prevalence. This study showed that enhancing farmer knowledge needs to be prioritised as this is a key determinant of the success of the virus control strategy to be selected for implementation.

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14

Boussery, Gunter. "Visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala-Azar) Outbreak in Somali Refugees and Kenyan Shepherds, Kenya." Emerging Infectious Diseases 7, no. 3A (June 2001): 603–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid0703.010346.

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15

Finch, Mark J., J. Kaviti, Wallace Kagwanja, J. Glenn Morris, and Myron M. Levine. "Epidemiology of Antimicrobial Resistant Cholera in Kenya and East Africa." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 39, no. 5 (November 1, 1988): 484–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1988.39.484.

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16

Jumbi, G., R. K. Tenge, B. O. Khwa-Otsyula, D. Menya, S. O. Bwombengi, and B. R. Ombito. "Epidemiology of acute Intestinal obstruction in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya." East and Central Africa Medical Journal  3, no. 1 (August 1, 2018): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33886/ecamj.v3i1.42.

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Background: Acute Intestinal Obstruction (AIO) is a common life threatening emergency in all general hospitals all over the world. This study provides a population based incidence of acute intestinal obstruction derived from hospital data within a period of seven years preceding the year of the study (2008/9). Inpatient records can provide a fairly accurate data on the incidence of acute intestinal obstruction since almost all the cases are admitted in hospitals. Objectives: This study aims at determining the incidence and other epidemiological characteristics of AIO in Uasin Gishu County based on the hospital records and the national population census. Methods: The study was conducted in twelve hospitals (six within Uasin Gishu County) and six from the surrounding counties. Patient records for seven years preceding the period of study (2008) were retrieved and demographic information of the disease and treatment outcome (mortality) were analyzed against the projected population for the seven year period covered by the study (2001-2007). The population projections (the denominators) were based on Kenya population census and housing survey, 1999. Results: There were 444 cases of AIO from Uasin Gishu County during the seven year period of the study (2001-2007). There were 319 males (71.8%) and 125 females (28.1%) (male/female ratio =2.6/1). The mean age was 31.4 years and the median age was 29 years. The population of Uasin Gishu County (1999 census) on which the population growth projections was based was 622,705. Mean annual incidence for the seven year period was 8.8 per 100,000 persons and this was significantly related to age and gender (p-values = 0.0001). Recovery (survival) rate was 93.5% and mortality (case fatality) rate was 6.5%. Mortality rate was not significantly related to age and gender (p-value>0.05). Conclusion: The observed annual incidence of acute intestinal obstruction in Uasin Gishu County was very low compared to available global data. Our findings could be a pointer to the general burden of AIO in Kenya (given the similarity of Uasin Gishu County and rest of the country in relation to demography, infrastructure and the state of health care services). The incidence increased exponentially with age. A prospective population based study on incidence could shed more light and confirm the low incidence found in this study.

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17

Wangara, Fatihiyya, Hillary Kipruto, Oscar Ngesa, James Kayima, Enos Masini, Joseph Sitienei, and Faith Ngari. "The spatial epidemiology of leprosy in Kenya: A retrospective study." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 13, no. 4 (April 22, 2019): e0007329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007329.

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18

Hay, Simon I., Abdisalan M. Noor, Milka Simba, Millie Busolo, Helen L. Guyatt, Sam A. Ochola, and Robert W. Snow. "Clinical Epidemiology of Malaria in the Highlands of Western Kenya." Emerging Infectious Diseases 8, no. 6 (June 2002): 543–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid0806.010309.

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19

Wellde, B. T., D. A. Chumo, M. J. Reardon, D. Waema, D. H. Smith, W. C. Gibson, L. Wanyama, and T. A. Siongok. "Epidemiology of Rhodesian sleeping sickness in the Lambwe Valley, Kenya." Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology 83, sup1 (January 1989): 43–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00034983.1989.11812409.

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20

Onyango, Clayton O., Stephen R. Welch, Patrick K. Munywoki, Charles N. Agoti, Ann Bett, Mwanajuma Ngama, Richard Myers, Patricia A. Cane, and D. J. Nokes. "Molecular epidemiology of human rhinovirus infections in Kilifi, coastal Kenya." Journal of Medical Virology 84, no. 5 (March 16, 2012): 823–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.23251.

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21

Scott, Paul D., Rachel Ochola, Mwanajuma Ngama, Emelda A. Okiro, D. James Nokes, Graham F. Medley, and Patricia A. Cane. "Molecular epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus in Kilifi district, Kenya." Journal of Medical Virology 74, no. 2 (2004): 344–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.20183.

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22

Kell, C. M., J. Z. Jordens, M. Daniels, T. J. Coffey, J. Bates, J. Paul, C. Gilks, and B. G. Spratt. "Molecular epidemiology of penicillin-resistant pneumococci isolated in Nairobi, Kenya." Infection and Immunity 61, no. 10 (1993): 4382–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.61.10.4382-4391.1993.

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23

Kosoy, Michael, Ying Bai, Tarah Lynch, Ivan V. Kuzmin, Michael Niezgoda, Richard Franka, Bernard Agwanda, Robert F. Breiman, and Charles E. Rupprecht. "Bartonellaspp. in Bats, Kenya." Emerging Infectious Diseases 16, no. 12 (December 2010): 1875–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100601.

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24

Mung’ala-Odera, Victor, and C. R. J. C. Newton. "Recall of Perinatal Events by Mothers Living in Rural Kenya." Epidemiology 12, no. 3 (May 2001): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001648-200105000-00021.

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25

Lewis, Lauren, Yanique Redwood, Stephanie Kieszak, Johnni Daniel, Les McCoy, Rosemary Schleicher, Michael McGeehin, and Robert Breiman. "Aflatoxin Exposure in a High Risk Population in Eastern Kenya." Epidemiology 22 (January 2011): S114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000392018.19012.d1.

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26

Richards, Allen L., Ju Jiang, Sylvia Omulo, Ryan Dare, Khalif Abdirahman, Abdile Ali, Shanaaz K. Sharif, Daniel R. Feikin, Robert F. Breiman, and M. Kariuki Njenga. "Human Infection withRickettsia felis,Kenya." Emerging Infectious Diseases 16, no. 7 (July 2010): 1081–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1607.091885.

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27

LaBeaud, A. Desiree, Laura J. Sutherland, Samuel Muiruri, Eric M. Muchiri, Laurie R. Gray, Peter A. Zimmerman, Amy G. Hise, and Charles H. King. "Arbovirus Prevalence in Mosquitoes, Kenya." Emerging Infectious Diseases 17, no. 2 (February 2011): 233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1702.091666.

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28

Rutherford, Jeremiah S., Kevin Macaluso, Nathaniel Smith, Sherif R. Zaki, Christopher D. Paddock, Jon Davis, Norman Peterso, Abdu F. Azad, and Ronald Rosenberg. "Fatal Spotted Fever Rickettsiosis, Kenya." Emerging Infectious Diseases 10, no. 5 (May 2004): 910–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1005.030537.

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29

Mohamed, Ahmed Abade, Joseph Oundo, Samuel M. Kariuki, Hamadi I. Boga, Shanaz K. Sharif, Willis Akhwale, Jared Omolo, et al. "Molecular Epidemiology of Geographically DispersedVibrio cholerae, Kenya, January 2009–May 2010." Emerging Infectious Diseases 18, no. 6 (June 2012): 925–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1806.111774.

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30

Botchey, Isaac M., Yuen W. Hung, Abdulgafoor M. Bachani, Fatima Paruk, Amber Mehmood, Hassan Saidi, and Adnan A. Hyder. "Epidemiology and outcomes of injuries in Kenya: A multisite surveillance study." Surgery 162, no. 6 (December 2017): S45—S53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2017.01.030.

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31

Bigogo, Godfrey M., Robert F. Breiman, Daniel R. Feikin, Allan O. Audi, Barrack Aura, Leonard Cosmas, M. Kariuki Njenga, et al. "Epidemiology of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Rural and Urban Kenya." Journal of Infectious Diseases 208, suppl_3 (December 15, 2013): S207—S216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jit489.

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32

von Seidlein, Lorenz, and Jakob Knudsen. "Malaria Epidemiology in Kilifi, Kenya during the 21st Century: What Next?" PLOS Medicine 13, no. 6 (June 28, 2016): e1002048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002048.

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33

Wafula, E. M., F. E. Onyango, W. M. Mirza, W. M. Macharia, I. Wamola, J. O. Ndinya-Achola, R. Agwanda, R. N. Waigwa, and J. Musia. "Epidemiology of Acute Respiratory Tract Infections Among Young Children in Kenya." Clinical Infectious Diseases 12, Supplement_8 (November 1, 1990): S1035—S1038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinids/12.supplement_8.s1035.

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34

Ndetei, David M., Lincoln Khasakhala, Hitesh Maru, Matteo Pizzo, Victoria Mutiso, Francisca A. Ongecha-Owuor, and Donald A. Kokonya. "Clinical epidemiology in patients admitted at Mathari Psychiatric Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 43, no. 9 (May 8, 2008): 736–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-008-0360-y.

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35

Moll, G., A. Lohding, A. S. Young, and B. L. Leitch. "Epidemiology of theileriosis in calves in an endemic area of Kenya." Veterinary Parasitology 19, no. 3-4 (February 1986): 255–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4017(86)90073-7.

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36

Chen, Yiqun T., Lillian Brown, Gabriel Chamie, Dalsone Kwarisiima, James Ayieko, Jane Kabami, Edwin Charlebois, et al. "Social Networks and HIV Care Outcomes in Rural Kenya and Uganda." Epidemiology 32, no. 4 (March 24, 2021): 551–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ede.0000000000001352.

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37

Kiyuka, Patience K., Charles N. Agoti, Patrick K. Munywoki, Regina Njeru, Anne Bett, James R. Otieno, Grieven P. Otieno, et al. "Human Coronavirus NL63 Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Patterns in Rural Coastal Kenya." Journal of Infectious Diseases 217, no. 11 (March 21, 2018): 1728–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiy098.

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Abstract Background Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63) is a globally endemic pathogen causing mild and severe respiratory tract infections with reinfections occurring repeatedly throughout a lifetime. Methods Nasal samples were collected in coastal Kenya through community-based and hospital-based surveillance. HCoV-NL63 was detected with multiplex real-time reverse transcription PCR, and positive samples were targeted for nucleotide sequencing of the spike (S) protein. Additionally, paired samples from 25 individuals with evidence of repeat HCoV-NL63 infection were selected for whole-genome virus sequencing. Results HCoV-NL63 was detected in 1.3% (75/5573) of child pneumonia admissions. Two HCoV-NL63 genotypes circulated in Kilifi between 2008 and 2014. Full genome sequences formed a monophyletic clade closely related to contemporary HCoV-NL63 from other global locations. An unexpected pattern of repeat infections was observed with some individuals showing higher viral titers during their second infection. Similar patterns for 2 other endemic coronaviruses, HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43, were observed. Repeat infections by HCoV-NL63 were not accompanied by detectable genotype switching. Conclusions In this coastal Kenya setting, HCoV-NL63 exhibited low prevalence in hospital pediatric pneumonia admissions. Clade persistence with low genetic diversity suggest limited immune selection, and absence of detectable clade switching in reinfections indicates initial exposure was insufficient to elicit a protective immune response.

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38

Muthumbi, Esther M., Nicola C. Gordon, George Mochamah, Sammy Nyongesa, Emily Odipo, Salim Mwarumba, Neema Mturi, et al. "Population-Based Estimate of Melioidosis, Kenya." Emerging Infectious Diseases 25, no. 5 (May 2019): 984–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2505.180545.

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39

Muturi, Mathew, James Akoko, Daniel Nthiwa, Bernard Chege, Richard Nyamota, Mathew Mutiiria, Josphat Maina, et al. "Serological evidence of single and mixed infections of Rift Valley fever virus, Brucella spp. and Coxiella burnetii in dromedary camels in Kenya." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 3 (March 26, 2021): e0009275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009275.

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Camels are increasingly becoming the livestock of choice for pastoralists reeling from effects of climate change in semi-arid and arid parts of Kenya. As the population of camels rises, better understanding of their role in the epidemiology of zoonotic diseases in Kenya is a public health priority. Rift Valley fever (RVF), brucellosis and Q fever are three of the top priority diseases in the country but the involvement of camels in the transmission dynamics of these diseases is poorly understood. We analyzed 120 camel serum samples from northern Kenya to establish seropositivity rates of the three pathogens and to characterize the infecting Brucella species using molecular assays. We found seropositivity of 24.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 16.5–31.8%) for Brucella, 20.8% (95% CI: 13.6–28.1%) and 14.2% (95% CI: 7.9–20.4%) for Coxiella burnetii and Rift valley fever virus respectively. We found 27.5% (95% CI: 19.5–35.5%) of the animals were seropositive for at least one pathogen and 13.3% (95% CI: 7.2–19.4%) were seropositive for at least two pathogens. B. melitensis was the only Brucella spp. detected. The high sero-positivity rates are indicative of the endemicity of these pathogens among camel populations and the possible role the species has in the epidemiology of zoonotic diseases. Considering the strong association between human infection and contact with livestock for most zoonotic infections in Kenya, there is immediate need to conduct further research to determine the role of camels in transmission of these zoonoses to other livestock species and humans. This information will be useful for designing more effective surveillance systems and intervention measures.

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40

van Vliet, E. "Exposures and Health Status in Households Cooking With Biomass in Rural Kenya." Epidemiology 18, Suppl (September 2007): S191—S192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000289064.89013.38.

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41

Ohaga, S. O., E. D. Kokwaro, I. O. Ndiege, A. Hassanali, and R. K. Saini. "Livestock farmers’ perception and epidemiology of bovine trypanosomosis in Kwale District, Kenya." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 80, no. 1 (June 2007): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2007.01.007.

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42

Kiplagat, Anthony B., Carol Ngunu, Elvis Oyugi, and James Ransom. "Epidemiology of HIV Infection Among HIV-Exposed Infants, Nairobi County, Kenya, 2015." Infectious Diseases: Research and Treatment 13 (January 2020): 117863372094886. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178633720948863.

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Objective: To characterize human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive infants among HIV-exposed infants (HEIs) in Nairobi County for public health action. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of records of HEIs’ HIV polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results in Nairobi County in 2015, excluding confirmatory PCR-positive results. HIV-exposed infant registry data were entered into Microsoft Excel and descriptive and associative statistics were calculated with OpenEpi software. Results: A total of 5802 HEI records were analyzed, with a median age of 4.5 (interquartile range, 8.5) months; 342 (5.9%) tested positive, 51% were female, and 4420 (76.2%) were seen at maternal and child health clinics. Standard highly active antiretroviral therapy intervention was given to 184 (60.3%) of the mothers of exposed infants, and 178 (53%) of the HIV-positive infants received active antiretroviral therapy. A total of 3464 (59.7%) HEIs had PCR done within the first 2 months, and 119 (3.4%) tested positive. The average turnaround time for PCR samples was 28 ± 22 days, and a total of 191 (3.3%) HIV-positive HEIs were exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months of life. Conclusion: The recorded mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) rate of 5.9% in Nairobi County is lower than the 2015 national rate, which suggests the Nairobi prevention of mother-to-child transmission efforts are moderately effective. However, results from this study show that Kenya will struggle to meet the MTCT 2020 target rate of <5%.

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43

Otiende, Moses Y., Mary W. Kivata, Joseph N. Makumi, Mathew N. Mutinda, Daniel Okun, Linus Kariuki, Vincent Obanda, et al. "Epidemiology of Theileria bicornis among black and white rhinoceros metapopulation in Kenya." BMC Veterinary Research 11, no. 1 (2015): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12917-014-0316-2.

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44

Otieno-Nyunya, B., E. Bennett, R. Bunnell, S. Dadabhai, A. Gichangi A, N. Mugo, J. Wanyungu, I. Baya, and R. Kaiser. "Epidemiology of syphilis in Kenya: results from a nationally representative serological survey." Sexually Transmitted Infections 87, no. 6 (September 13, 2011): 521–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2011-050026.

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45

Mutonga, David, Daniel Langat, David Mwangi, Julia Tonui, Mercy Njeru, Ahmed Abade, Zephania Irura, Ian Njeru, and Melissa Dahlke. "National Surveillance Data on the Epidemiology of Cholera in Kenya, 1997–2010." Journal of Infectious Diseases 208, suppl_1 (November 1, 2013): S55—S61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jit201.

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46

Sateren, Warren B., Ginamarie Foglia, Philip O. Renzullo, Lynne Elson, Monique Wasunna, Christian T. Bautista, and Deborah L. Birx. "Epidemiology of HIV-1 Infection in Agricultural Plantation Residents in Kericho, Kenya." JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 43, no. 1 (September 2006): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.qai.0000226795.61957.40.

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47

Scrimshaw, Nevin S. "Book Review: The Epidemiology and Treatment of Childhood Anemia in Western Kenya." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 25, no. 1 (March 2004): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482650402500113.

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48

Kariuki Njenga, M., Denise Traicoff, Christopher Tetteh, Sopiato Likimani, Joseph Oundo, Robert Breiman, Jack Nyamongo, Heather Burke, Peter Nsubuga, and Mark E. White. "Laboratory Epidemiologist: Skilled Partner in Field Epidemiology and Disease Surveillance in Kenya." Journal of Public Health Policy 29, no. 2 (June 4, 2008): 149–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jphp.2008.3.

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49

GITAU, G. K., J. J. McDERMOTT, J. M. KATENDE, and B. D. PERRY. "The Epidemiology of Theileria parva Infections on Smallholder Dairy Farms in Kenya." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 916, no. 1 (January 25, 2006): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05299.x.

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50

Bowry, T. R., Mario E. Camargo, and M. Kinyanjui. "Sero-epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection in young children in Nairobi, Kenya." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 80, no. 3 (January 1986): 439–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(86)90336-6.

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