Journal articles: 'Epidemiology – Social aspects'

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Simanenkov, V. I., S. V. Tikhonov, I. G. Ilyashevich, A. V. Ledovay, V. V. Makiyenko, and N. V. Fedorova. "EPIDEMIOLOGY, SOCIAL ASPECTS AND PATHOGENESIS OF OBESITY." HERALD of North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov 9, no. 1 (March 15, 2017): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/mechnikov20179121-27.

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The article presents modern data on epidemiology, risk factors, social aspects, etiology, pathogenesis of obesity, particular attention is paid to the influence of maternal nutrition and child in the perinatal period, genetics and epigenetics, microbiome in the pathogenesis of obesity, physiology and pathophysi- ology of adipose tissue

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Eaton, William W., and Glynn Harrison. "Epidemiology and social aspects of the human envirome." Current Opinion in Psychiatry 11, no. 2 (March 1998): 165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001504-199803000-00009.

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Burris, Scott, Ichiro Kawachi, and Austin Sarat. "Integrating Law and Social Epidemiology." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 30, no. 4 (2002): 510–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2002.tb00422.x.

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Social epidemiology has made a powerful case that health determined not just by individual-level factors such as our genetic make-up, access to medical services, or lifestyle choices, but also by social conditions, including the economy, law, and culture. Indeed, at the level of populations, evidence suggests that these “structural” factors are the predominant influences on health. Legal scholars in public health, including those in the health and human rights movement, have contended that human rights, laws, and legal practices are powerfully linked to health. Social epidemiology and health-oriented legal scholarship are complementary in their focus and their research needs. Legal scholarship has identified plausible ways in which legal and human rights factors could be influencing health, but empirical evidence has been limited.

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Goldberg, Daniel S. "Justice, Health Literacy and Social Epidemiology." American Journal of Bioethics 7, no. 11 (November 22, 2007): 18–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15265160701638579.

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Fedichkina, Tatiana P., L. G. Solenova, I. E. Zykova, S. V. German, A. V. Modestova, V. A. Kislitsyn, Yu A. Rakhmanin, and I. P. Bobrovnitsky. "Socio-economic aspects of epidemiology of helicobateriosis." Hygiene and sanitation 95, no. 9 (October 28, 2019): 861–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2016-95-9-861-864.

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There are considered special social and economic aspects of the epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori. These aspects acquired the particular importance for the last time due to the fact that the provision of the people with pure water has been becoming the focus of the attention of geopolitical and socio-economic interests in a number of countries. The availability ofpure drinking water serves a marker of the socio-economic state of the territory and the population living there. In Russia where different climatic conditions are deposited by considerable regional differences in the conditions of communal services caused both by various level of the socio-economic development of the territory, the supplementation with pure drinking water serves as the social determinant of the ecological conditions of the population’s life. This particularly has impact on the unfeasible technical state of the water distribution systems, microorganism ecology of which can substantially affect public health. The performed by authors a specialized screening ofpresented at the official web site of the joint-stock company «Mosvodokanal» current data concerning the quality of drinking water consumed by 2500 Moscovites, tested for the Helicobacter pylori infection revealed no deviations from the sanitary standards in the water received by the consumers. Along with that, the comparison of the map documents of the distribution of the Helicobacter pylori infection in Moscow with the distribution of citizens’ complaints of the decline of the quality of tap water has revealed a territorial fastening of the high values of the population infection rate of n^ylori and the urban sites with the greatest number of complaints. In the microbial ecology of water-distribution systems there are tightly aligned problems of their epidemiological safety, technical state and economic damage caused by corrosion as a result of microbiotic activity. In contrast to acute bacterial and viral infections which are deemed of the greatest importance when assessing the sanitary condition of water sources and water-distribution systems, the consequences of infection with H. pylori may not be manifestedfor a long time but some years later they may be manifested as serious chronic diseases (from gastritis to adenocarcinoma of the stomach and a wide range of extraintestinal pathologies), which causes great social and economic losses. Thus, the socio-economic aspect of the epidemiology of helicobacteriosis includes at least two components: the technic - the maintenance of the feasible technic and sanitary state of the water distribution systems and the medico-social - expenditures for screening and treatment of infected patients. In total they are an inseparable part of the prevention of socially-important diseases in the public health system.

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Nace, Edgar P. "Alcoholism: Epidemiology, diagnosis, and biological aspects." Alcohol 3, no. 2 (March 1986): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0741-8329(86)90014-5.

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Kuh, D. "Biosocial Aspects of Social Class." Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 45, no. 1 (March 1, 1991): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.45.1.87-a.

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Burris, Scott. "Introduction: Merging Law, Human Rights, and Social Epidemiology." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 30, no. 4 (2002): 498–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2002.tb00421.x.

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Krajnovic, Dusanka. "Ethical and social aspects on rare diseases." Filozofija i drustvo 23, no. 4 (2012): 32–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fid1204032k.

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Rare diseases are a heterogenic group of disorders with a little in common except of their rarity affecting by less than 5 : 10.000 people. In the world is registered about 6000-8000 rare diseases with 6-8% suffering population only in the European Union. In spite of rarity, they represent an important medical and social problem due to their incidence. For many rare diseases have no treatment, but if it exists and if started on time as being available to patients, there is a good prognosis for them to be able for normal life. The problems of patients affected by rare diseases are related to the lack of diagnosis and timely undergoing as well as their treatment or prevention. Orphan drugs are products intended for treatment, diagnosis or prevention of rare diseases, but for their development and marketing the industry has not been interested in yet because of their marketing reasons. Patients suffering from a rare disease although belonging to the vulnerable group for their specific health needs, is becoming invisible in the health care system due to their additional needs un properly recognized. Ethical problems faced by patients, but also health care professionals are related to the allocation of medical diagnostics, unequal approach to health care, inappropriately specialized social services as well as therapy and rare orphan drugs unavailability. Ethical questions related to clinical trails on orphan drugs, population screening and epidemiology testing on rare diseases will also be discussed in this paper.

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Veale, David. "Treatment of social phobia." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 9, no. 4 (July 2003): 258–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.9.4.258.

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Social phobia (or social anxiety disorder) manifests as a marked and persistent fear of negative evaluation in social or performance situations. The epidemiology, diagnosis and psychopathology are reviewed, including clinical presentation, cultural aspects and the differences between agoraphobia and social phobia. Behavioural treatments, including graded self-exposure and cognitive restructuring, are considered. A cognitive model of the maintenance of social phobia is discussed. It is hypothesised that attentional shifting towards imagery, safety behaviours and ‘post-mortem’ analyses play a key role in symptom maintenance. The implications of this for treatment are described, and guidelines for pharmacological treatment are summarised.

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Stattner, Erick, Martine Collard, and Nicolas Vidot. "Network-Based Modeling in Epidemiology." International Journal of Information System Modeling and Design 3, no. 3 (July 2012): 46–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jismd.2012070103.

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The social behavior of individuals is an important factor of the transmission and the evolution of many diseases. As such, epidemic studies have attempted to integrate social aspects in dissemination modeling. Since the pioneering works of Klovdahl on AIDS in 1985, epidemiological investigations and interventions increasingly focus on social networks. Significant factors of the transmission and outbreak of many infectious diseases are the structure and nature of human interactions. Network-based modeling approaches have found various applications in epidemiology as a simple yet efficient way to represent the complexity of human relationships implicated in dissemination processes. However, most results have been obtained by considering social networks as steady stage structures. Evolving networks have not been explored. The objective is first to give an overview of network-based modeling attempts in epidemiology to analyze and understand the dissemination processes with an emphasis on dynamic networks. The authors approach is designed to understand the impact of social links dynamics on epidemic spread. The authors present the results obtained by combining network evolution patterns (link creation and deletion) and a typical epidemic model. The speed of link dynamics and the infection time strongly influence the occurrence and value of the epidemic peak.

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Lazzarini, Zita, and Robert Klitzman. "HIV and the Law: Integrating Law, Policy, and Social Epidemiology." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 30, no. 4 (2002): 533–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2002.tb00424.x.

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In the foundational piece in this issue of the journal, “Integrating Law and Social Epidemiology,” Burris, Kawachi, and Sarat present a model for understanding the relationship between law and health. This article uses the case of a specific health condition, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, as an opportunity to flesh out this schema and to test how the model “fits” the world of the HIV pandemic. In applying the model to this communicable disease, we hope to illustrate the multitude of ways that laws affect the course of the pandemic as well as the course of an individual’s vulnerability or resilience to the disease, and how the complexities of an individual’s life dealing with the virus interface with the world of laws and legal institutions.

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Nydegger, V., R. Rizzoli, C. H. Rapin, H. Vasey, and J. Ph Bonjour. "Epidemiology of fractures of the proximal femur in Geneva: Incidence, clinical and social aspects." Osteoporosis International 2, no. 1 (January 1991): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01627078.

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Baramzina, Svetlana V. "VACCINE PREVENTION OF HEPATITIS B IN ADULTS: SOCIAL ASPECTS OF THE LACK OF ITS EFFICACY." Hygiene and sanitation 96, no. 6 (March 27, 2019): 508–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2017-96-6-508-515.

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In Russia and the Kirov region (KR) there was a tendency to the reduction of the incidence rate of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) in adults due to vaccine prevention. Objective is to study the impact of the additional vaccination of adults from HBV-infection in 2007-2014 on the incidence rate of chronic hepatitis B on the example of the Kirov region; to assess the level of awareness of the “naive” population concerning epidemiology, outcomes and vaccine prevention of hepatitis B in the total group and in dependence on the age. Material and Methods. We treated data of Federal Supervision Service for Consumer’s Rights Protection and Human Welfare in the Russian Federation and KR on infectious diseases for the period of 1999-2014; State report on sanitary and epidemiological situation in the Russian Federation for 1998-2014, in the KR - for 2006-2014. With the help of the original questionnaire 850 persons aged of from 16 to 80 years, resided in the city of Kirov and the Kirov region, were interviewed anonymously, in 2013-15. Out of them for the comparison there were selected 2 groups: Group 1: cases aged of 18-35 years; Group 2: persons aged of 36-59 years. Results. The reason for the slow decrease in the incidence rate of chronic hepatitis B may be poor (20.3-64%) adult immunization coverage in 2007-2012. Poll “naive” adults revealed insufficient knowledge of epidemiology and outcomes of chronic hepatitis B, a good - questions vaccination of hepatitis B (81.8%). The survey of “naive” adults revealed the level of knowledge of the epidemiology and outcomes of HBV to be insufficient, the level concerning questions of vaccine prophylaxis for HBV to be good (81.8%). Awareness of HBV-infection depended on the age. Participants from the 2nd group had higher levels of general education. They knew ways of hepatitis B virus transmission significantly better but less about adverse outcomes of hepatitis B (11.0% cases) if compared with those of group 1, they showed more negative attitude to vaccination (30.8%) and failed to anticipate the possibility of antiviral therapy of Hepatitis B (27.7%). Conclusion. The lack of awareness on the epidemiology and outcomes of hepatitis B can be one of the reasons for the refusal of vaccination in persons aged of 36-59 years. The medical community must actualize the problem of HBV-infection for promotion of immunization coverage and achieving of inoculations coverage up to 80-90%.

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Castiel, Luis David. "Apocalypse... Now? Molecular epidemiology, predictive genetic tests, and social communication of genetic contents." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 15, suppl 1 (1999): S73—S89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x1999000500009.

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The author analyzes the underlying theoretical aspects in the construction of the molecular watershed of epidemiology and the concept of genetic risk, focusing on issues raised by contemporary reality: new technologies, globalization, proliferation of communications strategies, and the dilution of identity matrices. He discusses problems pertaining to the establishment of such new interdisciplinary fields as molecular epidemiology and molecular genetics. Finally, he analyzes the repercussions of the social communication of genetic content, especially as related to predictive genetic tests and cloning of animals, based on triumphal, deterministic metaphors sustaining beliefs relating to the existence and supremacy of concepts such as 'purity', 'essence', and 'unification' of rational, integrated 'I's/egos'.

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Ferguson, Dorota. "Social and Ethical Aspects of Radiation Risk Management." Health Physics 107, no. 1 (July 2014): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/hp.0000000000000111.

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Brunnauer, A. "Driving Ability and Psychotropic Drugs: Introduction, Epidemiology and General Aspects." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.212.

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Psychiatric illness, psychotropic drugs and driving ability. For most people driving is an important activity in daily life affecting physical, social, and economic well-being. Driving mobility is also an important part of one's self-identity that may influence health status. It could be demonstrated that 67% of psychiatric patients reported to have a valid driver's license and 77% of them referred to regularly use their cars. Closer inspection of data reveals, that road mobility is largely linked to psycho-functional status. In this context a significant issue is the impact of medical conditions and/or psychoactive medicines on road safety. Psychiatric patients, considered as a group, seem to have a moderately elevated risk of being involved in a road traffic accident with high-risk rates especially for organic mental disorders. With respect to pharmacotherapy, within psychotropic medicines an increased road traffic crash risk for benzodiazepines, z-hypnotics and some antidepressants has been well documented. The combination of psychoactive drugs additionally increases risk that is highest when combined with alcohol. However, therapeutic drug use may also lower risk, as the illness itself constitutes a higher risk of road traffic accidents. As many studies did not adequately control for confounding factors, results of epidemiological studies must be interpreted cautiously.Disclosure of interestThe author declares that he has no competing interest.

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Perron, Michel, Suzanne Veillette, Jean-François Emard, Jean-Pierre Thouez, Gilles Hébert, Jean Mathieu, Michel Beaudry, et al. "Aspects of Social Epidemiology in the Study of Alzheimer's Disease in Saguenay (Québec)/IMAGE Project." Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 12, no. 3 (1993): 382–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0714980800013763.

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RÉSUMÉSe fondant sur l'hypothèse d'une origine multifactorielle de la maladie d'Alzheimer (MA), nous explorons les liens possibles entre la répartition géographique de 102 sujets diagnostiqués « définitifs, » « probables » et « possibles » à la survenue de la maladie, et l'écologie sociale de l'agglomération de Chicoutimi-Jonquière (ACJ) au Saguenay (Québec). Nous nous intéressons également au niveau de scolarité de 74 sujets « définitifs » et « probables ». Les méthodes de l'analyse factorielle (en composantes principales) et de l'analyse de groupement (méthode Ward) ont permis d'identifier des zones socio-économiques et des aires sociales homogènes dans l'ACJ. Les premiers résultats indiquent, d'une part, que le rapport de masculinité observé chez les cas de MA diffère statistiquement de celui du groupe d'âge à risque (45 ans et plus) dans la population saguenéenne. La maladie affecte plus de femmes que d'hommes. D'autre part, des analyses d'eacute;cologie sociale ont établi qu'il existe une différenciation sociale significative dans l'ACJ, soit trois zones socio-économiques et huit aires sociales distinctes. Cependant, les 102 sujets se répartissent aléatoirement dans l'ensemble de l'ACJ, quelque soit la zone socio-économique ou l'aire sociale considérée. L'analyse de la répartition géographique du groupe que constituent les cas « définitifs » et « probables » suggère également une distribution au hasard. Le caractère aléatoire de la répartition des sujets est confirmé par une très forte correspondance entre, d'une part, la distribution observée des cas par secteur de dénombrement ou par secteur de recensement et, d'autre part, la distribution théorique de Poisson. Il existe une différence significative entre la scolarité des sujets et celle de la population âgée de 65 ans et plus. Une étude plus approfondie, de type cas-témoins par exemple, devrait nous permettre éventuellement de faire la lumière à ce chapitre.

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Ransome, Yusuf. "Religion, Spirituality, and Health: New Considerations for Epidemiology." American Journal of Epidemiology 189, no. 8 (March 4, 2020): 755–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwaa022.

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Abstract Religion and spirituality are important social determinants that drive public health practice. The field of epidemiology has played a vital role in answering long-standing questions about whether religion is causally associated with health and mortality. As epidemiologists spark new conversations (e.g., see Kawachi (Am J Epidemiol. (https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwz204)) and Chen and VanderWeele (Am J Epidemiol. 2018;187(11):2355–2364)) about methods (e.g., outcomes-wide analysis) used to establish causal inference between religion and health, epidemiologists need to engage with other aspects of the issue, such as emerging trends and historical predictors. Epidemiologists will need to address 2 key aspects. The first is changing patterns in religious and spiritual identification. Specifically, how do traditional mechanisms (e.g., social support) hold up as explanations for religion-health associations now that more people identify as spiritual but not religious and more people are not attending religious services in physical buildings? The second is incorporation of place into causal inference designs. Specifically, how do we establish causal inference for associations between area-level constructs of the religious environment (e.g., denomination-specific church membership/adherence rates) and individual- and population-level health outcomes?

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Vasil’ev, Ivan M., A. V. Muranova, E. S. Smirnova, L. I. Bogdanets, and V. I. Sinopal’nikov. "Pathogenetic aspects of venous trophic ulcers and approaches to correction of immunological disorders." Clinical Medicine (Russian Journal) 94, no. 11 (January 10, 2017): 820–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0023-2149-2016-94-11-820-826.

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The review deals with the problem of venous trophic ulcers. Current data on epidemiology and social significance of this condition are presented with special reference to pathogenetic aspects of its development, such as systemic immunity disorders associated with chronic venous insufficiency. The necessity and possibility of correction of some of them are discussed.

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Rygnestad, T., and L. Hauge. "Epidemiological, social and psychiatric aspects in self-poisoned patients." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 26, no. 2 (1991): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00791527.

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Федина, N. Fedina, Ткаченко, T. Tkachenko, Дмитриев, A. Dmitriev, Гудков, and R. Gudkov. "Regional aspects of the epidemiology and clinics of syphilis in children." Journal of New Medical Technologies. eJournal 9, no. 4 (December 8, 2015): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/16783.

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The purpose of this study was clinical and epidemiological analysis of the incidence of syphilis in children and adolescents in the Ryazan region over a 12 year period. In a retrospective study the authors used the data from regional statistical reports, medical records of newborns, the data on infectious diseases of the Federal State Statistics Service. The analysis of the data for all age groups, including children and pregnant women was carried out. It was noted a substantial reduction in the number of reported cases of syphilis, including among adolescents and youth. The proportion of non-residents and rural residents in the total of patients with syphilis is increasing. In the pediatric population, the leading mode of transmission is vertical (53% of all cases). Among children born from pregnant patients with syphilis, there are 78% of the verified congenital syphilis, and only 5% the classical picture of the disease. It was established a substantial reduction of cases of congenital syphilis, the absence of cases of fetal death and postnatal mortality in recent years. However, the retention of latent forms and late detection of syphilis in pregnant women poses a threat of infection and determines the social significance of the problem. Effective control of congenital syphilis is ensured by the collaboration of obstetriciansgynecologists, dermatologists and neonatologists.

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Kumar P, Mohan, Gautami S Penmetsa, Sruthima NVS Gottumukkala, Ramesh KSV, and Supraja S. "Oral malodor: Epidemiology, Etiology, Physiology, Diagnosis, Counseling aspects and clinical management- An overview." IP International Journal of Periodontology and Implantology 6, no. 2 (July 15, 2021): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijpi.2021.016.

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Breath malodor is a social problem, and most patients complained about breath malodor in most countries. The etiological chain of breath malodor originated from the volatile sulfur compounds (VSC), gingival and periodontal diseases. When the threshold concentration, odor power, and volatility of the molecules increase in the expired air, it results in unpleasant breath odor. There are many tests to diagnose oral malodor, and the clinical management includes mechanical reduction of nutrients, clinical reduction of oral microorganisms, conversion, and masking of volatile sulfur compounds. When the dentist's treatment of oral malodor is not successful, then referral to the physician is warranted.

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Daubner, Johanna, Muhammad Imran Arshaad, Christina Henseler, Jürgen Hescheler, Dan Ehninger, Karl Broich, Oliver Rawashdeh, Anna Papazoglou, and Marco Weiergräber. "Pharmacological Neuroenhancement: Current Aspects of Categorization, Epidemiology, Pharmacology, Drug Development, Ethics, and Future Perspectives." Neural Plasticity 2021 (January 13, 2021): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8823383.

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Recent pharmacoepidemiologic studies suggest that pharmacological neuroenhancement (pNE) and mood enhancement are globally expanding phenomena with distinctly different regional characteristics. Sociocultural and regulatory aspects, as well as health policies, play a central role in addition to medical care and prescription practices. The users mainly display self-involved motivations related to cognitive enhancement, emotional stability, and adaptivity. Natural stimulants, as well as drugs, represent substance abuse groups. The latter comprise purines, methylxanthines, phenylethylamines, modafinil, nootropics, antidepressants but also benzodiazepines, β-adrenoceptor antagonists, and cannabis. Predominant pharmacodynamic target structures of these substances are the noradrenergic/dopaminergic and cholinergic receptor/transporter systems. Further targets comprise adenosine, serotonin, and glutamate receptors. Meta-analyses of randomized-controlled studies in healthy individuals show no or very limited verifiability of positive effects of pNE on attention, vigilance, learning, and memory. Only some members of the substance abuse groups, i.e., phenylethylamines and modafinil, display positive effects on attention and vigilance that are comparable to caffeinated drinks. However, the development of new antidementia drugs will increase the availability and the potential abuse of pNE. Social education, restrictive regulatory measures, and consistent medical prescription practices are essential to restrict the phenomenon of neuroenhancement with its social, medical, and ethical implications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the highly dynamic field of pharmacological neuroenhancement and elaborates the dramatic challenges for the medical, sociocultural, and ethical fundaments of society.

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Rapp, Kilian, Gisela Büchele, Karsten Dreinhöfer, Benjamin Bücking, Clemens Becker, and Petra Benzinger. "Epidemiology of hip fractures." Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie 52, no. 1 (March 28, 2018): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00391-018-1382-z.

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Silva, Adriano Gonçalves, Ana Teresa de Abreu Ramos Cerqueira, and Maria Cristina Pereira Lima. "Social support and common mental disorder among medical students." Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia 17, no. 1 (March 2014): 229–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1415-790x201400010018eng.

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INTRODUCTION: Different kinds of psychological distress have been identified for students in the health field, especially in the medical school. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of mental suffering among medical students in the Southeastern Brazil and asses its association with social support. METHODS: It is a cross-sectional study. Structured questionnaires were applied for students from the 1st up to the 6th years of the medical school of Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", assessing demographic variables related to aspects of graduation and adaptation to the city. Psychological suffering was defined as a common mental disorder (CMD) assessed by the Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20). Social support was assessed by the social support scale of the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS). The association between the outcome and explanatory variables was assessed by the χ2 test and Logistic Regression, for the multivariate analyses, using p < 0.05. RESULTS: The response rate was of 80.7%, with no differences between sample and the population regarding gender (p = 0.78). The average age was 22 years old (standard deviation - SD = 2.2), mainly women (58.2%) and students who were living with friends (62%). The prevalence of CMD was 44.9% (95%CI 40.2 - 49.6). After the multivariate analyses, the explanatory variables that were associated with CMD were: feeling rejected in the past year (p < 0.001), thinking about leaving medical school (p < 0.001) and "interaction" in the MOS scale (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of CMD among medical students was high and insufficient social support was an important risk factor. Our findings suggest that interventions to improve social interaction among those students could be beneficial, decreasing the prevalence of CMD in this group.

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Wanderley, Dalva Marli Valério, and Fernando M. A. Corrêa. "Epidemiology of Chagas' heart disease." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 113, no. 2 (April 1995): 742–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-31801995000200003.

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Chagas' disease is a major public health problem in Latin America. About 16 million persons are affected and 90 million others are exposed to the risk of being infected by the parasite. The knowledge of epidemiological aspects of the disease allowed to delineate the strategies for the control of the disease related with the vectorial transmission. However, these strategies have had no priority in all endemic countries. Rural-urban migration in most endemic areas carried infected individuals to urban centers increasing the problem of Chagas' disease by blood transfusion. In Brazil the control program has reached good results in the last years and in several states the vectorial transmission was controlled. More recently, hemotherapic practices are performed using screening procedures but this practice must be improved in order to eliminate the possibility of Chagas' disease transmission by another ways (congenital, accidental, oral, etc.). An adequate health care to the infected persons must be improved in order to diminish the social costs of the severe cardiopathy which has been responsible for the adults premature deaths.

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Tsarev, S. V. "Allergic rhinitis: current assessment of medical and social aspects and methods of treatment. intranasal corticosteroids in the treatment of rhinitis." Medical Council, no. 17 (October 22, 2018): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2018-17-187-191.

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The article presents the issues of epidemiology, pathogenesis and treatment of allergic rhinitis. It describes the various types of nonallergic rhinitis, the relationship of allergic rhinitis and rhinosinusitis polyposa, eosinophilic nonallergic rhinitis, and rhinitis medicamentosa. The leading role of topical glucocorticosteroids in the therapy of rhinitis including non-allergic is considered in detail.

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Burris, Scott, and Evan D. Anderson. "A Framework Convention on Global Health: Social Justice Lite, or a Light on Social Justice?" Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 38, no. 3 (2010): 580–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2010.00513.x.

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A decade ago, Jonathan Mann made a powerful case that human rights could provide a vocabulary and mode of analysis for understanding and advancing health. He made the case well, and put the idea into inspired practice, but the idea was neither new nor his alone. The idea that social justice — and henceforth in this article we will use that term loosely (and with obvious imprecision) to embrace goods like human rights, social equality, and distributive justice — was intrinsically important to health resonated with the social epidemiology already gathering force (not to mention an enduring theme running through the history of public health work). That social structure and relations of power explain a great deal about the level and distribution of population health was implicit in the work of pioneers like Geoffrey Rose, evident in Marmot’s seminal Whitehall studies, explicit in the writings of Mervyn Susser, and the main thrust of scholars like Nancy Krieger and Meredeth Turshen. Although researchers tend to avoid using a term with such normative weight, it is safe to say that Mann — and Susser, and Marmot and Krieger among others — were right: social justice is central to the proper understanding of health.

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Camozzato, Analuiza, Cláudia Godinho, Juliana Varela, Cristiano Kohler, Juciclara Rinaldi, and Márcia L. Chaves. "The Complex Role of Having Confidant on the Development of Alzheimer's Disease in a Community-Based Cohort of Older People in Brazil." Neuroepidemiology 44, no. 2 (2015): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000371521.

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Background: Social interaction is a lifestyle factor associated with a decreased risk of dementia in several studies. However, specific aspects of these social factors influencing dementia are unknown. This study aimed at evaluating the role of the distinct aspects of social support on the incidence of dementia in a community-based cohort of older people in Brazil. Methods: A total of 345 healthy and independent elderly subjects living in the community were followed by 12 years. Incident cases of dementia and probable Alzheimer's disease were defined by DSM-IV criteria and NINCDS-ADRDA criteria, respectively. Social variables evaluated were marital status, living arrangement, living children, living sibling, confidant and attending recreational groups. Sex, age, education, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score, depressive symptoms and family income were entered as co-variates in a Cox proportional hazard model. Results: The absence of confidant was the only social variable associated to higher risk of developing dementia (HR = 5.31; p < 0.001), even after adjustment for age (HR = 1.08; p = 0.048) and baseline MMSE score (HR = 0.79; p = 0.002). Conclusions: Our data suggest that to have a confidant could be an important lifestyle factor associated with dementia.

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Westrin, C. G., T. Nilstun, B. Smedby, and B. Haglund. "Epidemiology and moral philosophy." Journal of Medical Ethics 18, no. 4 (December 1, 1992): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.18.4.193.

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Wancata, Johannes, Marion Freidl, Monika Krautgartner, Fabian Friedrich, Teresa Matschnig, Anne Unger, Ralf Gössler, and Stefan Frühwald. "Gender aspects of parents’ needs of schizophrenia patients." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 43, no. 12 (June 28, 2008): 968–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-008-0391-4.

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Esen Danaci, Ayşen, Gönül Dinç, Artuner Deveci, Firdevs Seyfe Şen, and İlkin İçelli. "Postnatal depression in Turkey: epidemiological and cultural aspects." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 37, no. 3 (March 2002): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001270200004.

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Pestrikova, T. Yu, E. A. Yurasova, I. V. Yurasov, and A. V. Kotelnikova. "Modern aspects of tactics in the genital herpes viral infection (literature review)." Gynecology 20, no. 2 (April 15, 2018): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/2079-5696_2018.2.67-73.

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Genital herpes affects all population groups. 98% of the adult population worldwide have antibodies to the herpes simplex virus (HSV-1 or 2). This viral infection is a significant medical and social problem. HSV can lead to a complicated course of pregnancy, causing miscarriages, premature birth, intrauterine fetal death, systemic viral disease in newborns. There is evidence that HSV has a connection with malignant tumors of the prostate and cervix, contributing to their development. This literature review contains modern aspects of epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis, treatment of genital herpes, including its recurring forms with valacyclovir (Valvir). Indications for hospitalization of patients with genital herpes were noted and the prognosis of this pathology was determined. The tactics of managing pregnant women with this pathology is presented.

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Bury, Michael. "Health promotion and lay epidemiology: A sociological view." Health Care Analysis 2, no. 1 (February 1994): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02251332.

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Schulz, Amy, and Mary E. Northridge. "Social Determinants of Health: Implications for Environmental Health Promotion." Health Education & Behavior 31, no. 4 (August 2004): 455–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198104265598.

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In this article, the authors draw on the disciplines of sociology and environmental and social epidemiology to further understanding of mechanisms through which social factors contribute to disparate environmental exposures and health inequalities. They propose a conceptual framework for environmental health promotion that considers dynamic social processes through which social and environmental inequalities—and associated health disparities—are produced, reproduced, and potentially transformed. Using empirical evidence from the published literature, as well as their own practical experiences in conducting community-based participatory research in Detroit and Harlem, the authors examine health promotion interventions at various levels (community-wide, regional, and national) that aim to improve population health by addressing various aspects of social processes and/or physical environments. Finally, they recommend moving beyond environmental remediation strategies toward environmental health promotion efforts that are sustainable and explicitly designed to reduce social, environmental, and health inequalities.

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Pasqualotto, Fábio Firmbach, Cristhiany Victor Locambo, Kelly Silveira Athayde, and Sami Arap. "Measuring male infertility: epidemiological aspects." Revista do Hospital das Clínicas 58, no. 3 (2003): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0041-87812003000300008.

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Evidence suggests that human semen quality may have been deteriorating in recent years. Most of the evidence is retrospective, based on analysis of data sets collected for other purposes. Measures of male infertility are needed if we want to monitor the biological capacity for males to reproduce over time or between different populations. We also need these measures in analytical epidemiology if we want to identify risk indicators, risk factors, or even causes of an impaired male fecundity-that is, the male component in the biological ability to reproduce. The most direct evaluation of fecundity is to measure the time it takes to conceive. Since the time of conception may be missed in the case of an early abortion, time to get pregnant is often measured as the time it takes to obtain a conception that survives until a clinically recognized pregnancy or even a pregnancy that ends with a live born child occurs. A prolonged time required to produce pregnancy may therefore be due to a failure to conceive or a failure to maintain a pregnancy until clinical recognition. Studies that focus on quantitative changes in fecundity (that does not cause sterility) should in principle be possible in a pregnancy sample. The most important limitation in fertility studies is that the design requires equal persistency in trying to become pregnant and rather similar fertility desires and family planning methods in the groups to be compared. This design is probably achievable in exposure studies that make comparisons with reasonable comparable groups concerning social conditions and use of contraceptive methods.

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Gidlow, Christopher, Thomas Cochrane, Rachel C. Davey, Graham Smith, and Jon Fairburn. "Relative importance of physical and social aspects of perceived neighbourhood environment for self-reported health." Preventive Medicine 51, no. 2 (August 2010): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2010.05.006.

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Dartigues, J. F. "Dementia: epidemiology, intervention and concept of care." Zeitschrift f�r Gerontologie und Geriatrie 32, no. 6 (December 1, 1999): 407–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003910050137.

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Tverdokhlebova, T. I., E. V. Kovalev, H. V. Karpushchenko, M. A. Kulak, O. S. Dumbadze, A. R. Litovko, and A. S. Kaljuzhin. "Socioeconomic aspects of COVID-19 on the example of Rostov region." Infekcionnye bolezni 18, no. 4 (2020): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20953/1729-9225-2020-4-27-32.

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Objective. To evaluate the socioeconomic impact of COVID-19 in Rostov region. Material and methods. This article focuses on social and economic aspects of COVID-19. By estimating direct medical costs and gross domestic product (GDP) losses (sick leave days), we assessed the economic damage caused by the pandemic in Rostov region. When calculating direct medical costs, we considered per-case costs of completed outpatient and inpatient treatment and costs of laboratory testing (identification of coronavirus). When calculating the costs associated with paid sick Rostov region in 2020. Results. We found that COVID-19-associated direct medical costs and GDP losses (sick leave days) were 3,174,344,917.04 RUB. Almost half (42.7%) of direct medical costs were spent on outpatient treatment. GDP losses were 1,014,047,274.24 RUB. Conclusion. In addition to the direct impact on the health of vulnerable individuals, current pandemic will inevitably cause longterm socioeconomic consequences for both people and the economy. The assessment of the socioeconomic impact of COVID-19 is important to develop effective preventive and anti-epidemic measures, as well as to make optimal management decisions. Key words: GDP losses, pandemic, direct medical costs, PCR diagnostics, Rostov region, COVID-19

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Lund, Rikke, Naja H. Rod, Karsten Thielen, Charlotte Juul Nilsson, and Ulla Christensen. "Negative aspects of close social relations and 10-year incident ischaemic heart disease hospitalization among middle-aged Danes." European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 21, no. 10 (April 4, 2013): 1249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2047487313486041.

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Hubbs-Tait, Laura, Jack R. Nation, Nancy F. Krebs, and David C. Bellinger. "Neurotoxicants, Micronutrients, and Social Environments." Psychological Science in the Public Interest 6, no. 3 (December 2005): 57–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-1006.2005.00024.x.

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SUMMARY—Systematic research evaluating the separate and interacting impacts of neurotoxicants, micronutrients, and social environments on children's cognition and behavior has only recently been initiated. Years of extensive human epidemiologic and animal experimental research document the deleterious impact of lead and other metals on the nervous system. However, discrepancies among human studies and between animal and human studies underscore the importance of variations in child nutrition as well as social and behavioral aspects of children's environments that mitigate or exacerbate the effects of neurotoxicants. In this monograph, we review existing research on the impact of neurotoxic metals, nutrients, and social environments and interactions across the three domains. We examine the literature on lead, mercury, manganese, and cadmium in terms of dispersal, epidemiology, experimental animal studies, effects of social environments, and effects of nutrition. Research documenting the negative impact of lead on cognition and behavior influenced reductions by the Center for Disease Control in child lead-screening guidelines from 30 micrograms per deciliter (μg/dL) in 1975 to 25 μg/dL in 1985 and to 10 μg/dL in 1991. A further reduction is currently being considered. Experimental animal research documents lead's alteration of glutamate-neurotransmitter (particularly N-methyl-D-aspartate) activity vital to learning and memory. In addition, lead induces changes in cholinergic and dopaminergic activity. Elevated lead concentrations in the blood are more common among children living in poverty and there is some evidence that socioeconomic status influences associations between lead and child outcomes. Micronutrients that influence the effects of lead include iron and zinc. Research documenting the negative impact of mercury on children (as well as adults) has resulted in a reference dose (RfD) of 0.1 microgram per kilogram of body weight per day (μg/kg/day). In animal studies, mercury interferes with glutamatergic, cholinergic, and dopaminergic activity. Although evidence for interactions of mercury with children's social contexts is minimal, researchers are examining interactions of mercury with several nutrients. Research on the effects of cadmium and manganese on child cognition and behavior is just beginning. Experimental animal research links cadmium to learning deficits, manganese to behaviors characteristic of Parkinson's disease, and both to altered dopaminergic functioning. We close our review with a discussion of policy implications, and we recommend interdisciplinary research that will enable us to bridge gaps within and across domains.

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Vutescu, Emil Stefan, Sebastian Orman, Edgar Garcia-Lopez, Justin Lau, Andrew Gage, and Aristides I. Cruz. "Psychological and Social Components of Recovery Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Young Athletes: A Narrative Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17 (September 2, 2021): 9267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179267.

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Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is a common injury in young athletes. To restore knee stability and function, patients often undergo ACL reconstruction (ACLR). Historically, there has been a focus in this population on the epidemiology of ACL injury, the technical aspects of ACL reconstruction, and post-operative functional outcomes. Although increasingly recognized as an important aspect in recovery, there remains limited literature examining the psychological aspects of post-operative rehabilitation and return to play following youth ACL reconstruction. Despite technical surgical successes and well-designed rehabilitation programs, many athletes never reach their preinjury athletic performance level and some may never return to their primary sport. This suggests that other factors may influence recovery, and indeed this has been documented in the adult literature. In addition to restoration of functional strength and stability, psychological and social factors play an important role in the recovery and overall outcome of ACL injuries in the pediatric population. Factors such as psychological readiness to return-to-play (RTP), motivation, mood disturbance, locus of control, recovery expectations, fear of reinjury, and self-esteem are correlated to the RTP potential of the young athlete. A better understanding of these concepts may help to maximize young patients’ outcomes after ACL reconstruction. The purpose of this article is to perform a narrative review of the current literature addressing psychosocial factors associated with recovery after ACL injury and subsequent reconstruction in young athletes. Our goal is to provide a resource for clinicians treating youth ACL injuries to help identify patients with maladaptive psychological responses after injury and encourage a multidisciplinary approach when treating young athletes with an ACL rupture.

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Liao, J., J. Head, M. Kumari, S. Stansfeld, A. Singh-Manoux, and EJ Brunner. "PP44 Impact of negative aspects of close relationships on cognitive ageing, the dark side of social relationships." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 68, Suppl 1 (September 2014): A64.2—A64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2014-204726.139.

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Kogel, Friederike, and Silke Schicktanz. "P3-296: Genetic susceptibility for Alzheimer's disease: Social aspects and ethical issues." Alzheimer's & Dementia 8, no. 4S_Part_15 (July 2012): P563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2012.05.1519.

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Forgács, Balázs. "Foglalkozás utáni perzisztáló dermatitis: egy gyakori kórkép ritka variánsa." Orvosi Hetilap 154, no. 6 (February 2013): 228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2013.29537.

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Persistent post-occupational dermatitis is a rare variant of occupational eczemas characterized by skin symptoms which persist after the elimination of occupational allergens. Further diagnostic criteria are the followings: absence of dermatitis in past history of patients, presentation confined to both hands almost exclusively, and causal role of occupational allergens with both irritative and allergic origins is confirmed. The author presents a case which meets all these diagnostic criteria. Epidemiology of occupational dermatoses, impact on quality of life and social-economic aspects are also discussed. Orv. Hetil., 2013, 154(47), 228–232.

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Ocampo, Carolina, Anibal Eduardo Carbajo, and Guillermo Folguera. "Concepto de riesco: (dis)continuidades entre corrientes epidemiológicas." Principia: an international journal of epistemology 24, no. 3 (December 15, 2020): 633–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1808-1711.2020v24n3p633.

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In the present study we analyze if the risk concept of the hegemonic epidemiologychanges its nature in purportedly alternative currents as ecoepidemiology and socialepidemiology focused in multilevel analysis.We analyze the way this concept is distinguishedin every current and its relationship with other epidemiologic key notions as cause. We findthat the risk concept and the notion of cause remain relatively unchanged among the differentcurrents even when there is some theoretical discussion about the complexity of multilevelsystems and other explanations for the events. Finally we discuss some consequences aboutthe appropriation of the risk concept in multiple interventions in the health field. We indicatethat the fragmented nature of the risk concept is problematic because it can make thesocial aspects of the disease considered only in a functional perspective. Alternatively to thatwe develop the vulnerability concept as a knowledge framed in a hermeneutical perspective.The vulnerability concept acts as a mediator knowledge between epidemiology and theinterventions in the health field. In the same way we point out some concerns from the anthropologicalfield about the simplification of social senses and omission of meanings aboutthe health of the communities.

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Sala, Vittorio, and Eleonora De Faveri. "Epidemiology of Lyme Disease in Domestic and Wild Animals." Open Dermatology Journal 10, no. 1 (March 28, 2016): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874372201610010015.

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This review considers the main aspects of Lyme Borreliosis epidemiology in animals [domestic and wild] and ticks and in particular, the environmental interference on the interactions between the different hosts, including humans as terminal host as well as the current epidemiology of Lyme disease, especially based on the interactions between the biological systems involved in its spatial and temporal variations. The expression of pathogenicBorreliaeoccurs through interaction with the diverse stages of development of ticks and their blood meals from the different animal reservoirs and humans. The species of ticks and the prevalence ofBorreliaspecies vary according to their provenance in the diverse continents. Reservoir animals have different functions depending on the respective species. Small rodents and some birds are responsible for retaining pathogens, while the large domestic and wild animals contribute to the increase in the number of ticks in the area and to the transmission of borreliosis among themselves through the cofeeding phenomenon. The dog on the other hand is a terminal host, as are humans, and both species may develop acute and chronic clinical forms, mainly of articular and neural nature. Climatic variations and changes in the duration of seasons may interfere with the biological cycles of animal species, arthropods and bacteria. These variations have led to a gradual change in the epidemiology of the infection and of the clinical evidence of the disease in different animal species as well as humans. Finally, the implications of Lyme disease in the field of social health have been considered. In fact, Lyme borreliosis is a zoonotic disease characterized by a major social impact, which is expressed by chronic disease with progressive disability and in costly treatment in the acute cases. Therefore, its presence in human populations is not merely a health issue.

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Corbett, Richard W., Sarah Blakey, Dorothea Nitsch, Marina Loucaidou, Adam McLean, Neill Duncan, and Damien R. Ashby. "Epidemiology of COVID-19 in an Urban Dialysis Center." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 31, no. 8 (June 19, 2020): 1815–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.2020040534.

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BackgroundDuring the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic, many countries have instituted population-wide measures for social distancing. The requirement of patients on dialysis for regular treatment in settings typically not conducive to social distancing may increase their vulnerability to COVID-19.MethodsOver a 6-week period, we recorded new COVID-19 infections and outcomes for all adult patients receiving dialysis in a large dialysis center. Rapidly introduced control measures included a two-stage routine screening process at dialysis entry (temperature and symptom check, with possible cases segregated within the unit and tested for SARS-CoV-2), isolated dialysis in a separate unit for patients with infection, and universal precautions that included masks for dialysis nursing staff.ResultsOf 1530 patients (median age 66 years; 58.2% men) receiving dialysis, 300 (19.6%) developed COVID-19 infection, creating a large demand for isolated outpatient dialysis and inpatient beds. An analysis that included 1219 patients attending satellite dialysis clinics found that older age was a risk factor for infection. COVID-19 infection was substantially more likely to occur among patients on in-center dialysis compared with those dialyzing at home. We observed clustering in specific units and on specific shifts, with possible implications for aspects of service design, and high rates of nursing staff illness. A predictive epidemic model estimated a reproduction number of 2.2; cumulative cases deviated favorably from the model from the fourth week, suggesting that the implemented measures controlled transmission.ConclusionsThe COVID-19 epidemic affected a large proportion of patients at this dialysis center, creating service pressures exacerbated by nursing staff illness. Details of the control strategy and characteristics of this epidemic may be useful for dialysis providers and other institutions providing patient care.

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Tymoszuk, Urszula, Meena Kumari, Rachel Batterham, and Mai Stafford. "Social support and trajectories of body mass index and waist to hip ratio from mid-adulthood to old age." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 73, no. 2 (October 31, 2018): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2018-210525.

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BackgroundAlthough social networks’ influence on obesity has been increasingly recognised, it remains unclear if different dimensions of social support, for example, emotional or practical support, received from one’s closest relationship are associated with weight outcomes over mid-life and old age.MethodsUsing linear mixed models we examined whether person-level body mass index (BMI) and waist to hip ratio (WHR) trajectories vary according to levels of emotional, practical and negative aspects of social support in a large UK-based cohort of healthy civil servant workers (n=5460) with objectively measured anthropometry data on five occasions over two decades (1989–1990 to 2012–2013).ResultsWe found that gender modified the associations, with more consistent patterns found in men. In men, high negative aspects of support compared with low were consistently associated with steeper increase in BMI (0.024, 95% CI 0.001 to 0.047 kg/m2) and WHR (0.00020, 95% CI −0.00001 to 0.00040) after adjustment for demographic and socioeconomic covariates, mental health, health behaviours and long-standing illness. We found that low emotional support, compared with high, was associated with steeper BMI gain in men (0.024, 95% CI 0.0001 to 0.047 kg/m2).ConclusionsLow levels of negative aspects of the relationships with the closest person and high levels of emotional support may be protective against weight gain over time, particularly in men. If replicated in other studies, these results would suggest that the quality of social support in close relationships has been an overlooked risk factor for weight gain in an ageing population.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Epidemiology – Social aspects'

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