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Journal articles on the topic 'Epigenetic chromatin modifications'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Huang, Chang, Mo Xu, and Bing Zhu. "Epigenetic inheritance mediated by histone lysine methylation: maintaining transcriptional states without the precise restoration of marks?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, no. 1609 (2013): 20110332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0332.

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‘Epigenetics’ has been defined as the study of ‘mitotically and/or meiotically heritable changes in gene function that cannot be explained by changes in DNA sequence’. Chromatin modifications are major carriers of epigenetic information that both reflect and affect the transcriptional states of underlying genes. Several histone modifications are key players that are responsible for classical epigenetic phenomena. However, the mechanisms by which cells pass their histone modifications to daughter cells through mitotic division remain to be unveiled. Here, we review recent progress in the field

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Braszewska-Zalewska, Agnieszka, Tytus Bernas, and Jolanta Maluszynska. "Epigenetic chromatin modifications in Brassica genomes." Genome 53, no. 3 (2010): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g09-088.

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Epigenetic modifications such as histone and DNA methylation are highly conserved among eukaryotes, although the nuclear patterns of these modifications vary between different species. Brassica species represent a very attractive model for analysis of epigenetic changes because of their differences in genome size, ploidy level, and the organization of heterochromatin blocks. Brassica rapa and B. oleracea are diploid species, and B. napus is an allotetraploid species that arose from the hybridization of these two diploids. We found that patterns of DNA and histone H3 methylation differ between

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Li, Jiaqiu, Hongchuan Jin, and Xian Wang. "Epigenetic Biomarkers: Potential Applications in Gastrointestinal Cancers." ISRN Gastroenterology 2014 (March 6, 2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/464015.

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Genetics and epigenetics coregulate the cancer initiation and progression. Epigenetic mechanisms include DNA methylation, histone modification, chromatin remodeling, and noncoding RNAs. Aberrant epigenetic modifications play a fundamental role in the formation of gastrointestinal cancers. Advances in epigenetics offer a better understanding of the carcinogenesis and provide new insights into the discovery of biomarkers for diagnosis, and prognosis prediction of human cancers. This review aims to overview the epigenetic aberrance and the clinical applications as biomarkers in gastrointestinal c

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Kaur, Jasmine, Abdelkader Daoud, and Scott T. Eblen. "Targeting Chromatin Remodeling for Cancer Therapy." Current Molecular Pharmacology 12, no. 3 (2019): 215–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874467212666190215112915.

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Background: Epigenetic alterations comprise key regulatory events that dynamically alter gene expression and their deregulation is commonly linked to the pathogenesis of various diseases, including cancer. Unlike DNA mutations, epigenetic alterations involve modifications to proteins and nucleic acids that regulate chromatin structure without affecting the underlying DNA sequence, altering the accessibility of the transcriptional machinery to the DNA, thus modulating gene expression. In cancer cells, this often involves the silencing of tumor suppressor genes or the increased expression of gen

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Winter, Stefan, and Wolfgang Fischle. "Epigenetic markers and their cross-talk." Essays in Biochemistry 48 (September 20, 2010): 45–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bse0480045.

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Post-translational modifications of histone proteins in conjunction with DNA methylation represent important events in the regulation of local and global genome functions. Advances in the study of these chromatin modifications established temporal and spatial co-localization of several distinct ‘marks’ on the same histone and/or the same nucleosome. Such complex modification patterns suggest the possibility of combinatorial effects. This idea was originally proposed to establish a code of histone modifications that regulates the interpretation of the genetic code of DNA. Indeed, interdependenc

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Sengupta, Antara, Akansha Ganguly, and Shantanu Chowdhury. "Promise of G-Quadruplex Structure Binding Ligands as Epigenetic Modifiers with Anti-Cancer Effects." Molecules 24, no. 3 (2019): 582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030582.

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Evidences from more than three decades of work support the function of non-duplex DNA structures called G-quadruplex (G4) in important processes like transcription and replication. In addition, G4 structures have been studied in connection with DNA base modifications and chromatin/nucleosome arrangements. Recent work, interestingly, shows promise of G4 structures, through interaction with G4 structure-interacting proteins, in epigenetics—in both DNA and histone modification. Epigenetic changes are found to be intricately associated with initiation as well as progression of cancer. Multiple onc

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Dhar, Manoj Kumar, Parivartan Vishal, Rahul Sharma, and Sanjana Kaul. "Epigenetic Dynamics: Role of Epimarks and Underlying Machinery in Plants Exposed to Abiotic Stress." International Journal of Genomics 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/187146.

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Abiotic stress induces several changes in plants at physiological and molecular level. Plants have evolved regulatory mechanisms guided towards establishment of stress tolerance in which epigenetic modifications play a pivotal role. We provide examples of gene expression changes that are brought about by conversion of active chromatin to silent heterochromatin and vice versa. Methylation of CG sites and specific modification of histone tail determine whether a particular locus is transcriptionally active or silent. We present a lucid review of epigenetic machinery and epigenetic alterations in

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Molina-Serrano, Diego, Vassia Schiza, and Antonis Kirmizis. "Cross-talk among epigenetic modifications: lessons from histone arginine methylation." Biochemical Society Transactions 41, no. 3 (2013): 751–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20130003.

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Epigenetic modifications, including those occurring on DNA and on histone proteins, control gene expression by establishing and maintaining different chromatin states. In recent years, it has become apparent that epigenetic modifications do not function alone, but work together in various combinations, and cross-regulate each other in a manner that diversifies their functional states. Arginine methylation is one of the numerous PTMs (post-translational modifications) occurring on histones, catalysed by a family of PRMTs (protein arginine methyltransferases). This modification is involved in th

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Kheir, Tony Bou, and Anders H. Lund. "Epigenetic dynamics across the cell cycle." Essays in Biochemistry 48 (September 20, 2010): 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bse0480107.

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Progression of the mammalian cell cycle depends on correct timing and co-ordination of a series of events, which are managed by the cellular transcriptional machinery and epigenetic mechanisms governing genome accessibility. Epigenetic chromatin modifications are dynamic across the cell cycle, and are shown to influence and be influenced by cell-cycle progression. Chromatin modifiers regulate cell-cycle progression locally by controlling the expression of individual genes and globally by controlling chromatin condensation and chromosome segregation. The cell cycle, on the other hand, ensures a

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Lu, Xuefeng, and Tae Hyun. "The role of epigenetic modifications in plant responses to stress." Botanica Serbica 45, no. 1 (2021): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/botserb2101003l.

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Epigenetics is the study of hereditary changes in gene expression under the premise that the nucleotide sequence is not changed. Such hereditary changes mainly involve DNA methylation, histone modification, and chromatin remodeling. These covalent modifications play indispensable roles in regulating gene expression; DNA replication, recombination, and repair; and cell differentiation. Epigenetic modifications can be partially inherited by daughter cells during mitosis and meiosis and influenced by external factors, such as environmental stresses and supply deficits. In this review, we summariz

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Meiliana, Anna, Nurrani Mustika Dewi, and Andi Wijaya. "Nutritional Influences on Epigenetics, Aging and Disease." Indonesian Biomedical Journal 11, no. 1 (2019): 16–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18585/inabj.v11i1.780.

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BACKGROUND: Altered epigenetics is regarded to play quite a role in many chronic diseases including cancer, diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension and neurodegeneration, hence nutrition suggested to contribute in epigenetics and disease.CONTENT: Histone modifications, as a part of epigenetics mechanisms, depend on metabolites which acts as cofactors or substrates. Fluctuating levels of specific metabolites become the direct and rapid mechanisms to influence gene activity. Therefore, these metabolites may have a role as gatekeepers of chromatin, in chromatin landscape modulation as a res

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Sandholtz, Sarah H., Quinn MacPherson, and Andrew J. Spakowitz. "Physical modeling of the heritability and maintenance of epigenetic modifications." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 34 (2020): 20423–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1920499117.

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We develop a predictive theoretical model of the physical mechanisms that govern the heritability and maintenance of epigenetic modifications. This model focuses on a particular modification, methylation of lysine-9 of histone H3 (H3K9), which is one of the most representative and critical epigenetic marks that affects chromatin organization and gene expression. Our model combines the effect of segregation and compaction on chromosomal organization with the effect of the interaction between proteins that compact the chromatin (heterochromatin protein 1) and the methyltransferases that affect m

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Kramer, Jamie M. "Epigenetic regulation of memory: implications in human cognitive disorders." BioMolecular Concepts 4, no. 1 (2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bmc-2012-0026.

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AbstractEpigenetic modification of chromatin structure is an important mechanism in the regulation of gene expression. Recent studies have shown that dynamic regulation of chromatin structure occurs in response to neuronal stimulation associated with learning and memory. Learning-induced chromatin modifications include DNA methylation, histone acetylation, histone phosphorylation and histone methylation. Studies in animal models have used genetic and pharmacological methods to manipulate the epigenetic machinery in the brain during learning and memory formation. In general, these studies sugge

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Garcia-Manero, Guillermo. "Modifying the Epigenome as a Therapeutic Strategy in Myelodysplasia." Hematology 2007, no. 1 (2007): 405–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/asheducation-2007.1.405.

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AbstractThe term epigenetics refers to a number of biochemical modifications of chromatin that, without altering the primary sequence of DNA, have a role in genomic regulation and in particular gene expression control. These modifications can occur at the DNA level (i.e., DNA methylation), and affect the chromatin protein scaffold (i.e., histone code modifications), among several others. The study of these modifications is a very active area of research both at the basic and clinical levels. Clinical interest in these epigenetic alterations stems mainly from two observations. First, detection

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Perrone, Lorena, Carmela Matrone, and Lalit P. Singh. "Epigenetic Modifications and Potential New Treatment Targets in Diabetic Retinopathy." Journal of Ophthalmology 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/789120.

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Retinopathy is a debilitating vascular complication of diabetes. As with other diabetic complications, diabetic retinopathy (DR) is characterized by the metabolic memory, which has been observed both in DR patients and in DR animal models. Evidences have provided that after a period of poor glucose control insulin or diabetes drug treatment fails to prevent the development and progression of DR even when good glycemic control is reinstituted (glucose normalization), suggesting a metabolic memory phenomenon. Recent studies also underline the role of epigenetic chromatin modifications as mediato

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Willbanks, Amber, Shaun Wood, and Jason X. Cheng. "RNA Epigenetics: Fine-Tuning Chromatin Plasticity and Transcriptional Regulation, and the Implications in Human Diseases." Genes 12, no. 5 (2021): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12050627.

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Chromatin structure plays an essential role in eukaryotic gene expression and cell identity. Traditionally, DNA and histone modifications have been the focus of chromatin regulation; however, recent molecular and imaging studies have revealed an intimate connection between RNA epigenetics and chromatin structure. Accumulating evidence suggests that RNA serves as the interplay between chromatin and the transcription and splicing machineries within the cell. Additionally, epigenetic modifications of nascent RNAs fine-tune these interactions to regulate gene expression at the co- and post-transcr

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Kageyama, Shun-ichiro, Honglin Liu, Naoto Kaneko, Masatoshi Ooga, Masao Nagata, and Fugaku Aoki. "Alterations in epigenetic modifications during oocyte growth in mice." Reproduction 133, no. 1 (2007): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-06-0025.

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During oocyte growth, chromatin structure is altered globally and gene expression is silenced. To investigate the involvement of epigenetic modifications in the regulation of these phenomena, changes in global DNA methylation and in various histone modifications, i.e. acetylation of H3K9, H3K18, H4K5, and H4K12, and methylation of H3K4 and H3K9, were examined during the growth of mouse oocytes. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed that the signal intensities of all these modifications increased during growth and that fully grown, germinal vesicle (GV)-stage oocytes showed the most modification

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Oricchio, Elisa. "Histone Modifications in Development and Malignancy." Blood 134, Supplement_1 (2019): SCI—49—SCI—49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-121289.

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Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) development is driven by the accumulations of multiple genetic, epigenetic, and chromosomal alterations. These lesions can lead to modifications of the chromatin architecture. To identify novel oncogenic interactions driven by modifications of the chromatin 3D organization, we combined high-throughput chromatin conformation capture data (Hi-C) in lymphoma cells with whole genome sequencing (WGS) and epigenetic and transcriptional profiles of primary patient samples and cell lines. Recently, we found that a significant interplay exists between the compartmentalization

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Yi, Sun-Ju, and Kyunghwan Kim. "New Insights into the Role of Histone Changes in Aging." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 21 (2020): 8241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218241.

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Aging is the progressive decline or loss of function at the cellular, tissue, and organismal levels that ultimately leads to death. A number of external and internal factors, including diet, exercise, metabolic dysfunction, genome instability, and epigenetic imbalance, affect the lifespan of an organism. These aging factors regulate transcriptome changes related to the aging process through chromatin remodeling. Many epigenetic regulators, such as histone modification, histone variants, and ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling factors, play roles in chromatin reorganization. The key to understan

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Lubin, Farah D., Swati Gupta, R. Ryley Parrish, Nicola M. Grissom, and Robin L. Davis. "Epigenetic Mechanisms." Neuroscientist 17, no. 6 (2011): 616–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073858410386967.

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Recent advances in chromatin biology have identified a role for epigenetic mechanisms in the regulation of neuronal gene expression changes, a necessary process for proper synaptic plasticity and memory formation. Experimental evidence for dynamic chromatin remodeling influencing gene transcription in postmitotic neurons grew from initial reports describing posttranslational modifications of histones, including phosphorylation and acetylation occurring in various brain regions during memory consolidation. An accumulation of recent studies, however, has also highlighted the importance of other

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Sen, Rwik, and Christopher Barnes. "Do Transgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance and Immune System Development Share Common Epigenetic Processes?" Journal of Developmental Biology 9, no. 2 (2021): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jdb9020020.

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Epigenetic modifications regulate gene expression for development, immune response, disease, and other processes. A major role of epigenetics is to control the dynamics of chromatin structure, i.e., the condensed packaging of DNA around histone proteins in eukaryotic nuclei. Key epigenetic factors include enzymes for histone modifications and DNA methylation, non-coding RNAs, and prions. Epigenetic modifications are heritable but during embryonic development, most parental epigenetic marks are erased and reset. Interestingly, some epigenetic modifications, that may be resulting from immune res

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McCaw, Beth A., Tyler J. Stevenson, and Lesley T. Lancaster. "Epigenetic Responses to Temperature and Climate." Integrative and Comparative Biology 60, no. 6 (2020): 1469–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icaa049.

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Synopsis Epigenetics represents a widely accepted set of mechanisms by which organisms respond to the environment by regulating phenotypic plasticity and life history transitions. Understanding the effects of environmental control on phenotypes and fitness, via epigenetic mechanisms, is essential for understanding the ability of organisms to rapidly adapt to environmental change. This review highlights the significance of environmental temperature on epigenetic control of phenotypic variation, with the aim of furthering our understanding of how epigenetics might help or hinder species’ adaptat

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Jiang, Jianjun, Adeline B. Ding, Fengquan Liu, and Xuehua Zhong. "Linking signaling pathways to histone acetylation dynamics in plants." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 17 (2020): 5179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa202.

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Abstract As sessile organisms, plants face versatile environmental challenges and require proper responses at multiple levels for survival. Epigenetic modification of DNA and histones is a conserved gene-regulatory mechanism and plays critical roles in diverse aspects of biological processes, ranging from genome defense and imprinting to development and physiology. In recent years, emerging studies have revealed the interplay between signaling transduction pathways, epigenetic modifications, and chromatin cascades. Specifically, histone acetylation and deacetylation dictate plant responses to

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Kim, Jin-Hong. "Multifaceted Chromatin Structure and Transcription Changes in Plant Stress Response." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 4 (2021): 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22042013.

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Sessile plants are exposed throughout their existence to environmental abiotic and biotic stress factors, such as cold, heat, salinity, drought, dehydration, submergence, waterlogging, and pathogen infection. Chromatin organization affects genome stability, and its dynamics are crucial in plant stress responses. Chromatin dynamics are epigenetically regulated and are required for stress-induced transcriptional regulation or reprogramming. Epigenetic regulators facilitate the phenotypic plasticity of development and the survival and reproduction of plants in unfavorable environments, and they a

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Duan, Yong-Tao, Chetan B. Sangani, Wei Liu, Kunjal V. Soni, and Yongfang Yao. "New Promises to Cure Cancer and Other Genetic Diseases/Disorders: Epi-drugs Through Epigenetics." Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 19, no. 12 (2019): 972–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026619666190603094439.

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All the heritable alterations in gene expression and chromatin structure due to chemical modifications that do not involve changes in the primary gene nucleotide sequence are referred to as epigenetics. DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs are distinct types of epigenetic inheritance. Epigenetic patterns have been linked to the developmental stages, environmental exposure, and diet. Therapeutic strategies are now being developed to target human diseases such as cancer with mutations in epigenetic regulatory genes using specific inhibitors. Within the past two decades, se

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Roth, Tania L., Eric D. Roth, and J. David Sweatt. "Epigenetic regulation of genes in learning and memory." Essays in Biochemistry 48 (September 20, 2010): 263–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bse0480263.

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Rapid advances in the field of epigenetics are revealing a new way to understand how we can form and store strong memories of significant events in our lives. Epigenetic modifications of chromatin, namely the post-translational modifications of nuclear proteins and covalent modification of DNA that regulate gene activity in the CNS (central nervous system), continue to be recognized for their pivotal role in synaptic plasticity and memory formation. At the same time, studies are correlating aberrant epigenetic regulation of gene activity with cognitive dysfunction prevalent in CNS disorders an

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Cosgrove, Michael S., and Cynthia Wolberger. "How does the histone code work?" Biochemistry and Cell Biology 83, no. 4 (2005): 468–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o05-137.

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Patterns of histone post-translational modifications correlate with distinct chromosomal states that regulate access to DNA, leading to the histone-code hypothesis. However, it is not clear how modification of flexible histone tails leads to changes in nucleosome dynamics and, thus, chromatin structure. The recent discovery that, like the flexible histone tails, the structured globular domain of the nucleosome core particle is also extensively modified adds a new and exciting dimension to the histone-code hypothesis, and calls for the re-examination of current models for the epigenetic regulat

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., Shierly, and Chandra Wirawan. "The role of epigenetic modifications in Alzheimer’s disease." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 9, no. 1 (2020): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20205860.

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Aging is the primary risk factor for various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which is the most frequent form of Dementia. AD is progressive neurodegenerative disease with abnormal protein production, inflammation and memory deterioration. The main clinical manifestations of this illness are cognitive disturbance and memory deficit. Abnormal of beta-amyloid (Aβ), neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and tau deposition are the most common findings pathology in this disease. Recent studies indicate that epigenetic modifications strongly correlate in developing these path

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Lestari, Silvia W., and Meidika D. Rizki. "Epigenetic: A new approach to etiology of infertility." Medical Journal of Indonesia 25, no. 4 (2017): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.13181/mji.v25i4.1504.

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Infertility is a complex disease which could be caused by male and female factors. The etiology from both factors needs further study. There are some approaches to understanding the etiology of infertility, one of them is epigenetic. Epigenetic modifications consist of DNA methylation, histone modifications, and chromatin remodelling. Male and female germinal cells undergo epigenetic modifications dynamically during differentiation into matured sperm and oocyte cells. In a male, the alteration of DNA methylation in spermatogenesis will cause oligo/asthenozoospermia. In addition, the histone me

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Mio, Catia, Stefania Bulotta, Diego Russo, and Giuseppe Damante. "Reading Cancer: Chromatin Readers as Druggable Targets for Cancer Treatment." Cancers 11, no. 1 (2019): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers11010061.

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The epigenetic machinery deputed to control histone post-translational modifications is frequently dysregulated in cancer cells. With epigenetics being naturally reversible, it represents a good target for therapies directed to restore normal gene expression. Since the discovery of Bromodomain and Extra Terminal (BET) inhibitors, a great effort has been spent investigating the effects of chromatin readers’ inhibition, specifically the class of proteins assigned to bind acetylated and methylated residues. So far, focused studies have been produced on epigenetic regulation, dissecting a specific

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Georgel, P. T. "Role of chromatin/epigenetic modifications on DNA accessibility." Drug News & Perspectives 20, no. 9 (2007): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1358/dnp.2007.20.9.1162241.

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Passaro, Diego, Gina Rana, Marina Piscopo, Emanuela Viggiano, Bruno De Luca, and Laura Fucci. "Epigenetic chromatin modifications in the cortical spreading depression." Brain Research 1329 (May 2010): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2010.03.001.

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Mason, Karlla, Zichuan Liu, Tiphaine Aguirre-Lavin, and Nathalie Beaujean. "Chromatin and epigenetic modifications during early mammalian development." Animal Reproduction Science 134, no. 1-2 (2012): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2012.08.010.

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Braszewska-Zalewska, Agnieszka, Marta Tylikowska, Jolanta Kwasniewska, and Joanna Szymanowska-Pulka. "Epigenetic chromatin modifications in barley after mutagenic treatment." Journal of Applied Genetics 55, no. 4 (2014): 449–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13353-014-0226-9.

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R. M., Saravana Kumar, Yibin Wang, Xiaopan Zhang, et al. "Redox Components: Key Regulators of Epigenetic Modifications in Plants." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 4 (2020): 1419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21041419.

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Epigenetic modifications including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and chromatin remodeling are crucial regulators of chromatin architecture and gene expression in plants. Their dynamics are significantly influenced by oxidants, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO), and antioxidants, like pyridine nucleotides and glutathione in plants. These redox intermediates regulate the activities and expression of many enzymes involved in DNA methylation, histone methylation and acetylation, and chromatin remodeling, consequently controlling plant growth and development, and

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Fierz, Beat. "Applying Peptide and Protein Synthesis to Study Post-translational Modifications in Epigenetics and Beyond." CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry 75, no. 6 (2021): 484–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2021.484.

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Epigenetics research focuses on the study of heritable gene regulatory mechanisms that do not involve changes of the DNA sequence. Such mechanisms include post-translational modifications of histone proteins that organize the genome in the nucleus into a nucleoprotein complex called chromatin, and which are of key importance in development and disease. Chemical biology tools as developed by my group, in particular synthetic peptide and protein chemistry, have been critical to elucidate epigenetic signaling mechanisms. As outlined below, they allow the reconstitution of chromatin carrying defin

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Bhattacharjee, Dipanjan, Smita Shenoy, and Kurady Laxminarayana Bairy. "DNA Methylation and Chromatin Remodeling: The Blueprint of Cancer Epigenetics." Scientifica 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6072357.

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Epigenetics deals with the interactions between genes and the immediate cellular environment. These interactions go a long way in shaping up each and every person’s individuality. Further, reversibility of epigenetic interactions may offer a dynamic control over the expression of various critical genes. Thus, tweaking the epigenetic machinery may help cause or cure diseases, especially cancer. Therefore, cancer epigenetics, especially at a molecular level, needs to be scrutinised closely, as it could potentially serve as the future pharmaceutical goldmine against neoplastic diseases. However,

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Lin, Shi-qi, and Xia Li. "Epigenetic Therapies and Potential Drugs for Treating Human Cancer." Current Drug Targets 21, no. 11 (2020): 1068–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389450121666200325093104.

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Epigenetic modifications ensure the maintenance of normal cellular functions, and their dysregulation is frequently found in many disease states, including cancer. Nowadays, the most studied epigenetic dysregulation associated with tumorigenesis, cancer progression and metastasis refers to the variations in DNA methylation, histone modification and chromatin structure. The development of novel agents targeting these processes has enabled us to open up new pathways for anti-cancer strategies. To date, many small molecules have been designed to target epigenetic modifiers, and some of them are c

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Erdel, Fabian, and Eric C. Greene. "Generalized nucleation and looping model for epigenetic memory of histone modifications." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 29 (2016): E4180—E4189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1605862113.

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Histone modifications can redistribute along the genome in a sequence-independent manner, giving rise to chromatin position effects and epigenetic memory. The underlying mechanisms shape the endogenous chromatin landscape and determine its response to ectopically targeted histone modifiers. Here, we simulate linear and looping-driven spreading of histone modifications and compare both models to recent experiments on histone methylation in fission yeast. We find that a generalized nucleation-and-looping mechanism describes key observations on engineered and endogenous methylation domains includ

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Weishaupt, Holger, Mikael Sigvardsson, and Joanne L. Attema. "Epigenetic chromatin states uniquely define the developmental plasticity of murine hematopoietic stem cells." Blood 115, no. 2 (2010): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2009-07-235176.

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Abstract Heritable epigenetic signatures are proposed to serve as an important regulatory mechanism in lineage fate determination. To investigate this, we profiled chromatin modifications in murine hematopoietic stem cells, lineage-restricted progenitors, and CD4+ T cells using modified genome-scale mini-chromatin immunoprecipitation technology. We show that genes involved in mature hematopoietic cell function associate with distinct chromatin states in stem and progenitor cells, before their activation or silencing upon cellular maturation. Many lineage-restricted promoters are associated wit

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Baas, Roy, Daphne Lelieveld, Hetty van Teeffelen, et al. "A Novel Microscopy-Based High-Throughput Screening Method to Identify Proteins That Regulate Global Histone Modification Levels." Journal of Biomolecular Screening 19, no. 2 (2013): 287–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087057113515024.

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Posttranslational modifications of histones play an important role in the regulation of gene expression and chromatin structure in eukaryotes. The balance between chromatin factors depositing (writers) and removing (erasers) histone marks regulates the steady-state levels of chromatin modifications. Here we describe a novel microscopy-based screening method to identify proteins that regulate histone modification levels in a high-throughput fashion. We named our method CROSS, for Chromatin Regulation Ontology SiRNA Screening. CROSS is based on an siRNA library targeting the expression of 529 pr

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Neff, Tobias, and Scott A. Armstrong. "Recent progress toward epigenetic therapies: the example of mixed lineage leukemia." Blood 121, no. 24 (2013): 4847–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2013-02-474833.

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Abstract The importance of epigenetic gene regulatory mechanisms in normal and cancer development is increasingly evident. Genome-wide analyses have revealed the mutation, deletion, and dysregulated expression of chromatin-modifying enzymes in a number of cancers, including hematologic malignancies. Genome-wide studies of DNA methylation and histone modifications are beginning to reveal the landscape of cancer-specific chromatin patterns. In parallel, recent genetic loss-of-function studies in murine models are demonstrating functional involvement of chromatin-modifying enzymes in malignant ce

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Han, Qiang, Arthur Bartels, Xi Cheng, et al. "Epigenetics Regulates Reproductive Development in Plants." Plants 8, no. 12 (2019): 564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8120564.

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Seed, resulting from reproductive development, is the main nutrient source for human beings, and reproduction has been intensively studied through genetic, molecular, and epigenetic approaches. However, how different epigenetic pathways crosstalk and integrate to regulate seed development remains unknown. Here, we review the recent progress of epigenetic changes that affect chromatin structure, such as DNA methylation, polycomb group proteins, histone modifications, and small RNA pathways in regulating plant reproduction. In gametogenesis of flowering plants, epigenetics is dynamic between the

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Gaździcka, Jadwiga, Karolina Gołąbek, Joanna Katarzyna Strzelczyk, and Zofia Ostrowska. "Epigenetic Modifications in Head and Neck Cancer." Biochemical Genetics 58, no. 2 (2019): 213–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10528-019-09941-1.

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Abstract Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common human malignancy in the world, with high mortality and poor prognosis for patients. Among the risk factors are tobacco and alcohol intake, human papilloma virus, and also genetic and epigenetic modifications. Many studies show that epigenetic events play an important role in HNSCC development and progression, including DNA methylation, chromatin remodeling, histone posttranslational covalent modifications, and effects of non-coding RNA. Epigenetic modifications may influence silencing of tumor suppressor genes by p

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Tamada, Hiroshi, Nguyen Van Thuan, Peter Reed, et al. "Chromatin Decondensation and Nuclear Reprogramming by Nucleoplasmin." Molecular and Cellular Biology 26, no. 4 (2006): 1259–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.26.4.1259-1271.2006.

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ABSTRACT Somatic cell nuclear cloning has repeatedly demonstrated striking reversibility of epigenetic regulation of cell differentiation. Upon injection into eggs, the donor nuclei exhibit global chromatin decondensation, which might contribute to reprogramming the nuclei by derepressing dormant genes. Decondensation of sperm chromatin in eggs is explained by the replacement of sperm-specific histone variants with egg-type histones by the egg protein nucleoplasmin (Npm). However, little is known about the mechanisms of chromatin decondensation in somatic nuclei that do not contain condensatio

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Butler, Jill S., and Sharon Y. R. Dent. "The role of chromatin modifiers in normal and malignant hematopoiesis." Blood 121, no. 16 (2013): 3076–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2012-10-451237.

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Abstract Complex developmental processes such as hematopoiesis require a series of precise and coordinated changes in cellular identity to ensure blood homeostasis. Epigenetic mechanisms help drive changes in gene expression that accompany the transition from hematopoietic stem cells to terminally differentiated blood cells. Genome-wide profiling technologies now provide valuable glimpses of epigenetic changes that occur during normal hematopoiesis, and genetic mouse models developed to investigate the in vivo functions of chromatin-modifying enzymes clearly demonstrate significant roles for t

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Tiffon, Céline. "The Impact of Nutrition and Environmental Epigenetics on Human Health and Disease." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 11 (2018): 3425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19113425.

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Environmental epigenetics describes how environmental factors affect cellular epigenetics and, hence, human health. Epigenetic marks alter the spatial conformation of chromatin to regulate gene expression. Environmental factors with epigenetic effects include behaviors, nutrition, and chemicals and industrial pollutants. Epigenetic mechanisms are also implicated during development in utero and at the cellular level, so environmental exposures may harm the fetus by impairing the epigenome of the developing organism to modify disease risk later in life. By contrast, bioactive food components may

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Sundar, Isaac K., and Irfan Rahman. "Gene expression profiling of epigenetic chromatin modification enzymes and histone marks by cigarette smoke: implications for COPD and lung cancer." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 311, no. 6 (2016): L1245—L1258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00253.2016.

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Chromatin-modifying enzymes mediate DNA methylation and histone modifications on recruitment to specific target gene loci in response to various stimuli. The key enzymes that regulate chromatin accessibility for maintenance of modifications in DNA and histones, and for modulation of gene expression patterns in response to cigarette smoke (CS), are not known. We hypothesize that CS exposure alters the gene expression patterns of chromatin-modifying enzymes, which then affects multiple downstream pathways involved in the response to CS. We have, therefore, analyzed chromatin-modifying enzyme pro

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Woodworth, Marcus A., Kenneth K. H. Ng, Aaron R. Halpern, et al. "Multiplexed single-cell profiling of chromatin states at genomic loci by expansion microscopy." Nucleic Acids Research 49, no. 14 (2021): e82-e82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkab423.

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Abstract Proper regulation of genome architecture and activity is essential for the development and function of multicellular organisms. Histone modifications, acting in combination, specify these activity states at individual genomic loci. However, the methods used to study these modifications often require either a large number of cells or are limited to targeting one histone mark at a time. Here, we developed a new method called Single Cell Evaluation of Post-TRanslational Epigenetic Encoding (SCEPTRE) that uses Expansion Microscopy (ExM) to visualize and quantify multiple histone modificat

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Gamen, Elisabetta, Werner Seeger, and Soni Savai Pullamsetti. "The emerging role of epigenetics in pulmonary hypertension." European Respiratory Journal 48, no. 3 (2016): 903–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01714-2015.

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Epigenetics is usually defined as the study of changes in phenotype and gene expression not related to sequence alterations, but rather the chemical modifications of DNA and of its associated chromatin proteins. These modifications can be acquired de novo, being inherited, and represent the way in which genome and environment interact. Recent evidence points to the involvement of epigenetic changes in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension, as they can partly explain how environmental and lifestyle factors can impose susceptibility to pulmonary hypertension and can explain the phenotypic a

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