Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Épilepsie du lobe temporale pharmacorésistante'
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Kotwas, Iliana. "Contrôle volontaire des crises et régulation des émotions dans l'épilepsie temporale pharmacorésistante : l’exemple d’une thérapie par GSR biofeedback." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0249.
Full textAmong patients with epilepsy, particularly temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), 30% remain drug-resistant despite optimal administration of pharmacological treatments. The unpredictability of seizures is one of the most disabling aspects of the disease. In addition, depressive and anxiety disorders are psychiatric comorbidities frequently associated with epilepsy and have a greater negative impact on quality of life than seizures. Biofeedback approaches have been shown to be effective in controlling seizures. A biofeedback therapy on skin conductance (GSR biofeedback) has shown its efficacy on psychiatric symptoms. However, the mechanisms underlying this efficacy remain poorly understood. The objective of this thesis is to better understand these mechanisms. Two tracks are explored: a physiological one in which there is a direct effect of GSR biofeedback on the physiological regulation of emotions; an attentional one, in which there would be an indirect effect of the training on the control of attention. The studies presented have shown that TLE patients have weaker electrodermal responses than controls but that they are not higher after GSR biofeedback sessions. In contrast, the improvement of anxiety and depressive symptoms is related to changes in the attentional processing of threatening information. GSR biofeedback by improving attentional control would lead to a decrease in alertness to threat, leading to a reduction in emotional vulnerability in these patients
Dinocourt, Céline. "Propriétés morphologiques et fonctionnelles des réseaux GABAergiques dans les épilepsies expérimentales du lobe temporal." Aix-Marseille 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX22061.
Full textRondouin, Gérard. "L'épilepsie du lobe temporal : approche expérimentale." Montpellier 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON11251.
Full textDinkelacker, Vera. "Network pathology in temporal lobe epilepsy." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066156/document.
Full textOur vision of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) with hippocampal sclerosis has much evolved in recent years. Initially regarded as a disease centered on a single lesion, it is now perceived as a genuine network disease, which we intended to explore with a multimodal approach. We examined structural connectivity, fMRI, EEG and cognitive dysfunction in a cohort of 44 patients with unilateral hippocampal sclerosis (HS, 22 with right, 22 with left HS) and 28 healthy age and gender matched control participants. Cortical regions of interest and hippocampal volumes were determined with Freesurfer, structural connectivity with MRtrix (pairwise disconnections and component effects with Network Based Statistics), or for hippocampal-thalamic connections with FSL. We found a pronounced pattern of disconnections most notably in the left hemisphere of patients with left TLE. Network Based Statistics showed large bi hemispheric clusters lateralized to the diseased side in both left and right temporal lobe epilepsy. We suggest that hippocampal sclerosis is associated with widespread disconnections if situated in the dominant hemisphere. We then determined streamline connections between hippocampus and thalamus and found an increase in connections in relation to the HS. This increase was seemingly dysfunctional as the number of hippocampal-thalamic connections was negatively correlated with performance in executive tasks. EEG analysis revealed predominantly ipsilateral epileptic discharge. The number of sharp waves was highly correlated with a number of executive functions depending on the frontal lobe, hence at distance of the HS. Our data thus confirms the concept of temporal lobe epilepsy as a network disease that finds its expression both in widespread, though lateralized alterations of structural connectivity and in neuropsychological dysfunction way beyond the hippocampus
Rigoulot, Marie-Aude. "Apport de la neuroprotection à la compréhension de l'épileptogenèse dans deux modèles d'épilepsie du lobe temporal." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004STR13163.
Full textCrespel, Arielle. "Rôle de la glie dans la réaction inflammatoire et la réorganisation morphologique dans les épilepsies humaines du lobe temporal avec sclérose hippocampique." Montpellier 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON1T013.
Full textMagnin, Elise. "Étude de l'expression de la sous-unité alpha 5 des récepteurs GABAA dans les interneurones de l'hippocampe et de sa diminution dans l'épilepsie du lobe temporal." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25453.
Full textLeroy, Claire. "Contribution de l'imagerie et de l'électrophysiologie à l'étude de l'épileptogenèse dans un modèle d'épilepsie du lobe temporal chez le rat mature et immature." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STR13233.
Full textMesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) is characterized by the occurrence of complex partial seizures originating in the mesiotemporal regions. Retrospective studies have shown that most of the patients underwent an initial precipitating injury early during childhood (complex febrile seizures, status epilepticus (SE), head trauma, encephalopathy). The mELT syndrome is associated with neuronal damage in most of the mesiotemporal structures and with hippocampal sclerosis. The role of the initial precipitating injury and of the mesiotemporal structures in the establishment of the epileptic circuitry is still not fully elucidated. The lithium-pilocarpine model in the rat reproduces main of the behavioural and neuropathological features of human mTLE. After lithium and pilocarpine injection, rats develop a SE followed by a latent phase before the appearance of spontaneous epileptic seizures. Consequences of SE are age-dependent. When SE is induced at the adult age, all the rats become epileptic. In contrast, when it is induced in immature rats, epilepsy appears does not occur in all rats and neuronal damage is more moderate than in adult rats. In the present work, we studied the neuropathological processes consecutive to SE in order to deepen the understanding of the implication of hippocampus and piriform and entorhinal cortex in the establishment of epileptic circuitry. We have shown early cellular alterations in the piriform and entorhinal cortex only in rats that will become epileptic. This observation highlights an initiating and critical role of these cortices in epileptogenesis. Conversely, hippocampal sclerosis appears secondarily and progressively during the course of epileptogenesis. Hippocampal sclerosis could be established consequently to the cortical lesions and could be both the cause and consequence of seizures. Vascular and metabolic modifications after SE indicate that neuronal necrosis seen in this model does not have a major vasogenic origin but seems to be rather linked to neuronal hyperactivity. Nevertheless, metabolic dysfunction that occurs during SE could be implicated in the cellular suffering seen in these structures. [. . . ]
El-Hassar, Lynda. "Réorganisation des réseaux glutamatergiques et GABAergiques de la région CA1 de l'hippocampe au cours de l'épileptogenèse dans un modèle animal d'épilepsie du lobe temporal." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX22030.
Full textTramoni, Eve. "Approche neuropsychologique des bases anatomo-fonctionnelles de la mémoire relationnelle." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX20665.
Full textVélez-Pérez, Hugo Abraham. "Localisation et caractérisation du déroulement de la crise d'épilepsie temporale." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPL051N/document.
Full textThe electroencephalogram (EEG) is the essential clinical examination for the diagnosis, the definition of brain structures responsible of seizures and epilepsy classification. However, the signals collected on the surface of the scalp are very disturbed by artifacts and noise, which complicates the clinical interpretation or the automatic analysis. This work aims to extract descriptors of surface EEG signals that can lead to the spatio-temporal characterization of the temporal lobe seizures. The inter-channel relationship estimators applied are parametric linear methods, such as cross-spectrum (S), coherence (C), Directed Transfer Function (DTF) or Partial Directed Coherence (PDC). Relations are estimated on real EEG recordings containing a crisis. The detection of strong inter-channel relationships is exploited in order to lateralize and to characterize seizures. All methods are applied to raw and preprocessed EEG signals. A preprocessing step, based on the separation and classification of sources and denoising is implemented to remove artifacts and noise with a minimal loss of information by reducing the risk of false detections of inter-signal connectivity relationships. The results on 51 crises show that a signal preprocessing improves the detection and the rate of correct lateralization. A coupling method between S and directivity parametric methods (PDC and DTF) improves the characterization of crises
Roch, Catherine. "Etudes par imagerie de l'évolution des modifications pathologiques pour la compréhension de la physiopathologie du modèle lithium-pilocarpine d'épilepsie du lobe temporal." Strasbourg 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002STR13193.
Full textThe study of the physiopathology of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is still debated. In fact, there is no clear response to questions like: (1) is hippocampal sclerosis the cause or the consequence of epilepsy? (2) why does only a part of the population develop epilepsy after an initial precipitating injury? The lithium-pilocarpine (li-pilo) model in the rat is a well-studied model of TLE which reproduces most clinical, and neuropathological features of human TLE. Moreover, the consequences of status epilepticus induced by li-pilo are age-dependent. We used various imaging techniques (magnetic resonance imaging, autoradiography and single-photon emission computed tomography) to study the evolution of pathological modifications that lead to epilepsy after status epilepticus induced by li-pilo in adult and developing rats. Our results suggest that status epilepticus induced by the li-pilo will cause modifications of metabolism, cerebral blood flow as well as very early damage in the thalamus and the piriform and entorhinal cortices. Furthermore, the cortical alterations are predictive of epileptic outcome. These alterations are mainly the result of an excitotoxic mechanism and characterize the initial step of epileptogenesis. The thalamus, which is also activated early and intensively (enough to provoke a blood-brain barrier breakdown), could be a synchronizer of epileptic activities. The hippocampal sclerosis seems to be the consequence of cortical alterations and progressively worsens. Although it is sclerosed, the hippocampus is strongly activated during the chronic phase of epilepsy showing its key role in the epileptic circuit
Kourdougli, Nazim. "Hippocampal structural reactive plasticity in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy : chloride homeostasis as a keystone." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4091.
Full textThe present dissertation undertakes to investigate the early triggering events of the mossy fiber sprouting (MFS) in the dentate gyrus, a hallmark of hippocampal reactive plasticity in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE). We used the rat pilocarpine model of TLE to show that altered GABAA receptor-mediated transmission play a key role in the formation of early ectopic MFS during epileptogenesis. This is likely due to a compromised chloride homeostasis, as a result of increased expression of chloride loader NKCC1 and downregulation of the neuronal chloride extruder KCC2. We next addressed the mechanistic action of depolarizing GABAAR responses with regard to neurotrophin signaling. Our findings uncovered that the pan neurotrophin receptor p75 (p75NTR) mediated the sculpting action of depolarizing GABAAR responses on the ectopic MFS. Blockade of depolarizing GABAAR responses using the loop diuretic bumetanide reduced abnormal p75NTR subsequently decreased the ectopic MFS. Finally, transitory application of bumetanide during epileptogenesis resulted in reduction of spontaneous and recurrent seizures during the chronic phase of TLE. The rationale of this work is that unveiling the molecular mechanisms underlying the hippocampal post-seizure glutamatergic network rewiring will help to drive future novel therapeutic avenues involving chloride homeostasis and neurotrophin interplay. Overall, this dissertation shed a new light on how GABAergic transmission and neurotrophin signaling crosstalk can orchestrate reactive hippocampal plasticity in TLE
Heinrich, Christophe. "Etude du rôle du "Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor" dans l'épileptogenèse et des mécanismes de la dispersion du gyrus denté dans un modèle d'épilepsie de la face mésiale du lobe temporal chez la souris." Strasbourg 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006STR13067.
Full textThe Mesio-Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (MTLE) syndrome is characterized by an initial precipitating event followed by a latent period before the appearance of spontaneous recurrent seizures in the hippocampus. In addition, a widening of the dentate gyrus termed granule cell dispersion (GCD) is often evidenced in the sclerotic hippocampus of MTLE patients. Using a mouse model of MTLE obtained by intrahippocampal injection of kainate, we show that an increase in BDNF-mediated TrkB signaling facilitates epileptogenesis progression and aggravates hippocampal seizure severity. In addition, we evidence that GCD does not result from increased neurogenesis but reflects a displacement of mature granule cells, likely caused by a reelin deficiency in the sclerotic hippocampus. Finally, the activation of NMDA receptors is shown to be critical for both the initiation and maintenance of GCD formation, and a reduction of the GABAergic transmission could also play a key role in GCD initiation
Voltzenlogel, Virginie. "Mémoire du passé et consolidation à très long terme dans l’épilepsie du lobe temporal." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2007. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2007/VOLTZENLOGEL_Virginie_2007.pdf.
Full textTrébuchon-Da, Fonseca Agnès. "Organisation anatomo-fonctionnelle du langage dans l'épilepsie temporale." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX20661.
Full textVelez-Perez, Hugo. "Localisation et caractérisation du déroulement de la crise d'épilepsie temporale." Phd thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine - INPL, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00538573.
Full textLiacu, Despina. "Exploration du système limbique par IRM en tenseur de diffusion dans l'épilepsie du lobe temporal." Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST1100.
Full textDiffusion tensor imaging (DTI) can provide quantitative information of brain abnormalities in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). This technique allowed us to explore brain abnormalities that are not detectable with conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).In this thesis we combined two computational methods: the first is based on information extraction from regions of interest and the second is based on measurements (averaged) along the white matter fibers. The identification of parameters from diffusion tensor has highlighted structural changes in the white matter and gray matter, particularly in the limbic system regions (hippocampus, fornix, cingulate regions, thalamus, amygdala). Three subject groups participated on this study: a patients group with temporal lobe epilepsy and a hippocampal sclerosis (TLE+HS), a patients group with TLE and normal conventional MRI (TLE-HS) and a healthy controls group. The results showed significant abnormalities in the analysed regions in patients with TLE-HS, different from those found in patients with TLE + HS. The selected diffusion tensor indices allowed us to highlight the structural disorganization of limbic system regions in patients with TLE, especially in patients with normal conventional MRI
Nguyen, Duc Loc. "Apport de l’imagerie TEP TSPO dans un modèle d’épilepsie mésio-temporale chez la souris." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS393/document.
Full textThe model induced by unilateralinjection of kainic acid is considered as the bestreliable model for the mesial temporal lobeepilepsy (MTLE) and reproduces theepileptogenesis and the typical hippocampalsclerosis (HS).Recent ex vivo studies have revealed theexistence of neuroinflammation in the HS ofepileptic patients and animal models. The18kDa translocator protein (TSPO), which iscurrently the most widely studied with variousradiotracers, is considered as a reference targetto visualize and quantify theneuroinflammation.In that context, my thesis focused ondetermining the evolution of TSPO during theconstitution of HS using 18F-DPA-714positrons emission tomography (PET) in alongitudinal study in this mouse model, and toidentify its origin fromimmunohistofluorescence analysis.We demonstrated the feasibility of PET tomonitor in vivo the inflammatory process evenin small cerebral structures both by the localmeasurement of the percent injected dose or bythe measurement of the volume of distribution.The peak signal was found during theepileptogenesis and corresponded to activatedmicroglia, and then this signal decreased butpersisted after the HS was well established, andmainly originated from activated astrocytesduring this period.Our main results allowed us to identifydifferent phases during which potential antiepileptictreatment targeting differentcomponents of neuroinflammation could beinvestigated
Peret, Angelique. "Rôle des récepteurs Kaïnate dans la physiopathologie de l'épilepsie du lobe temporal." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4068.
Full textKainate is a potent neurotoxin known to induce acute seizures. However, whether kainate receptors play any role in the pathophysiology of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is not yet known. In animal models of chronic epilepsy, as in human TLE, the hippocampus displays major network reorganization. In particular, sprouting of hippocampal mossy fibers leads to the formation of powerful recurrent excitatory circuits among dentate granule cells, which partly accounts for the enhanced ability of the hippocampus to generate epileptiform activity in human patients and animal models of TLE. At the aberrant recurrent excitatory synapses, mossy fiber inputs impinging on dentate granule cells operate mostly via ectopic kainate receptors and drive synaptic events with abnormal long lasting kinetics not present in naïve conditions. The goal of this work was to explore the pathophysiological implications of kainate receptors in generation of recurrent seizure in TLE through the use of kainate receptors subunit deficient mice and selected pharmacological agents. In an animal model of TLE, we observed a strong reduction of both interictal and ictal activities in the dentate gyrus in vitro and in vivo, in mice lacking the GluK2 subunit, and through the application of a pharmacological agent inhibiting GluK2/GluK5 receptors. Therefore, we demonstrate that aberrant GluK2-containing kainate receptors contribute to chronic seizures in TLE, urging for the development of antiepileptic strategies targeting these receptors
Epsztein, Jérôme. "Rôle des récepteurs kainate dans la transmission synaptique : une étude dans l'hippocampe de rat contrôle et dans un modèle animal d'épilepsie du lobe temporal." Aix-Marseille 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AIX11057.
Full textAlonso, Fernández Irene. "The role of the medial temporal lobe in binding lyrics and melodies : a neuropsychological and neuroimaging approach." Thesis, Lille 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL30009/document.
Full textSongs naturally couple music with language, constituting one of the most broadly used forms of music expression. Interestingly, songs require the simultaneous and integrated process of verbal (lyrics) and musical (melody) information to form a single memory trace. The medial temporal lobe has been identified as the key region for the integration of features of an event in episodic memory, also called the binding function. Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which the brain binds lyrics and melodies in song memory remain poorly understood. The purpose of this thesis is to elucidate the role of the MTL on the binding of lyrics and melodies for the creation of a unified song memory trace. First, the effects of unilateral hippocampus sclerosis on song processing were investigated in an fMR-adaptation study (Study 1). Patients with left hippocampal sclerosis showed adaptation deficits in response to lyrics as well as to the integrated representation of songs. To further explore the relation of these results with the emergence of memory for songs, the functional architecture of song memory was examined in a subsequent memory fMRI study (Study 2). The results support the implication of the hippocampus in song binding. Furthermore, the role of other structures, including the Inferior Frontal Gyrus (IFG), the Basal Ganglia (BG) and cerebellum was highlighted and discussed. Finally, Study 2 was adapted to test binding in patients following a unilateral temporal lobe excision for the relief of intractable temporal lobe epilepsy behaviorally in Study 3. Memory for lyrics as well for their melodic context was tested in an explicit recognition task. A strong deficit in lyrics recognition was found in patients with a left temporal lesion, and to a smaller degree in patients with a right temporal lesion. This deficit was correlated with deficits in verbal memory. Evidence from Study 3 further suggests that MTL structures may be crucial for encoding the detailed binding of lyrics with their melodic context, whereas implicit effects of an integrated representation of the song may be spared after MTL lesions. Altogether the studies presented in this thesis provide novel evidence for the role of the medial temporal lobe structures in binding lyrics and melodies for song memory. The present thesis proposes a comprehensive network of cortical and subcortical regions cooperating to successfully encode new songs. Finally, theoretical and clinical implications of these findings are considered
Marcelin, Béatrice. "Réorganisation fonctionnelle dans un modèle d'épilepsie du lobe temporal avant et après chirurgie Gamma Knife : de la protéine au réseau." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX20684.
Full textArtinian, Julien. "Propriétés de codage des cellules granulaires du gyrus denté dans un modèle d' épilepsie du lobe temporal." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4076/document.
Full textThe dentate gyrus plays a major role at the gate of the hippocampus, filtering incoming information from the entorhinal cortex. A fundamental coding property of dentate granule cells (DGCs) is their sparse firing. Indeed, they behave as a coincidence detector due to the fast kinetics of excitatory synaptic events restricting integration of afferent inputs to a narrow time window. In temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), the hippocampus displays important coding alterations that may play a role in cognitive impairments described in patients and animal models. However, the cellular mechanisms remain poorly understood. In animal models of TLE and human patients, neuronal tissue undergoes major reorganization; some neurons die whereas others, which are severed in their inputs or outputs, sprout and form novel aberrant connections. This phenomenon, called reactive plasticity, is well documented in the dentate gyrus where DGC axons (the mossy fibres) sprout and create a powerful excitatory network between DGCs. We recently showed that in addition to the axonal rewiring, recurrent mossy fibres convert the nature of glutamatergic transmission in the dentate gyrus because they operate via long-lasting kainate receptor (KAR)-mediated EPSPs (EPSPKA) not present in the naive condition
Guedj, Eric. "Etude par IRM fonctionnelle et TEP métabolique des réorganisations mnésiques dans l'épilepsie temporale." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX20696/document.
Full textThe overall objective of this thesis was to characterize in vivo the human memory reorganization observed in medial temporal lobe epilepsy, in particular for recognition memory.We conducted a multimodal neuroimaging approach, combining the study of connectivity and memory activation networks with fMRI, and the study of inter-ictal cerebral metabolic rate of glucose with PET. We aimed to better understand the relative preservation of memory found in some patients, despite the involvement of the medial temporal lobe within their epileptic networks. Our findings, obtained for the encoding of non material-specific single items, provide new insights into the functional adaptation of cognitive networks, within and outside the epileptogenic zone, and help to explain the differences in recognition performance, and their possible relationship with epileptic networks. These studies suggest, in particular, the existence of local and remote compensatory mechanisms which are functionally effective and involve the ventral visual stream bilaterally. These could be influenced by the exact involvement of medial temporal structures within the epileptogenic zone. The impairment of this perceptive-memory system may lead to a more large-scale reorganization with the alternative activation of an inefficient network of attention-related areas involving fronto-cingulate and parietal cortices
Lebrun, Aurore. "Régulations de la barrière hémato-encéphalique dans l’épilepsie du lobe temporal : implication dans les mécanismes de l’épileptogenèse expérimentale." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20078/document.
Full textTemporal lobe epilepsy is the most frequent form of pharmacoresistant epilepsies. Epileptogenesis is commonly imputed to neuronal loss, inflammation and an imbalance in neurotransmission. Now, vascular permeability was shown to participate in epileptic seizures generation. In a model of chronic epilepsy, we showed a neo-vascularisation associated with VEGF over expression, loss of tight junction proteins and BBB permeability. The use of immunoglobulins G (IgGs) as markers of permeability vascular allowed us to discover that the IgGs accumulates in neurones. We then studied the role of these proteins in epileptogenesis. Then, to correlate BBB permeability to epileptogenesis, we studied the kindling, a model in which seizures are induced but never spontaneous. We observed no vascular remodeling, except for a transient deregulation of tight junctions proteins. The comparison of these models confirms the contribution of BBB deregulation and points it as new therapeutic target
Ouedraogo, Wendpagnagde david. "Impact de l'oscillation lente corticale sur l'activité des cellules granulaires du gyrus denté dans un modèle animal d'épilepsie du lobe temporal." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4047.
Full textIn addition to seizures, patients with temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE) suffer from cognitive deficits such as learning and episodic memory impairment. The functional interactions between the cortex and the hippocampus notably during sleep are thought to be important for episodic memory formation. These interactions are orchestrated by the slow oscillation which is generated in thalamo-cortical networks. The slow oscillation is not confined to thalamo-neocortical networks but propagates to other subcortical structures but the hippocampus seems however less strongly influenced by the widespread propagation of the slow oscillation. This could result from the gate function of the dentate gyrus. In TLE, the dentate gyrus is associated with profound structural and functional network alterations which can alter the propagation of pathological activities such as epileptiform discharges from the cortex to the hippocampus. However, whether and how epilepsy modifies the impact of physiological activities on hippocampal networks remains to be investigated. This work was designed to study the influence of slow cortical oscillations on the membrane potential and discharge of granule cells in the dentate gyrus in an animal model of TLE. Our results show an increase in the modulation of membrane potential and as well as the discharge of granule cells in the dentate gyrus by the cortical slow oscillation during epileptogenesis. The changes that occur in the dentate gyrus during epileptogenesis would make it more permissive facilitating the spread of slow oscillations from the cortex to the hippocampus
Soussi, Rabia. "Système supramammillaro- hippocampique : propriétés anatomiques et neurochimiques; plasticité dans un modèle d'épilepsie du lobe temporal." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX20699.
Full textMesial temporal lobe epilepsies (MTLE) are among the most common forms of pharmacoresistant partial epilepsies in adults and children. In these epilepsies, spontaneous seizures likely originate from a multi-structural epileptogenic zone including several structures of the limbic system connected to the hippocampal formation (HF). In this thesis, we investigate the structural connectivity between the supramammillary nucleus (SuM) and the HF in rat, in order to determine the not yet known neurochemical identity of the supramammillaro-hippocampal pathway and, to test the hypothesis of a potential reorganization of this pathway in the rat pilocarpine model of MTLE. In naïve rats, our results highlight two distinct pathways. The first pathway originates in the lateral part of the SuM (SuML) and innervates the supragranular layer of the dorsal dentate gyrus mainly, and the CA2-CA3a pyramidal cell layer of the hippocampus. This pathway is mainly ipsilateral and displays a unique dual phenotype for GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission. The second pathway originates in the most posterior and medial part of the SuM (SuMM) and innervates exclusively the inner molecular layer of the ventral dentate gyrus and the CA2-CA3a subfield and is glutamatergic only.In pilocarpine-treated animals, our findings demonstrate a structural reorganization of dentate gyrus afferents originating from the SuM nuclei. Such reorganization is characterized by an aberrant distribution and an increased number of fibers and axon terminals from neurons of the both lateral and medial regions of the SuM, invading the entire inner molecular layer of the dentate gyrus. It starts at the end of the latent period and evolves during the epilepsy induced by pilocarpine. Our findings demonstrate for the first time: 1) the anatomical and neurochemical heterogeneity of the supramammillaro-hippocampal pathways; 2) in pilocarpine-treated animals, a marked reorganization of dentate gyrus afferents originating from the SuM nuclei. This aberrant connectivity could contribute along with the reorganization of hippocampal intrinsic circuitry to the emergence of the first spontaneous seizures and epilepsy installation
Detour, Julien. "Caractérisation métabolomique des tissus épilectogènes par spectroscopie RMN à haute résolution à l'angle magique (RMN HRMAS) : applications à l'épilepsie temporale humaine et animale." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAJ098/document.
Full textMetabolomics relates to the identification and quantification of metabolites in biological samples. This discipline is part of an approach known under the term of "systems biology". High Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy at Magic Angle Spinning (HRMAS NMR) is a method for obtaining metabolic profiling in such sample. Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE ) is a common focal epilepsy often associated with selective neuronal loss, reactive gliosis and specific cellular plasticity. A neurometabolic origin of this epilepsy is a major area of research. To date no characterization of human cerebral biopsy from TLE patients has been conducted using HRMAS NMR. In the present work we aimed first at characterizing, in rats, the effects of sampling methods and fixation on brain metabolome under HRMAS NMR acquisitions. In a second step, we studied the lithium-pilocarpine model of TLE. In this model, we could describe the metabolome from HRMAS 1H NMR data of different brain structures involved in epileptogenesis. Multivariate analysis could highlight pathological metabolic profiles in the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus. Using substrates labeled with carbon 13 ( [1 -13C ]-glucose and [1,2-13C ]-acetate) we studied neuronal and glial metabolic pathways. Our results suggest the absence of metabolic abnormalities in astrocytes metabolism as previously reported. Finally, we conducted HRMAS 1H NMR analysis in nearly 200 brain samples from TLEpatients. Multivariate analysis was able to distinguish metabolic profiles between sclerotic and non sclerotic hippocampi. However mutlivariate models based on clinico- metabolic assumptions (disease duration, frequency of seizures, history of febrile seizures ) did not identify specific metabolic profile. All these data suggest the existence of distinct metabolomic profile based on neuropathological features of patients with TLE. Our work confirm the need of an integrated approach such as " systems biology" for the study of TLE in humans as long as in animal models
Hennion, Sophie. "Neuropsychologie et neuroimagerie des troubles de cognition sociale dans l’épilepsie du lobe temporal." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S048/document.
Full textIn patients suffering from temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), cognitive disorders are frequently described. However, until now some cognitive capacities remain poorly explored in the field of epileptology research and not evaluated in clinical practice, such as social cognition capacities. However, psychosocial and psychobehavioral difficulties and an impaired quality of life (particularly in its social dimension) are raised in TLE patients and could be related to social cognition disorders. Furthermore, the cerebral abnormalities found in TLE patients, located close to the epileptic focus and also in more distant regions, include structures that support social cognition capacities. In this context, the general objective of this thesis was the characterization of social cognition capacities in TLE patients from a behavioral and neuroimaging point of view. Behavioral studies have allowed to specify the impact of unilateral TLE on social cognition capacities. It is notably identified in TLE patients: (i) emotion recognition disorders in both visual and auditory modality associated with emotional biases, (ii) changes in emotional experience, and (iii) theory of mind (ToM) disorders especially affecting the affective dimension of this capacity. Some clinical characteristics (age at onset, duration, laterality of epilepsy and presence of hippocampal sclerosis) can modulate the severity of these disorders. Furthermore, these disorders are associated with several psychobehavioral disorders (anhedonia, apathy, modified affectivity and empathy) and a worse quality of life for patients. On the basis of behavioral studies, it is identified that ToM impairments appear common, affecting more than 80% of TLE patients. A functional neuroimaging study and preliminary structural imaging data analysis have allowed to specify the TLE impact on the cerebral network underlying the ToM capacities. It is notably identified that in mesial TLE patients with hippocampal sclerosis, ToM disorders mainly reflect cerebral abnormalities located in distant cerebral regions from the epileptic focus, dependent of the laterality of epilepsy and modulated by the age at onset and the duration of epilepsy. In conclusion, in order to improve the understanding and the overall care of TLE patients, the investigation of social cognition disorders in these patients should not be neglected, and their assessment in clinical practice should be more regular
Wisniewski, Ilona. "Neuropsychological aspects of right temporal lobe epilepsy : visual memory and perception." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00865637.
Full textMarques, Carneiro Da Silva Jose Eduardo. "Application du carisbamate comme agent neuroprotecteur et modificateur de l’épileptogénèse dans le modèle Lithium-Pilocarpine : évaluation de l’expression protéique et des altérations neurochimiques cérébrales." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ016/document.
Full textThe carisbamate is the 1st molecule showing an epileptogenesis modifying effect, that about 50% of treated animals develops absence instead limbic seizures, commonly seen in the pilocarpine model. The aim of this thesis was to study the changes that follows carisbamate treatment. Therefore, we made a brain activity cartography, by labelling c-Fos protein, and we quantified the concentrations of amino acids and monoamines in hippocampus, thalamus and piriform cortex, 4h after the status epilepticus (SE). Moreover, we studied the protein expression profile in the hippocampus, 2 month after SE, by two-dimensional electrophoresis.The results points towards an increased activity of MD and LD thalamic nuclei in carisbamate treated rats. Furthermore, dopamine, noradrenaline, GABA and serotonin appears to play a role in neuroprotection and in the epileptogenesis modifying effect of carisbamate. The proteomic study revealed a global reduction of cellular energetic metabolism of carisbamate treated rats that develops absence seizures
Michalak, Zuzanna. "Altération de la barrière hémato-encéphalique et autoimmunité dans l'épilepsie : rôle des Immunoglobulines G et recherche de biomarqueurs." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON13502/document.
Full textEpilepsy is a chronic neurologic disorder characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. Seizures are generated by an imbalance in the functioning of neurotransmitters and ion channels that control excitability. Epileptogenesis is mostly associated with neuronal loss, gliosis, and inflammation more or less important. A third of patients become drug refractory. Recently, several teams have shown an association between drug-resistant focal epilepsy and disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In addition, a possible role of the immune system and an autoimmune nature in epilepsy has been suggested. In this thesis, in the tissue of patients with drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), leakage of immunoglobulin G (IgG) into the parenchyma and IgG accumulation in neurons with attendant signs of neurodegeneration was observed. In addition, the high affinity IgG receptor, FcγRI was expressed on microglia/macrophage shaped cells. The expression of the low affinity IgG receptor, FcγRIII and the inhibitory IgG receptor, FcγRII was decreased. In the same tissue the complement proteins C3c and C5b9 were present on astrocyte/ microglia and macrophage/ microglia shaped cells respectively. Then, we evaluated whether the mouse model of focal epilepsy induced by intra-amygdala microinjection of kainic acid reproduced a pathophysiology of TLE associated with BBB impairment. ZO-1, the main tight junction protein presented discontinuous staining indicating that BBB was affected. Both IgG and albumin extravasations from blood vessels were noted and its parenchymal accumulation was concomitant with seizure occurrence. Another hypothesis of IgG presence in epilepsy incriminates an auto-immune cause. Protein microarray technology was used for identification in pooled plasma samples, of antigens that bind plasma antibody from TLE patients. 19 potential autoantibodies were identified as potential diagnostic biomarkers. Together, these observations suggest that IgG leakage is associated with neuronal impairment, leading to immunological changes in epileptic focus involved in the pathogenesis of TLE. A better interpretation of the profiles of these autoantibodies could offer new therapeutic and diagnostic perspectives
Mazet, Pinabiaux Charlotte. "Epilepsie du lobe temporal chez l'enfant : Impact comportemental et neuro-fonctionnel sur la mémoire de stimuli émotionnels." Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05H101.
Full textIn this multidisciplinary work, four studies were conducted to examine the memory for emotional stimuli in healthy children and post-surgery for temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The aims were (1) to compare emotional influences on memory for faces and words in healthy and TLE children, (2) to explore age-related neural networks of fear faces memory with fMRI, (3) to elicit the effect of childhood right-TLE on these developing networks and (4) to illustrate the impact of right-TLE surgery on emotional memory and cognitive-emotional features in a pre- vs. post-surgery case study. Our results show that patients suffering from a MTL dysfunction are impaired in emotional memory, except for fear faces. In heathly participants, emotional modulation of recollected memories is associated with an activation of basolateral amygdala in adolescents and that functional maturation through the mesial temporal lobe (MTL) is characterized by a caudo-rostral gradient. In right-TLE patients, controlateral recovery abilities are nonetheless observed, in amygdala and memory structures in MTL, with an over-activation in parahippocampal cortex. This reorganization would allow sustaining memory for fear faces supported with familiarity process. This thesis highlights new results about MTL involvement in memory-emotions interactions during development
Faure, Jean-Baptiste. "Effets métaboliques et comportementaux à long terme de l'administration précoce de carisbamate dans le modèle d'épilepsie "lithium-pilocarpine" chez le rat." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ004/document.
Full textTemporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a severe neurological disease with a high refractory rate, which requires new treatments. The lithium-pilocarpine model allows reproducing human TLE features and development. Carisbamate administration at epileptogenesis onset prevents TLE incidence in a rats’ subpopulation, which is substituted by absence-like epilepsy (ALE). Behavioral and cognitive assessment performed during chronic period allowed differentiating the two subpopulations: ALE group did not develop the severe cognitive impairment shown in the lithium-pilocarpine model. 13C spectroscopy did not show major metabolism difference between the two treated subpopulations, whatever they develop TLE or ALE. This work demonstrates that early carisbamate administration can induce a shift from TLE in a less severe epilepsy form, and can strikingly improve TLE-related cognitive comorbidities
Elseedy, Heba. "Rôle du réseau supramammillaire-gyrus dentelé en condition physiologique et dans les épilepsies du lobe temporal : une approche génétique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0113.
Full textMesial temporal lobe epilepsies are among the most common clinical forms of drug-resistant partial epilepsies in adults. These epilepsies are characterized by the occurrence of spontaneous recurrent seizures associated with excessive and hypersynchronous discharges of neuronal populations generated by a multi-structural epileptogenic zone involving several regions of the limbic system. The Supramammillary nucleus (SuM) is innervating all limbic cortex. In rat, it has been shown to be involved in the control of hippocampal theta rhythms and associated functions such as REM sleep as well as emotional learning and memory. More recently, it was shown that the projections from neurons of lateral region of the SuM (SuML) that innervate the dorsal dentate gyrus (DG) display a unique GABAergic and Glutamatergic neurotransmitter phenotype and this pathway is reorganized in epileptic animals. In this thesis,we demonstrated that: All the neurons from the SuML innervating the dDG co-express markers for both GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmissions. Activation of this pathway increases theta power and frequency as well as gamma power during REM sleep and induced net firing of some GCs. The population of GABA/GLU SuML neurons innervating the dDG is heterogeneous. Among these neurons 70% contain calretinin whereas 30% do not. In epileptic mice the SuML-dDG pathway is reorganized . Our preliminary results using in vivo optogenetic show that activation or inactivation of this pathway do not modify the seizure duration. However, this pathway modulates the variability of the seizure frequency content
Bettus, Gaëlle. "Connectivité fonctionnelle interictale dans les épilepsies du lobe temporal : étude par SEEG et IRMf au repos." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX20655/document.
Full textThe aim of this thesis was to characterize the Human brain functional connectivity in vivo based on signals recorded using stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) and resting-state functional MRI (fMRI). This work was conducted during the presurgical assessment of drug resistant temporal lobe epilepsy, which aims at determining the epileptogenic zone to be removed to treat these patients. While several electrophysiological studies have shown high synchronization between structures involved in the epileptogenic process during seizure, no similar connectivity data was available during inter-critical period. However, the interictal period is characterized by spikes recorded on EEG, morphological alterations and cognitive impairment. By analyzing fMRI and SEEG signals recorded during the interictal period, this work provides new insights into, i) basal functional connectivity (BFC) organization in healthy subjects, ii) BFC alterations in patients groups but also at the individual level, iii) the relationship between these BFC abnormalities and cognitive impairment observed in these patients; iv) the differences and similarities of BFC evaluated by SEEG and fMRI in the same subjects, thus opening up new perspectives in better understanding of relationships between BOLD and SEEG signal coupling
Wirsich, Jonathan. "EEG-fMRI and dMRI data fusion in healthy subjects and temporal lobe epilepsy : towards a trimodal structure-function network characterization of the human brain." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM5040.
Full textThe understanding human brain structure and the function patterns arising from it is a central challenge to better characterize brain network pathologies such as temporal lobe epilepsies, which could help to improve the clinical predictability of epileptic surgery outcome.Brain functioning can be accessed by both electroencephalography (EEG) or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), while brain structure can be measured with diffusion MRI (dMRI). We use these modalities to measure brain functioning during a face recognition task and in rest in order to link the different modalities in an optimal temporal and spatial manner. We discovered disruption of the network processing famous faces as well a disruption of the structure-function relation during rest in epileptic patients.This work broadened the understanding of epilepsy as a network disease that changes the brain on a large scale not limited to a local epileptic focus. In the future these results could be used to guide clinical intervention during epilepsy surgery but also they provide new approaches to evaluate pharmacological treatment on its functional implications on a whole brain scale
Chauviere, Laëtitia. "Déficits cognitifs et altération de l'activité de réseau au cours de l'épileptogenèse dans un modèle expérimental d'épilepsie du lobe temporal." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX20662/document.
Full textTemporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common form of partial epilepsy in adults. TLE is characterized by a latent period during which TLE takes place. This period is called epileptogenesis. In TLE patients, epileptogenesis is unexplored. However, the use of animal models, like pilocarpine model, allows the study of epileptogenic processes, in order to try to prevent TLE. Thus, my PhD work tries to yield some predictive markers of epileptogenesis, in the pilocarpine model. We studied cognitive and electrophysiological in vivo alterations in this model. We showed that there are early and persistent spatial deficits that correlate with a decrease of the power of theta oscillations, i.e. during the early stage of epileptogenesis and the chronic stage. At the same time, there is also a decrease of power and frequency of theta rhythm during exploratory behaviors. Interictal-like activity (ILA) is a pathological activity present during epileptogenesis in experimental models. ILA does not correlate with cognitive deficits, but decreases theta power after the spike, i.e. in its wave, during epileptogenesis but not during the chronic stage anymore. This suggests an important network alteration before the chronic stage. Indeed, we described two types of ILA, whose properties (number, amplitude) and dynamics evolved during epileptogenesis with a major switch just before the first spontaneous seizure. All together, these results may constitute, with spatial deficits and theta rhythm alterations, predictive markers of epileptogenesis. Moreover, we showed an increase in the coupling, ILA-dependent, between the hippocampus and the entorhinal cortex, during epileptogenesis but not during the chronic stage, whereas a reversal of the information flow between these two structures occurs at the early stage of epileptogenesis and persists without any modification till the chronic stage. These results suggest the build-up of an epileptogenic network, a major switch of network properties just before the first spontaneous seizure, and some markers that could be predictive of epileptogenesis. TLE, oscillations and cognition involved processes at the network level, in particular synchronization processes. These processes could be possible via oscillations, which allow information transfer between structures of the network, in order to provide behavioral and cognitive processing. Recordings performed in 15 different structures of the temporal lobe showed, in pilocarpine animals, a network with more “small-world” (SW) features, with a higher local clustering and a loss of long-range connections. These results could explain cognitive and oscillatory alterations observed previously during epileptogenesis. SW and coherence analysis, at the network level, between signals during different brain-states (behaviors and cognitive processes) showed changes in dynamics occurring during these states, in normal and epileptogenic conditions. All these modifications in network activities may be involved in the construction of an epileptic brain and in associated cognitive deficits
Volfart, Angélique. "Étude du système visuel ventral dans l’épilepsie du lobe temporal à partir d’une nouvelle approche en électrophysiologie Typical visual unfamiliar face individuation in left and right mesial temporal epilepsy Intracerebral electrical stimulation of the right anterior fusiform gyrus selectively impairs human face identity recognition Neurophysiological evidence for crossmodal (face-name) person- identity representation in the human left ventral temporal cortex." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0119.
Full textThe ventral visual stream extends from the occipital to the anterior temporal regions and is specialized in recognizing objects and people through vision. Numerous studies in functional magnetic resonance imaging have focused on the cerebral basis of visual recognition. However, this technique is susceptible to magnetic artefacts in anterior temporal regions and it has led to an underestimation of the role of these regions within the ventral visual stream. The aim of this thesis is to better understand the mechanisms of visual recognition within the ventral occipito-temporal cortex and, more specifically, to clarify the contribution of posterior and anterior temporal structures in the visual recognition of a stimulus and its association with semantic representations. For this purpose, we used a multimodal approach combining neuropsychology, fast periodic visual stimulation (FPVS), and scalp and intracerebral EEG (SEEG) recordings in neurotypical and epileptic participants. We report five empirical studies in which we demonstrate that (1) patients with anterior temporal epilepsy (i.e., the most frequent type of focal epilepsy that undergo intracerebral EEG recordings) show typical performance in individual face discrimination, (2) electrical stimulation of the right anterior fusiform gyrus can lead to a transient deficit that is specific to face recognition, even when no naming is required, (3) familiar face discrimination processes involve a large network of bilateral ventral structures including the anterior and medial temporal regions, (4) some structures of the left ventral anterior temporal lobe are involved in the integration of a familiar face and its name into a unified representation, and (5) the bilateral ventral anterior temporal regions are involved in representing semantic knowledge associated with written words. Overall, this work shows that (1) the visual recognition network follows a progressive hierarchization along the postero-anterior axis of the ventral visual stream, with a graded transition between perceptual representations and increasingly abstract semantic representations, and (2) the regions involved in visual recognition are strongly lateralized in the ventral posterior regions and become bilateral in the ventral anterior temporal regions
Siyoucef, Souhila Safia. "Implication des facteurs épigénétiques dans l'épileptogenèse et les déficits cognitifs associés à l'épilepsie du lobe temporal." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM5064.
Full textTemporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE) is the most common form of epilepsy in adults. It translates into spontaneous and recurrent seizures, which are resistant to any treatment in 90% of cases. An initial brain insult (head injury, meningitis, febrile seizures etc.), is often the cause of the transformation of a "healthy" brain into an epileptic one. The process responsible for this transition is called epileptogenesis. Blocking and/or delaying epileptogenesis in at-risk patients is a key issue for public health. In addition to the seizures, TLE raises other problems. It is often associated with cognitive deficits, which are the result of the reorganization of neuronal circuits. These deficits may be treated independently of epilepsy itself. The work presented here fits into this general framework
Huneau, Clément. "Détection et modélisation biomathématique d'évènements transitoires dans les signaux EEG intracérébraux : application au suivi de l'épileptogenèse dans un modèle murin." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00869599.
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