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Journal articles on the topic 'Epilepsy/pathology'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Kim, Jung H. "Pathology of Epilepsy." Experimental and Molecular Pathology 70, no. 3 (2001): 345–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/exmp.2001.2372.

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2

Santosh, Vani, and TC Yasha. "Surgical pathology of pediatric epilepsy." Journal of Pediatric Neurosciences 3, no. 1 (2008): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1817-1745.40591.

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3

Fedotova, Irina B., Natalia M. Surina, Georgy M. Nikolaev, Alexandre V. Revishchin, and Inga I. Poletaeva. "Rodent Brain Pathology, Audiogenic Epilepsy." Biomedicines 9, no. 11 (2021): 1641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9111641.

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The review presents data which provides evidence for the internal relationship between the stages of rodent audiogenic seizures and post-ictal catalepsy with the general pattern of animal reaction to the dangerous stimuli and/or situation. The wild run stage of audiogenic seizure fit could be regarded as an intense panic reaction, and this view found support in numerous experimental data. The phenomenon of audiogenic epilepsy probably attracted the attention of physiologists as rodents are extremely sensitive to dangerous sound stimuli. The seizure proneness in this group shares common physiol

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4

Caboclo, Luís Otávio Sales Ferreira, Rafael Scarpa Neves, Anaclara Prada Jardim, et al. "Surgical and postmortem pathology studies: contribution for the investigation of temporal lobe epilepsy." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 70, no. 12 (2012): 945–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2012001200009.

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Pathology studies in epilepsy patients bring useful information for comprehending the physiopathology of various forms of epilepsy, as well as aspects related to response to treatment and long-term prognosis. These studies are usually restricted to surgical specimens obtained from patients with refractory focal epilepsies. Therefore, most of them pertain to temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) with mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) and malformations of cortical development (MCD), thus providing information of a selected group of patients and restricted regions of the brain. Postmortem whole brain studie

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5

Jay, Venita, and Laurence E. Becker. "Surgical Pathology of Epilepsy: A Review." Pediatric Pathology 14, no. 4 (1994): 731–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15513819409023345.

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6

Takahashi, Hitoshi. "3.Surgical pathology of intractable epilepsy." Japanese Journal of Neurosurgery 12, no. 4 (2003): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.7887/jcns.12.305_3.

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7

Cavanna, Andrea Eugenio, and Fizzah Ali. "Epilepsy: The Quintessential Pathology of Consciousness." Behavioural Neurology 24, no. 1 (2011): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/374507.

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Alterations in consciousness are central to epileptic manifestations, and involve changes in both the level of awareness and subjective content of consciousness. Generalised seizures are characterised by minimal responsiveness and subjective experience whereas simple and complex partial seizures demonstrate more selective disturbances. Despite variations in ictal origin, behaviour and electrophysiology, the individual seizure types share common neuroanatomical foundations generating impaired consciousness. This article provides a description of the phenomenology of ictal consciousness and revi

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8

Tebartz van Elst, L., D. Baeumer, L. Lemieux, et al. "Amygdala pathology in psychosis of epilepsy." Brain 125, no. 1 (2002): 140–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awf008.

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9

Cavanna, Andrea E. "Epilepsy as a pathology of consciousness." Epilepsy & Behavior 30 (January 2014): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2013.09.037.

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10

Meldrum, B. S. "Anatomy, physiology, and pathology of epilepsy." Lancet 336, no. 8709 (1990): 231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(90)91747-x.

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11

Blumcke, Ingmar, Giorgio Lo Russo, Imad Najm, and Andre Palmini. "Pathology-based approach to epilepsy surgery." Acta Neuropathologica 128, no. 1 (2014): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00401-014-1301-3.

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12

Novikova, L. B., A. P. Akopyan, R. F. Latypova, and N. M. Faizullina. "Drug-resistant epilepsy cases in chromosomal pathology." Epilepsy and paroxysmal conditions 16, no. 3 (2024): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17749/2077-8333/epi.par.con.2024.187.

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Two cases of epilepsy in patients with a rare hereditary pathology associated with a chromosomal mutation caused deletion of chromosome 14 are presented. In the first case, this pathology was manifested in the child by generalized tonic-clonic seizures, delayed psycho-verbal development, and facial skull microanomaly. In the second case, it was expressed in tonic epileptic seizures, delayed psycho-verbal development, developmental microanomalies, pyramidal atactic syndrome and hand joint hypermobility. Such clinical observations are of professional and scientific interest, as they relate to a

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13

Ng, Joanna. "Chronic illness and self-management: A patient's perspection." Australian Journal of Primary Health 9, no. 3 (2003): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py03024.

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As a person living with epilepsy, my primary care is delivered by my neurologist, my pharmacist, myself, my family and my friends. This paper will document not only the pathology of epilepsy, but also the biopsychosocial issues that affect people living with epilepsy.

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14

Paramonova, A. I., I. M. Demyanova, A. A. Vasilyeva, A. V. Palachanina, and D. V. Dmitrenko. "Pharmacoresistant course of idiopathic generalized epilepsy or concomitant pathology: a clinical case." Russian Journal of Child Neurology 20, no. 1 (2025): 39–44. https://doi.org/10.17650/2073-8803-2025-20-1-39-44.

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The development of pharmacoresistance in epilepsy in pediatric patients is one of the most pressing problems. For relatively benign forms such as idiopathic generalized epilepsy, drug resistance is not typical. If it occurs in such patients, there is a need for an additional diagnostic search, in which it is possible to identify a double pathology with the presence of a focus of structural damage to the brain involved in epileptogenic processes. The article presents a clinical case of drug-resistant childhood absence epilepsy in a patient with combined pathology.

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15

Novikova, Liliya B., Nailya M. Faizullina, Anait P. Akopyan, and Karina M. Ziultsle. "Resistant epilepsy in hereditary chromosomal diseases." Russian Pediatric Journal 28, no. 1 (2025): 85–90. https://doi.org/10.46563/1560-9561-2025-28-1-85-90.

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The aim of the work: to present a clinical description of cases of epilepsy associated with a chromosomal mutation — deletion of chromosome 14. Materials and methods. The authors’ own observations relate to neurological pathology, the leading manifestation of which was resistant epilepsy. Results. The rarity of chromosome 14 deletion, the presence of complications, the high cost of invasive diagnosis, and the variability of the phenotype, including the absence of severe congenital malformations in children with microdeletions, determine delayed diagnosis at the prenatal stage with subsequent d

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16

Briellmann, Regula S., Renate M. Kalnins, Samuel F. Berkovic, and Graeme D. Jackson. "Hippocampal pathology in refractory temporal lobe epilepsy." Neurology 58, no. 2 (2002): 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.58.2.265.

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17

Fyfe, Ian. "Tau pathology found in temporal lobe epilepsy." Nature Reviews Neurology 12, no. 10 (2016): 554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2016.130.

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18

Tamijani, Seyedeh Masoumeh Seyedhoseini, Benyamin Karimi, Elham Amini, et al. "Thyroid hormones: Possible roles in epilepsy pathology." Seizure 31 (September 2015): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2015.07.021.

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19

Fisher, Robert S., and David Blum. "Epilepsy surgery where there is dual pathology." Lancet 354, no. 9175 (1999): 267–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(99)00180-4.

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20

Jay, Venita, and Laurence E. Becker. "Surgical pathology of epilepsy resections in childhood." Seminars in Pediatric Neurology 2, no. 3 (1995): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1071-9091(05)80034-8.

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21

Pitkänen, Asla, Xavier Ekolle Ndode-Ekane, Niina Lapinlampi, and Noora Puhakka. "Epilepsy biomarkers – Toward etiology and pathology specificity." Neurobiology of Disease 123 (March 2019): 42–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2018.05.007.

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22

Scharfman, Helen. "The "Reel" Pathology of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy." Epilepsy Currents 2, no. 6 (2002): 196–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1535-7597.2002.00074.x.

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23

Cascino, Gregory D. "Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: More than Hippocampal Pathology." Epilepsy Currents 5, no. 5 (2005): 187–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1535-7511.2005.00059.x.

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Voxel-based Morphometry of the Thalamus in Patients with Refractory Medial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Bonilha L, Rorden C, Castellano G, Cendes F, Li LM Neuroimage 2005;25:1016–1021 Previous research has suggested that patients with refractory medial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) show gray matter atrophy both within the temporal lobes and in the thalamus. However, these studies have not distinguished between different nuclei within the thalamus. We examined whether thalamic atrophy correlates with the nuclei's connections to other regions in the limbic system. T1-weighted MRI scans were obtained f

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24

Frater, J. L., and R. A. Prayson. "SURGICAL PATHOLOGY OF EXTRATEMPORAL BASED INTRACTABLE EPILEPSY." Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 57, no. 5 (1998): 514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005072-199805000-00197.

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25

Scharfman, Helen. "The “Reel” Pathology of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy." Epilepsy Currents 2, no. 6 (2002): 196–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1535-7597.2002.00074.x.

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Role for Reelin in the Development of Granule Cell Dispersion in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Haas C, Dudeck O, Kirsch M, Huszka C, Kann G, Pollak S, Zentner J, Frotscher M J Neurosci 2002;22:5797–5802 The reelin signaling pathway plays a crucial role during the development of laminated structures in the mammalian brain. Reelin, which is synthesized and secreted by Cajal–Retzius cells in the marginal zone of the neocortex and hippocampus, is proposed to act as a stop signal for migrating neurons. Here we show that a decreased expression of reelin messenger RNA (mRNA) by hippocampal Cajal–Retzius cel

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26

Buckmaster, Paul S., Mary O. Smith, Christine L. Buckmaster, Richard A. LeCouteur, and F. Edward Dudek. "Absence of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Pathology in Dogs with Medically Intractable Epilepsy." Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 16, no. 1 (2002): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2002.tb01612.x.

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27

Smaoui, E., M. Bouhamed, D. Mnif, F. Cherif, I. Feki, and J. Masmoudi. "Epilepsy and psychiatric pathologies: A study of a case series." European Psychiatry 67, S1 (2024): S476—S477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2024.989.

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IntroductionPsychiatric pathologies are more common in people with epilepsy than in the general population and have a negative impact on the quality of life of these patients.ObjectivesThe objective of this work is to illustrate, through a series of cases, the complex relationship between epilepsy and psychiatric pathologies.MethodsWe report the cases of four patients with different psychiatric pathologies associated with epilepsy admitted to the psychiatry department of Hedi Chaker Sfax. We collected the clinical characteristics of these patients based on their medical files.ResultsThe patien

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28

Alsemari, Abdulaziz, Faisal Al-Otaibi, Salah Baz, et al. "Epilepsy Surgery Series: A Study of 502 Consecutive Patients from a Developing Country." Epilepsy Research and Treatment 2014 (January 30, 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/286801.

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Purpose. To review the postoperative seizure outcomes of patients that underwent surgery for epilepsy at King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre (KFSHRC). Methods. A descriptive retrospective study for 502 patients operated on for medically intractable epilepsy between 1998 and 2012. The surgical outcome was measured using the ILAE criteria. Results. The epilepsy surgery outcome for temporal lobe epilepsy surgery (ILAE classes 1, 2, and 3) at 12, 36, and 60 months is 79.6%, 74.2%, and 67%, respectively. The favorable 12- and 36-month outcomes for frontal lobe epilepsy surgery are

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29

Pracucci, Enrico, Vinoshene Pillai, Didi Lamers, Riccardo Parra, and Silvia Landi. "Neuroinflammation: A Signature or a Cause of Epilepsy?" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 13 (2021): 6981. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22136981.

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Epilepsy can be both a primary pathology and a secondary effect of many neurological conditions. Many papers show that neuroinflammation is a product of epilepsy, and that in pathological conditions characterized by neuroinflammation, there is a higher probability to develop epilepsy. However, the bidirectional mechanism of the reciprocal interaction between epilepsy and neuroinflammation remains to be fully understood. Here, we attempt to explore and discuss the relationship between epilepsy and inflammation in some paradigmatic neurological and systemic disorders associated with epilepsy. In

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30

Skjei, Karen L., Ephraim W. Church, Brian N. Harding, et al. "Clinical and histopathological outcomes in patients with SCN1A mutations undergoing surgery for epilepsy." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 16, no. 6 (2015): 668–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2015.5.peds14551.

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OBJECT Mutations in the sodium channel alpha 1 subunit gene (SCN1A) have been associated with a wide range of epilepsy phenotypes including Dravet syndrome. There currently exist few histopathological and surgical outcome reports in patients with this disease. In this case series, the authors describe the clinical features, surgical pathology, and outcomes in 6 patients with SCN1A mutations and refractory epilepsy who underwent focal cortical resection prior to uncovering the genetic basis of their epilepsy. METHODS Medical records of SCN1A mutation-positive children with treatment-resistant e

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31

Istiqomah, Sarah Wilmar. "Brain Magnitude Resonance Imaging Examination Protocol in Epilepsy Patients: A Narrative Literature Review." Sriwijaya Journal of Radiology and Imaging Research 1, no. 1 (2023): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.59345/sjrir.v1i1.8.

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MRI is becoming the choice for performing high-resolution structural imaging in epilepsy. Selection of brain MRI sequences with appropriate clinical epilepsy is very important to show abnormalities clearly so that the diagnosis can be made. The epilepsy protocol includes T1 and T2 weights, as well as fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR). This literature review aims to describe the protocol for brain MRI examination in epilepsy patients. There is one special sequence that is used as a parameter for brain MRI examination in cases of epilepsy, namely fast spin-echo inversion recovery (FSE-

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32

Xodjieva, Dilbar Tadjieva, Haydarqul Soxibnazar ugli Xudoynazarov, and Shamsiya Soxibnazar qizi Ismoilova. "CHARACTERISTICS OF DEPRESSIVE CONDITIONS IN EPILEPSY (literature review)." Journal of neurology and neurosurgical research 3, no. 3 (2022): 52–56. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6759520.

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Epilepsy, like other chronic conditions affecting the brain (multiple sclerosis, stroke, Parkinson's disease, migraine, and dementia), is associated with a higher incidence of mental disorders. Most studies show that up to 50% of patients with epilepsy have psychiatric pathology, mainly in the form of dysthymic, panic and psychotic disorders. This article discusses the aspects of depressive states associated with epilepsy in the literature.

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33

Devinsky, Orrin, Anthony Kim, Daniel Friedman, Annie Bedigian, Ellen Moffatt, and Zian H. Tseng. "Incidence of cardiac fibrosis in SUDEP and control cases." Neurology 91, no. 1 (2018): e55-e61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000005740.

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ObjectiveSince cardic fibrosis was previously found more frequently in patients with sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) than control cases, we compared blinded and quantitative reviews of cardiac pathology in SUDEP to multiple control groups.MethodsWe adjudicated causes of death in epilepsy patients as part of consecutive out-of-hospital sudden cardiac deaths (SCDs) from the Postmortem Systematic Investigation of Sudden Cardiac Death (POSTSCD) study. Blinded cardiac gross and microscopic examinations were performed by forensic and cardiac pathologists.ResultsOf 541 SCDs over 37 months

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34

Arai, Nobutaka. "Consensus building of neurosurgical pathology on intractable epilepsy." Journal of the Japan Epilepsy Society 31, no. 1 (2013): 54–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3805/jjes.31.54.

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35

van Elst, Ludger Tebartz, and Michael R. Trimbleb. "Amygdala pathology in schizophrenia and psychosis of epilepsy." Current Opinion in Psychiatry 16, no. 3 (2003): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.yco.0000069088.26384.f2.

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36

Bernhardt, B. C., N. Bernasconi, H. Kim, and A. Bernasconi. "Mapping thalamocortical network pathology in temporal lobe epilepsy." Neurology 78, no. 2 (2011): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0b013e31823efd0d.

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37

Eastaugh, A. J., T. Thompson, J. K. Vohra, T. J. O’Brien, and I. Winship. "Sudden unexpected death, epilepsy and familial cardiac pathology." Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 22, no. 10 (2015): 1594–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2015.05.002.

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38

Wong, M., and D. Guo. "Dendritic spine pathology in epilepsy: Cause or consequence?" Neuroscience 251 (October 2013): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.03.048.

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39

Arai, Nobutaka. "Cortical dysplasia in surgical pathology of intractable epilepsy." Neuropathology 19, no. 2 (1999): 229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1789.1999.00233.x.

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40

Munoz, David G. "Workshop 1: Pathology of Temporal Lobectomy for Epilepsy." Brain Pathology 4, no. 4 (1994): 305–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3639.1994.tb00910.x.

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41

Prayson, Richard A., Joanna Fong, and Imad Najm. "Coexistent pathology in chronic epilepsy patients with neoplasms." Modern Pathology 23, no. 8 (2010): 1097–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/modpathol.2010.94.

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42

Wang, Z. Irene, Andreas V. Alexopoulos, Stephen E. Jones, Zeenat Jaisani, Imad M. Najm, and Richard A. Prayson. "The pathology of magnetic-resonance-imaging-negative epilepsy." Modern Pathology 26, no. 8 (2013): 1051–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/modpathol.2013.52.

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43

Zhang, Xia, Shu-Sen Cui, Amy E. Wallace, et al. "Relations between Brain Pathology and Temporal Lobe Epilepsy." Journal of Neuroscience 22, no. 14 (2002): 6052–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.22-14-06052.2002.

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44

Osawa, Shin-ichiro, Masaki Iwasaki, Hiroyoshi Suzuki, Nobukazu Nakasato, and Teiji Tominaga. "Occult dual pathology in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy." Neurological Sciences 36, no. 9 (2015): 1743–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-015-2268-0.

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45

Isakova, O. A. "Modern approaches to epilepsy treatment." Spravočnik vrača obŝej praktiki (Journal of Family Medicine), no. 9 (September 15, 2023): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-10-2309-05.

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Epilepsy is one of the most common causes of seizures in adults and children. A general practitioner can encounter this pathology both at the stage of primary diagnosis and during follow-up and treatment of patients with an already established diagnosis. Knowledge of the basic principles of selecting anticonvulsant therapy and monitoring the effectiveness and safety of treatment is an essential factor in the successful management of patients with this pathology.

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46

Prayson, Richard A. "Dual Pathology in Rasmussen’s Encephalitis: A Report of Coexistent Focal Cortical Dysplasia and Review of the Literature." Case Reports in Pathology 2012 (2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/569170.

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Rasmussen’s encephalitis is a well-established, albeit rare cause of medically intractable epilepsy. In a small number of Rasmussen's cases, a second pathology is identified, which independently can cause medically intractable seizures (dual pathology). This paper documents a case of a 13-year-old male who presented with medically intractable epilepsy. The patient underwent a series of surgical resections, early on resulting in a diagnosis of focal cortical dysplasia and later yielding a diagnosis of coexistent Rasmussen’s encephalitis, marked by chronic inflammation, microglial nodules, and f

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47

Kassiri, J., T. Rajapakse, L. Schmitt, M. Wheatley, and B. Sinclair. "P.015 Mesial Temporal Sclerosis is a rare occurrence in Intractable Pediatric Temporal Lobe Epilepsies." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 45, s2 (2018): S19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2018.117.

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Background: Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) accounts for approximately 20% of pediatric epilepsy cases. Of those, many are considered medically intractable and require surgical interventions. In this study, we hypothesized that mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) was less common in patients who had undergone surgery for intractable pediatric TLE than in adult series. We further hypothesized that there was a radiological and pathological discordance in identifying the cause of pediatric TLE. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of pediatric patients with TLE who had undergone surgical treat

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48

Harroud, Adil, Alain Bouthillier, Alexander G. Weil, and Dang Khoa Nguyen. "Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Surgery Failures: A Review." Epilepsy Research and Treatment 2012 (April 22, 2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/201651.

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Patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) are refractory to antiepileptic drugs in about 30% of cases. Surgical treatment has been shown to be beneficial for the selected patients but fails to provide a seizure-free outcome in 20–30% of TLE patients. Several reasons have been identified to explain these surgical failures. This paper will address the five most common causes of TLE surgery failure (a) insufficient resection of epileptogenic mesial temporal structures, (b) relapse on the contralateral mesial temporal lobe, (c) lateral temporal neocortical epilepsy, (d) coexistence of mesial temp

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49

Odintsov, G. V., V. D. Ermolaeva, K. А. Samochernykh, N. E. Ivanova, and N. O. Dengina. "Comorbid emotional disturbances in drug-resistant epilepsy in neurosurgical patients during the preoperative and postoperative periods." Translational Medicine 9, no. 6 (2023): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18705/2311-4495-2022-9-6-36-43.

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Background. Pharmacoresistant epilepsy, i.e. failure to achieve adequate seizure control with antiepileptic drugs develops in 30–40 % of patients. The surgical treatment for these patients are of particular importance. The relevance of studying the emotional sphere of neurosurgical patients with drug-resistant epilepsy stems from the high incidence of this pathology and its impact on patients’ quality of life.Objective. To investigate comorbidity indicators: depression and anxiety in neurosurgical patients with drug-resistant epilepsy during the preoperative and postoperative periods of epilep

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50

Magalov, Sh I., Sh Y. Melikova, and U. A. Asadova. "CLINICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TEMPORAL EPILEPSY." National Journal of Neurology 2, no. 19 (2019): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.61788/njn.v2i19.12.

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Based on a clinical and epidemiological study of temporal epilepsy among the population in the Mashtagi village of Baku, 73 patients with temporal epilepsy between the ages of 15 and 59 years were identified. It was established that symptomatic form 69 (94.5%) prevail cryptogenic ones - 2 (2.7%). Familial epilepsy of the temporal lobe identified in 2 (2.7%) patients. Left sided localization 51 (69.9%) prevailed over right sided 21 (28.8%). Leading etiological factors from temporal epilepsy were perinatal brain pathology 40 (54.47%) and traumatic brain injury 16 (21.9%). Cerebrovascular patholo

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