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Leal, Laura Carolina, Catarina C. Jacovak, Paulo Estefano D. Bobrowiec, José Luiz C. Camargo, and Paulo Enrique C. Peixoto. "The role of parabiotic ants and environment on epiphyte composition and protection in ant gardens." Sociobiology 64, no. 3 (October 17, 2017): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v64i3.1219.
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Ant gardens (AGs) are a multi-partner specialized ant-plant interaction involving several ant and epiphyte species. Although studies on AGs have reported possible roles for some species in this system, there are unanswered questions regarding the process of epiphyte incorporation in the AGs and the role of less aggressive ant species in AG protection. In this study, we used AGs in the Brazilian Amazon forest formed by two parabiotic ant species to test a set of hypothesis regarding two main questions: 1) How is AG plant community composition affected by the surrounding environment? 2) Does Crematogaster levior play a role in the chemical detection of herbivory in the AGs? After identifying epiphytes occurring at AGs at the forest edge and in the interior, we found that ant gardens in each environment exhibited different compositions, and that plant species bearing oil or extrafloral nectar glands were more frequent in AGs located in the forest interior than in those at the forest edge. By performing experiments with volatile compounds emitted from injured epiphytes, we detected that only Camponotus femoratus was responsive, responding almost eight times faster in response to plant extracts than water treatments. Our results support the idea that environmental conditions affect ant preference for feeding resources provided by epiphytes and consequently shape the structure of the epiphyte community in AGs. On the other hand, the role of C. levior in AGs remains unknown, since it seems to play no direct or indirect role in AG protection.
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Semicheva, T. V., and A. Yu Garibashvili. "Epiphysis: current data on physiology and pathology." Problems of Endocrinology 46, no. 4 (August 15, 2000): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl11864.
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Today the pineal gland is one of the most “titled” endocrine glands, but interest in it has not diminished, but continues to increase. A Melatonin Club has been organized and operates, and Jounal of Pineal Research, Advances in Pineal Research, and European Pineal Society News are published. The rapid development of chronobiology led to the elimination of the leading role of the pineal gland and its hormone melatonin in the implementation of circadian, seasonal and annual rhythms of the most diverse functional systems of the body [1]. Despite this, the amount of modern literature in Russian, devoted not to some particular issues, but to the pineal gland and its pathology as a whole, is very limited.
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Bharti, Vijay K., R. S. Srivastava, P. Subramaian, D. Warren Spence, S. R. Pandi-Perumal, and Gregory M. Brown. "Cerebral Epiphyseal Proteins and Melatonin Modulate the Hepatic and Renal Antioxidant Defense of Rats." International Journal of Nephrology 2011 (2011): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/142896.
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The cerebral epiphysis (pineal gland) secrets melatonin and number of other proteins and peptides. It was thus hypothesized that antioxidant properties of epiphyseal proteins and melatonin could potentially benefit from exogenous therapies. In view of the therapeutic potential of these proteins, the present experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of buffalo epiphyseal proteins (BEP, at 100 μg/kg BW, i.p.) and melatonin (MEL, at 10 mg/kg BW, i.p) on changes in hepatic and renal antioxidant enzymes of adult female Wistar rats. Buffalo epiphyseal proteins significantly (P<.05) increased hepatic lipid peroxidation (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reduced glutathione (GSH), and renal LPO, catalase (CAT), GR, GSH, GPx levels as compared to control animals. Similarly, MEL treatment significantly (P<.05) up-regulated hepatic SOD and GPx activity, whereas CAT, GR, GPx, and GSH levels in renal tissues were increased while SOD and LPO remained unaffected. Buffalo epiphyseal protein treatment produced greater effects on hepatic GPx and renal CAT and GSH levels than did MEL. These findings support the conclusion that buffalo epiphyseal proteins and melatonin activate a number of antioxidant mechanisms in hepatic and renal tissues.
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Kashimada, K., T. Yamashita, K. Tsuji, A. Nifuji, S. Mizutani, Y. Nabeshima, and M. Noda. "Defects in growth and bone metabolism in klotho mutant mice are resistant to GH treatment." Journal of Endocrinology 174, no. 3 (September 1, 2002): 403–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1740403.
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Klotho mutant (kl/kl) mice exhibit growth retardation after weaning, and previous electron microscopic examination of GH-producing cells in pituitary glands revealed a reduction in GH granules. However, it has not been known whether growth retardation in klotho mutant mice is related to the loss of GH function. We therefore examined whether treatment with GH could rescue the retardation of growth. At the end of 3 weeks of treatment with human GH, the body weight of wild-type (WT) mice was increased. In contrast, body weight was not increased in klotho mutant mice even after the treatment with human GH. Another feature of klotho mutant mice is the presence of osteopetrosis in the epiphyses of long bones and vertebrae. Treatment with human GH increased trabecular bone volume in the epiphyseal region of WT tibiae. Interestingly, increase in trabecular bone volume by GH treatment was also observed in klotho mutant mice and, therefore, the phenotype of high bone volume in the klotho mice was further enhanced. These findings indicate that a GH receptor system in cancellous bones could operate in mutant mice. Thus, growth retardation in the klotho mutant mice is resistant against GH treatment even when these mice respond to GH treatment in terms of cancellous bone volume.
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ALTINBAY, Deniz. "Retinal Ganglion Cell and Epiphysis (Pineal Gland, Third Eye)." Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Ophthalmology 29, no. 1 (2020): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5336/ophthal.2019-66841.
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Yashchenko, Svetlana G., and S. Yu Rybalko. "Morphological structure of rat epiphysis exposed to electromagnetic radiation from communication devices." Hygiene and sanitation 95, no. 10 (October 28, 2019): 977–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2016-95-10-977-979.
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Pineal gland is one of the most important components of homeostasis - the supporting system of the body. It participates in the launch of stress responses, restriction of their development, prevention of adverse effects on the body. There was proved an impact of electromagnetic radiation on the epiphysis. However, morphological changes in the epiphysis under exposure to electromagnetic radiation of modern communication devices are studied not sufficiently. For the time present the population is daily exposed to electromagnetic radiation, including local irradiation on the brain. These date determined the task of this research - the study of the structure of rat pineal gland under the exposure to electromagnetic radiation from personal computers and mobile phones. These date determined the task of this research - the study of the structure of rat pineal gland under the exposure to electromagnetic radiation from personal computers and mobile phones. Performed transmission electron microscopy revealed signs of degeneration of dark and light pinealocytes. These signs were manifested in the development of a complex of general and specific morphological changes. There was revealed the appearance of signs of aging and depletion transmission electron microscopy both in light and dark pinealocytes. These signs were manifested in the accumulation of lipofuscin granules and electron-dense "brain sand", the disappearance of nucleoli, cytoplasm vacuolization and mitochondrial cristae enlightenment.
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Petrova, Anna, and Olena Karpenko. "THE ROLE OF MELATONIN DEFICIENCY IN THE GENESIS OF ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE." Ukrainian Scientific Medical Youth Journal 115, no. 1 (July 7, 2020): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32345/usmyj.1(115).2020.18-26.
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The study analyzed the prevalence of hypertension and impaired melatonin-forming function of the epiphysis in patients with stage 5 chronic kidney disease treated with hemodialysis. The relationship between epiphysis dysfunction and hypertension has been identified. 130 persons (50% of men) undergoing permanent hemodialysis treatment were examined. Controls were 20 healthy individuals. The determination of daytime and nighttime levels of melatonin in saliva and clinical and laboratory studies. As a result of the study it was found that for patients with stage 5 chronic kidney disease undergoing treatment, there is a frequent violation of melatonin-forming function of the pineal gland (84.6%) and hypertension (78%). In hemodialysis patients, blood pressure increases are age-dependent and are determined with salivary melatonin levels.
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Zamfir-Chiru-Anton, A., A. E. Stanciu, and D. C. Gheorghe. "Implications of melatonin in etiopathogenesis and treatment of autistic spectrum disorders." Romanian Medical Journal 63, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rmj.2016.2.3.
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Melatonin is a hormone produced by the epiphyseal gland. Its physiologic functions have been extensively studied during the last years, its cyclic secretion seeming associated with multiple normal biological processes. Its correlation with autism has long been researched by some authors with the purpose to find a better therapeutically approach for a relative common disease of childhood. This paper reviews the accumulated scientific data in order to better understand the possible melatonin use in autistic symptoms treatment.
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Ивко, О. М., Н. С. Линькова, А. Р. Ильина, А. А. Шарова, and Г. А. Рыжак. "PEPTIDE REGULATES HUMAN CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS GENES EXPRESSION DURING PINEAL GLAND ACCELERATED AGING." Успехи геронтологии, no. 3 (September 5, 2020): 429–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.34922/ae.2020.33.3.002.
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Ночная работа приводит к десинхронизации биоритмов, нарушению мелатонинобразующей функции и ускоренному старению эпифиза человека. Одним из перспективных геропротекторов, восстанавливающих синтез эпифизарного мелатонина, является пептид AEDG ( Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly ). Последний в 1,7 раза повышает экскрецию 6-сульфатоксимелатонина в моче людей среднего возраста, у которых этот показатель исходно снижен. Кроме того, у людей со сниженной мелатонинобразующей функцией эпифиза, пептид AEDG нормализует повышенную экспрессию циркадных генов Clock и Csnk 1 e в лейкоцитах и в 2 раза повышает сниженную экспрессию гена Cry 2 в лимфоцитах крови. В основе геропротекторного эффекта пептида AEDG лежит его способность восстанавливать мелатонинобразующую функцию эпифиза через регуляцию экспрессии часовых генов человека. Night work provides biorhythms desynchronization, disorder of melatonin-producing function and accelerated pineal gland aging. One of the promising geroprotectors restoring the pineal melatonin synthesis is the AEDG ( Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly ) peptide. AEDG peptide increases in 1,7 times the 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (6-SOMT) excretion in the urine of middle-aged people. Moreover, AEDG peptide normalized circadian Clock and Csnk1e genes hyper expression in leukocytes in 1,9-2,1 times and increases the Cry 2 gene hypo expression in peripheral blood lymphocytes in 2 times in people with reduced melatonin-producing epiphysis function. The geroprotective effect of the AEDG peptide is based on its ability to restore the epiphysis melatonin-producing function by means regulation of human circadian genes expression.
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Reis, Mariza G., Rodrigo B. Singer, Renato Gonçalves, and Anita J. Marsaioli. "The Chemical Composition of Phymatidium Delicatulum and P. Tillandsioides (Orchidaceae) Floral Oils." Natural Product Communications 1, no. 9 (September 2006): 1934578X0600100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0600100911.
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The chemistry of the floral oils of Phymatidium delicatulum and P. tillandsioides (Orchidaceae) is described. These small epiphytes produce the oils in a complex gland (the elaiophore) located on the median petal. The floral oils of P. tillandsioides were shown to be comprised mostly of acylglycerols, as in many other Oncidiinae orchids from southeastern Brazil. Surprisingly, the floral oil of P. delicatulum was composed, predominantly, of relatively simple linear hydrocarbons. Evidence that P. delicatulum is pollinated by females of the oil-gathering bee genus Tetrapedia (Apidae: Tetrapediini) is presented.
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Voitiuk, Anna, and Tetyana Litovchenko. "THE ROLE OF THE EPIPHYSIS HORMONE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF EPILEPTIC SEIZURES IN YOUNG MEN." ГРААЛЬ НАУКИ, no. 2-3 (April 10, 2021): 539–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.36074/grail-of-science.02.04.2021.110.
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This article discusses the role of monoaminergic systems, namely the role of the pineal gland hormone in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. The functions of melatonin in this pathology in young men are also considered.
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Lok, F., J. A. Owens, L. Mundy, J. S. Robinson, and P. C. Owens. "Insulin-like growth factor I promotes growth selectively in fetal sheep in late gestation." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 270, no. 5 (May 1, 1996): R1148—R1155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1996.270.5.r1148.
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Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is required for normal fetal growth and skeletal maturation in late gestation, because null mutations of the IGF-I gene in mice reduce fetal weight and retard ossification of bones. To determine if, conversely, increased abundance of IGF-I promotes fetal growth and skeletal maturation, fetal sheep were infused intravascularly with recombinant human IGF-I (n = 7) (26 +/- 3 micrograms. h-1.kg-1) from 120 to 130 days gestation and compared with controls (n = 15). IGF-I infusion increased plasma IGF-I concentrations by 140% (P = 0.002) and weights of fetal liver, lungs, heart, kidneys, spleen, pituitary, and adrenal glands by 16-50% (P < 0.05). Weights and/or lengths of the fetus, placenta, gastrointestinal tract, individual skeletal muscles, and long bones were unchanged by IGF-I. However, IGF-I increased the percentage of proximal epiphyses of long bones present (P < 0.05) and their cross-sectional areas by 15 to 38% (P < 0.05). These results show that IGF-I promotes growth of major fetal organs, endocrine glands, and skeletal maturation in vivo, consistent with IGF-I actively controlling and not merely facilitating fetal growth. The variable response of different tissues may partly reflect tissue specificity in growth requirements for additional factors.
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Kassab, Mohamed, and Atif Hasan. "AGE-RELATED HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE PINEAL GLAND (EPIPHYSIS CEREBRI) OF THE DOG." Kafrelsheikh Veterinary Medical Journal 3, no. 1 (April 20, 2005): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/kvmj.2005.109289.
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Lukač, Tamara, Amela Matavulj, Milica Matavulj, Vesna Rajković, and Bogosav Lažetić. "Photoperiodism as a Modifier of Effect of Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Field on Morphological Properties of Pineal Gland." Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences 6, no. 3 (August 20, 2006): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17305/bjbms.2006.3136.
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The aim of our study was to determine, using histological and stereological methods, whether photoperiodism has any impact on the effects that chronic (three-month long) exposure to LF-EMF (50Hz) has on morphological characteristics on rat's pineal gland. The experiment was performed on 48 Mill Hill male rats (24 experimental and 24 control). Upon birth, 24 rats were exposed for 7h a day, 5 days a week for 3 months to LF-EMF (50 Hz, 50-500microT, 10V/m). In the winter (short days, long nights), the activity of the pineal gland and neuroendocrine sensitivity is increased. The study was performed both during summer and winter, following the identical protocol. After sacrifice of animals, samples of pineal gland were processed for HE staining and then were analyzed using the methods of stereology. The most significant changes in epiphysis in the first group of animals in wintertime are: altered glandular feature, hyperemia, reduced pinealocytes with pale pink, poor cytoplasm and irregular, stick-form nuclei. In the second group (II) pinealocytes are enlarged, with vacuolated cytoplasm and hyper chromatic, enlarged nucleus. Morphological changes of pineal gland at rats in the summertime were not as intense as in the winter and finding of the gland in the group II is compatible with those from the control group. Stereological results show both in winter and summer in the first group the decrease of volume density of pinealocytes, their cytoplasm and nuclei and in the second group in winter increase the volume density of pinealocytes, cytoplasm and nuclei, while in the second group the results in summertime are equal to those from the control group. Photoperiodism is modifier of effect of LF-EMF on morphological structure of pineal gland, because the gland recovery is incomplete in winter and reversible in summer.
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Sleptsov, A. Y., D. K. Garmaeva, and D. S. Belolyubskaya. "THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE PINEAL GLAND OF THE INDIGENOUS POPULATION OF THE YAKUTIA IN THE AGE ASPECT." Morphological newsletter 27, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.20340/mv-mn.2019(27).3.51-55.
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The pineal gland is a functionally light-dependent organ located in different conditions depending on living in different latitudes. Insufficient data on the morphological and functional state of the human pineal gland under various living conditions constitute a significant gap in the study of the pineal gland. A morphological study of the epiphysis of the indigenous population of different age groups was carried out, obtained during of autopsies on in the pathology department of the National Center of Medicine of Yakutsk (Republic of Sakha). The methods of morphometric analysis with the calculation of indicators of the area of pinealocyte karyons and the quantitative assessment of pineal gland parenchyma cells were used. The data obtained show age-related changes in morphological and functional activity, including changes in the size of light and dark cell karyons in the oldest age group. The largest deviations were observed among dark cells, probably indicating their transition and replenishment of active secreting pinealocytes against the background of a general decrease in the number of cells associated with fibrosis and organ calcification. In the group of 6069 years old, there is an increase in the number of gliocytes, significant compared with the younger age group. In the group of the oldest age, a sharp decrease in their number is noted. Age-related morphological and functional changes in the pineal gland in the indigenous population of Yakutia are most evident at the age of 60-69 and include signs of a decrease in the functional activity of pinealocytes, progressive calcification of the pineal gland, accumulation of neural pigment and proliferation of connective tissue, with the formation of a stromal type of structure.
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Chumachenko, A. Yu, and Е. G. Redka. "Ultrastructural Changes in Pineal Cells of the Epiphysis during Long Exposure of Drinking Water Nitrates and Correction Means." Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini, bìologìï ta sportu 6, no. 2 (April 28, 2021): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.26693/jmbs06.02.249.
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According to modern data, the epiphyse (pineal gland) is an organ that combines the processes of adaptogenesis and immunogenesis, takes part in triggering stress reactions and determines the sequence of disorders in the body at different stages of stress development. Researchers consider the pineal gland to be the most important organizer of biological rhythms associated with photoperiodism and the organ that determines the stereotype of the organism. Its individual functions are rhythmically variable under the influence of the environment and age. The purpose of the study was to study the structural and functional changes of pineal cells of the pineal gland in rats at different stages of normal development, under the action of nitrates and the simultaneous action of nitrates and methylene blue. Materials and methods. In accordance with the purpose of the work, the study was carried out on 90 nonlinear white male rats of different ages. The animals were kept in the vivarium in equivalent conditions. Long-term exposure to nitrates on the body of animals was achieved by daily introduction into the drinking ration, starting from the 7th day of postnatal development of rats (after preliminary water purification), 120 mg/l sodium nitrate, that is, in a dose that is typical for many regions of Ukraine. When simulating the action of methylene blue, this substance was daily orally administered to the animals in doses: 0.1-0.15 ml of a 1% aqueous solution per 1 kg of body weight. Results and discussion. As a result of the 7-day action of nitrates in 14-day-old rats, structural changes were observed in the pineal gland, which corresponded to a decrease in the function of light cells and an increase in the functional activity of type II pinealocytes. The ultrastructure of the cytoplasm of type I pinealocytes contained poorly developed organelles and single secretory granules. In 45-day-old animals exposed to nitrates in light pinealocytes, pronounced disturbances in membrane organelles, primarily in mitochondria and the granular endoplasmic reticulum, were noted. The functional activity of dark pinealocytes increased during this period of the study. In the pineal parenchyma of 90-day-old rats after exposure to nitrates, the functional activity of type I pinealocytes was at a low level. The functional activity of dark pinealocytes was also weakened. Thus, as a result of the simultaneous action of nitrates and methylene blue in the pineal gland of 14-day-old rats, a tendency to gradual restoration of the structural and functional parameters of cells was observed. In 45-day-old animals, after the simultaneous action of nitrates and methylene blue, the ultrastructural data of pineal cells indicated numerous mitochondria and secretory granules in the cytoplasm. In the parenchyma of the pineal gland of 90-day-old rats after chronic action of nitrates and methylene blue at the ultrastructural level, no sharp changes in the cytoplasm and nucleus of light and dark pinealocytes were found in comparison with the control. Conclusion. The intake of nitrates in 14-day-old rats causes the development of a stress reaction, poorly developed organelles and signs of degranulation appear in the ultrastructure of light pinealocytes, however, the cytoplasm and nuclei of dark cells indicated an increase in function. In 45-day-old rats after exposure to nitrates, the signs of the stress reaction are enhanced. In the ultrastructure of the cytoplasm of light cells, pronounced violations of membrane organelles are determined. Enhanced function continues in dark pinealocytes. After the action of nitrates in 90-day-old rats, changes occur that are characteristic of the stage of depletion of the general adaptation syndrome, the result of which is a deep imbalance in the work of the pineal gland. The combined action of nitrates and methylene blue in 14-day-old animals helps to reduce the toxic effect and the strength of stress reactions in the pineal gland. In the ultrastructure of pinealocytes, the number of ribosomes, small secretory granules and mitochondria increases in comparison with the action of nitrates alone. In 45-day-old animals with the simultaneous intake of nitrates and methylene blue in the ultrastructure of melanotropic cells, the accumulation of secretory granules of the same size and electron density, an increase in the number of organelles and signs of restoration of the structure of the cytoplasm and nucleus are noted. The use of methylene blue against the background of long-term intake of nitrates in 90-day-old rats at the ultrastructural level of abrupt changes in the cytoplasm and nucleus of light and dark pinealocytes is not manifested in comparison with the control
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Afroz, Halima, Abu Sadat Mohammad Nurunnabi, Mushfika Rahman, Kanij Fatema, and Shamim Ara. "Age Related Changes in Pinealocytes of the Pineal Gland in Bangladeshi Cadavers." Journal of Bangladesh Society of Physiologist 11, no. 1 (September 24, 2016): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbsp.v11i1.29705.
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Background: The pineal gland (epiphysis cerebri) contains cords and follicles of pinealocytes and neuroglia.Objective: To determine the number of the pinealocytes and neuroglial cells per sq. mm of microscopic field in different age group in a Bangladeshi population to view the age related change.Methods: This cross-sectional study was done in the Department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, from July 2009 to June 2010, based on the collection of 60 pineal glands from whole human brains of unclaimed dead bodies from the morgue. All the samples were divided into four age-groups: 15-30 years, 31-40 years, 41-50 years and >50 years. Histological slides were prepared by using routine Harris Haematoxylin and Eosin (H & E) stain. The number of pinealocytes and neuroglial cells per sq. mm of the microscopic field were determined by point counting technique, using ocular micrometer. For statistical analysis, ANOVA and independent sample t test were used.Results: The mean number of pinealocytes and neuroglial cells were found 10875.00±649.75 and 606.31±94.52 in group15-30 years, 9738.83±761.35 and 631.57±94.52 in group31-40 years 31-40 years, 9637.78±382.02 and 568.41±69.57 in group 41-50 years and 8134.64±358.07 and766.31±248.00 in group >50 respectively. Age related significant differences were found in number of pinealocytes in 15-30 years vs 31-40 years, 15-30 years vs 41-50, 15-30 years vs >50, 31-40 years vs >50 and 41-50 vs >50 years. However, no differences were found in number of neuroglial cells among different age groups.Conclusion: This study showed progressive degeneration of pinealocytes with advancing age. However, no age related changes were found in number of neuroglial cells.Bangladesh Soc Physiol. 2016, June; 11(1): 18-22
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Haila, Siru, Johanna Hästbacka, Tom Böhling, Marja-Liisa Karjalainen–Lindsberg, Juha Kere, and Ulpu Saarialho–Kere. "SLC26A2 (Diastrophic Dysplasia Sulfate Transporter) is Expressed in Developing and Mature Cartilage But Also in Other Tissues and Cell Types." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 49, no. 8 (August 2001): 973–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002215540104900805.
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Mutated alleles of the SLC26A2 (diastrophic dysplasia sulfate transporter or DTDST) gene cause each of the four recessive chondrodysplasias, i.e., diastrophic dysplasia (DTD), multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED), atelosteogenesis Type II (AO2), and achondrogenesis Type IB (ACG1B). SLC26A2 acts as an Na+-independent sulfate/chloride antiporter and belongs to the SLC26 anion transporter gene family, currently consisting of six homologous human members. Although Northern analysis has indicated some expression in all tissues studied, the only tissue known to be affected by SLC26A2 mutations is cartilage. Abundant SLC26A2 expression has previously been detected in normal human colon by in situ hybridization. We have used in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry to examine multiple normal tissues for the expression of human SLC26A2. As expected, a strong signal for SLC26A2 mRNA and protein immunostaining were detected in developing fetal hyaline cartilage, while bronchial cartilage showed mRNA expression in adult tissues. SLC26A2 expression could also be detected in eccrine sweat glands, in bronchial glands, and in placental villi. In addition, immunoreactivity for the SLC26A2 protein was observed in exocrine pancreas. Our results suggest a more limited expression pattern for SLC26A2 than that found by Northern analysis. However, SLC26A2 expression is also detected in tissues not affected in chondrodysplasias caused by SLC26A2 mutations. (J Histochem Cytochem 49:973–982, 2001)
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Semenenko, Svitlana B., Svitlana Y. Karatieieva, Oksana V. Bakun, Ksenia V. Slobodian, and Oksana I. Yurkiv. "PECULIAIRITIES OF THE FUNCTIONING CIRCADIAN ORGANIZATION THE ION-REGULATING FUNCTION OF KIDNEY UNDER THE CONDITION OF PINEAL GLAND HYPERFUNCTION OF THE INFLUENCE NITROGEN MONOXIDE SYNTHESIS BLOCKADE." Wiadomości Lekarskie 72, no. 2 (2019): 234–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek201902117.
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The aim of our work was to investigate the peculiarities of the functioning circadian organization the ion-regulating function of pineal gland hyperfunction of the influence nitrogen monoxide synthesis blockade. Materials and methods: The experiments were conducted on 72 mature non-linear albino male rats with their body mass 0,15-0,18 kg. The control group included animals (n=36) kept under conditions of usual light regimen (12.00L:12.00D) during 7 days. The experimental group included animals (n=36) injected with N-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) in the dose of 20 mg/kg during 7 days under conditions of continuous absolute darkness (12.00D:12.00D). On the 8th day the animals were exposed to 5% water load with heated to room temperature water supplied and the parameters of the kidney ion-regulating function under conditions of forced diuresis were investigated. Results and conclusions: The obtained results of the performed blockade nitrogen monoxide (NO) synthesis in conditions of hyperfunction of the brain epiphysis allow to conclude that the daily mean of the rate of excretion of sodium ions decreases in comparison with the animals that were kept under pineal gland (PG) hyperfunction of the filtration fraction and reabsorption of sodium ions are reduced compared to the control animals and rats which were kept under conditions of PG hyperfunction and accompanied by stable indicators of the concentration the specified cation in the blood plasma during the observation period. The action of the blockade NO synthesis in conditions of PG hyperfunction leads to a decrease in the distal transport bridge of sodium ions with a maximum in the day and night intervals of the day the position of the acro- and batiphase of the rhythm changes as compared with the control animals.
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Григорьев, Игорь Павлович, Елена Анатольевна Фёдорова, Дина Азатовна Суфиева, and Дмитрий Эдуардович Коржевский. "CELLULAR ORGANIZATION OF PINEAL GLAND OF HUMAN: AN IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STUDY." Морфология, no. 4-5 (September 30, 2020): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.34922/ae.2020.158.4.003.
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Цель - изучение клеточного состава эпифиза человека. Материал и методы. С помощью метода иммуногистохимии с использованием цитоспецифических маркеров, избирательно выявляющих астроглиальные, эндотелиальные, нервные и тучные клетки, изучен эпифиз 7 человек в возрасте 16-68 лет. Использованы антитела к глиальному фибриллярному кислому белку (ГФКБ), виментину, низкомолекулярным белкам нейрофиламентов (клон 2F11) и триптазе тучных клеток. Результаты. С помощью иммуногистохимической реакции на ГФКБ в эпифизе человека выявлено большое количество астроглиальных отростков, но мало тел астроглиальных клеток. Клетки имеют относительно мало первичных отростков, которые значительно толще, чем у звёздчатых астроцитов в других отделах мозга. Отростки астроцитов густо оплетают кровеносные сосуды и многие конкременты. Виментин-иммунореактивными являются многие клеточные отростки в строме и отчасти в паренхиме и эндотелиальные клетки кровеносных сосудов. Не обнаружено сосуществования ГФКБ и виментина в одних и тех же структурах. Низкомолекулярные белки нейрофиламентов выявлены в отдельных пинеалоцитах и их отростках. Тучные клетки, иммуногистохимически меченные антителами на триптазу, обнаружены во всех исследованных образцах эпифиза (чаще в строме). Выводы. 1) ГФКБ-иммуноположительные астроциты в эпифизе человека по морфологическим признакам отличаются от типичных звёздчатых астроцитов других отделов головного мозга, что позволяет выделить пинеальные ГФКБиммуноположительные астроциты в отдельную подгруппу астроцитов; 2) астроциты эпифиза человека не содержат одновременно ГФКБ и виментин в отличие от пинеальных астроцитов других млекопитающих; 3) тучные клетки являются постоянным компонентом эпифиза человека - обязательным в строме и факультативным в паренхиме; 4) пинеалоциты эпифиза человека экспрессируют нейроноспецифичный белок нейрофиламентов, что свидетельствует в пользу их нейроноподобной природы; 5) локализация в эпифизе человека нейроноподобных эндокринных клеток и значительного количества иммунокомпетентных тучных клеток определяет этот эндокринный орган как важный компонент единой нейроиммуноэндокринной системы организма. Objective - to investigate the cellular composition of the human pineal gland. Material and methods. Immunohistochemical staining for cytospecific markers that selectively detect astroglial, endothelial, nerve, and mast cells was carried out to study pineal gland of 7 humans aged 16-68. Antibodies to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin, light chain neurofilament protein (clone 2F11), and mast cell tryptase were used. Results. GFAP immunohistochemistry revealed a large number of astroglial processes, but few bodies of astroglial cells. The cells had relatively few primary processes, which were significantly thicker than those of stellate astrocytes in other parts of the brain. Astrocyte processes densely ensheathed the blood vessels and many concretions. Vimentin immunoreactivity was detected in many cellular processes in the stroma and partly in the parenchyma and in endothelial cells around the blood vessels. No coexistence of GFAP and vimentin was found in the same structures. Light chain neurofilaments were detected in some pinealocytes and their processes. Tryptase-immunopositive mast cells were detected in all studied samples of the pineal gland (usually in the stroma). Conclusions. 1) According to morphological characteristcs, GFAP-immunopositive astrocytes in the human pineal gland differ from typical stellate astrocytes in other parts of the brain, which makes it possible to allocate pineal GFAP-positive astrocytes into a separate subgroup of astrocytes; 2) astrocytes of the human pineal gland, unlike pineal astrocytes of other mammals, do not co-express GFAP and vimentin; 3) mast cells are an obligatory component of the human pineal gland - mandatory in the stroma and optional in the parenchyma; 4) human pinealocytes express neuron-specific neurofilament protein, which testifies in favor of their neuron-like nature; 5) localization of neuron-like endocrine cells and a significant number of mast cells in the human epiphysis determines this endocrine organ as an important component of a integral neuroimmune-endocrine system of the organism.
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Lichtenberger-Geslin, Lydia, Sophie Dos Santos, Yasmine Hassani, Emmanuel Ecosse, Thierry Van Den Abbeele, and Juliane Léger. "Factors Associated With Hearing Impairment in Patients With Congenital Hypothyroidism Treated Since the Neonatal Period: A National Population-Based Study." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 98, no. 9 (September 1, 2013): 3644–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2013-1645.
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Context: Untreated hypothyroidism is known to impair hearing, but little is known about the long-term hearing of patients treated for congenital hypothyroidism (CH) since the neonatal period. Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess hearing and its determinants in a population-based registry of young adult patients with CH. Design, Setting, and Participants: Self-declared hearing loss was evaluated in 1202 of the 1748 eligible patients with CH who completed a questionnaire on health status at a median age of 23.4 years. Audiograms were obtained for one third of the patients declaring hearing loss (37 of 107). Main Outcome Measures: Self-declared hearing loss and audiogram characteristics for patients reporting hearing impairment were measured. Results: These patients had a risk of self-declared hearing loss more than 3 times higher than that for the reference population (relative risk [RR] = 3.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.9–4.7). Hearing impairment was diagnosed at a median age of 7.0 (25th–75th percentiles, 3.4–19.0) years, and 17% of affected patients required hearing support in early adulthood. Hearing loss was associated with the type of CH (patients with athyreosis and gland in situ were more frequently affected than those with an ectopic gland [RR = 2.61; 95% CI, 1.77–3.88]), with disease severity, as assessed by bone maturation delay at the time of diagnosis, with at least one knee epiphyseal ossification center absent in the most severe form (RR = 2.29; 95% CI, 1.39–3.79), and with other associated chronic diseases (RR = 3.64; 95% CI, 2.35–5.62). A trend for association with serum free T4 concentration at diagnosis was also observed (RR = 1.47; 95% CI, 0.96–2.23). Hearing loss was mostly bilateral (90%), mild to moderate (96%), of the sensorineural type (76%), and concerned high or very high frequencies. Conclusion: Despite major improvements in prognosis, hearing loss remains a significant problem, particularly in patients with severe CH. Parents and primary care providers should be aware of this risk, because early diagnosis and intervention could improve the long-term prognosis in these patients.
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Кондратюк, В. Є., А. С. Петрова, О. В. Карпенко, Т. Г. Осташевська, and Е. К. Красюк. "Interrelation Between Disorder of Melatonin-forming Function of Epiphysis and Dyslipidemia in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease of V Stage Treated by Hemodialysis." Family Medicine, no. 1-2 (May 21, 2020): 112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.30841/2307-5112.1-2.2020.204585.
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The results of a number of studies have proved the relationship between the functional state of the pineal gland and renal function. However, violations of the melatonin-forming function of the epiphysis (MFE) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) undergoing hemodialysis (HD) and its relationship with dyslipidemia in this patient population is a poorly understood issue. The objective: to analyze disorders of MFE and blood lipid spectrum in patients with CKD of 5 stage treated with HD and to determine the relationship of epiphysis dysfunction with dyslipidemia. Materials and methods. 130 people (50% of men) aged 58.5 were surveyed [43; 66] which are on permanent hemodialysis treatment. Control passed 20 healthy individuals. The determination of day and night level of melatonin (MT) in saliva was conducted, based on the level of which patients (treated with HD) were divided into two groups: group I – 110 patients with impaired MFE, group II – 20 patients with normal MFE. Clinical and laboratory researches were carried out for all patients: general and biochemical analyzes of blood with determination of cholesterol level and its fractions, measurements of office blood pressure (BP) were made. Results. Significant prevalence of MFE disorders in patients with CKD of 5 stage treated with hemodialysis and its relationship with blood lipid spectrum were found. The level of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and low density lipoproteins (LDL) in patients with impaired MFE was higher by 26.4 % (p<0.05), 16.7 % (p<0.05) and 22,6 % (p= 0.03) according to the outcome of the comparison group patients. The level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) of the main group is lower by 11.8 % compared to the group with preserved MFE. The data obtained indicate the relationship of MFE disorders with the duration of RRT treatment, the duration of arterial hypertension, the age of patients, and their effect on the lipid spectrum of patients with CKD of 5 stage treated with hemodialysis. Night feedback correlation of MT with TC level was established (r=–0.256; p<0.05). Correlation analysis confirms that a decrease in MT at night is combined with an increase of TG level (r=–0.272; p<0.05) in the blood of patients. The feedback correlation of night (r=–0.347; p=0.03) and daytime level (r=–0.198; p<0.05) of MT with LDL level and positive relationships between MT in daytime (r=0.27; p=0.03) and the night period (r=0.331; p=0.02) with HDL levels. Conclusion. For patients with CKD of 5 stage undergoing hemodialysis, there is a frequent violation of MFE (84.6%) and significant disorders of lipid metabolism (58%). Analysis of the lipid metabolism study revealed more profound abnormalities in the form of an increased concentration of TC and all its fractions in patients with impaired MFE, which may indicate a connection between epiphysis dysfunction and lipid metabolism in patients with RRT. In patients with hemodialysis, melatonin-forming dysfunction and disorders of lipid metabolism are age-dependent and are determined by the duration of RRT, the duration of hypertension, the level of hemoglobin. We have identified a relationship between the deterioration of lipid metabolism on the background of deeper disturbance of MFE by daytime and nighttime MT.
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Erdmann, S., W. Müller, S. Bahrami, S. I. Vornehm, H. Mayer, P. Bruckner, K. von der Mark, and H. Burkhardt. "Differential effects of parathyroid hormone fragments on collagen gene expression in chondrocytes." Journal of Cell Biology 135, no. 4 (November 15, 1996): 1179–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.135.4.1179.
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The effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in vivo after secretion by the parathyroid gland is mediated by bioactive fragments of the molecule. To elucidate their possible role in the regulation of cartilage matrix metabolism, the influence of the amino-terminal (NH2-terminal), the central, and the carboxyl-terminal (COOH-terminal) portion of the PTH on collagen gene expression was studied in a serum free cell culture system of fetal bovine and human chondrocytes. Expression of alpha1 (I), alpha1 (II), alpha1 (III), and alpha1 (X) mRNA was investigated by in situ hybridization and quantified by Northern blot analysis. NH2-terminal and mid-regional fragments containing a core sequence between amino acid residues 28-34 of PTH induced a significant rise in alpha1 (II) mRNA in proliferating chondrocytes. In addition, the COOH-terminal portion (aa 52-84) of the PTH molecule was shown to exert a stimulatory effect on alpha1 (II) and alpha1 (X) mRNA expression in chondrocytes from the hypertrophic zone of bovine epiphyseal cartilage. PTH peptides harboring either the functional domain in the central or COOH-terminal region of PTH can induce cAMP independent Ca2+ signaling in different subsets of chondrocytes as assessed by microfluorometry of Fura-2/AM loaded cells. These results support the hypothesis that different hormonal effects of PTH on cartilage matrix metabolism are exerted by distinct effector domains and depend on the differentiation stage of the target cell.
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Danilova, M. V., and E. N. Usoltseva. "Significance of the pineal gland hormone melatonin in maintaining the health of women of reproductive age (a review)." Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction 13, no. 4 (January 16, 2020): 337–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17749/2313-7347.2019.13.4.337-344.
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Introduction. Maintaining women's reproductive health is an important task that requires safe approaches based on the pathogenesis. More and more studies address the role of the pineal gland (epiphysis) hormone melatonin (МТ) in the functioning of the reproductive system, as well as the impact of МТ deficiency on the women’s health.Aim: to analyze and summarize the available literature about the role of the pineal gland hormone МТ in the pathogenesis of gynecological diseases in women of reproductive age (infertility, endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome, premenstrual syndrome), and also about the impact of МТ deficiency on the health of women working night shifts.Materials and methods. The relevant publications were searched in domestic (eLibrary, CyberLeninka.ru) and international (Pubmed, Cochrane Library) databases; we looked up the materials published in the recent 7 years. In our search, we prioritized the free access to full text articles. The selection of sources was limited to the period from 2012 to 2019.Results. МТ is involved in the development of follicles by causing the oocytes maturation, promoting the development of embryos, inhibiting the synthesis of steroids in the ovaries and, therefore, reducing the level of steroids in the blood. MT delays ovarian aging through a variety of mechanisms, including the antioxidant action, the maintenance of the due length of the telomere, the upregulated expression of the aging-related SIRT genes, and also the regulation of the ribosome functioning. As MT protects germ cells from oxidative stress, it is essential for normal ovulation, fertilization and further development of the embryo; this hormone has an impact on the duration of the woman's fertility and the onset of menopause. MT has a potential therapeutic effect on endometriosis. The oncostatic role of MT in hormone-dependent breast tumors has been described. Disruption of normal MT production during night shifts is associated with the risk of developing breast cancer in shift workers. MT deficiency leads to circadian desynchronosis and may cause both somatic disorders (metabolic syndrome, obesity, oncopathology) and neuroendocrine dysregulation of the female reproductive system.Conclusion. The variety of physiological functions of the pineal gland hormone MT emphasizes the pathogenetic role of its deficiency in many gynecological and somatic diseases. Of particular relevance is the increased risk of cardiovascular disorders, the development of metabolic syndrome and breast cancer in women who work night shifts. Therefore, it is important both to maintain normal endogenous level of MT and also use its therapeutic potential to maintain the health of women of reproductive age.
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Shiraliyev, O. K., T. F. Mamedov, and Zh I. Gaghiyeva. "Hormones and osteoporosis." Problems of Endocrinology 40, no. 3 (December 15, 1994): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl12019.
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Osteoporosis and its complications - bone fractures - represent a significant medical and social problem. Due to osteoporosis, bone fractures occur annually in 1.3 million Americans and 40 thousand Canadians. In France, one in two, and in Australia, one in five women aged about 70 years, suffer from fractures caused by osteoporosis. The occurrence of osteoporosis in old women is due to a decrease in estrogen production. However, a decrease in bone mineral density occurs not only with age, but even more so with all conditions leading to a change in the balance of hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary system, thyroid and parathyroid glands, and adrenal glands.
In connection with the stated purpose of this work was a synthesis of literature data on the effect of hormones on the occurrence and development of osteoporosis.
Bone tissue is a dynamic metabolically active system. Depending on the function performed, cortical and trabecular bone are distinguished. The first makes up three quarters of the entire skeletal mass, forms the diaphysis of the tubular bones, has a low porosity, performs the function of supporting soft tissues and transmitting muscle contraction from one part of the body to another. Trabecular bone tissue makes up one fourth of the mass of the skeleton, forms the bones of the axial skeleton and the epiphysis of the tubular bones, has high porosity and ensures normal vital activity of the bone marrow. To do this, in the trabecular bones there are cavities ranging in size from 500 to 1000 microns, located between bone plates 100-150 microns thick.
The basis of the vital activity of bone tissue is the functioning of two types of cells: osteoclasts resorbing the bone, and osteoblasts responsible for its formation. The ancestors of these cells are not fully understood, although hematopoietic monocyte macrophages are considered the most probable for osteoclasts, and stromal cells for osteoblasts, from which preosteoblasts arise.
Throughout life, there is a constant renewal of bones, manifested in the resorption of individual, very small sections of tissue, with the almost simultaneous formation of a new bone. This process is of great evolutionary importance, since it allows you to remove microtrauma and bone microcracks that arise during the life process. Annually 25% of the mass of the trabecular bones and only 2-3% of the cortical bones are renewed.
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Nissinen, M. J., K. Karlstedt, E. Castrén, and P. Panula. "Expression of histidine decarboxylase and cellular histamine-like immunoreactivity in rat embryogenesis." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 43, no. 12 (December 1995): 1241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/43.12.8537641.
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In this study we investigated the developmental expression of histidine decarboxylase (HDC) mRNA and the distribution of histamine-immunoreactive (histamine-ir) cells in the rat embryonic tissues. We applied Northern blot analysis, in situ hybridization with synthetic oligonucleotide probes complementary to the rat HDC cDNA, and indirect histamine immunocytochemistry. Northern blot analysis revealed the appearance of a major (2.6 KB) HDC mRNA species in liver on embryonic Day 14. Its hybridization level peaked on Day E18, when two minor (1.6 and 3.5 KB) mRNA species were also present. During the periparturition period, a rapid decrease in HDC RNA was apparent, as the 2.6 KB mRNA species was expressed at a low level on postnatal Day P1. The embryonic liver expressed HDC on days E14-E20. On days E18 and E20, the periosteum and the epiphyseal growth plates of the endochondrally ossificating bones, and some striated muscle cells, showed hybridization signal for HDC. Histamine immunoreactivity was detected in many epithelial and neuronal cell types during embryogenesis. An intense histamine immunoreaction appeared first in essentially all cells of the liver parenchyma on day E12. This parenchymal histamine immunoreactivity disappeared by birth, after which this immunofluorescence in liver was restricted to a few scattered mast cells until adulthood. Some neurons in the peripheral sensory, sympathetic and cranial nerve ganglia were histamine-immunoreactive from day E16 to birth. In addition, many immunoreactive nerve fibers were detected in the gastrointestinal muscularis externa, mesentery, salivary glands, kidney, lung, and muscle tissue. We conclude that during rat embryogenesis histamine is produced and stored transiently by cells in liver, developing bone, and a few striated muscle cells, in addition to previously reported neurons in rat brain. Many peripheral neurons, epithelial cells, and mast cells display histamine immunoreactivity during rat embryogenesis but are devoid of detectable HDC mRNA with the current method. It remains possible that histamine is formed by another enzyme or is taken up from the extracellular space. The results support the concept that a significant proportion of histamine is formed and stored by embryonic cells other than mast cells.
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Vasilatos-Younken, R., P. H. Tsao, D. N. Foster, D. L. Smiley, H. Bryant, and M. L. Heiman. "Restoration of juvenile baseline growth hormone secretion with preservation of the ultradian growth hormone rhythm by continuous delivery of growth hormone-releasing factor." Journal of Endocrinology 135, no. 2 (November 1992): 371–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1350371.
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ABSTRACT The ability of continuously delivered GH-releasing factor (GRF) to enhance GH secretion while maintaining the normal ultradian GH rhythm was investigated. Synthetic human GH-releasing factor (hGRF(1–44)NH2) was continuously infused for 4 days by means of i.v. catheters to 11-week-old broiler chickens. At this age, overall endogenous GH secretion is low, and baseline GH is barely detectable. Six birds per treatment received vehicle (control), 0·324 mg hGRF(1–44)NH2/kg body weight per day (low dose) or 3·24 mg hGRF(1–44)NH2/kg body weight per day (high dose). After 4 days of GRF conditioning, concurrent with continued GRF infusion, serial blood samples were removed via atrial catheters at 15-min intervals for 6 h and GH plasma profiles determined. High dose GRF significantly increased GH plasma concentrations over tenfold compared with controls; however, most of this increase reflected an increase in basal GH, which was reinstated to juvenile baseline levels. Augmentation of pulse amplitude above this increased baseline was not proportionately as high, and failed to reach juvenile levels. The ultradian rhythm of GH was not altered by continuous GRF administration. Both low and high dose GRF treatments resulted in significant enlargement of the anterior pituitary gland. Total pituitary GH mRNA levels, although elevated over twofold by GRF treatment, were not significantly different from controls. Measures of plasma GH magnitude (overall and baseline mean, and peak amplitude) were significantly correlated with pituitary GH mRNA for control birds, but were not correlated for GRF treatments. Feed intake was markedly depressed (33%) on the high dose GRF treatment, in conjunction with total inhibition of body weight gain over the 4-day period of administration. Longitudinal bone growth and width of the epiphyseal growth plate were also significantly reduced by high dose GRF treatment, probably reflecting the reduced level of nutrient intake, despite high circulating concentrations of GH. Journal of Endocrinology (1992) 135, 371–382
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Lotinun, S., KC Westerlind, RT Turner, and RT Turner. "Tissue-selective effects of continuous release of 2-hydroxyestrone and 16alpha-hydroxyestrone on bone, uterus and mammary gland in ovariectomized growing rats." Journal of Endocrinology 170, no. 1 (July 1, 2001): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1700165.
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2-Hydroxyestrone (2-OHE(1)) and 16alpha-hydroxyestrone (16alpha-OHE(1)) have been reported to be risk factors for negative bone balance and breast cancer, respectively. The roles of these two metabolites of estrone as estrogen agonists or antagonists with respect to estrogen target tissues, or both, are poorly defined. The purpose of this study was to characterize metabolite and tissue-specific differences between the actions of hydroxylated estrones on selected reproductive and non-reproductive estrogen target tissues in growing rats. First, the effects of ovariectomy were determined. Ovariectomy had the expected effects, including increases in all dynamic bone measurements at the proximal tibial epiphysis, without induction of bone loss. Second, ovariectomized growing rats were continuously treated for 3 weeks with 2-OHE(1), 16alpha-OHE(1), 17beta-estradiol (E(2)), a combination of E(2) and 2-OHE(1) (E(2)+2-OHE(1)), or a combination of E(2) and 16alpha-OHE(1) (E(2)+16alpha-OHE(1)), using controlled release subcutaneous implanted pellets containing 5 mg 2-OHE(1), 5 mg 16alpha-OHE(1), 0.05 mg E(2) or placebo. E(2) reduced body weight gain and radial and longitudinal bone growth as well as indices of cancellous bone turnover, and increased serum cholesterol, uterine wet weight and epithelial cell height, and proliferative cell nuclear antigen labeling in mammary gland. The hydroxylated estrones did not alter uterine wet weight and 16alpha-OHE(1) antagonized the E(2)-stimulated increase in epithelial cell height. 2-OHE(1) had no effect on cortical bone, whereas 16alpha-OHE(1) was an estrogen agonist with respect to all cortical bone measurements. 16alpha-OHE(1) also behaved as an estrogen agonist with respect to serum cholesterol and cancellous bone measurements. 2-OHE(1) had no effect on most E(2)-regulated indices of cancellous bone growth and turnover, but was a weak estrogen agonist with respect to mineral apposition rate and bone formation rate. Neither estrogen metabolite influenced body weight gain. Third, weanling rats were treated for 1 week with vehicle, E(2) (200 microg/kg per day) or 16alpha-OHE(1) (30, 100, 300, 1000 and 3000 microg/kg per day) to confirm uterotropic effects of daily subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of 16alpha-OHE(1). 16alpha-OHE(1) increased uterine weight in a dose-response manner to values that did not differ from rats treated with E(2). We conclude that the estrogen metabolites 2-OHE(1) and 16alpha-OHE(1) have target tissue-specific biological activities which differ from one another as well as from E(2). These findings add further support to the concept that there are several classes of estrogens with distinct biological activities. Furthermore, differences in the route of administration could influence the tissue specificity of estrogen metabolites.
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"ORAL CONSUMPTION OF CAFFEINATED ENERGY DRINKS AFFECTS THE MORPHOFUNCTIONAL STATE OF STRESS-ASSOCIATED ENDOCRINE GLANDS." Journal of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Series "Medicine", no. 35 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2313-6693-2018-35-01.
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The aim of the research was to study the features of the morphofunctional state of the pineal gland, neurohypophysis and adrenal medulla, as well as the сontent of serotonin and catecholamine in the blood serum of rats against the background of energy drink administration during two weeks. In animals that consumed energy drinks during two weeks at a dose of 6 ml per kg of body weight, serum serotonin and catecholamine levels were determined. Histological, including morphometric, studies of the epiphysis, posterior pituitary and adrenal medulla were performed. Against the background of energy drink administration, an increase in the content of blood serum serotonin, norepinephrine and epinephrine was detected. The morphofunctional state of the endocrine glands investigated in the present study is strongly stimulated. Indirect signs of apoptosis of parenchymal cells in the pineal gland, neurohypophysis and adrenal medulla were established. The studied stress-associated endocrine glands in animals against the background of the two-week intake of energy drinks have signs of a sharp stimulation of hormone production (serotonin, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and vasopressin). Oral consumption of energy drinks during two weeks by experimental animals led to morphological changes in the pineal gland (prevalence of indolamine-producing pinealocytes), an increased load on these cells and probably their faster and frequent apoptosis. The number of pinealocytes in the pineal gland decreases and their morpho-functional load increases.2. Short-term administration (14 days) of caffeinated energy drinks affects the morphofunctional state of posterior pituitary, which can be highly likely interpreted as a result of overproduction of vasopressin.3. Overproduction of serotonin by pynea-locytes and catecholamine by adrenal glands is confirmed by their higher levels in blood serum of animals after the two-week-long intake of energy drinks compared to the control group.
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Ahmed, Rania, and Asirvatham Alwin robert. "SUN-LB2 Undescended Testicle and Short Stature as Manifestation of Pituitary Stalk Interruption Syndrome a Report From Saudi Arabia." Journal of the Endocrine Society 4, Supplement_1 (April 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvaa046.2018.
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Abstract Background Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome (PSIS) is a congenital disease with isolated growth hormone deficiency or multiple anterior pituitary hormone deficiencies. Here, the authors report a case of PSIS from Saudi Arabia. Clinical Case A 16 year old Saudi boy presented to the endocrine clinic with short stature and undescended testis, status post bilateral orchidopexy. He was delivered by caesarean section because of breech presentation and birth asphyxia. Investigation revealed underdeveloped secondary sexual characteristics with decreased facial and pubic hair growth. The patient height was 134 cm whereas the bone age was 9 - 11 years. Pelvis examination showed a scrotum with bilateral 1 mL testes and the stretch penile length was 3 cm. The patient laboratory investigations showed hemoglobin level of 13 g/dL, serum sodium 140 mmol/L, serum potassium 4.1 mmol/L, serum chloride 102 mmol/L, calcium 9.1 mg/dL, random blood sugar 110 mg/dL and albumin 3.8 mg/dL. A pituitary hormone profile showed hypopituitarism with thyroid, and adrenal sparing. The patient free T4 was 17.3 pmol/L (9-25 pmol/L) and synacthen test revealed a morning baseline cortisol level of 6.5 µg/dL (normal = 4.3-22.4 ug/dL) with adrenocorticotrophic hormone of 9.8 pmol/L (1.1 - 13.2 pmol/L). Insulin-like growth factor 1 level 50 ng/dL (normal = 193.0 - 731.0 ug/L), follicle-stimulating hormone 0.35 µIU/mL (normal, 0.0-10.0), and leutinizing hormone 0.4 µIU/mL (normal = 1.2-7.8). The patient’s morning testosterone level showed 8 ng/dL (normal = 280-800 ng/dL) and prolactin 116 mIU/L (normal = 86 - 324 mIU/L). There were no symptom suggestive of posterior pituitary involvement like polyuria and polydipsia as urine and serum osmolality. The MRI examination showed no pituitary gland identified in the sella turcica and no clear pituitary stalk. A T1 hyperintense focus with post-contrast enhancement was identified posterior to the optic chiasma representing an ectopic posterior pituitary gland. The growth hormone and testosterone therapy were added to medical therapy of the patients and no thyroid or hydrocortisone replacement therapy was given. Conclusion: Despite the fact that this is a rare disorder, it should always be kept in the differential diagnosis of a patient presenting with short stature. Patients with this disease have an excellent opportunity to reach normal height if they present before the joining of epiphyses.
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Cruz-Aviles, Lisa Michelle, Allen Bale, and Thomas O. Carpenter. "SAT-065 A Novel De Novo GATA3 Gene Mutation in an Adolescent with HDR Syndrome." Journal of the Endocrine Society 4, Supplement_1 (April 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvaa046.1845.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background: GATA3 encodes a transcription factor critical for embryonic development of the parathyroid glands, kidney, inner ear, thymus, and the central nervous system. Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in GATA3 are associated with hypoparathyroidism, sensorineural deafness and renal disease (HDR syndrome). Clinical Case: A 12 yo male with left hip pain underwent a closed reduction for left slipped capital femoral epiphysis. The pre-op evaluation revealed hypocalcemia (serum Ca 7.7 mg/dL; nl: 8.8-10.2), creatinine 0.46 mg/dL (0.5-1.0), TSH 3.16 uU/mL (0.3-4.2), FT4 1.36 ng/dL (0.8-1.8). Oral calcium and vitamin D supplementation was begun, and 2 wks later, follow-up evaluation revealed serum Ca of 9.4 mg/dL, intact PTH 4.6 pg/mL (10-69), phosphorus 5.9 mg/dL (3.3-5.3), 25-OHD 26 ng/mL (30-100), and a normal chromosomal microarray. Bone density (DXA) Z-scores for hip and spine were -1.7 and 0.8, respectively. At age 13 he underwent bilateral osteotomy due to bilateral hip dysplasia and removal of hardware the next year. At age 15 he underwent left total hip replacement for avascular necrosis. In the post-operative period hypocalcemia recurred (5.9-6.7mg/dL), and he was referred for endocrine evaluation. He was of mixed African American and Puerto-Rican descent. He had difficulties in school and required eyeglasses and hearing aids. Past history included congenital scoliosis (right T11-12 rib fusion, wedged L1 vertebra, and incomplete fusion of posterior elements of L4 and L5), a small right kidney (per ultrasound examination), bilateral orchiopexy for undescended testicles (age 2), diagnoses of ADHD (at age 5); sensorineural hearing loss and psoriasis (age 12), and gastroesophageal reflux (age13). Multiple paternal family members were reported to have abnormal calcium levels and hearing/vision problems, but no known diagnosis. On exam, he had no facial dysmorphism, but left supernumerary nipples, lumbar lordosis and thoracic kyphosis, and clinodactyly. He had achieved Tanner 5 secondary sexual characteristics. There was no Chvostek’s sign. Laboratory investigation revealed Ca 7.9 mg/dL, phosphorus 5.9 mg/dL (3.1-4.7), alkaline phosphatase 123 U/L (50-380), 25-OHD 32 ng/mL, intact PTH 10.2 pg/mL. Treatment with calcium carbonate and calcitriol was begun. Whole exome sequencing identified a heterozygous mutation in GATA3 (c.1061C>T, p.Pro354Leu), predicted to be damaging. This variant has not been reported in literature or public database to our knowledge. Conclusion: This case highlights the importance of genetic testing in the setting of unexplained hypoparathyroidism, and identifies a likely novel mutation in GATA3, providing a basis to counsel the family and encourage medical follow up of suspected family members. References: Barakat, A., et al., Familial nephrosis, nerve deafness, and hypoparathyroidism. J Pediatr 91:61-64, 1977