Academic literature on the topic 'Episodic long-term memory'
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Journal articles on the topic "Episodic long-term memory"
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Nickel, Allison E., Lauren S. Hopkins, Greta N. Minor, and Deborah E. Hannula. "Attention capture by episodic long-term memory." Cognition 201 (August 2020): 104312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104312.
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Yanes, Danielle, and Paul Loprinzi. "Experimental Effects of Acute Exercise on Iconic Memory, Short-Term Episodic, and Long-Term Episodic Memory." Journal of Clinical Medicine 7, no. 6 (2018): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm7060146.
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Ranganath, Charan, Marcia K. Johnson, and Mark D’Esposito. "Prefrontal activity associated with working memory and episodic long-term memory." Neuropsychologia 41, no. 3 (2003): 378–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0028-3932(02)00169-0.
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Rotem-Turchinski, Nuphar, Ayelet Ramaty, and Avi Mendelsohn. "The opportunity to choose enhances long-term episodic memory." Memory 27, no. 4 (2018): 431–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2018.1515317.
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Foster, Jonathan K. "Cantor coding and chaotic itinerancy: Relevance for episodic memory, amnesia, and the hippocampus?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24, no. 5 (2001): 815–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x01280091.
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This commentary provides a critique of Tsuda's target article, focusing on the hippocampus and episodic long-term memory. More specifically, the relevance of Cantor coding and chaotic itinerancy for long-term memory functioning is considered, given what we know about the involvement of the hippocampus in the mediation of long-term episodic memory (based on empirical neuroimaging studies and investigations of brain-damaged amnesic patients).
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Humphreys, Michael S., Gerald Tehan, Oliver Baumann, and Shayne Loft. "Explaining short-term memory phenomena with an integrated episodic/semantic framework of long-term memory." Cognitive Psychology 123 (December 2020): 101346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2020.101346.
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Wang, Qi, Van-Kim Bui, and Qingfang Song. "Narrative organisation at encoding facilitated children's long-term episodic memory." Memory 23, no. 4 (2014): 602–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2014.914229.
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Shimi, Andria, and Robert H. Logie. "Feature binding in short-term memory and long-term learning." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 6 (2018): 1387–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021818807718.
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In everyday experience, we encounter visual feature combinations. Some combinations are learned to support object recognition, and some are arbitrary and rapidly changing, so are retained briefly to complete ongoing tasks before being updated or forgotten. However, the boundary conditions between temporary retention of fleeting feature combinations and learning of feature bindings are unclear. Logie, Brockmole, and Vandenbroucke demonstrated that 60 repetitions of the same feature bindings for change detection resulted in no learning, but clear learning occurred with cued recall of the feature names. We extended those studies in two new experiments with the same array of colour–shape–location combinations repeated for 120 trials. In Experiment 1, change detection was well above chance from Trial 1, but improved only after 40 to 60 trials for participants who subsequently reported becoming aware of the repetition, and after 100 to 120 trials for participants reporting no awareness. Performance improved rapidly in Experiment 2 when participants reconstructed the array by selecting individual features from sets of colours, shapes, and locations. All participants subsequently reported becoming aware of the repetition. We conclude that change detection involves a visual cache memory that functions from the first trial, and retains feature bindings only for the duration of a trial. In addition, a weak residual episodic memory trace accumulates slowly across repetitions, eventually resulting in learning. Reconstructing feature combinations generates a much stronger episodic memory trace from trial to trial, and so learning is faster with performance supported both by the limited capacity visual cache and learning of the array.
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Erk, Susanne, Alexander von Kalckreuth, and Henrik Walter. "Neural long-term effects of emotion regulation on episodic memory processes." Neuropsychologia 48, no. 4 (2010): 989–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.11.022.
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Nadel, L., L. Ryan, S. M. Hayes, A. Gilboa, and M. Moscovitch. "The role of the hippocampal complex in long-term episodic memory." International Congress Series 1250 (October 2003): 215–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0531-5131(03)01069-0.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Episodic long-term memory"
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Spets, Dylan S. "Sex differences in the brain during long-term memory:." Thesis, Boston College, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:109195.
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Thesis advisor: Scott D. Slotnick<br>Sex differences exist in both brain anatomy and neurochemistry (Cahill, 2006). Many differences have been identified in brain regions associated with long-term memory including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and visual processing regions (Andreano & Cahill, 2009). There is, however, a paucity of research investigating whether and how these differences translate into differences in functional activity. Part 1 investigated sex differences in the patterns of functional activity in the brain during spatial long-term memory, item memory, memory confidence, and false memory. In addition, a meta-analysis was conducted to identify whether there were consistent sex differences in the brain across different long-term memory types. Part 2 determined whether there were sex differences in the patterns of functional connectivity in the brain during spatial long-term memory. Specifically, differences in functional connectivity between the hippocampus and the rest of the brain in addition to the thalamus and the rest of the brain were investigated. Finally, Part 3 investigated whether the observed differences in the patterns of activity (identified in Chapter 1) had sufficient information to classify the sex of individual participants. The results of Part 3 argue against the popular notion that the average female brain and average male brain are not significantly different (Joel et al., 2015). More broadly, the studies presented in this dissertation argue against the widespread practice of collapsing across sex in cognitive neuroscience<br>Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2021<br>Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences<br>Discipline: Psychology
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Bäck, Fredrik. "The Effects of Physical Activity on Adolescents Long- Term Memory." Thesis, Örebro University, School of Law, Psychology and Social Work, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-9598.
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<p>There is a body of research on the effect of physical activity oncognition in the old adult population. Less research areconducted on adolescents. The aim for this study is to find out ifadolescents long-term memory is affected by physical activity.144 pupils were asked to rate their physical activity each week.Thereafter their long- term memory was tested through tests onepisodic- and semantic memory. The results showed that thosewho are physically active more than 4 hours had a better scoreon part of the semantic test but no effect was found in theepisodic test. This result indicates that physical activity not onlyaffects working memory, as was shown by previous research butalso has an effect in parts of the semantic long-term memory.</p>
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Campbell, Jennifer Lynn. "EXAMINING THE INFLUENCE OF TIME AND REPETITION ON RECENT AND REMOTE AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY RETRIEVAL USING fMRI." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195373.
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Repetition and the passage of time influence the consolidation of long-term episodic memories. The experiments presented here have explored the influence of repetition on recent and remote autobiographical memories both behaviorally with regard to qualitative and quantitative measures of content, and neuroanatomically, focusing on changes within the hippocampus and adjacent structures. The first experiment tested the prediction made by MTT that hippocampal memory traces expand and strengthen as a function of repeated memory retrievals. An fMRI paradigm was used to compare the effect of memory retrieval versus the mere passage of time on hippocampal activation. Participants retrieved remote autobiographical memories that had been previously retrieved either one month earlier, two days earlier, or multiple times during the preceding month. Behavioral analyses revealed that the number and consistency of memory details retrieved increased with multiple retrievals but not with the passage of time. Hippocampal activation did not change as a function of either multiple retrievals or the passage of time. The second behavioral investigation was a follow-up to the first experiment, examining the retrieval of those same memories one year later in order to determine whether the level of detail remained stable or whether the memories returned to their original state. Participants reported even more details than they had recalled at least one year earlier, including new details. This finding was consistent across both multiple and single retrieval conditions. These findings together with those of the first study suggest that both repetition and the passage of time are important factors that may result in an increase in recall. The third and final experiment explored the behavioral and neural influences of repeated reactivation of both recent and remote autobiographical memories. Participants were interviewed a total of five times throughout one month and retrieved 20 significant life event memories, from either within the past several months or more than five years ago. Additionally, two fMRI scan sessions were collected, which enabled a direct comparison of the same 20 memories before and after a series of repetitions. Activation increased with repetition in several brain regions including bilateral posterior cingulate and precuneus. Behaviorally, repetition resulted in increased accessibility as suggested by decreased reaction times between the initial and final retrieval sessions, and a general maintenance of the level of recall resulted with repetition.
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Lehman, Melissa. "Rethinking Buffer Operations in a Dual-Store Framework." Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3203.
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Atkinson and Shiffrin's (1968) dual-store model of memory includes a structural memory store along with control processes conceptualized as a rehearsal buffer. I present a variant of Atkinson and Shiffrin's buffer model within a global memory framework that accounts for findings previously thought to be difficult for it to explain. This model assumes a limited capacity buffer where information is stored about items, along with information about associations between items and between items and the context in which they are studied. The strength of association between items and context is limited by the number of items simultaneously occupying the buffer. New findings that directly test the buffer assumptions are presented, including serial position effects, and conditional and first recall probabilities in immediate and delayed free recall, in a continuous distractor paradigm, and in experiments using list length manipulations of single item and paired item study lists. Overall, the model's predictions are supported by the data from these experiments, suggesting that control processes, conceptualized as a rehearsal buffer, are a necessary component of memory models.
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Sandberg, Petra. "Cognitive training in young and old adults : Transfer, long-term effects, and predictors of gain." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för psykologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-96719.
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Aging, also in the absence of pathological conditions, is associated with cognitivedecline, especially in so called fluid abilities, such as episodic memory andexecutive functions. Due to an ongoing demographic shift, a larger part of thepopulation will reach higher ages, and more people will be affected by age-relatedcognitive decline. Finding ways of counteracting this development have the potentialof having large benefits for both individuals and society. It has long beenknown that living in environments that are rich in terms of cognitive challengescan affect cognitive ability in old age. In this regard, intervention studies in whichthe amount of cognitive stimulation is manipulated can therefore generate insightsto the causality of such effects in specific cognitive functions. Cognitive trainingas means to counteract negative effects of aging on cognition has received a lot ofscientific interest in the last decades.This focus of this thesis is cognitive training interventions, which is studiedfrom several perspectives. In Study i, the aim was to investigate the extent towhich executive functions can be strengthened by training in younger and olderadults, and to which degree such training generalize to other measures of cognition.Although a large body of research has been investigating training of workingmemory and executive functions in recent years, the results are diverse, and fewhave been targeting executive functions broadly with training programs based ontheoretical models of executive functions. Study i showed that despite a broadtraining program targeting three executive functions (updating, shifting and inhibition),it did not lead to transfer beyond the very near in old adults. The youngerhowever showed transfer effects to measures of working memory.In Study ii, the focus was on studying how the effects survive across time.There is limited knowledge about long-term effects of process-based training andthe results showed that the training effect was stable after 1.5 years, while only thenearest transfer effect was still significant in both younger and older adults.Study iii focused on individual factors affecting gain and maintenance thereofin a sample of older individuals. We used a strategy-based intervention focusingon episodic memory performance with a number-consonant mnemonic which is amnemonic for memorizing digit-codes. A different set of predictors was observedfor baseline episodic memory performance and training gain. Those that are betteroff in terms of episodic memory performance, also gain more in the episodic memorycriterion task. Further, a higher rate of processing speed was also important.Lastly, better verbal knowledge also influence gain beyond the other factors. Theresults have both theoretical implications regarding how plastic cognitive functionsare, and practical, in terms of how to best design training programs.<br>Över hela världen blir vi äldre. År 2050 kommer en femtedel av jordens befolkningvara 60 år eller äldre, att jämföra med en knapp tiondel år 1950. Det är förstås enpositiv utveckling men en åldrande befolkning innebär också att vi står inför flerautmaningar. En sådan rör det kognitiva åldrandet. Vi vet att åldrande kan leda tillnedgång i vissa kognitiva förmågor, såsom det episodiska minnet samt exekutivafunktioner. Episodiskt minne är vår förmåga att komma ihåg upplevda händelserknutna till tid och rum. Exekutiva funktioner är ett begrepp som inbegriper vårförmåga att hålla en plan aktiv medan vi utför den, utan att distraheras av tankareller externa störningsmoment. Genom att studera effekter av träning hos yngreoch äldre vuxna på sådana kognitiva funktioner kan vi få kunskap om till vilkengrad de kan förbättras och om denna förbättringspotential är olika beroende påålder. Vi vet sedan tidigare att människor som under sin livstid lever ett kognitivtstimulerande liv också till viss del är skyddade mot nedgång i kognition underåldrandet. Träningsstudier kan ge kunskap om kausaliteten i sådana fynd.Studie i i denna avhandling behandlar träning av exekutiva funktioner föryngre och äldre vuxna. Träningsprogrammet konstruerades utefter en teoretiskmodell som beskriver exekutiva funktioner som bestående av förmågan att inhiberastörande stimuli eller överlärda responser, förmågan att uppdatera informationi arbetsminnet, och förmågan att skifta mellan att utföra olika uppgifter. Resultatenvisade att de yngre kunde generalisera träningseffekten också till otränadearbetsminnesuppgifter, medan de äldre endast visade förbättring på otränade uppgiftersom hade stora likheter med de tränade.I Studie ii undersöktes hur mycket av träningseffekterna som kvarstod ettoch ett halvt år efter träningen. Resultaten visade att både för yngre och äldreså kvarstod effekten på tränade uppgifter samt en av uppgifterna som hade stortöverlapp med träningsuppgifterna, för både unga och äldre.I Studie iii studerades ett strategibaserat träningsprogram för episodisktminne. Fokus låg på att undersöka vilka individuella kognitiva faktorer sompåverkar förbättring som följd av träning. Resultaten visade att de med högre förmågai kognitiv bearbetningshastighet samt verbal förmåga var de som hade bästförutsättningar för förbättring.Resultaten från dessa studier är av både teoretisk relevans i och med att deökar förståelsen för träningsbarheten av exekutiva funktioner, samt har praktiskrelevans för utformning av träningsprogram.
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Kilman, Lisa. "Lost in Translation : Speech recognition and memory processes in native and non-native language perception." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Handikappvetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-121034.
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This thesis employed an integrated approach and investigated intra- and inter-individual differences relevant for normally hearing (NH) and hearing-impaired (HI) adults in native (Swedish) and non-native (English) languages in adverse listening conditions. The integrated approach encompassed the role of cognition as a focal point of interest as well as perceptualauditory and linguistic factors. Paper I examined the extent to which proficiency in a non-native language influenced native and non-native speech perception performance for NH listeners in noise maskers compared to native and non-native speech maskers. Working memory capacity in native and non-native languages and non-verbal intelligence were also assessed. The design of paper II was identical to that of paper I, however the participants in paper II had a hearingimpairment. The purpose of paper III was to assess how NH and HI listeners subjectively evaluated the perceived disturbance from the speech- and noise maskers in the native and nonnative languages. Paper IV examined how well native and non-native stories that were presented unmasked and masked with native and non-native speech were recalled by NH listeners. Paper IV further investigated the role of working memory capacity in the episodic long-term memory of story contents as well as proficiency in native and non-native languages. The results showed that generally, the speech maskers affected performance and perceived disturbance more than the noise maskers did. Regarding the non-native target language, interference from speech maskers in the dominant native language is taxing for speech perception performance, perceived disturbance and memory processes. However, large inter- individual variability between the listeners was observed. Part of this variability relates to non-native language proficiency. Perceptual and cognitive effort may hinder efficient long-term memory encoding, even when stimuli are appropriately identified at a perceptual level. A large working memory capacity (WMC) provides a better ability to suppress distractions and allocate processing resources to meet assigned objectives. The relatively large inter-individual differences in this thesis, require an individualized approach in clinical or educational settings when non-native persons or people with hearing impairment need to perceive and remember potentially vital information. Individua differences in the very complex process of speech understanding and recall need to be further addressed by future studies. The relevance of cognitive factors and language proficiency provides opportunities for individuals who face difficulties to compensate using other abilities.<br>Avhandlingens övergripande syfte var att genom ett integrerat tillvägagångssätt undersöka mellan- och inom-individuella skillnader relevanta för normalhörande och hörselskadade vuxna i svenska och engelska språket under ogynnsamma lyssningsförhållanden. Med kognitiva faktorer i fokus, omfattade det integrerade tillvägagångssättet också perceptuella-auditiva och lingvistiska faktorer. Studie I undersökte i vilken utsträckning färdigheter i engelska inverkade på taluppfattning av ett modersmål och ett andra språk som var maskerat med brus jämfört med störande tal på svenska och engelska. Normalhörande vuxna deltog. Arbetsminneskapacitet på svenska och engelska liksom icke-verbal intelligens bedömdes också i studien. Designen i studie II var identisk med designen i studie I, förutom att personer med hörselnedsättning ingick som deltagare. Syftet med studie III var att bedöma hur normalhörande personer och personer med hörselnedsättning subjektivt utvärderade den upplevda störningen från tal- och brus på ett modersmål och ett andra språk. Studie IV undersökte hur väl normalhörande deltagare kom ihåg berättelser på svenska och engelska som presenterades omaskerade eller med störande tal på svenska eller engelska. Studie IV undersökte vidare arbetsminneskapacitet och episodiskt långtidsminne av berättelsernas innehåll liksom också färdighet i svenska och engelska språket. Resultaten visade att generellt var maskeringseffekten större vid störande tal jämfört med andra bruskällor både vad avser taluppfattning såväl som upplevd störning. Vad det gäller det engelska språket som talsignal, är störning från det svenska modersmålet påfrestande för taluppfattning, upplevd störning såväl som för minnesprocesser. Dock har stor inter- och intra-individuell variation mellan deltagarna observerats. En del av denna variation avser engelska språkfärdigheter. Perceptuell och kognitiv påfrestning kan minska möjligheten till att säkra långsiktiga minnesprocesser även om ett stimuli var korrekt identifierat på en perceptuell nivå. En god arbetsminneskapacitet kan ge en bättre förmåga att undertrycka en distraktion och därmed fördela processresurserna för att nå de uppställda målen. De relativt stora inter-individuella skillnaderna i denna avhandling gör det angeläget med en individualiserad tillämpning, kliniskt eller inom utbildningsmässiga områden när personer med hörselnedsättning eller personer med ett annat modersmål behöver uppfatta eller minnas potentiellt viktig information. De individuella skillnader som ligger bakom taluppfattning och minnesförmåga behöver utforskas vidare. Goda kognitiva förmågor och språkfärdigheter ger möjligheter för individer som möter svårigheter till att kompensera genom att använda dessa förmågor.
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Jaffe, Alexander Scott. "Long short-term memory recurrent neural networks for classification of acute hypotensive episodes." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/113146.
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Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2017.<br>This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.<br>Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 37-39).<br>An acute hypotensive episode (AHE) is a life-threatening condition durich which a patient's mean arterial blood pressure drops below 60 mmHG for a period of 30 minutes. This thesis presents the development and evaluation of a series of Long short-term memory recurrent neural network (LSTM RNN) models which predict whether a patient will experience an AHE or not based on a time series of mean arterial blood pressure (ABP). A 2-layer, 128-hidden unit LSTM RNN trained with rmsprop and dropout regularization achieves sensitivity of 78% and specificity of 98%.<br>by Alexander Scott Jaffe.<br>M. Eng.
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Amador, de Lara Gabriel. "Modulating verbal episodic memory encoding with transcranial electrical stimulation." Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-002E-E4E5-1.
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Kinsky, Nathaniel Reid. "Long-term stability of the hippocampal neural code as a substrate for episodic memory." Thesis, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/36639.
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The hippocampus supports the initial formation and recall of episodic memories, as well as the consolidation of short-term into long-term memories. The ability of hippocampal neurons to rapidly change their connection strengths during learning and maintain these changes over long time-scales may provide a mechanism supporting memory. However, little evidence currently exists concerning the long-term stability of information contained in hippocampal neuronal activity, likely due to limitations in recording extracellular activity in vivo from the same neurons across days. In this thesis I employ calcium imaging in freely moving mice to longitudinally track the activity of large ensembles of hippocampal neurons. Using this technology, I explore the proposal that long-term stability of hippocampal information provides a substrate for episodic memory in three different ways.
First, I tested the hypothesis that hippocampal activity should remain stable across days in the absence of learning. I found that place cells – hippocampal neurons containing information about a mouse’s position – maintain a coherent map relative to each other across long time-scales but exhibit instability in how they anchor to the external world. Furthermore, I found that coherent maps were frequently used to represent a different environment and incorporated learning via changes in a subset of neurons. Next, I examined how learning a spatial alternation task impacts neuron stability. I found that splitter neurons whose activity patterns reflected an animal’s future or past trajectory emerged relatively slowly when compared to place cells. However, splitter neurons remained more consistently active and relayed more consistent spatial information across days than did place cells, suggesting that the utility of information provided by a neuron influences its long term stability. Last, I investigated how protein synthesis, known to be necessary for long-term maintenance of changes in hippocampal neuron connection strengths and for proper memory consolidation, influences their activity patterns across days. I found that along with blocking memory consolidation, inhibiting protein synthesis induced a profound, long-lasting decrease in neuronal activity up to two days later. These results combined demonstrate the importance of rapid, lasting changes in the hippocampal neuronal code to supporting long-term memory.
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Poppenk, Jordan. "Revisiting Cognitive and Neuropsychological Novelty Effects." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/33858.
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Recent proposals have attributed a key role to novelty in the formation of new episodic memories. These proposals are based on evidence of enhanced memory and greater metabolic activity in the hippocampus in response to novel relative to familiar materials. However, such novelty effects are incongruous with long-standing observations that familiar items and lists are associated with better memory than novel ones. In four experiments, I explored possible reasons for this apparent discrepancy. In Experiment 1, I directly tested whether previously observed novelty effects were the result of novelty, discrimination demands, or both. I used linguistic materials (proverbs) to replicate the novelty effect but found it occurred only when familiar items were subject to source confusion. In Experiment 2, to examine better how novelty influences episodic memory, I used experimentally familiar, pre-experimentally familiar, and novel proverbs in a paradigm designed to overcome discrimination demand confounds. Memory was better for both types of familiar proverbs. These cognitive results indicate that familiarity, not novelty, leads to better episodic memory for studied items, regardless of whether familiarity is experimentally induced or based on prior knowledge. I also conducted two fMRI experiments to evaluate the neural correlates of the encoding of novel and familiar forms of information. In Experiment 3, I compared the neural encoding correlates of source memory for novel and familiar visual scenes using fMRI. Replicating previous neuroimaging studies, I observed an anterior novelty-sensitive region of the hippocampus specialized in novelty encoding. Unlike past studies, I also probed for familiarity-encoding regions and identified such regions in the posterior hippocampus. I replicated this pattern in Experiment 4 using proverbs as stimuli. As in Experiment 2, I found the effect held whether familiarity was based on prior knowledge or experimental induction. In both fMRI experiments, anterior and posterior hippocampal regions were functionally connected with different large-scale networks, helping to explain local variation in hippocampal functional specialization in terms of different neural contexts. Together, these experiments show that stimulus familiarity enhances episodic memory for materials, and that novelty is processed differently, not preferentially, in the hippocampus. A new model of hippocampal novelty processing is proposed.
Books on the topic "Episodic long-term memory"
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Menon, Vinod. Arithmetic in the Child and Adult Brain. Edited by Roi Cohen Kadosh and Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.041.
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This review examines brain and cognitive processes involved in arithmetic. I take a distinctly developmental perspective because neither the cognitive nor the brain processes involved in arithmetic can be adequately understood outside the framework of how developmental processes unfold. I review four basic neurocognitive processes involved in arithmetic, highlighting (1) the role of core dorsal parietal and ventral temporal-occipital cortex systems that form basic building blocks from which number form and quantity representations are constructed in the brain; (2) procedural and working memory systems anchored in the basal ganglia and frontoparietal circuits, which create short-term representations that allow manipulation of multiple discrete quantities over several seconds; (3) episodic and semantic memory systems anchored in the medial and lateral temporal cortex that play an important role in long-term memory formation and generalization beyond individual problem attributes; and (4) prefrontal cortex control processes that guide allocation of attention resources and retrieval of facts from memory in the service of goal-directed problem solving. Next I examine arithmetic in the developing brain, first focusing on studies comparing arithmetic in children and adults, and then on studies examining development in children during critical stages of skill acquisition. I highlight neurodevelopmental models that go beyond parietal cortex regions involved in number processing, and demonstrate that brain systems and circuits in the developing child brain are clearly not the same as those seen in more mature adult brains sculpted by years of learning. The implications of these findings for a more comprehensive view of the neural basis of arithmetic in both children and adults are discussed.
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Harmanşah, Ömür. Monuments and Memory: Architecture and Visual Culture in Ancient Anatolian History. Edited by Gregory McMahon and Sharon Steadman. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0028.
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This article on long-term cultural landscapes of Anatolia focuses on various episodes of fragmentation and connectivity with adjacent regions, through the study of monumental architecture and visual/material culture from prehistory to the end of the Achaemenid period. It attempts to trace a line of thought around monumentality and social memory, in order to see our paradigms from Anatolian history in a critical long-term perspective. The article argues that architecture and monuments are the most visible and powerful remnants of past civilizations, especially through funerary monuments, and that Anatolia, with its vast array of monuments from multitudinous peoples leaving their mark over centuries, provides a unique opportunity to study, and marvel at, the “landscape of the dead.”
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Post, Robert M. Depression as a Recurrent, Progressive Illness. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190603342.003.0003.
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Clinical Highlights and summary of Chapter• Episodes of depression and bipolar illness progress in two ways:faster recurrences as a function of number of prior episodes, andgreater autonomy (decreased need for precipitation by stressors(Episode Sensitization)• Recurrent stressors result in increased reactivity to subsequent stressors(Stress sensitization) and bouts of stimulant abuse increase in severity with repetition(Stimulant-induced behavioral sensitization)• Each type of sensitization cross-sensitizes to the others and drives illness progression• Each type of sensitization involves specific memory-like epigenetic processes as well as nonspecific cellular toxicities• Childhood onset depression and bipolar illness have a more adverse course than adult onset illness and are increasing in incidence via a cohort (year of birth) effect• As opposed to genetic vulnerability, each type of sensitization can be prevented with appropriate clinical intervention and prevention, which should lessen illness severity and progression• Seeing depression and bipolar disorder as progressive illnesses changes the therapeutic emphasis away from acute treatment and instead to long term prophylaxis• Preventing recurrent depressions will likely protect the brain, the body, and the personWord count with Named refs = 6,417>Depression and bipolar disorder are illnesses which tend to progress with each new recurrence. Stressors, mood episodes, and bouts of substance abuse each sensitize (show increased reactivity) upon their repetition and cross-sensitization to the others. These sensitization processes appear to have a memory-like and epigenetic basis, in some instances conveying lifelong increased vulnerability to illness recurrence and progression. Greater numbers of episodes are associated with faster recurrences, lesser need for stress precipitation, cognitive dysfunction, pathological changes in brain, treatment refractoriness, and loss of many years of life expectancy, predominantly from cardiovascular disease. Such a perspective emphasizes the need for greater awareness of higher incidence of psychiatric and medical comorbidities in the United States compared to many European countries, and the need for earlier intervention and more sustained long term prophylaxis to prevent illness progression and its adverse consequences on brain and body.
Book chapters on the topic "Episodic long-term memory"
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Kausler, Donald H. "Rehearsal-Independent Episodic Memory: Long-Term Forgetting." In Experimental Psychology, Cognition, and Human Aging. Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9695-6_8.
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Sánchez, María-Loreto, Mauricio Correa, Luz Martínez, and Javier Ruiz-del-Solar. "An Episodic Long-Term Memory for Robots: The Bender Case." In RoboCup 2015: Robot World Cup XIX. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29339-4_22.
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Baddeley, Alan. "Long-term memory and the episodic buffer." In Working Memory, Thought, and Action. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198528012.003.0008.
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Morris, Robin G., Steven G. Coleshill, Maria E. Lacruz, Antonio Valentin, and Gonzalo Alarcon. "Hippocampal electrical stimulation and localisation of long-term episodic memory." In Epilepsy and Memory. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199580286.003.0020.
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Vandierendonck, André. "Multicomponent Working Memory System with Distributed Executive Control." In Working Memory. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198842286.003.0006.
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The working memory model with distributed executive control accounts for the interactions between working memory and multi-tasking performance. The working memory system supports planned actions by relying on two capacity-limited domain-general and two time-limited domain-specific modules. Domain-general modules are the episodic buffer and the executive module. The episodic buffer stores multimodal representations and uses attentional refreshment to counteract information loss and to consolidate information in episodic long-term memory. The executive module maintains domain-general information relevant for the current task. The phonological buffer and the visuospatial module are domain specific; the former uses inner speech to maintain and to rehearse phonological information, whereas the latter holds visual and spatial representations active by means of image revival. For its operation, working memory interacts with declarative and procedural long-term memory, gets input from sensory registers, and uses the motor system for output.
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Leicester, Jonathan. "Memory and Belief." In What Beliefs Are Made From. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9781681082639116010009.
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Many beliefs depend on memories, and memories can be unreliable. This chapter deals briefly with the anatomy and physiology of memory, and defines the different kinds of memory _ long-term or declarative memory, which includes episodic or autobiographical memory, and semantic memory or memory of learned knowledge, source memory, procedural memory, working memory, and implicit, tacit or nondeclarative memory. Special attention is given to working memory and tacit memory, because they are important, and will be unfamiliar to some readers.
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"Cognitive Architecture With Episodic Memory." In Reductive Model of the Conscious Mind. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-5653-5.ch008.
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The authors chose a provocative title for this book. In this provocation, there is an incentive for those who would like to understand what consciousness is. Their goal was to explain the phenomenon, which is perhaps even harder to understand than the emergence of life from inanimate matter. Through this work, they developed and described a reductive model of conscious mind named motivated emotional mind. Although the basis for episodic memory are real events that were observed by the agent, memorized episodes can also be generated in the agent's mind. The working memory supports explanation of the meaning of the whole scene by combining the meanings of its constituent elements and their relations. The observed scenes are stored in the episodic memory. An agent can build its value system to assess the significance of observed events and later use it to influence its behavior and its emotional states. Only the conscious being has the ability to remember episodes from its experiences. The conscious system must be able to imagine a hypothetical situation and plan its activities. Because episodic memories require the structures of the hippocampus or its equivalent, if the body has a hippocampus, it is potentially conscious. Working memory is responsible for temporarily storing information that has been perceived in the environment or retrieved from long-term memory. It is important for reasoning, decision-making, and behavioral control. It records stimuli processed in the deeper layers of the brain. In addition, working memory combines temporary storage and manipulates selected information to support cognitive functions. Embodied intelligence architecture discussed in this chapter is aimed at building an intelligent and conscious machines and its ability to learn is recognized as the most important feature of intelligence. Authors show that embodied minds contain certain memory structures, and it is through them that machines can be conscious. The organization of brain structures and their functions constitute a functional, reductive model of the conscious mind, called motivated emotional mind. Different functional blocks of this architecture process information simultaneously, sending interrupt signals to direct attention, change plans, monitor activities, and respond to external threats and opportunities. They also provide a conscious agent with personal memories, accumulated knowledge, skills, and desires, making the agent act fully autonomously. What is needed to build embodied, conscious machines? First of all, their sensing must be based on the observations and predictions of results of their own actions in the real world. This requires the development of sensorimotor coordination integrated with the machine value system. The second requirement is the development of learning methods and control of the robot's movements. This includes the development of motoric functions, activators, grippers, methods of movement, and navigation. The chapter ends with predictions for future development of conscious robots and elaboration on the life and death cycles for conscious minds.
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Wray, Alison. "The Role of Memory in Communication." In The Dynamics of Dementia Communication. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190917807.003.0003.
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This chapter explores the nature of memory and the impact on communication of the memory deficits associated with dementia. The main types of memory are described (long-term, short-term, working, declarative, implicit, emotional, episodic). The process of recalling information is discussed, and the natural changes associated with ageing are considered. The general impact on communication of impaired event memory is explored before a deeper look is taken at why disruption to episodic memory has such a significant impact on communication. Specifically, the role of autonoesis (knowing one was present at an event) is explored. Without autonoesis, it is harder to speak with authority and confidence about what happened. People living with a dementia are vulnerable to being doubted, out-argued, and shouted down by those able to produce a stronger case for their own claims. Not being believed is a significant assault on the sense of self.
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Craik, Fergus I. M. "Remembering." In Remembering. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192895226.003.0003.
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This chapter makes the case for understanding memory in terms of qualitatively different codes represented by active processes, as opposed to such memory systems as episodic and semantic memory. A distinction is made between primary memory (PM), viewed as active conscious processing, and secondary memory (SM), viewed as the long-term representations of events and knowledge. The notion that PM involves attention paid to the information held in mind is discussed in light of current views of working memory. SM is described in terms of a hierarchically organized set of analytic representations running from specific episodes to context-free knowledge, as an alternative description to Tulving’s account in terms of separate episodic and semantic systems. The role of the external context in supporting retrieval is emphasized, and also the role of executive processes in enabling self-initiated activities when such environmental support is absent. Following previous researchers, the chapter endorses the notion of remembering as a set of active analytic operations, and stresses the similarity between the processes of perceiving and remembering. These ideas are illustrated by empirical examples.
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Baddeley, Alan, Graham Hitch, and Richard Allen. "A Multicomponent Model of Working Memory." In Working Memory. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198842286.003.0002.
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The multicomponent model aims to provide a broad theoretical framework enabling both more detailed fractionation and analysis of its components, and a capacity for it be used fruitfully beyond the laboratory. In its current form it comprises four interacting components. Two of these are modality-specific memory storage systems, one verbal-acoustic, the phonological loop, and one visuospatial, the sketchpad. Information in both these stores can be temporarily maintained via focused attention termed ‘refreshing’, while the phonological loop can also maintain familiar verbalizable material by subvocal or overt rehearsal. Both subsystems are controlled by a third component, the central executive, a supervisory system with limited resources. The central executive is principally concerned with internally directed attentional control processes but also has a role in the attentional selection of perceptual information. Information from these three components is coordinated with information from perception and long-term memory through the fourth component, a multidimensional, multimodal episodic buffer. This component is capable of holding up to around four episodic chunks, and is a valuable but essentially passive storage system, controlled by the central executive and accessible to conscious awareness. The multicomponent model has been systematically developed using a number of experimental tools. These include, principally, similarity effects to identify the type of coding involved, concurrent task methods to assess the contributions of the various subsystems to complex tasks, and neuropsychological evidence, in particular from the study of single cases with very specific deficits. The model continues to evolve and has proved successful both in accounting for a broad range of data on memory and related cognitive areas and in its application to the understanding of a wide range of cognitive activities and populations.
Conference papers on the topic "Episodic long-term memory"
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Sigalas, Markos, Michail Maniadakis, and Panos Trahanias. "Time-Aware Long-term Episodic Memory for Recurring HRI." In HRI '17: ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction. ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3029798.3038307.
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Sigalas, Markos, Michail Maniadakis, and Panos Trahanias. "Episodic memory formulation and its application in long-term HRI." In 2017 26th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/roman.2017.8172364.
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de Souza, Isaque Elcio, and Helio Azevedo. "A simulated environment for long-term interactions with episodic memory." In 2020 Latin American Robotics Symposium (LARS), 2020 Brazilian Symposium on Robotics (SBR) and 2020 Workshop on Robotics in Education (WRE). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lars/sbr/wre51543.2020.9306974.
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de Souza, Isaque Elcio, and Helio Azevedo. "A simulated environment for long-term interactions with episodic memory." In 2020 Latin American Robotics Symposium (LARS), 2020 Brazilian Symposium on Robotics (SBR) and 2020 Workshop on Robotics in Education (WRE). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lars/sbr/wre51543.2020.9306974.
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Kasap, Zerrin, and Nadia Magnenat-Thalmann. "Towards episodic memory-based long-term affective interaction with a human-like robot." In 2010 RO-MAN: The 19th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/roman.2010.5598644.
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Alhwaiti, Yousef, Mohammad Z. Chowdhury, Abu Kamruzzaman, and Charles C. Tappert. "Analysis of a Parameter-Based Computational Model of Long-Term Declarative Episodic Memory." In 2019 International Conference on Computational Science and Computational Intelligence (CSCI). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/csci49370.2019.00064.
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Kim, Han-Gyeol, Jeong-Yean Yang, and Dong-Soo Kwon. "Episodic memory system of affective agent with emotion for long-term human-robot interaction." In 2013 10th International Conference on Ubiquitous Robots and Ambient Intelligence (URAI). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/urai.2013.6677435.
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Furuta, Yuki, Kei Okada, Yohei Kakiuchi, and Masayuki Inaba. "An Everyday Robotic System that Maintains Local Rules Using Semantic Map Based on Long-Term Episodic Memory." In 2018 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iros.2018.8594481.
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Miyanishi, Taiki, Jun-ichiro Hirayama, Atsunori Kanemura, and Motoaki Kawanabe. "Answering Mixed Type Questions about Daily Living Episodes." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/593.
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We propose a physical-world question-answering (QA) method, where the system answers a text question about the physical world by searching a given sequence of sentences about daily-life episodes. To address various information needs in a physical world situation, the physical-world QA methods have to generate mixed-type responses (e.g. word sequence, word set, number, and time as well as a single word) according to the content of questions, after reading physical-world event stories. Most existing methods only provide words or choose answers from multiple candidates. In this paper, we use multiple decoders to generate a mixed-type answer encoding daily episodes with a memory architecture that can capture short- and long-term event dependencies. Results using house-activity stories show that the use of multiple decoders with memory components is effective for answering various physical-world QA questions.
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Lin, Siyu, and Peter A. Beling. "An End-to-End Optimal Trade Execution Framework based on Proximal Policy Optimization." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/627.
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In this article, we propose an end-to-end adaptive framework for optimal trade execution based on Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO). We use two methods to account for the time dependencies in the market data based on two different neural network architecture: 1) Long short-term memory (LSTM) networks, 2) Fully-connected networks (FCN) by stacking the most recent limit orderbook (LOB) information as model inputs. The proposed framework can make trade execution decisions based on level-2 limit order book (LOB) information such as bid/ask prices and volumes directly without manually designed attributes as in previous research. Furthermore, we use a sparse reward function, which gives the agent reward signals at the end of each episode as an indicator of its relative performances against the baseline model, rather than implementation shortfall (IS) or a shaped reward function. The experimental results have demonstrated advantages over IS and the shaped reward function in terms of performance and simplicity. The proposed framework has outperformed the industry commonly used baseline models such as TWAP, VWAP, and AC as well as several Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) models on most of the 14 US equities in our experiments.