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Journal articles on the topic 'Epistemic closure principle'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 24 April 2022
Last updated: 30 July 2025

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1

Greene, Richard. "A REJECTION OF THE EPISTEMIC CLOSURE PRINCIPLE." Southwest Philosophy Review 17, no. 2 (2001): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/swphilreview20011725.

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2

Goldstein, Simon, and John Hawthorne. "Safety, Closure, and Extended Methods." Journal of Philosophy 121, no. 1 (2024): 26–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jphil202412112.

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Recent research has identified a tension between the Safety principle that knowledge is belief without risk of error, and the Closure principle that knowledge is preserved by competent deduction. Timothy Williamson reconciles Safety and Closure by proposing that when an agent deduces a conclusion from some premises, the agent’s method for believing the conclusion includes their method for believing each premise. We argue that this theory is untenable because it implies problematically easy epistemic access to one’s methods. Several possible solutions are explored and rejected.
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3

Montminy, Martin, and Wes Skolits. "DEFENDING THE COHERENCE OF CONTEXTUALISM." Episteme 11, no. 3 (2014): 319–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/epi.2014.13.

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AbstractAccording to a popular objection against epistemic contextualism, contextualists who endorse the factivity of knowledge, the principle of epistemic closure and the knowledge norm of assertion cannot coherently defend their theory without abandoning their response to skepticism. After examining and criticizing three responses to this objection, we offer our own solution. First, we question the assumption that contextualists ought to be interpreted as asserting the content of their theory. Second, we argue that contextualists need not hold that high epistemic standards govern contexts in
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4

Coliva, Annalisa. "Précis of Extended Rationality: A Hinge Epistemology." International Journal for the Study of Skepticism 7, no. 4 (2017): 217–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105700-00704001.

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The paper presents the key themes of my Extended Rationality: A Hinge Epistemology. It focuses, in particular, on the moderate account of perceptual justification, the constitutive response put forward against Humean skepticism, epistemic relativism, the closure principle, the transmission of warrant principle, as well as on the applications of the extended rationality view to the case of the principle of the uniformity of nature, testimony, and the justification of basic laws of inference.
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5

Lai, Changsheng. "The Self-Hollowing Problem of the Radical Sceptical Paradox." Erkenntnis 85, no. 5 (2018): 1269–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10670-018-0076-7.

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Abstract The purpose of this paper is to provide a new solution to the radical sceptical paradox. A sceptical paradox purports to indicate the inconsistency within our fundamental epistemological commitments that are all seemingly plausible. Typically, sceptics employ an intuitively appealing epistemic principle (e.g., the closure principle, the underdetermination principle) to derive the sceptical conclusion. This paper will reveal a dilemma intrinsic to the sceptical paradox, which I refer to as the self-hollowing problem of radical scepticism. That is, on the one hand, if the sceptical conc
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Szwed, Paulina, Małgorzata Kossowska, and Marcin Bukowski. "Effort investment in uncontrollable situations: The moderating role of motivation toward closure." Motivation and Emotion 45, no. 2 (2021): 186–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11031-021-09868-4.

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AbstractAccording to the principle of energy-conservation principle, effort investment is usually reduced in situations that are perceived as uncontrollable. This is because when success is recognized as impossible, any effortful actions are no longer justified. However, we predicted that individual differences in uncertainty tolerance, i.e., the need for closure (NFC), may moderate effort investment in uncontrollable situations. We tested this prediction in two experimental studies in which we exposed participants with differing levels of NFC to uncontrollable events, and indexed effort throu
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7

Mijic, Jelena. "The advantages of neomoorean antiskeptical strategy." Filozofija i drustvo 31, no. 4 (2020): 615–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fid2004615m.

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This paper aims to argue in support of the neo-Moorean attempt(s) to solve a skeptical paradox. It defends the thesis that neo-Mooreans retain advantages and avoid disadvantages of rival anti-skeptical strategies - namely epistemic contextualism. The puzzle that a radical skeptic poses is exemplified by Nozick?s famous Brain in a Vat thought experiment, which enables construing valid arguments consisting of jointly inconsistent but independently plausible premises. The first and the second part of the paper are devoted to Nozick?s conditional analysis of knowledge and De Rose?s epistemic conte
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8

Luzzi, Federico. "WHAT DOES KNOWLEDGE-YIELDING DEDUCTION REQUIRE OF ITS PREMISES?" Episteme 11, no. 3 (2014): 261–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/epi.2014.3.

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AbstractAccording to the principle of Knowledge Counter-Closure (KCC), knowledge-yielding single-premise deduction requires a known premise: if S believes q solely on the basis of deduction from p, and S knows q, then S must know p. Although prima facie plausible, widely accepted, and supported by seemingly compelling motivations, KCC has recently been challenged by cases where S arguably knows q solely on the basis of deduction from p, yet p is false (Warfield 2005; Fitelson 2010) or p is true but not known (Coffman 2008; Luzzi 2010). I explore a view that resolves this tension by abandoning
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9

Jackson, Alexander. "HOW TO FORMULATE ARGUMENTS FROM EASY KNOWLEDGE, AND MAYBE HOW TO RESIST THEM." American Philosophical Quarterly 55, no. 4 (2018): 341–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/45128629.

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Abstract Arguments from "easy knowledge" are meant to refute a class of epistemological views, including foundationalism about perceptual knowledge. I present arguments from easy knowledge in their strongest form, and explain why other formulations in the literature are inferior. I criticize two features of Stewart Cohen’s presentation (2002, 2005), namely his focus on knowing that one’s faculties are reliable, and his use of a Williamson-style closure principle. Rather, the issue around easy knowledge must be understood using a notion of epistemic priority. Roger White’s presentation (2006) i
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10

Murphy, Peter. "The Defect in Effective Skeptical Scenarios." International Journal for the Study of Skepticism 3, no. 4 (2013): 271–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105700-03011096.

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What epistemic defect needs to show up in a skeptical scenario if it is to effectively target some belief? According to the false belief account, the targeted belief must be false in the skeptical scenario. According to the competing ignorance account, the targeted belief must fall short of being knowledge in the skeptical scenario. This paper argues for two claims. The first is that, contrary to what is often assumed, the ignorance account is superior to the false belief account. The second is that the ignorance account ultimately hobbles the skeptic. It does so for two reasons. First, when t
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11

McCallum, E. L. "Amoebic Narrative." GLQ 31, no. 2 (2025): 231–56. https://doi.org/10.1215/10642684-11636347.

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This essay poses a series of stories, drawn from Renee Gladman's Ravicka novels and accounts of social amoebas/slime molds in feminist science studies and science fiction. The author aims to respond to Sylvia Wynter's call for a new science from a queer vantage. Given Wynter's understanding of the centrality of stories to human autopoeisis, the author considers how queer stories take new forms, beyond the norms of narrative closure as detailed in Peter Brooks's reading of the death drive in Beyond the Pleasure Principle. Returning to Freud, the author discerns how the life drive (which he iden
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12

Hales, Steven D. "Epistemic Closure Principles." Southern Journal of Philosophy 33, no. 2 (1995): 185–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-6962.1995.tb00739.x.

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13

Collins, John M. "Ryan on epistemic closure principles." Philosophia 29, no. 1-4 (2002): 371–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02379917.

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14

Frances, Bryan. "Contradictory Belief and Epistemic Closure Principles." Mind and Language 14, no. 2 (1999): 203–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0017.00110.

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15

Lawlor, Krista. "Living Without Closure." Grazer Philosophische Studien 69, no. 1 (2005): 25–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756735-069001003.

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Epistemic closure, the idea that knowledge is closed under known implication, plays a central role in current discussions of skepticism and the semantics of knowledge reports. Contextualists in particular rely heavily on the truth of epistemic closure in staking out their distinctive response to the so-called "skeptical paradox." I argue that contextualists should re-think their commitment to closure. Closure principles strong enough to force the skeptical paradox on us are too strong, and closure principles weak enough to express unobjectionable epistemic principles are too weak to generate t
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16

Pettigrew, Richard. "A NEW EPISTEMIC UTILITY ARGUMENT FOR THE PRINCIPAL PRINCIPLE." Episteme 10, no. 1 (2013): 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/epi.2013.5.

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AbstractJim Joyce has presented an argument for Probabilism based on considerations of epistemic utility. In a recent paper, I adapted this argument to give an argument for Probablism and the Principal Principle based on similar considerations. Joyce's argument assumes that a credence in a true proposition is better the closer it is to maximal credence, whilst a credence in a false proposition is better the closer it is to minimal credence. By contrast, my argument in that paper assumed (roughly) that a credence in a proposition is better the closer it is to the objective chance of that propos
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17

Boult, Cameron. "Epistemic Principles and Sceptical Arguments: Closure and Underdetermination." Philosophia 41, no. 4 (2013): 1125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11406-013-9427-4.

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18

Moretti, Luca, and Tomoji Shogenji. "Skepticism and Epistemic Closure: Two Bayesian Accounts." International Journal for the Study of Skepticism 7, no. 1 (2017): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105700-006011213.

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This paper considers two novel Bayesian responses to a well-known skeptical paradox. The paradox consists of three intuitions: first, given appropriate sense experience, we have justification for accepting the relevant proposition about the external world; second, we have justification for expanding the body of accepted propositions through known entailment; third, we do not have justification for accepting that we are not disembodied souls in an immaterial world deceived by an evil demon. The first response we consider rejects the third intuition and proposes an explanation of why we have a f
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19

COWEN, TYLER. "The Epistemic Problem Does Not Refute Consequentialism." Utilitas 18, no. 4 (2006): 383–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953820806002172.

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Should radical uncertainty about the distant future dissuade us from judging options by referring to their consequences? I argue no. Some short-run benefits are sufficiently high that we should pursue them, even if our long-run estimates possess a very high variance. I discuss the relationship between the epistemic argument and ‘fuzzy’ rankings and also ‘arguments from infinity’. Furthermore, extant versions of the epistemic argument require the assumption that we have no idea about the major consequences of our acts. Even a slight idea about some major consequences will render the epistemic a
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20

Sánchez Hernández, Juan Carlos. "Logical Omniscience as a Conditionality Issue. A Multi-Modal Approach." Crítica (México D F En línea) 57, no. 169 (2025): 119–63. https://doi.org/10.22201/iifs.18704905e.2025.1669.

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Many solutions to the problem of Logical Omniscience assume that this arises from the behavior of the epistemic operators. However, few proposals have criticized the assumption that material implication accurately accounts for conditionality. This paper aims to show how Multi-Modal Logic can be used to criticize this assumption. After reviewing a kind of fusion semantics that incorporates a set of epistemic states to the models, serious systems of Multi-Modal Logic are used to criticize both the validity of Closure Principles for Knowledge and Belief and a version of Logical Omniscience that u
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21

Stelios, Spyridon, Panagiotis Tzavaras, and Mona Dermata. "Virtual Reality in education: Attempting an epistemic justification." European Journal of Teaching and Education 5, no. 1 (2022): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/ejte.v5i1.933.

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In discussing the limits of human knowledge, physical objects are, in principle, not identical to the apparent ones. This is because the latter depend also on the observer. Virtual reality (VR) models are environments that address the senses and therefore belong to the apparent space. Therefore, they seem to prevent an epistemic justification. Based on that, this paper discusses VR technology’s potential to provide knowledge of external reality to students. This is particularly important in light of the conditions imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic, which have led to an increasingly significant
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22

Jing-Schmidt, Zhuo, and Xinjia Peng. "The emergence of disjunction: A history of constructionalization in Chinese." Cognitive Linguistics 27, no. 1 (2016): 101–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2015-0073.

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AbstractThis study investigates the diachronic development of Chinese disjunction, drawing implications both for principles of diachronic Construction Grammar, and for the linguistic typology of disjunction. Close examinations of data from historical corpora revealed non-linear, gradual constructional changes based on complex yet principled interactions of conceptual origin, constructional patterning, discourse pragmatics, and an isolating typology in the development of Chinese disjunction. Specifically, the results (1) show that construction is the source, unit and product of change, (2) demo
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23

Artemov, Sergei. "Justification awareness." Journal of Logic and Computation 30, no. 8 (2020): 1431–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/logcom/exaa043.

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Abstract We offer a new semantic approach to formal epistemology that incorporates two principal ideas: (i) justifications are prime objects of the model: knowledge and belief are defined evidence-based concepts; (ii) awareness restrictions are applied to justifications rather than to propositions, which allows for the maintaining of desirable closure properties. The resulting structures, Justification Awareness Models, JAMs, naturally include major justification models, Kripke models and, in addition, represent situations with multiple possibly fallible justifications which, in full generalit
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24

Arrafi Silitonga, Ferris, and Herdito Sandi Pratama. "Exploring the Structural Spread of Close-Mindedness as an Epistemic Vice in Indonesia." Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik 28, no. 1 (2025): 108. https://doi.org/10.22146/jsp.80531.

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The post-Suharto era in Indonesia, which spans over 26 years and encompasses numerous leadership changes, has been marked by significant democratic challenges. The period is defined by the rise of populism, increasing polarization, and institutional resistance to open discourse. Sensitive discussions regarding the principles and ideologies of the state are often met with reluctance or outright rejection by governmental institutions. These tendencies reflect a deeper structural issue: the intellectual vice of close-mindedness, as examined through the lens of vice epistemology. This paper argues
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25

WALSH, SEAN. "LOGICISM, INTERPRETABILITY, AND KNOWLEDGE OF ARITHMETIC." Review of Symbolic Logic 7, no. 1 (2014): 84–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755020313000397.

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AbstractA crucial part of the contemporary interest in logicism in the philosophy of mathematics resides in its idea that arithmetical knowledge may be based on logical knowledge. Here, an implementation of this idea is considered that holds that knowledge of arithmetical principles may be based on two things: (i) knowledge of logical principles and (ii) knowledge that the arithmetical principles are representable in the logical principles. The notions of representation considered here are related to theory-based and structure-based notions of representation from contemporary mathematical logi
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26

Syarif, Ubed Abdilah. "The Epistemic Discourse of Religious Moderation (Moderasi Beragama) in Indonesia." Digital Press Social Sciences and Humanities 11 (2024): 00014. http://dx.doi.org/10.29037/digitalpress.411466.

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<p class="Abstract"><span lang="ZH-CN">Since its early beginning, the “Religious Moderation” <i>(Moderasi
 Beragama)</i> has been a disputed controversy in the making of its epistemic
 discourses among parties of religious authorities of Islamic organisations,
 particularly <i>Nahdlatul Ulama</i> <i>(N.U.)</i>, <i>Muhammadiyah</i>, and
 Islamic-based political parties. The issues following controversies are
 political bias due to the principles of Religious Moderation that are close to
 the characteristic
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27

Pushkarskaya, Natalya. "Chinese Epistemic Culture on the Example of Traditional Chinese Medicine." Ideas and Ideals 14, no. 1-1 (2022): 50–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17212/2075-0862-2022-14.1.1-50-67.

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The article examines the main features of the epistemic culture of Ancient China and designates its place in the modern theory of knowledge. The author shows a close connection between the method of cognition and the holistic worldview expressed by the proto-categorical conceptual constructions yin - yang 阴阳 (two fundamental opposites), san cai 三才 (heaven - man - earth) and wu xing 五行 (five forces: water - fire - wood - metal - soil). The interrelation between the strategy of cognition and the general socio-cultural paradigm can be most clearly traced on the example of the phenomenon of tradit
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28

Petkoff, B., H. Mannebach, S. Kirkby, and D. Kraus. "Reconstructing Medical Problem Solving Competence: MACCORD." Methods of Information in Medicine 32, no. 04 (1993): 326–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1634941.

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AbstractThe building of medical knowledge-based systems involves the reconstruction of methodological principles and structures within the various subdomains of medicine. ACCORD is a general methodology of knowledge-based systems, and MACCORD its application to medicine. MACCORD represents the problem solving behavior of the medical expert in terms of various types of medical reasoning and at various levels of abstraction. With MACCORD the epistemic and cognitive processes in clinical medicine can be described in formal terminology, covering the entire diversity of medical reasoning. MACCORD i
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29

D, Lopez Romero, Serrano Ruiz, J. J, and Zaleta Arias M. E. "Scientific and Academic Facts of Gerontology." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science VIII, no. IX (2024): 3391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2024.8090285.

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Studies on old age and aging have opened a series of discussions from the origin of the object of study, as well as from the philosophical principles, construction of the epistemic base until reaching the reflection of training and profession. The literature review brings us closer to understanding, it is of utmost importance for the construction and analysis of knowledge. The approach to these points arises from the vision of general science and is specifically directed to gerontology, which is a vehicle to transit through the objectives set out here. It is interesting to elucidate the constr
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30

Soares, Thiago Barbosa. "Imaginary formation and discursive ethos." Palimpsesto - Revista do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras da UERJ 22, no. 43 (2023): 43–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/palimpsesto.2023.76917.

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This article deals comparatively with the notions, belonging to the field of action of Discourse Analysis, of imaginary formation and discursive ethos, from the perspective of the internal transformation of how certain principles of language are conceived to the point of changing the conceptual functioning of these analytical operators and how historical determinations remodel them. For this purpose, it deals, from based on certain epistemological instruments, with the similarities and differences between these two notions. As a result of this investigation, it was found that both highlight, a
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31

Pronskich, Vitaliy S. "Is Reproducibility Always Important or Even Possible for a Scientific Experiment?" Voprosy Filosofii, no. 8 (2021): 103–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/0042-8744-2021-8-103-115.

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This article provides an extended commentary on three books by R. Laymon and A. Franklin about the methodology and epistemology of the scientific experi­ment, as well as their article on the issue of reproducibility of experiments. The reproducibility of scientific results has historically been considered one of the methodological standards of science, and it is associated with ideas about the truth and intersubjective nature of scientific knowledge. The problem of re­producibility has received particular attention in recent decades because special­ized studies have revealed that more than hal
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32

Bhattacharjee, Monica. "Embracing the Paradox: A Bodhisattva Path." Religions 13, no. 1 (2022): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel13010067.

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This article addresses the significance of paradox as a steady presence in our lives. Contradictions and ambiguities often lead to aversive states of anxious uncertainty where straightforward answers are often unavailable yet sought after to alleviate existential insecurities. In conditions where narratives of ambivalence intensify, such as during the worldwide COVID-19 crises, our traditional socio-evolutionary inclinations to avoid them either through denial or active resistance become more noticeable. It also leads to distress in intersubjective spaces especially when uncertainty and percep
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33

Tiercelin, Claudine. "In Defense of a Critical Commonsensist Conception of Knowledge." International Journal for the Study of Skepticism 6, no. 2-3 (2016): 182–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105700-00603007.

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Questioning doubt is much more recent than questioning knowledge, and may be traced back to Charles Sanders Peirce and Ludwig Wittgenstein. Both have a close pragmatist strategy and reject the relevance of the radical Cartesian scenario. However, despite a common diagnosis of what goes wrong with the sceptic and of some illusions he entertains about thinking, knowledge, and the way they are related to practice and action, the replies are not the same. Whereas Wittgenstein wavers between a realistic reaction and a neo-Pyrrhonian attitude, Peirce’s offensive attack strongly relies on a metaphysi
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34

Kastenhofer, Karen. "Natural Sciences in Academic Vienna in the 1990s: From "[Peripheral] Outpost Near the Iron Curtain" to "Central Hub"." Studia Historiae Scientiarum 21 (August 26, 2022): 515–52. https://doi.org/10.4467/2543702XSHS.22.016.15982.

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In 1999, four editorials in the journal Biological Chemistry commemorate how, since the 1980s, Vienna has transformed from a “[peripheral] outpost near the Iron Curtain” to a “central hub” for life science research. A closer look at these texts reveals the explicit and implicit role of drawing maps for and within science, depicting centers, peripheries and – in this case – geopolitically real and allegorical “iron curtains”. Based on this observation and the issues it raises, I rexamine the pertinent empirical material covering relevant
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35

Mrzygłód, Piotr. "Absurd jako naczelna kategoria interpretacyjna w egzystencjalnym irracjonalizmie Lwa Szestowa." Wrocławski Przegląd Teologiczny 19, no. 2 (2011): 165–83. https://doi.org/10.52097/wpt.3030.

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Russian Lev Isaakovich Shestov (Jew by origin, born Yehuda Leyb Schwarzmann) is one of the most controversial minds in the 20th century. His anti-system and anti-rationalistic thought is defined as “The philosophy of absurdity” and is an extraordinary intellectual phenomenon on the philosophical map not only in Europe, but all over the world. This whole article is an attempt to show how the basic categories of Shestov’s thinking (which was glorified by Russian philosophers) such as: “chaos”, “paradox”, “nonsense” and “chance”, became “keys” for interpreting all of reality. They also became the
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36

Jusić, Mersiha. "PSIHOLOGIJA VJEROVANJA U TEORIJE ZAVJERE / PSYCHOLOGY OF CONSPIRACY BELIEFS." Pregled: časopis za društvena pitanja / Periodical for social issues 63, no. 3 (2023): 57–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.48052/19865244.2022.3.57.

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Conspiracy theories have always existed, and (some) people have always believed in them. However, due to the expansion of contemporary media and information technologies, as well as social networks becoming primary platforms of information, the issue of how conspiracy beliefs affect daily lives has become popular again. Current societal, political and health crises have sparked global research interest in the topic. Especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, it has become obvious how significant these beliefs are in determining health behavior and adhering to preventive anti-epidemic measures. T
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37

Smirnov, Andrey V. "Logic of Sense: 2021 Version." Chelovek 33, no. 2 (2022): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s023620070019508-5.

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Logic of sense is presented as a theoretical approach which avoids the “hard problem of consciousness” pitfall. The logic of sense theory objective is to follow the consciousness development “from inside”, as an answer to the question “how can we explain the consciousness and its content on the basis of itself with no dogmatic presupposition”. Nothing is accepted, however evident or complying with common sense it may seem, if not justified from that point of view. The basic categories of the logic of sense are introduced: smysl (sense), smyslopolaganiye (sense positing), tselostnost’ (integrit
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38

SHYROKOV, V. A. "CHANGE OF PARADIGMALTIC VECTOR IN MODERN LINGUISTICS: SOME METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS." Movoznavstvo 327, no. 6 (2022): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33190/0027-2833-327-2022-6-001.

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The ideas of the evolutionary-informational-phenomenological paradigm of linguistic research are under investigation. The current state of linguistic science is analyzed in the context of the development of the latest stage of scientific knowledge, which is characterized by a significant expansion of the conceptual space of research, the interpenetration of disparate scientific paradigms, epistemes and methods, and the blurring of boundaries between different areas of knowledge. The urgent need for intellectualization of equipment and technology is emphasized, caused, first, by the information
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39

Bishop, Robert C., and Michael Silberstein. "Emergence in Context: A Treatise in Twenty-First Century Natural Philosophy." Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 75, no. 2 (2023): 142–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.56315/pscf9-23bishop2.

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EMERGENCE IN CONTEXT: A Treatise in Twenty-First Century Natural Philosophy by Robert C. Bishop, Michael Silberstein, and Mark Pexton. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2022. 363 pages. Hardcover; $103.65. ISBN: 9780192849786. *Reductionists dream of a day when all scientific truths can be derived from fundamental physics. Bishop, Silberstein, and Paxton show that dream is now dead, or at least it's quite ill. But what will replace it? One answer is "emergence," although that term is ambiguous. In its weak sense, it merely expresses pessimism about our ability to fully understand how microp
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40

Iqbal, Basit Kareem. "Religion as Critique: Islamic Critical Thinking from Mecca to the Marketplace." American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 35, no. 3 (2018): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajiss.v35i3.488.

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Christianity was the religion of spirit (and freedom), and critiqued Islam as a religion of flesh (and slavery); later, Christianity was the religion of reason, and critiqued Islam as the religion of fideism; later still, Christianity was the religion of the critique of religion, and critiqued Islam as the most atavistic of religions. Even now, when the West has critiqued its own Chris- tianity enough to be properly secular (because free, rational, and critical), it continues to critique Islam for being not secular enough. In contrast to Christianity or post-Christian secularism, then, and des
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41

Dutant, Julien, and Sven Rosenkranz. "Safety’s coordination problems." Philosophical Studies, May 10, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11098-024-02147-1.

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AbstractThe safety conception of knowledge holds that a belief constitutes knowledge iff relevantly similar beliefs—its epistemic counterparts—are true. It promises an instructive account of why certain general principles of knowledge hold. We focus on two such principles that anyone should endorse: the closure principle that knowledge is downward closed under competent conjunction elimination, and the counter-closure principle that knowledge is upward closed under competent conjunction introduction. We argue that anyone endorsing the former must also endorse the latter on pains of an unaccept
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42

Hui, Liyun. "How does the defense of closure fail again?" Synthese 206, no. 1 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-025-05087-3.

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Abstract The closure principle is pivotal in contemporary epistemology, yet its tenability is subject to ongoing dispute. In particular, both global and local error possibilities challenge the closure principle. Duncan Pritchard seeks to defend a version of the closure principle – Competent Deduction Closure – by appealing to two ideas. To address local error possibilities, he appeals to the idea of favoring support to save closure; to address global error possibilities, he draws on the concept of hinge commitments in Wittgenstein’s later philosophy. However, upon closer examination, this two-
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43

Elgin, Samuel Z. "Knowledge is closed under analytic content." Synthese, February 5, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11229-021-03027-5.

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AbstractI am concerned with epistemic closure—the phenomenon in which some knowledge requires other knowledge. In particular, I defend a version of the closure principle in terms of analyticity; if an agent S knows that p is true and that q is an analytic part of p, then S knows that q. After targeting the relevant notion of analyticity, I argue that this principle accommodates intuitive cases and possesses the theoretical resources to avoid the preface paradox.
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44

Rossi, Niccolò. "Hyperintensional epistemic justification: a ground-theoretic topic-sensitive semantics." Synthese 205, no. 3 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-024-04789-4.

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Abstract In recent years the study of topic or subject matter has found application in the analysis of epistemic attitudes such as knowledge and belief. To know or believe $$\varphi ,$$ one needs to grasp $$\varphi $$ ’s topic, i.e. what $$\varphi $$ is about. This yields a hyperintensional treatment of epistemic attitudes: if two necessary equivalent sentences differ in subject matter, they cannot be substituted salva veritate in the context of those attitudes. In this paper, I aim to extend this approach to propositional justification. I argue that, in contrast to epistemic attitudes, having
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Gilbertson, Eric. "Against the anti-closure response to the factivity problem for epistemic contextualism." Principia: an international journal of epistemology 27, no. 2 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1808-1711.2023.e86155.

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It appears that there is an inconsistency in combining epistemic contextualism with a plausible closure principle for knowledge and the view that knowledge is factive. I discuss the proposal that in order to avoid inconsistency the contextualist should reject closure and retain factivity. The proposal offers an alternative to closure and an argument that warrant fails to transmit through inference in the relevant cases. I criticize both accounts. The proposed alternative to closure is not well motivated and leaves unresolved the question of why standard closure should not hold. The argument th
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Olivier, K. Merrick. "Agent Reliabilism and Inferential Knowledge from Gettiered Belief." Episteme, June 24, 2020, 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/epi.2020.15.

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Abstract Epistemologists have generally accepted that competently deduced, known conclusions must issue from known premises, as the principle of Counter-Closure demands; however, some have recently challenged the notion, arguing that knowledge may be inferred from non-knowledge. In this paper, I focus on the yet unexamined topic of inferential knowledge from Gettiered belief with regard to Greco's virtue-epistemic framework, which he refers to as ‘agent reliabilism’. I argue that agent reliabilism allows for instances of Counter-Closure violation. In presenting my argument, I construct and pro
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Schönbaumsfeld, Genia. "Précis of The Illusion of Doubt." International Journal for the Study of Skepticism, March 9, 2020, 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105700-bja10001.

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The Illusion of Doubt shows that radical scepticism is an illusion generated by a Cartesian picture of our evidential situation—the view that my epistemic grounds in both the ‘good’ and the ‘bad’ cases must be the same. It is this picture which issues both a standing invitation to radical scepticism and ensures that there is no way of getting out of it while agreeing to the sceptic’s terms. The sceptical problem cannot, therefore, be answered ‘directly’. Rather, the assumptions that give rise to it, need to be undermined. These include the notion that radical scepticism can be motivated by the
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Ramos Mendonça, Bruno. "Game Semantics, Quantifiers and Logical Omniscience." Logic and Logical Philosophy, June 13, 2022, 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/llp.2022.021.

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Logical omniscience states that the knowledge set of ordinary rational agents is closed for its logical consequences. Although epistemic logicians in general judge this principle unrealistic, there is no consensus on how it should be restrained. The challenge is conceptual: we must find adequate criteria for separating obvious logical consequences (consequences for which epistemic closure certainly holds) from non-obvious ones. Non-classical game-theoretic semantics has been employed in this discussion with relative success. On the one hand, with urn semantics [15], an expressive fragment of c
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Yuminah, Yuminah, Zulkifli Zulkifli, Muhamad Fahri, Rena Latifa, and Neng Sri Nuraeni. "Fundamentalisme Agama: Studi Konstruk dan Alat Ukur." Psikis : Jurnal Psikologi Islami 11, no. 1 (2025). https://doi.org/10.19109/psikis.v11i1.27232.

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Religious fundamentalism constitutes an attitudinal and behavioral approach to religious adherence underpinned by an intratextual cognitive framework, which prioritizes the literal interpretation and comprehension of sacred texts. This principle-oriented cognitive paradigm is not contingent upon meaning but rather on process, where in the text itself dictates the methodology of its own reading and interpretation. Consequently, this approach negates dialogical engagement, reducing the dichotomy to either adherence to textual truth or its rejection, thereby fostering epistemic closure to alterna
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Arduin, Sarah. "Precautionary Principle and Impact Assessment: The Case of School Closures during the Pandemic in Ireland." European Journal of Risk Regulation, April 18, 2024, 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/err.2024.26.

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Abstract The development of the precautionary principle by the EU Courts has often been interpreted by scholars as inconsistent with another trend in EU risk regulation: one that is evidence-based and relies on impact assessment. This article argues that the two trends – precaution and regulatory impact assessment – are not mutually exclusive. Together they may, in fact, act as a procedural safeguard against discretionary decisions that have an impact on fundamental rights, especially under conditions of epistemic uncertainty. The article illustrates this claim by looking at the decisions to c
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