To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Epistemisk modalitet.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Epistemisk modalitet'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Epistemisk modalitet.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Mattsson, Hanna. "Internationell dialog i Sergej Lavrovs Arktisdiskurs : En analys av epistemisk modalitet som uttryck för diskursiva strategier." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för moderna språk, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-414820.
Full textAbstract:
This study explores the Russian foreign minister, Sergey Viktorovich Lavrov’s, use of epistemic modality as means of discursive strategies during the period January 2019 - March 2020, and how these strategies frame the topic of International dialogue in the contemporary Russian Arctic discourse. The study employs discourse analysis as theory as well as method on an empirical material consisting of official texts that were published by the Russian Foreign Ministry. The study concludes that the most frequently employed discursive strategy was that of convincing, however mitigating and hedging were also relatively frequently used. Moreover, consistent with previous research, the topic of International dialogue was considered to be framed in a rather polarized manner. As such, the conclusion of this study presents that no significant deviations from the conclusions drawn from previous research on the Russian Arctic discourse were found in the studied material.Это исследование осматривает как министр иностранных дел Российской Федерации Сергей Викторович Лавров использует эпистемическую модальность как выражение стратегий дискурса, в периоде января 2019 до марта 2020 года, и как эти стратегии сформировали тему Международного диалога в современном российском арктическом дискурсе. Исследование использует анализ дискурса как теория и метод к эмпирическому материалу, составляющему из текстов опубликованы министерством иностранных дел. Исследование показывает, что чаще всего встречающейся стратегия является стратегией убеждения, но смягчения и хеджирования довольно часто встречались. Кроме того, согласно предыдущей исследовании, исследование считает, что тема Международного диалога прияла форму полемики. Таким образом результат исследования приводит к выводу, что нет указания значительного отклонения от заключений предыдущего исследования по российскому арктическому дискурсу были обнаружены в исследованном материале.
2
Nordén, Anton Harry. "Epistemic modality in Ghanaian Pidgin English." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Avdelningen för allmän språkvetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-131516.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigates the expression of epistemic modality in a corpus of Ghanaian Pidgin English (GhaPE). The epistemic expressions are manually identified and thereafter distinguished from each other in terms of grammatical status and their indication of different epistemic and evidential notions. 7 different elements are found, ranging from 1 pre-verbal marker, 1 adverb, 2 particles and 3 complement-taking predicates. The results indicate, in line with existing research, that to differentiate between usage properties of individual modal expressions it may be necessary to subdivide them in terms of not only epistemic but also evidential meanings. Moreover, a functional parallel between the GhaPE particle abi, the Swedish modal particle väl and the Spanish adverbs a lo mejor and igual is demonstrated, with respect to their simultaneous function of expressing epistemic probability and asking the hearer for confirmation. Finally, the results suggest, contrary to previous accounts, that the pre-verbal marker fit may indicate epistemic possibility without the addition of a preceding irrealis marker go. It is proposed that future researchers should make use of bigger corpora in order to arrive at a more ample conception of both individual modal categories and their interrelations.
3
Menzies, Stacey. "Nsyilxcen modality : semantic analysis of epistemic modality." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/43809.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this thesis is to describe and analyze the modal system of Nsyilxcen, an Interior Salish language spoken in south central British Columbia and northern Washington State. In particular, it focuses on the epistemic modals mat and cmay, which express necessity and possibility with respect to certain bodies of knowledge. Similar to modals in St'át'imcets (Rullmann et al. 2008) and Gitksan (Peterson 2010) these modals lexically encode an epistemic modal base and an indirect inferential evidential restriction. I propose that these two modals can be distinguished based on their modal force distinction, where mat has variable modal force and cmay a strictly encoded existential modal force. Based on these generalizations, I propose a formal semantic analysis for the epistemic modals drawing from Kratzer (1977, 1981, 1991, 2012), Rullmann et al. (2008), Peterson (2010), and Deal (2011). The analysis defines each modal in a way that accounts for the strictly encoded modal base and evidential restriction, as well as the variable modal force for mat and the strictly encoded existential modal force for cmay. In addition to the epistemic modals mat and cmay this thesis documents the reportative modal kʷukʷ as well as how Nsyilxcen encodes non-epistemic modality. It looks at the bouletic modal cakʷ and how Nsyilxcen encodes a deontic, circumstantial, ability, and teleological modal base which makes use of the irrealis marker ks-, imperative markers -x and -ikʷ, or the basic predicate, depending on the addressee and the context. This thesis will discuss how the Nsyilxcen system fits into a preliminary modal typology based on the semantics of these modals.
4
Vokurková, Zuzana. "Epistemic modalities in spoken standard Tibetan." Paris 8, 2008. http://octaviana.fr/document/145517160#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse est une étude des modalités épistémiques en tibétain standard parlé. Celles-ci sont généralement exprimées par un système de terminaisons verbales appelées 'les terminaisons épistémiques'. Elles véhiculent différents degrés de certitude du locuteur concernant la réalité de son énoncé. La thèse est composée de cinq chapitres. Le premier chapitre théorique traite de la modalité en général et de ses corrélats, le temps et l'aspect. Nous nous appuyons sur les travaux de Palmer (1986), Dik (1997) et Gosselin (2005). Le second chapitre est une présentation de la situation linguistique au Tibet et une caractéristique morphologique et syntactique du tibétain standard parlé. Le troisième chapitre se concentre sur le système des terminaisons épistémiques en les analysant des points de vue conceptuel, fonctionnel et syntactique. Nous montrons que ces terminaisons, tout comme les terminaisons évidentielles (médiatives) véhiculent également des valeurs évidentielles (sensorielle, factuelle, égophorique) et qu'elles sont en principe employées dans les phrases affirmatives et négatives, et non dans les phrases interrogatives. Le quatrième chapitre est une classification de différents types des terminaisons épistémiques. En tout, nous décrivons 44 terminaisons épistémiques et construisons leur paradigme aspecto-temporel. Enfin, le cinquième chapitre traite de la compatibilité des verbes secondaires avec les terminaisons épistémiques. Pour conclure, une douzaine de types des terminaisons épistémiques sont employés dans la langue parlée. Ils diffèrent par leur degré de certitude, le temps-aspect, la valeur évidentielle, l'emploi géographique et la fréquenceThis dissertation is a study of epistemic modalities in spoken Standard Tibetan. They are generally conveyed by a system of verbal endings called 'epistemic endings'. These endings express various degrees of the speaker's certainty of the actuality of his utterance. The dissertation consists of five chapters. The first chapter is theoretic dealing with modality in general, and with the related categories of tense and aspect. I draw on the works of Palmer (1986), Dik (1997) and Gosselin (2005). The second chapter presents the linguistic situation in Tibet and characterizes spoken Standard Tibetan morphologically and syntactically. The third chapter concentrates on the system of epistemic endings analyzing them from a conceptual, functional and syntactic point of view. It is demonstrated that epistemic endings, just like evidential endings, also convey secondary evidential meanings (sensory, factual, egophoric) and that they are normally used in affirmative and negative sentences, and not in interrogative sentences. The fourth chapter is a classification of the various types of epistemic endings. Altogether, 44 epistemic endings are described and their tense-aspect paradigm is built. Finally, the fifth chapter deals with the compatibility of the secondary verbs with epistemic endings. In conclusion, a dozen of types of epistemic endings are commonly used in the spoken language. They differ in the degree of certainty, the tense-aspect, the evidential meaning, the geographic use and the frequency
5
Rizomilioti, Vassiliki. "Epistemic modality in academic writing : a corpus-linguistic approach." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288688.
Full text
6
Smirnova, Anastasia. "Evidentiality and mood: Grammatical expressions of epistemic modality in Bulgarian." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1306917645.
Full text
7
Peterson, Tyler Roy Gösta. "Epistemic modality and evidentiality in Gitksan at the semantics-pragmatics interface." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/23596.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation provides an empirically driven, theoretically informed investigation of how speakers of Gitksan, a Tsimshianic language spoken in the northwest coast of Canada, express knowledge about the world around them. There are three main goals that motivate this investigation: The first is to provide the first detailed description of the evidential and modal system in Gitksan. The second is to provide a formal semantic and pragmatic account of this system that adequately explains the meanings of the modals and evidentials, as well as how they are used in discourse. The third goal is to examine the specific properties the Gitksan evidential/modal system brings to bear on current theories of semantics and pragmatics, as well as the consequences this analysis has on the study of modality and evidentiality cross-linguistically. In addition to documenting the evidential and modal meanings in Gitksan, I work through a variety of theoretical tools designed to determine what level of meaning the individual evidentials in Gitksan operate on. The current state of research into the connection between evidentiality and epistemic modality has identified two different types of evidentials defined by the level of meaning they operate on: propositional and illocutionary evidentials. These two types correspond to a distinction between modal evidentials and non-modal evidentials respectively. I show that Gitksan has both modal and non-evidentials. This leads to an analysis where the Gitksan modal evidentials are treated as a specialized type of epistemic modals, and the non-modal evidentials are sentential force specifiers. I also identify various features of the evidential system that bring specific issues to bear upon current theories of the semantics and pragmatics of modality. This has four outcomes: first, I present a novel analysis of variable modal force in modals with fixed quantification. Secondly, I discuss the effect of modal evidentials in Conjectural Questions. Thirdly, I analyze how modal and non-modal evidentials interact in discourse contexts in implicating a speaker’s attitude towards the evidence they have for a proposition. And fourthly, I develop the first formal analysis of mirativity and non-literal uses of evidentials, analyzing them both as cases of conversational implicature.
8
Šolienė, Audronė. "Realizations of Epistemic Modality in English and Lithuanian: Parameters of Equivalence." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130701_092304-17266.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis deals with epistemic modality and its realizations in English and Lithuanian. It focuses on the quantitative and qualitative parameters of equivalence between the lexical exponents of epistemic modality in the two languages. The axis of contrast is laid on the auxiliary and adverb strategies (van der Auwera et al. 2005): a probe is made into the cross-linguistic distribution and behavior of the central English modal auxiliaries of possibility and necessity and epistemic stance adverbials as opposed to their counterparts in Lithuanian. It is a contrastive analysis based on the data obtained from a self-compiled bi-directional parallel corpus of fiction texts and their translations into Lithuanian and English.
The findings show that, despite the existence of the same adverbial and verb strategies for epistemic meaning realization in the two languages, their implementation differs. Lithuanian shows a significantly higher frequency of adverbials as opposed to English. Due to the high degree of grammaticalization, English usually favors modal auxiliaries for expressing epistemic modality. The findings show that epistemic meaning can be determined by various constraints, the most important of which are complement stativity and subject specification. The analysis of the translational paradigm could suggest that the boundaries between low and high degree of probability can be blurred in Lithuanian. The abundance of inserted modal adverbials and the phenomenon of zero... [to full text]Disertacijoje tiriamas episteminis modalumas ir jo raiškos priemonės anglų ir lietuvių kalbose. Abiejose kalbose esama įvairių kalbinių priemonių episteminiam modalumui reikšti, tačiau darbe daugiausia dėmesio skiriama episteminį modalumą koduojančių modalinių veiksmažodžių ir modalinių adverbialų bei jų vertimo atitikmenų analizei. Pagrindinis šio darbo tikslas – taikant lygiagrečiųjų ir palyginamųjų tekstynų metodiką aptarti kiekybinius ir kokybinius episteminio modalumo raiškos ekvivalentiškumo parametrus anglų ir lietuvių kalbose. Remiantis van der Auweros et al. (2005) tyrimo modeliu, bandoma nustatyti, kokia episteminio modalumo raiškos strategija – modalinių veiksmažodžių ar adverbialų – vyrauja anglų ir lietuvių kalbose. Tuo tikslu buvo sudarytas dvikalbis dvikryptis paralelusis tekstynas iš grožinės literatūros originalių tekstų ir jų vertimų į lietuvių ir anglų kalbas. Išanalizavus empirinę medžiagą, prieita prie tokių išvadų: episteminio modalumo raiška anglų ir lietuvių kalbose skiriasi. Anglų kalboje dėl palyginti didelės gramatiškėjimo įtakos episteminis modalumas dažniausiai reiškiamas modaliniais veiksmažodžiais, o lietuvių kalboje vyrauja adverbialinė raiškos strategija. Episteminė reikšmė glaudžiai susijusi su veiksmažodžių komplementų ir subjekto specifikacija. Vertimų paradigmų analizė rodo, kad lietuvių kalboje modalinės tikimybės laipsniai skiriami ne taip griežtai ir jos ribos ne tokios ryškios, o praleidimo ir įterpimo atvejai vertime gali būti... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
9
Meszler, Lenka. "Historical typological perspective of epistemic modality in Italian, Czech and Hungarian." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.488375.
Full text
10
Oisel, Guillaume. "Morphosyntaxe et sémantique des auxiliaires et des connecteurs du tibétain littéraire : étude diachronique et synchronique." Phd thesis, Université de la Sorbonne nouvelle - Paris III, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00914393.
Full textAbstract:
L'étude du système verbal du tibétain littéraire présente un intérêt typologique à plus d'un titre. D'une part, elle permet d'observer l'évolution du système verbal, notamment les constructions avec un auxiliaire et les connecteurs verbaux, sur une période de plus de mille ans. Cette langue classique a l'avantage d'avoir quasiment préservé la même orthographe au cours de cette très longue période. J'ai choisi de me concentrer sur la période du quinzième siècle en choisissant pour corpus principal une œuvre très célèbre : la biographie de Milarépa. J'ai ensuite comparé le système verbal de cette période avec le tibétain littéraire contemporain. La principale raison qui a motivé cette étude, est l'émergence en tibétain moyen d'un système d'auxiliaires indiquant l'évidentialité, c'est-à-dire la grammaticalisation de la source épistémologique et de l'accès à l'information. Le tibétain est la seule langue littéraire d'Asie ayant une grande ancienneté qui ait développé un système verbal évidentiel complexe. Outre l'étude de la sémantique grammaticale, la deuxième motivation à l'origine de cette étude est la syntaxe des constructions avec un auxiliaire et des connecteurs du tibétain moyen et leur évolution en tibétain littéraire contemporain. Les données du tibétain littéraire et les analyses synchronique et diachronique sont susceptibles d'apporter une contribution à la typologie aussi bien en ce qui concerne l'évidentialité et les modalités épistémiques qu'en ce qui concerne la syntaxe des auxiliaires et des connecteurs.
11
Yangklang, Peerapat. "L2 acquisition of epistemic modality in English by L1 Thai-speaking children and adults." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2012. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/12748/.
Full textAbstract:
The current study investigates the L2 acquisition of epistemic modals e.g. MUST, WILL, and MAY/MIGHT by Thai-speaking children and adults. The most crucial differences between Thai and English regarding epistemic modality are the syntactic mechanisms which indicate the reference time of the modal complements. The reference time of the modal complements in English is indicated by certain syntactic patterns, while the reference time of the modal complements in Thai is indicated by temporal adverbials or the context. These differences were therefore assumed to be the most difficult aspects of the epistemic modals in English which the Thai L2 learners of English have to acquire. The fundamental research questions were addressed on the grounds of the Full Transfer, Full Access Hypothesis (Schwartz and Sprouse 1996) which acknowledges the role of Ll properties and the involvement of UG-constrained SLA. Child L2 acquisition was compared with both adult L2 acquisition, and child Ll acquisition. The motivation of the comparison comes from Schwartz (1992, 2003a, b) who argues that comparison of child L2 acquisition with adult L2 acquisition, and with child Ll acquisition potentially provides evidence in support or against theories of Ll and L2 acquisition. A truth value judgment task was conducted, whereby the subjects were asked to decide whether the statements given were temporally felicitous to the test stories. The results show that, in terms of Ll transfer, the Ll properties were observed in both child L2 acquisition and adult L2 acquisition. The L2 children and the L2 adults allowed the interpretations which are not possible for the modal statements in English, but whose counterparts are possible in Thai. In terms of the acquisition of the syntactic patterns which constrain reference time, the L2 children have not acquired the syntactic patterns which constrain the reference time of the modal complements. These results suggest no clear evidence to support that the L2 children have overcome the poverty of the stimulus. Some of the L2 adults, on the other hand, appear to have acquired some syntactic patterns. This finding leads to speculation about the role of cognitive development in the acquisition of epistemic modality.
12
Monawar, M?nica Deitos Stedile. "If the lights are on, this is an epistemic indicative conditional : a study on modality." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2015. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/6159.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted by Setor de Tratamento da Informa??o - BC/PUCRS (tede2@pucrs.br) on 2015-06-22T12:14:07Z
No. of bitstreams: 1
470933 - Texto Completo.pdf: 864614 bytes, checksum: b938b1019b5fc1d9c73a8e5a9fe8c64a (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-22T12:14:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 470933 - Texto Completo.pdf: 864614 bytes, checksum: b938b1019b5fc1d9c73a8e5a9fe8c64a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-22
Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq
This dissertation aims to discuss current Kratzerian approaches on modality and a few of its related features while contextualizing them ontologically as well as illustrating them with the analysis of Brazilian Portuguese epistemic indicative conditionals. This work consists of three chapters arranged interdependently. The first chapter provides ontological foundations concerning language and its connections with thought, mind, evolution and the world. Possible worlds theory, as well as knowledge and belief are also adressed in this chapter. Modality is approached as a phenomenon of the mind that is expressed in natural language in many ways, one of them, conditionals, is the focus of the analysis of this work. Chapter two concerns the formal approaches to the semantic analysis of modality in natural language, following the framework proposed by Kratzer (1977, 1979, 1981, 1986, 1991, 2012) with added discussions concerning evidentiality, epistemic modals, context and temporal and aspectual relations. Chapter three discusses the notions adressed in the previous chapter concerning their application in the analysis of Brazilian Portuguese epistemic indicative conditionals. This work seeks to provide theoretical improvements to the analysis of modality in natural language, as well as to expand the formal linguistic analysis of modality in Brazilian Portuguese.
Esta disserta??o busca discutir abordagens Kratzerianas atuais da modalidade e algumas de suas caracter?sticas relacionadas enquanto contextualizando-as ontologicamente, bem como ilustrando-as com a an?lise dos condicionais indicativos epist?micos do portugu?s brasileiro. Este trabalho consiste em tr?s cap?tulos organizados de forma interdependente. O primeiro cap?tulo fornece as funda??es ontol?gicas a respeito da linguagem e as suas conex?es com o pensamento, a mente, evolu??o e o mundo. A teoria de mundos poss?veis, bem como conhecimento e cren?a s?o abordados nesse cap?tulo. Modalidade ? tratada como um fen?meno da mente que ? expresso em linguagem natural de v?rias formas, uma delas, condicionais, ? o foco da an?lise nesse trabalho. O cap?tulo dois trata das abordagens formais ? sem?ntica da modalidade em linguagem natural, seguindo o arcabou?o proposto por Kratzer (1977, 1979, 1981, 1986, 1991, 2012) acrescido de discuss?es acerca da evidencialidade, modais epist?micos, contexto e rela??es temporais e aspectuais. O cap?tulo tr?s discute as no??es abordadas no cap?tulo anterior em rela??o as suas aplica??es na an?lise dos condicionais indicativos epist?micos em portugu?s brasileiro. Esse trabalho busca fornecer melhorias te?ricas ? an?lise da modalidade em linguagem natural, bem como expandir a an?lise lingu?stica formal da modalidade em portugu?s brasileiro.
13
Monawar, Mônica Deitos Stedile. "If the lights are on, this is an epistemic indicative conditional: a study on modality." Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/7412.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-23T02:05:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
000470933-Texto+Completo-0.pdf: 864614 bytes, checksum: b938b1019b5fc1d9c73a8e5a9fe8c64a (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2015This dissertation aims to discuss current Kratzerian approaches on modality and a few of its related features while contextualizing them ontologically as well as illustrating them with the analysis of Brazilian Portuguese epistemic indicative conditionals. This work consists of three chapters arranged interdependently. The first chapter provides ontological foundations concerning language and its connections with thought, mind, evolution and the world. Possible worlds theory, as well as knowledge and belief are also adressed in this chapter. Modality is approached as a phenomenon of the mind that is expressed in natural language in many ways, one of them, conditionals, is the focus of the analysis of this work. Chapter two concerns the formal approaches to the semantic analysis of modality in natural language, following the framework proposed by Kratzer (1977, 1979, 1981, 1986, 1991, 2012) with added discussions concerning evidentiality, epistemic modals, context and temporal and aspectual relations. Chapter three discusses the notions adressed in the previous chapter concerning their application in the analysis of Brazilian Portuguese epistemic indicative conditionals. This work seeks to provide theoretical improvements to the analysis of modality in natural language, as well as to expand the formal linguistic analysis of modality in Brazilian Portuguese.
Esta dissertação busca discutir abordagens Kratzerianas atuais da modalidade e algumas de suas características relacionadas enquanto contextualizando-as ontologicamente, bem como ilustrando-as com a análise dos condicionais indicativos epistêmicos do português brasileiro. Este trabalho consiste em três capítulos organizados de forma interdependente. O primeiro capítulo fornece as fundações ontológicas a respeito da linguagem e as suas conexões com o pensamento, a mente, evolução e o mundo. A teoria de mundos possíveis, bem como conhecimento e crença são abordados nesse capítulo. Modalidade é tratada como um fenômeno da mente que é expresso em linguagem natural de várias formas, uma delas, condicionais, é o foco da análise nesse trabalho. O capítulo dois trata das abordagens formais à semântica da modalidade em linguagem natural, seguindo o arcabouço proposto por Kratzer (1977, 1979, 1981, 1986, 1991, 2012) acrescido de discussões acerca da evidencialidade, modais epistêmicos, contexto e relações temporais e aspectuais. O capítulo três discute as noções abordadas no capítulo anterior em relação as suas aplicações na análise dos condicionais indicativos epistêmicos em português brasileiro. Esse trabalho busca fornecer melhorias teóricas à análise da modalidade em linguagem natural, bem como expandir a análise linguística formal da modalidade em português brasileiro.
14
Law, Ka Fai. "Evidentiality, Epistemic Modality and Mirativity: The Case of Cantonese Utterance Particles Ge3, Laak3, and Lo1." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2020. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/8460.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis examines a set of three utterance particles—ge3, laak3, and lo1—in Hong Kong Cantonese in terms of evidentiality, epistemic modality, and mirativity. Cantonese utterance particles have long been studied; however, close investigation of evidentiality and mirativity on a small set of particles is relatively rare. Previous accounts claim that ge3 and laak3 convey certainty. On the other hand, linguists also claim that the use of the utterance particle lo1 assumes a high level of knowledge from a hearer. This thesis has two main purposes: to untangle the differences between the utterance particles ge3 and laak3 in terms of epistemic modality and evidentiality and to reveal the mirative meanings of the utterance particle lo1. I postulate that the utterance particle ge3 conveys both epistemic modality and evidentiality. For epistemic modality, ge3 concerns a speaker’s knowledge. The evidential meaning—access to prior knowledge—is realized through implicature. This pragmatic reading is highly context dependent. In contrast, the utterance particle laak3 conveys only epistemic modality which concerns a state of affairs and signifies a change of state. Lastly, this study also reveals that the utterance particle lo1 has mirative values of sudden realization and counterexpectation under certain conversational contexts.
15
Ericsson, Tina. ""It is certain that it can be argued a million times over" - expressions of epistemic modality in L1 and L2 writing." Thesis, Stockholm University, Department of English, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-8323.
Full textAbstract:
This corpus-based study analyzes different types of epistemic markers used in argumentative essays by University students. More specifically it compares Swedish L2 writers and English L1 writers. The scope of the analysis covers epistemic modal verbs, lexical verbs and adverbs. A number of markers are counted to see which expressions are preferred by L1 and L2 writers respectively and if the frequency rates differ between the two groups. Further, it discusses whether the non-native writers use epistemic markers appropriate to an academic register, and an attempt is made to see whether the L1 and L2 writers show similar patterns of ‘committing’ to and ‘distancing’ themselves to their arguments. The results reveal a few notable differences between the Swedish and English writers. A tendency is seen among the L2 writers to ‘overuse’ certain expressions, particularly in the category of lexical verbs. Compared to the native writers, the L2 writers display higher frequency rates when it comes to markers that are most commonly found in spoken conversation. Further the L2 writers seem to display more ‘writer visibility’ than the L1 writers do, which could perhaps be due to differences in writing culture. The findings also suggest that Swedish L2 writers, even on a relatively advanced level, may have difficulties in mastering modal expressions in English.
16
Alexandre, Thiago Chaves. "Os evidenciais do Karitiana." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8139/tde-09032017-103918/.
Full textAbstract:
Nesse trabalho estudamos o sistema evidencial da língua Karitiana, subfamília Arikém, família Tupi. Essa língua é falada em Rondônia pela etnia de mesmo nome. O sistema evidencial do karitiana contava, segundo a literatura com dois evidenciais e uma construção evidencial. Nesse trabalho, analisamos esses dados, testamos novas possibilidades de coocorrência entre os evidenciais e morfemas de modo e negação. Verificamos também a possibilidade de encaixamento de evidenciais em orações subordinadas. Como resultados desse estudo, mostramos ser possível utilizar o evidencial reportado em conjunto com todos os modos da língua e com a negação, podendo assim, utilizar a dupla negação em uma sentença. Ainda como resultado, observamos o fenômeno de imperative by proxy, fenômeno nunca encontrado em outras línguas da família tupi. As conclusões a que chegamos ao observar os dados são as de que, no momento, a língua parece ter somente um evidencial gramatical de acordo com o pano de fundo teórico adotado. O outro morfema tratado como evidencial na literatura, para nós, tem como principal sentido a marcação de tempo. Por isso, não deve ser considerado um evidencial, tampouco a construção evidencial, pois um evidencial em nosso panorama, é somente o morfema que possui a evidencialidade como seu sentido principal.In this work we study the evidential system of Karitiana language, Arikém subfamily, Tupi family. In this language the literature says that we have two evidentials and one evidential construction. We argue that this language has only one evidential according to the theoretical background adopted and we show data to corroborate that. We tested evidentials of Karitiana with all morphemes of mood, with negation, with the two tenses of the language (future and non-future), aspect and in subordinates. Our results show the possibility of cooccurrence of evidentials and morphemes of mood and negation and show that reported evidential can be used in negative concord and can be used with the imperative mood morpheme to express imperative by proxy, something never attested in Tupi family yet.
17
Balza, Tardaguila Irene. "Syntactic structure and modal interpretation : the case of Basque "behar"." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BOR30070.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse est une investigation de la structure syntaxique et de l'interprétation modale des phrases impliquant le modal dénominal de nécessité behar ‘devoir, falloir, avoir besoin’ et un complément infinitif. La thèse analyse le statut syntaxique des compléments non finis du verbe modal denominal behar en examinant leur interaction avec des phénomènes syntaxiques sensibles à des conditions structurelles et de localité diverses, et conclut que les compléments d’infinitif de behar peuvent correspondre à différentes structures sous-jacentes. Le type d'infinitif le plus complexe du point de vue structurel est un infinitif non-restructurant qui projette une architecture de phrase complète (c.-à-d. une CP), et le plus petit est un infinitif réduit de restructuration qui projette une structure de phrase de niveau vP. Il y a des preuves pour l'existence des types intermédiaires projetant jusqu'au domaine flexionnel (IP / TP). D'autre part, la thèse examine les propriétés thématiques et de portée des sujets dans chacun des différents types structurels et l'interprétation modale à laquelle elles donnent cours. Sur la base de cette analyse, la thèse soutient que l'interprétation modale n'est déterminée par aucun facteur en particulier (la présence de la restructuration, le statut référentiel du sujet et sa portée relative vis-à-vis du prédicat modal, parmi d'autres fréquemment mentionnés), mais dépend de l'effet cumulatif de plusieurs facteurs travaillant ensemble. La thèse montre également la nécessité d'adopter une vision plus fine de la modalité radicale (root modality), qui permet une association plus simple entre structures syntaxiques et significations modalesThis dissertation is an investigation of the syntactic structure and modal interpretation of clauses involving the denominal necessity predicate behar ‘need’ and an infinitival complement. On the one hand, it analyses the syntactic status of non-finite complements of denominal behar by examining their interaction with syntactic phenomena sensitive to different structural and locality conditions, and concludes that the infinitival complements of behar can correspond to different underlying structures. The largest type of infinitive is a non-restructuring infinitive that projects a full clausal architecture (i.e. a CP), and the smallest one is a reduced restructuring infinitive that projects up to vP. There is evidence for intermediate types projecting up to the inflectional domain (IP/TP). On the other hand, the dissertation examines the thematic and scope properties of the subjects in each of the different structural types and the modal interpretation that they can give rise to. On the basis of this analysis it is argued that modal interpretation is not constrained by any single factor (the presence of restructuring, the referential status of the subject and its relative scope vis-à-vis the modal predicate, among other frequently mentioned ones), but depends on the cumulative effect of several factors working together. The dissertation also shows the necessity of adopting a more fine-grained view of root modality, one that allows a simpler mapping of syntactic structures into modal meanings
18
Šiupšinskaitė, Laura. "Modalumas sakytinėje politikų kalboje." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2006. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20060614_135633-94830.
Full textAbstract:
There is a lack of exhaustively investigation for the public speech and the modality of politicians’ speech is been researched for the very first time. The society is highly interested in politics and it has a big influence on the users of language.
The paper deals with the modality conception and its expression ways in politicians’ speech. The political discussions program’s “Spaudos klubas” materials are used for studies. After analysis of politicians spoken language was made, some bents for modality usage came to light.
In a case of epistemic modality possibility and reality, that embrace real facts, are expressed in politicians’ speech. And in a case of deontic modality possibility and necessity, that encompass will acts, are expressed. The usage of dynamic modality in politicians’ speech is very rare.
Realis is put into words by indicative mood and irrealis – by subjunctive and imperative mood. Another way politicians express irrealis is future tense.
All basic senses of primary modality - reality, possibility and necessary, are introduced in politicians’ spoken language. In discussions programs politicians mostly use reality meaning sentences (65,35 percent).
In telecasts people in politics use all types of basic modal sentences. Direct sentences are used in the most part, it is evade a usage of incentive sentences and the number of interrogative sentences is the least.
Secondary modality categorical reliability expression cases are more frequent than the problematic... [to full text]
19
Silva, Lidia Lima da. "A distinção entre os indefinidos \'um\' e \'algum\' no português brasileiro." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8139/tde-31012008-103215/.
Full textAbstract:
Este trabalho discute a denotação dos sintagmas indefinidos contendo \'um\' e \'algum\' na posição pré-nominal no português do Brasil e argumenta em favor de uma distinção entre ambos. O objetivo é delimitar as propriedades semânticas desses dois indefinidos e as contribuições de cada um para as sentenças em que aparecem. Tendo como ponto de partida os trabalhos de Kratzer & Shimoyama (2002) para o indefinido \'irgendein\' do alemão, Alonso-Ovalle & Menéndez-Benito (2003) para o \'algún\' do espanhol e para o \'some\' do inglês e Pires de Oliveira (2005) para o indefinido \'qualquer\', esta dissertação defende que \'algum\' é um indefinido que marca a falta de conhecimento do falante em relação ao referente, ao passo que \'um\' pode ser usado para referir-se a um indivíduo específico e não apresenta tal efeito. Por meio da análise da intuição dos falantes do PB e da análise dos dados a partir das propostas dos autores citados acima, foi possível constatar que \'um NP\', quanto ao comportamento quantificacional, (i) apresenta variabilidade de força quantificacional; (ii) pode ser antecedente de pronome anafórico; (iii) não tem seu escopo restringido por sentenças-se, (iv) pode combinar-se com sentenças relativas não-restritivas. Não é um indefinido epistêmico e devido a isso (i) pode ser lido como fazendo referência a um indivíduo em especial; (ii) não induz a alargamento de domínio; (iii) não está associado à livre escolha dentro de um conjunto de alternativas e (iv) não induz a um efeito epistêmico. Por sua vez, \'algum NP\' quanto ao comportamento quantificacional, (i) não apresenta variabilidade de força quantificacional; (ii) pode ser antecedente de pronome anafórico; (iii) tem seu escopo restringido por sentenças-se, (iv) não pode combinar-se com sentenças relativas não-restritivas. \'Algum NP\' é um indefinido epistêmico e devido a isso (i) não pode ser lido como fazendo referência a um indivíduo em especial; (ii) induz a alargamento de domínio; (iii) está associado à livre escolha dentro de um conjunto de alternativas e (iv) induz a um efeito epistêmico. A análise proposta nesse trabalho é feita sob a perspectiva teórica da Semântica Formal e é relevante na medida em que contribui para uma tipologia translingüística.This work studies the denotation of indefinite phrases with \'um\' and \'algum\' in the pre-verbal position in Brazilian Portuguese and it argues in favor of a distinction between them. The goal of this dissertation is to discuss the properties that distinguish these two indefinites and the semantic contributions they provide to sentences where they appear. The works of Kratzer and Shimoyama (2002), Alonso-Ovalle and Menéndez-Benito (2003) and Pires de Oliveira (2005) are the background to the analysis proposed here. This dissertation argues that \'algum\' is an epistemic indefinite that marks speakers\' lack of knowledge about who (or what) satisfies her existential claims. However \'um\' does not induce to this epistemic effect and can be appropriate when the speaker intends to refer to a specific individual. The analysis of the speaker\'s intuition and the analysis of data (departing of works of the mentioned authors) permitted to conclud, in the respect to quantification: \'um NP\' (i) presents variability of quantificational force; (ii) it can be antecedent of an anaphoric pronoun; (iii) it does not have its scope constrained by if-sentences; (iv) it can be combined with nonrestrictive clauses. \'Um NP\' is not an epistemic indefinite and, due to this, (i) it can be read as an \"referential\"; (ii) it does not induce to the domain widening; (iii) it is not associated with free choice effect; (iv) it does not induce an epistemic indefinite. On the other hand, \'algum NP\' (i) presents variability of quantificational force; (ii) it can not be antecedent of an anaphoric pronoun; (iii) it has its scope constrained by ifsentences; (iv) it can not be combined with non-restrictive clauses. \'Algum NP\' is an epistemic indefinite and, due to this, (i) it can be read as an \"referential\"; (ii) it induces to the domain widening; (iii) it is associated with free choice effect; (iv) it induces an epistemic indefinite.The proposals of this work are made under the theoretical point of view of Formal Semantics and are relevant because they contribute to studies concerned with a general theory of indefinites.
20
Eleni, Tzimopoulou. "Epistemic Modality in Linguistic and Literature Essays in English : A comparative corpus-based study of modal verbs in student claims." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Engelska, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-22477.
Full textAbstract:
This study is a corpus-based comparison between student essays written in the subject areas of English linguistics and literature at undergraduate level. They are 200 Bachelor degree theses submitted at a variety of university departments (such as English, Language and Literature, Humanities, Social and Intercultural Studies) in Sweden. The comparison concerns frequencies of core modal verbs and how often they occur together with the I, we and it subject pronouns and in the structures this/the [essay, study, project, thesis] when students attempt to communicate their personal claims. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of the essays show few similarities in the ways that core modal verbs appear in both disciplines. The results indicate mainly distinct differences, especially in relation to clusters and variation of performative verbs. Specific patterns in the ways that students use core modal verbs as hedges have also been identified.Engelska
21
Batluk, Liilia. "Modality and Method: A Comparison of Russian and English Epistemic Modal Verbs through SFL and its Implications for Second Language Learners." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för humaniora (HUM), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-17810.
Full textAbstract:
This study is intended to shed light on similarities and differences in terms of functional structure of the clause when modality is expressed by use of modal operators in Russian and English, in order to arrive at findings which inform, and are applicable to, the process of English language acquisition by the Russian learner. The need for the investigation was prompted by the author’s work experience in the field of English teaching, and the lack of explicit guidance in available textbooks currently used in Russian schools and institutions with regard to the particular issue highlighted. While learning the subject of Systemic Functional Linguistics, I drew parallels between the functional structures in the two languages, the purpose of which is to provide a roadmap which facilitates the learning and teaching of English modality to the Russian learner. The approach of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), focusing on the metafunctions as the correspondence in the sociolinguistic message of the clause, is used as a basis for comparing the functional structures in both languages. The investigation of functional grammar features is carried out in order to spotlight both the similarities and the differences inherent in expressing a degree of probability of an event or statement indicated, not only by the choice of an appropriate modal verb, but also its placement within the clause. The role of the social context in which the text is set is noted as significant for delivering the precise meaning of the message. Hence, the proposition will be pursued through further investigation in the field of modality, and viewed from perspectives of sociolinguistics.
22
Abusulaiman, Jumanah. "Modality in Makkan Arabic: The Interaction Between Modals and Aspect." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/39930.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation explores the interaction between modality and aspect in Makkan Arabic (MA). There is some consensus in the semantic literature regarding the treatment of modal expressions that may obtain various flavours, such as epistemic, deontic, bouletic, ability, necessity or teleological. These various modal flavours can be captured by a unified lexical entry, and are identified by contextual factors Kratzer (1977, 1981, 1991, 2012). There is some debate regarding the structural location of modal elements, some of which have been argued to be high (the case of epistemic modals) and others low (the case of root modals) (e.g. Cinque (1999)). The relative scope of modals has been subject of much recent work on modality, in particular in relation to their interaction with temporal categories such as aspect. This thesis investigates this topic on the basis of novel data from MA.
I observe that the flavour of modality can change depending on how it is inflected with different types of aspect in MA. This observation is in line of Hacquard; Hacquard; Hacquard’s (2006; 2009; 2014) proposal for French and Italian. In MA, when the root modal \gdr\ “can” is inflected with the perfective, the combination yields entailments that have come to be known in the literature as ‘actuality entailments’ (AEs) (see Bhatt (1999, 2006)). In this case, the speaker gives rise to the inference that the proposition expressed by the complement holds in the actual world (instead of merely in some possible but not actual world). My thesis integrates the case of \gdr\ to current cross-linguistic debates on this topic. Building on Hacquard’s work, I argue that AEs are generated when perfective aspect scopes over root modals. Perfective aspect links events to the actual world. Imperfective aspect scoping over the modal fails to generate AEs. My thesis ex-
ii tends the investigation of AEs to non-perfective cases. I argue that in addition to the contrast between perfective and imperfective, MA also distinguishes perfect aspect (e.g. an auxiliary plus a modal participle like gaadir). I suggest that the perfect in MA has several shapes, including the choice between two auxiliaries: kaan and saar. I link the different shapes of the perfect to the different types of interpretation identified by Portner (2000, 2003) for the English perfect. I suggest that in MA, different forms of the perfect are linked to distinct interpretations (which in English are grouped together under one form). In addition I show that, contrary to what has been argued by Hacquard for French, the perfect in MA can give rise to AEs in the case of the saar auxiliary. I develop an analysis of the saar perfect that is inspired by Hacquard’s proposal for perfective: in the case of saar, contrary to kaan, the perfect links the eventuality to the actual world. While the discussion of AEs in relation to the modal \gdr\ are linked to the proposal that aspect scopes over the modal, I also examine the case of a modal expression that scopes over aspect: qad “might”. I show that in spite of the fact that aspect scopes below the modal, the contrast between perfective and imperfective in the embedded clause can still give rise to differences in the generation of AEs. This case is interesting because much previous literature on AEs has focused on languages in which aspect scopes over the modal. MA qad provides an example where the modal scopes over aspect, and it is still the case that AEs appear to be generated. In spite of the structural differences with \gdr\, my analysis of qad builds on Hacquard’s proposal for AEs with the perfective, appealing to her proposal for the ‘preservation of event description’ to account for the fact that properties of eventualities can remain stable across worlds.
The structure of the thesis is as follows: Chapter 1 provides an introduction to the empirical domain, situating aspect and modality in the description of MA; in addition it
iii provides an introduction to key theoretical concepts to be used in later chapters. Chapter 2 discusses AEs in the case of the root modal \gdr\, comparing perfective and imperfective. Chapter 3 extends the discussion of the modal to examples with the perfect, distinguishing between the kaan- and saar- perfects. Chapter 4 investigates the behaviour of qad and its interaction with perfective and imperfective complements. Chapter 5 offers a brief summary and concluding remarks.
23
Cervoni, Valerio. "Les marqueurs discursifs d’acceptation épistémique en français et en italien dialogiques : une étude sur corpus." Thesis, Tours, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOUR2021.
Full textAbstract:
Le but de cette thèse est d’étudier six marqueurs discursifs (désormais MDs) épistémiques du français et de l’italien, spécialisés dans l’opération dialogique qui permet d’accepter la valeur de vérité d’un contenu propositionnel proposé par l’interlocuteur et d’inscrire ce contenu propositionnel dans le savoir partagé. L’originalité de notre étude réside dans la manière non préconçue dont elle aborde les MDs épistémiques du dialogue. Après avoir défini de façon rigoureuse les notions de MD, d’épistémicité et de négociation intersubjective, nous avons recueilli un corpus représentatif de d’accord, mh, voilà en français dialogique et ho capito, mh, esatto en italien dialogique. Ce corpus est composé de 60 occurrences épistémiques par forme et prend en compte plusieurs locuteurs et situations communicatives différentes. La démarche d’annotation manuelle de notre corpus a ensuite fait émerger que les six MDs possèdent un éventail large et complexe de fonctions, agissant à plusieurs niveaux de l’architecture du discours. Dans le cadre d’une approche modulaire et guidée par les corpus, nous avons ainsi cherché au fil de notre recherche à concilier aspects théoriques, opérationnalisation de choix théoriques dans un schéma d’annotation, et analyse des données. Une comparaison entre les MDs du français et de l’italien, appuyée par des tests de significativité statistique, nous a permis finalement de constater la similitude frappante, aux niveaux local et global du dialogue, entre d’accord et ho capito, mh et mh, voilà et esattoThis dissertation proposes to study six epistemic discourse markers (DMs) of spoken French and Italian, specialized in the dialogic operation that allows for accepting the truth-value of a propositional content proposed by an interlocutor and for grounding the propositional content in the common ground of the speakers.The originality of our research lays in our non aprioristic approach to the epistemic DMs of dialogue.Starting from a solid definition of the notions of DM, epistemicity and intersubjective negotiation, we collected a representative corpus of d’accord, mh, voilà in spoken French dialogues and ho capito, mh, esatto in spoken Italian dialogues. The corpus is composed of 60 epistemic occurrences per form, and takes into account several different speakers and contexts.The manual annotation process of the corpus revealed that the six DMs have a large and complex spectrum of functions, belonging to different levels of discourse structure.Accordingly, in the framework of a modular and corpus-driven approach, we tried to combine theoretical aspects, operationalization of theoretical choices in an annotation scheme, and analysis of the data.A comparison between the DMs of French and Italian, supported by statistical significance tests, finally showed the remarkable similarity, at the local and global levels of dialogue, between d’accord and ho capito, mh and mh, voilà and esatto
24
Seban, Pablo. "Who may say what? : thoughts about objectivity, group ability and permission in dynamic epistemic logic." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1489/.
Full textAbstract:
De nombreuses situations font intervenir la notion de communication ainsi que des restrictions sur cette communication. C'est le cas lorsque l'on pense à des informations militaires, des communications médicales, des normes morales, des jeux, etc. Dans certaines des ces situations, il se peut qu'existent des structures pour penser et organiser le droit de communiquer. Dans l'armée par exemple une telle structure est assez simple et facile à comprendre: plus on est haut-placé dans la hiérarchie militaire, plus on a le droit de savoir et moins on a l'autorisation de dire. Le champ médical est un exemple où des restrictions plus subtiles empêchent un patron d'avoir accès à des données médicales d'un de ses travailleurs, alors qu'un docteur devrait pouvoir y avoir accès. Souvent, ces structures sont présentées sous la forme d'un ensemble de règles informelles, ensemble qui peut être incomplet et même contradictoire, laissant la justice décider ce qu'il convient de faire en cas de conflits. L'objectif de ce mémoire est d'apporter quelques éléments, dans le champ de la logique, pour une meilleure compréhension de la notion de `droit de savoir', éléments qui pourraient nous aider à comprendre et répondre aux problèmes pour lesquels cette notion rentre en jeu. On concentre notre réflexion sur la partie informative de la communication, ce qui amène notre sujet central à la notion de `droit de donner une information'Many situations involve communication and some kind of restrictions on this communication. This is the case when we think about military information, medical communication, moral norms, games, etc. In some situations, we may have structures to think about and organize the right to communicate in such situations. In the army, for example, such a structure is quite simple and easy to understand: the higher you are in the hierarchy, the more you may know and the less you are allowed to say. Indeed, a general can know any secret information but have no right to reveal it to his soldiers, while a soldier can give any information he wants (and may have to give the information he has) without having the right to access most of the information. As another example, in the medical field, more subtle restrictions prevent a boss from getting one of his workers' medical information, while a doctor may have access to it. Often such structures are presented as an informal and incomplete set of rules, that may be contradictory (and let the justice decide what should be done in case of conflict). But we have no general framework to analyze such situations. The aim of this dissertation is to make some progress, in the field of logic, in the understanding of the notion of `right to say', progress that may help us understand and answer problems that involve such a notion. We focus on the informative part of communication (and not on its form) leading our topic to the notion of `right to give a piece of information'
25
Gasparini-Bastos, Sandra Denise. "Uma descrição do comportamento dos adverbios modalizadores epistemicos no portugues falado." [s.n.], 1997. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/270776.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Ingedore G. Villaça KochDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-22T17:35:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gasparini-Bastos_SandraDenise_M.pdf: 4565285 bytes, checksum: de81d317d79ae557d3f27c8e86b79dc8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1997
Resumo: Considerando a modalidade epistêmica como aquela que permite ao falante manifestar uma atitude de certeza (saber) ou dúvida (crer) perante o enunciado que produz, este trabalho apresenta uma descrição do comportamento dos advérbios modalizadores' epistêmicos no português falado. Esses advérbios são divididos em indicadores de certeza e indicadores de dúvida ou possibilidade. Levando em consideração as várias posições nas quais os advérbios modalizadores epistêmicos podem ser encontrados, são descritos os efeitos de sentido obtidos em cada posição, além de outros valores assumidos pelos advérbios, em determinados contextos
Abstract: Considering epistemic modality as the one which allows the expression of the speaker's attitude of certainty (to know) or uncertainty (to presume) towards his own utterances, this work describes the epistemic modal adverbs in spoken Portuguese. These adverbs are divided into indicators of certainty and indicators of uncertainty or possibility. Taking into account the several positions in which the epistemic modal adverbs can be found, this study describes the effects of meaning related with each position and other values taken by the adverbs in some contexts
Mestrado
Mestre em Linguística
26
Haskell, Janae. "Deontic modal use in American English." Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/16905.
Full textAbstract:
Master of ArtsDepartment of Modern Languages
Mary Copple
Modality, a concept for which linguists have struggled to come to an agreed-upon, comprehensive definition, has been the subject of many linguistic studies over the last several decades. The contemporary English modal system has a long history of semantic and morphological development, or grammaticalization, which currently consists of auxiliary modals that function with lexical verbs to express levels of obligation, necessity, ability, permission, and degrees of certainty. For native speakers of English, determining the appropriate contexts and form of a specific modal verb is second nature. However, grasping the contextual complexity of the English modal system can be difficult for English language learners. Deontic modals such as must, have to, have (got) to and should are often presented to English language learners as relatively equal in meaning and contextual appropriateness, which makes gaining a native-like command of these modals even more difficult. This study, on a small scale, describes contemporary usage through a comparison of similar studies and data from a series of sociolinguistic interviews with native speakers of American English. The participants range from the ages of 25-50. They were chosen from the local population of Manhattan, KS and have lived in Kansas for a minimum of 10 years. Through a quantitative analysis of the tokens, patterns of dialogic use will be extrapolated from the linguistic data. The research questions will seek to find established patterns of deontic modal use that in order to identify practical applications of usage-based research for textbook publishers, curriculum designers, and educators.
27
Jäger, Verena Constanze [Verfasser]. "Expressions of Non-Epistemic Modality in American English: A Corpus-Based Study on Variation and Change in the 20th Century / Verena Constanze Jäger." Mainz : Universitätsbibliothek Mainz, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1203099762/34.
Full text
28
Ngula, Richmond Sadick. "Epistemic modality in social science research articles written by Ghanaian authors : a corpus-based study of disciplinary and native vs. non-native variations." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2015. http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/76232/.
Full textAbstract:
Using a corpus-based methodology, this thesis reports a study into how non-native Ghanaian academic authors of English in the disciplines of Sociology, Economics and Law deploy epistemic modality devices as rhetorical features of argumentation in their research articles (RAs) published in journals based in Ghana. The study focuses on understanding the ways in which the use of these rhetorical features by Ghanaian authors compare with their use in international RAs written by native academic authors of English. Based on the aims of the study, two sets of corpora of RAs for the Ghanaian and international authors were created and analysed to compare the use of epistemic modality features between the two groups of authors in terms of: depth of use, diversity of use, linguistic types of epistemic markers, phraseological patterns of notable epistemic markers and degrees of epistemic strength. The quantitative aspects of the comparisons relied mainly on frequency counts of epistemic markers which were supported by Log-likelihood tests to determine significant differences of epistemic use across disciplines and between the two groups of authors. The qualitative aspects (e.g., phraseological pattern analysis) focused mainly on a close inspection of concordance lines for comparisons. The findings of the study revealed that while Ghanaian writers seem to be generally aware of the most important epistemic devices used for academic writing, as they used as wide a range of epistemic devices as their international counterparts, they tended to use these devices significantly less in their RAs. A few cases of overuse and misuse of epistemic modality by Ghanaian writers were also observed. It was found also that many of the disciplinary variation patterns of epistemic use observed in the international RAs did not match with the patterns revealed in the RAs written by the Ghanaian authors. A further important finding was that whereas the international writers generally preferred medium and weak level epistemic markers over strong ones, the Ghanaian writers favoured the use of medium and strong level epistemic markers over weak ones. It also became apparent that the significant underuse of epistemic rhetorical features by the Ghanaian writers could be attributed to the way rhetorical features are represented in academic writing course materials in Ghanaian universities. The findings reported in this thesis suggest that there is the need for Ghanaian academic authors to make language adjustments to their academic writing if their writing practices are to fully adhere to international disciplinary norms and conventions.
29
Pereira, Eliane Domaneschi. "Crer e saber: um estudo semiótico." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8139/tde-03022014-122414/.
Full textAbstract:
Dentro do domínio teórico da Semiótica da Escola de Paris, o crer e o saber são concebidos como modalidades que se articulam em um único e mesmo universo cognitivo e que encontram distinção pelo modo de relacionamento e valorização que estabelecem com o objeto cognitivo. Inicialmente abordadas sob uma perspectiva eminentemente categorial, como a de Greimas (1983), que descreve o ato epistêmico por meio de termos alocados nas categorias previstas no quadrado semiótico e de operações juntivas, elas passam posteriormente por certa reformulação teórica, notadamente a feita por Zilberberg (1988), que privilegia os aspectos tensivos aderidos aos termos. Com base, de forma central, nessas noções, este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar as oscilações tensivas associadas às operações cognitivas do sujeito, o funcionamento, a distinção, a hierarquização e o intercruzamento do saber e do crer no interior do fazer interpretativo humano, a incidência do crer no âmbito da produção de conhecimento e as condições de verdade na ciência enquanto prática discursiva. Para tanto, procuramos fomentar uma discussão teórica acerca desse tema, reunindo, além dos textos paradigmáticos de Greimas e Zilberberg, formulações de outros semioticistas que também se debruçaram sobre a questão do crer e do saber, como Fontanille (1982) e (1987), Pottier (1983), Landowski (1983), Coquet (1983) e Geninasca (1983). A fim de ensejar tais reflexões, empreendemos a análise, munidos dos procedimentos metodológicos e das ferramentas de investigação textual providas pelos autores supracitados, de três objetos que põem em jogo as modalidades crer e saber, exploram-nas tematicamente e extraem alguns efeitos de sentido de sua oposição, sobreposição, exacerbação, atenuação e falta: o conto Funes, o memorioso (1944), de Jorge Luis Borges, o longa-metragem Doubt (2008), de John Patrick Shanley, e um breve poema recitado por Antonio Abujamra no programa televisivo Provocações. Ao realizarmos este estudo, buscamos ainda fazer face à previsão de Greimas e Courtés, encontrada em seu Dicionário de Semiótica (1979), que aponta o crer, por sua centralidade no fenômeno humano de produção discursiva, como tema pertinente para a pesquisa semiótica dos anos a virem.In the framework of French Semiotics, knowing and believing are conceived as articulated modalities at the same and unique cognitive universe and that can be discriminated by the type of relationship and valuation they establish with the cognitive object. Initially treated by a categorical perspective, as Greimass (1983), who describes the epistemic act by means of the semiotic square terms and junctive operations, they suffer a theoretical reformulation by Zilberberg, who privileges tensive aspects associated to the terms. Based on these notions, this study aims to investigate tensive oscillations linked to subject cognitive operations, understand in each way knowing and believing operate and cross each other in the cognitive dimension, and also how they can be discriminated and placed on hierarchy. We also intend to discuss how believing takes part in sciences and the conditions of truth in science as a discursive practice. Keeping this in mind, we promote a theoretical debate about these modalities, resorting to, besides Greimas and Zilberberg, authors that also thought and wrote about knowing and believing, as Fontanille (1982) e (1987), Pottier (1983), Landowski (1983), Coquet (1983) e Geninasca (1983). In order to give rise to those reflections, and based on the methodological procedures and approach text tolls provided by the aforementioned authors, we undertake the analysis of three objects that thematically explore the modalities knowing and believing and extract some sense effects from their opposition, overlap, exacerbation, attenuation and lack: the short story Funes the memorious (1944), by Jorge Luis Borges, the movie Doubt (2008), by John Patrick Shanley, and a brief poem recited by Antonio Abujamra at a television show named Provocações. By the fulfillment of this study, we also aim to tackle Greimas and Courtés prediction, at their Dictionnaire raisonné de la théorie du langage (1979), that points out the concept of believing, for its centrality at the human phenomenon of discursive production, as a relevant theme for the semiotics research of the years to come.
30
Freitas, Erasmo de Oliveira. "Modalidade no gênero webcomentário do jornal O Povo: efeitos de sentido e relação com o mídium digital." www.teses.ufc.br, 2012. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/8259.
Full textAbstract:
FREITAS, Erasmo de Oliveira. Modalidade no gênero webcomentário do jornal O Povo: efeitos de sentido e relação com o mídium digital. 2012. 133f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza (CE), 2012.Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-06-10T14:31:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_eofreitas.pdf: 1863403 bytes, checksum: 21855fa8ebcf8514bbf2224c024ea99f (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-06-10T14:40:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_eofreitas.pdf: 1863403 bytes, checksum: 21855fa8ebcf8514bbf2224c024ea99f (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-10T14:40:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_eofreitas.pdf: 1863403 bytes, checksum: 21855fa8ebcf8514bbf2224c024ea99f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012
This paper aims to articulate a general description of epistemic and deontic modal marks the production of meaning effects on speech genre webcomentário. The research part of the paucity of studies pertaining to gender and webcomentário mainly research about modalization in virtual continuum of language. The central problem of research focuses on investigating what is the main type of modality and which brands most commonly used modes of expression as argumentative-persuasive strategies found by the readers of The People webnewspaper (www.opovo.br) to produce the communicative purposes of criticism, complaint, compliment or suggestion. For this, we use corpora: a corpus of textual samples consisting of 155 webcomentários published between June and December 2011 and January-March 2012, belonging to five specific topics: Politics, Economics, Culture, Sports and Urban Violence, and a corpus modalizadoras of occurrences of expressions in their respective contexts, in webcomentários, totaling 200 events. The events were analyzed with a view nine categories: i) type of modality, ii) communicative purpose, iii) issue, iv) modes of expression of deontic and epistemic modalities, v) values deônticos, vi) font deontic, vii) type of target deontic, viii) epistemic value and ix) epistemic nature. The survey results indicate that the subject policy achieved the highest number of webcomentários (79.5%) and the epistemic modality showed higher number of events (55%), including the assertion irrealis predominated (60%), followed by realis (36.4%). Regarding the deontic modality (45%), presented as the predominant value deontic permission (51.2%), followed by requirement (46.6%). In this sense, "modalizing" meant "relativize" a genre in the democratic and interactive. The research indicates that there is a direct relationship between the effects of meaning intended by the subject enunciator with modal choice of brands and which modality will be adopted for the construction of argumentation. It seems therefore that, as subjects Bakhtin, the enunciators are aware of their linguistic choices, even if they do not describe the act of writing metalinguistically digital webcomentários.
Este trabalho tem o objetivo geral de articular a descrição das marcas modais deônticas e epistêmicas à produção de efeitos de sentidos no gênero discursivo webcomentário. A pesquisa parte da escassez de estudos concernentes ao gênero webcomentário e principalmente de pesquisas acerca da modalização no continuum virtual de linguagem. O problema central da pesquisa se concentra em investigar qual é o principal tipo de modalidade e quais as marcas de expressão modais mais usadas como estratégias argumentativo-persuasivas encontradas pelos leitores do webjornal O Povo (www.opovo.br) para produzirem os propósitos comunicativos de crítica, denúncia, elogio e sugestão. Para tanto, usamos os corpora: um corpus de amostras textuais constituído por 155 webcomentários publicados entre junho e dezembro de 2011 e janeiro a março de 2012, pertencentes a cinco temas específicos: Política, Economia, Cultura, Esportes e Violência Urbana, e um corpus de ocorrências de expressões modalizadoras em seus respectivos contextos, nos webcomentários, totalizando 200 ocorrências. As ocorrências foram analisadas tendo em vista nove categorias: i) tipo de modalidade, ii) propósito comunicativo, iii) tema, iv) modos de expressão das modalidades deôntica e epistêmica, v) valores deônticos, vi) tipo de fonte deôntica, vii) tipo de alvo deôntico, viii) valor epistêmico e ix) natureza epistêmica. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que o tema Política alcançou o maior número de webcomentários (79,5%) e que a modalidade epistêmica apresentou maior número de manifestações (55%), entre as quais predominou a asserção irrealis (60%), seguida da realis (36,4%). Já em relação à modalidade deôntica (45%), apresentou como valor deôntico predominante a permissão (51,2%), seguido de obrigação (46,6%). Nesse sentido, “modalizar” significou “relativizar” em um gênero de natureza democrática e interativa. A pesquisa indica que há relação direta entre os efeitos de sentido pretendidos pelo sujeito enunciador com a escolha das marcas modais e de qual modalidade será adotada para a construção da argumentação. Parece-nos, portanto, que, como sujeitos bakhtinianos, os enunciadores são conscientes de suas escolhas linguísticas, mesmo que não as descreva metalinguisticamente no ato da redação digital dos webcomentários.
31
Barrio, García Alejandra. "L’expression de la modalité épistémique en espagnol : étude diachronique des modalisateurs de doute." Thesis, Paris 10, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA100079/document.
Full textAbstract:
Notre thèse s’intéresse aux processus de création des adverbes de modalité dubitative dans l’histoire de l’espagnol. À l’aide des corpus de la Real Academia Española, CORDE et CREA, nous étudions du point de vue diachronique les principaux adverbes et locutions adverbiales qui expriment le doute du locuteur par rapport au contenu propositionnel de l’énoncé : por (a)ventura, acaso, quizá(s), puede que, tal vez, a lo mejor, lo mismo et igual. Notre recherche comprend ainsi la quasi-totalité de l’histoire de la langue espagnole, depuis le XIIe siècle, où l’on retrouve déjà quizá, jusqu’au XXe avec le surgissement de lo mismo et igual. Ces expressions ont des origines diverses – constructions verbales, syntagmes prépositionnels, etc.–mais elles fonctionnent toutes initialement comme des éléments intégrés dans la structure syntaxique de la phrase, dans laquelle elles transmettent des notions qui relèvent du hasard, de la temporalité, de la comparaison, etc. Ce travail s’occupe donc, dans un premier temps, d’élucider les chemins que ces expressions ont empruntés pour parvenir à fonctionner comme des adverbes de modalité dubitative et, dans un deuxième temps, il rend compte des relations qu’entretiennent ces expressions adverbiales, puisque, malgré leur apparente synonymie et interchangeabilité, ces adverbes diffèrent sur certains aspects les uns des autres. À cet égard, l’étude diachronique des contextes d’apparition, des valeurs et des fonctions des éléments qui ont intégré le paradigme nous permet de comprendre les différentes nuances et possibilités d’emploi qui caractérisent ces expressions une fois qu’elles acquièrent leur rôle d’adverbes de modalité dubitativeThis thesis aims to study the creation processes of the modal probability adverbs in the history of Spanish. Thus, from the diachronic point of view, we study, with the help of the Real Academia Española corpora, CORDE and CREA, the main adverbs and adverbial locutions that express the speaker's doubt regarding the propositional content of the statement: por (a)ventura, acaso, quizá(s), puede que, tal vez, a lo mejor, lo mismo and igual. Our research covers practically the whole history of the Spanish language, from the twelfth century, in which quizá is documented, until the twentieth, when the most recent adverbs of probability, lo mismo and igual, arise. These expressions have different origins – verbal constructions, prepositional phrases, etc. – but all function initially as integrated elements in the syntactic structure of the sentence, in which they transmit notions related to chance, temporality, comparison, etc. This work, therefore, is concerned firstly with elucidating the paths followed by these expressions in order to function as probability adverbs and, secondly, it gives account of the relations that lie between these adverbial expressions. Despite their apparent synonymy and interchangeability, these adverbs differ from one another in some respects. In this sense, the diachronic study of the contexts of appearance, the meanings and the functions of the elements that have integrated the paradigm allow us to understand the different nuances and possibilities of use that characterize these expressions once they acquire their role of modal probability adverbs
Esta tesis se ocupa del estudio de los procesos de creación de los adverbios de modalidad dubitativa en la historia del español. Con la ayuda de los corpus de la Real Academia Española, CORDE y CREA, estudiamos desde el punto de vista diacrónico los principales adverbios y locuciones adverbiales que expresan la duda del hablante con respecto al contenido proposicional del enunciado: por (a)ventura, acaso, quizá(s), puede que, tal vez, a lo mejor, lo mismo e igual. Nuestra investigación abarca así prácticamente toda la historia de la lengua española, desde el siglo XII, en el que ya se documenta quizá, hasta el XX, en el que surgen los adverbios de duda más recientes lo mismo e igual. Las expresiones estudiadas tienen orígenes diversos –construcciones verbales, sintagmas preposicionales, etc.–, pero todas funcionan inicialmente como elementos integrados en la estructura sintáctica de la frase, en la que transmiten nociones relativas al azar, a la temporalidad, a la comparación, etc. Este trabajo se ocupa, pues, en primer lugar, de elucidar los caminos que han seguido estas expresiones para llegar a funcionar como adverbios de modalidad dubitativa y, en segundo lugar, de dar cuenta de las relaciones que mantienen estas expresiones adverbiales, ya que, a pesar de su aparente sinonimia e intercambiabilidad, estos adverbios difieren unos de otros en algunos aspectos. En este sentido, el estudio diacrónico de los contextos de aparición, valores y funciones de los elementos que han integrado el paradigma nos permite comprender los diferentes matices y posibilidades de uso que caracterizan a estas expresiones una vez que adquieren su papel de adverbios de modalidad dubitativa
32
Frascaroli, Alice Queiroz. "Os tipos de achar e parecer na fala mineira." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2008. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/2852.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-10-14T20:05:55Z
No. of bitstreams: 1
alicequeirozfrascarolli.pdf: 1257881 bytes, checksum: 958b79b9944c8f34e77d9111a523d6e7 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-10-22T13:09:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 alicequeirozfrascarolli.pdf: 1257881 bytes, checksum: 958b79b9944c8f34e77d9111a523d6e7 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-22T13:09:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 alicequeirozfrascarolli.pdf: 1257881 bytes, checksum: 958b79b9944c8f34e77d9111a523d6e7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008
CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Este trabalho tem a finalidade de averiguar o processo de gramaticalização pelo qual os verbos achar e parecer passam no português falado, na comunidade de Conceição de Ibitipoca, Minas Gerais. Utilizaremos as propostas de Galvão (1999) e Gonçalves (2003) aplicadas às amostras de fala carioca. Galvão (1999) investigou a trajetória do verbo achar, que funciona como organizador de predicação (achar1), passa a funcionar como um verbo performativo-modalizador, marcador de apreciação (achar2) e como um verbo modalizador epistêmico que marca palpite (achar3) até funcionar de maneira semelhante a um advérbio, aparecendo fora da estrutura sentencial (achar4). Gonçalves (2003) analisou o verbo parecer, em que fica comprovado que parecer, que pertencia à categoria dos verbos organizadores de predicação (parecer1), passa a ter função de verbo suporte (parecer2) e a pertencer à classe dos verbos de atitude proposicional (parecer3), adquirindo até mesmo funções de satélite atitudinal, de caráter de um advérbio (parecer 4,5). Todo este processo de mudança ocorre de maneira gradual. A investigação mostra que os dados de fala mineira não apresentam todas as etapas encontradas na fala carioca. Para mostrar a gramaticalização dos verbos, submetemos as amostras às análises qualitativa e quantitativa (parte do programa GoldVarb) para garantir que as ocorrências sejam analisadas de forma coerente e sistemática. Os dados coletados em Conceição de Ibitipoca, Minas Gerais, fazem parte do banco de dados de Resende (2006).
This paper had as its aims at verify the grammaticalization process which the verbs achar (to think) and parecer (to seem) go through in spoken Brazilian Portuguese in Conceição do Ibitipoca in the state of Minas Gerais. The proposals by Galvão (1999) and Gonçalves (2003) applied to the samples of spoken discourse of Rio de Janeiro city were used. Galvão (1999) investigated the path of the verb achar, which functions as a full-verb class (achar1), as a performative-modal verb, appreciation marker (achar2), and as an epistemic modal verb that marks a hunch (achar3), finally functioning similarly to an adverb, appearing outside the sentence structure (achar4). Gonçalves (2003) analyzed the verb parecer and proved that this verb, identified as a full-verb class (parecer1), becomes a support verb (parecer2), comes to belong to propositional attitude verbs class (parecer3), and claims the functions of attitudinal satellites, with adverbial characteristics (parecer 4,5). All this process of change occurs gradually. An investigation showed that data from the Minas Gerais spoken discourse do not present all the steps found in the Rio de Janeiro discourse. In order to show the grammaticalization of the verbs, we submitted the samples to qualitative and quantitative analyses (part of the GoldVarb program) to make sure that the occurrences were analyzed coherently and systematically. The data in Conceição do Ibitipoca, Minas Gerais, are part of Resende’s database (2006).
33
Derraz, Naoual. "Temps et aspect en anglais et en arabe." Thesis, Paris 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA030053.
Full textAbstract:
Nous avons argumenté, dans cette thèse, en faveur de l’idée selon laquelle l’anglais et l’arabe, deux langues très différentes, possèdent, l’une et l’autre, un système temporel et aspectuel. Ce point de vue a nécessité l’étude d’autres aspects des deux langues. C’est pour cela que nous ne nous sommes pas limitée à étudier uniquement les deux formes perfective (FP) et imperfective (FI) en arabe et les formes équivalentes en anglais. Nous avons également traité, pour les deux langues, la forme participiale, le système négatif, les adverbes temporels, le mode, et la modalité. Nous avons conclu que le temps et l’Aktionsart restent invariables d’une langue à l’autre et que seul l’aspect grammatical varie selon les langues. De fait, l’aspect morphologique détermine le temps en arabe. Nous avons essayé d’expliquer pourquoi Neg sélectionne FI et proposé que FI apparaît en bas de la structure et qu'elle est bloquée par Neg. FI est marquée pour [+Asp], contrairement à FP qui est [+ T]. Nous avons suggéré, finalement, que l’imperfectif en arabe fonctionne comme un infinitif, marqué pour les traits [-T] et [+Agr]Although English and Arabic are typologically two very different languages, we have argued in this thesis that both possess a temporal and an aspectual system. This view required the study of other aspects of these two languages. That's why we have not limited our study to only perfective (PF) and imperfective (IF) forms in Arabic and their equivalent in English. We also studied the participial form, the negative system, temporal adverbs, mood and modality. We concluded that tense and Aktionsart remain unchanged from one language to another and only the grammatical aspect varies according to the different languages. In fact, morphological aspect determines tense in Arabic. We tried to explain why Neg selects IF and proposed that IF appears at the bottom of the structure and it is blocked by Neg. IF is [+Asp], contrary to PF which is marked for [+T]. We suggested, finally, that the imperfective in Arabic functions like an infinitive with the ! features [-T] and [+Agr]
34
Šolienė, Audronė, and AUDRONĖ ŠOLIENĖ. "Episteminio modalumo ekvivalentiškumo parametrai anglų ir lietuvių kalbose." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130701_092318-53000.
Full textAbstract:
Disertacijoje tiriamas episteminis modalumas ir jo raiškos priemonės anglų ir lietuvių kalbose. Abiejose kalbose esama įvairių kalbinių priemonių episteminiam modalumui reikšti, tačiau darbe daugiausia dėmesio skiriama episteminį modalumą koduojančių modalinių veiksmažodžių ir modalinių adverbialų bei jų vertimo atitikmenų analizei. Pagrindinis šio darbo tikslas – taikant lygiagrečiųjų ir palyginamųjų tekstynų metodiką aptarti kiekybinius ir kokybinius episteminio modalumo raiškos ekvivalentiškumo parametrus anglų ir lietuvių kalbose. Remiantis van der Auweros et al. (2005) tyrimo modeliu, bandoma nustatyti, kokia episteminio modalumo raiškos strategija – modalinių veiksmažodžių ar adverbialų – vyrauja anglų ir lietuvių kalbose. Tuo tikslu buvo sudarytas dvikalbis dvikryptis paralelusis tekstynas iš grožinės literatūros originalių tekstų ir jų vertimų į lietuvių ir anglų kalbas.
Išanalizavus empirinę medžiagą, prieita prie tokių išvadų: episteminio modalumo raiška anglų ir lietuvių kalbose skiriasi. Anglų kalboje dėl palyginti didelės gramatiškėjimo įtakos episteminis modalumas dažniausiai reiškiamas modaliniais veiksmažodžiais, o lietuvių kalboje vyrauja adverbialinė raiškos strategija. Episteminė reikšmė glaudžiai susijusi su veiksmažodžių komplementų ir subjekto specifikacija. Vertimų paradigmų analizė rodo, kad lietuvių kalboje modalinės tikimybės laipsniai skiriami ne taip griežtai ir jos ribos ne tokios ryškios, o praleidimo ir įterpimo atvejai vertime gali būti... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]The thesis deals with epistemic modality and its realizations in English and Lithuanian. It focuses on the quantitative and qualitative parameters of equivalence between the lexical exponents of epistemic modality in the two languages. The axis of contrast is laid on the auxiliary and adverb strategies (van der Auwera et al. 2005): a probe is made into the cross-linguistic distribution and behavior of the central English modal auxiliaries of possibility and necessity and epistemic stance adverbials as opposed to their counterparts in Lithuanian. It is a contrastive analysis based on the data obtained from a self-compiled bi-directional parallel corpus of fiction texts and their translations into Lithuanian and English. The findings show that, despite the existence of the same adverbial and verb strategies for epistemic meaning realization in the two languages, their implementation differs. Lithuanian shows a significantly higher frequency of adverbials as opposed to English. Due to the high degree of grammaticalization, English usually favors modal auxiliaries for expressing epistemic modality. The findings show that epistemic meaning can be determined by various constraints, the most important of which are complement stativity and subject specification. The analysis of the translational paradigm could suggest that the boundaries between low and high degree of probability can be blurred in Lithuanian. The abundance of inserted modal adverbials and the phenomenon of zero... [to full text]
35
TimÃteo, Lidianeiza de Moura. "As manifestaÃÃes epistÃmicas e evidenciais como marcas de (des)comprometimento em artigos cientÃficos." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2011. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=7412.
Full textAbstract:
FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do CearÃEste trabalho tem como objetivo principal analisar as manifestaÃÃes evidenciais e modais epistÃmicas e sua relaÃÃo com o grau de comprometimento do autor de artigos cientÃficos com o conteÃdo asseverado. Para a descriÃÃo e anÃlise dos dados, adotamos a perspectiva funcionalista da linguagem. Nesta, a lÃngua nÃo à entendida como um objeto autÃnomo, mas como um sistema que sofre pressÃes da situaÃÃo comunicativa. Dessa forma, a investigaÃÃo realizada parte das expressÃes em uso, buscando entender o funcionamento da lÃngua, pois à no uso que as expressÃes adquirem sentido. O corpus desta pesquisa à constituÃdo por nove artigos cientÃficos retirados de anais de encontros ocorridos na Ãrea de LinguÃstica, no perÃodo de 2008 e 2009. Optamos pela anÃlise da evidencialidade e da modalidade epistÃmica como domÃnios funcionais marcadores do nÃvel comprometimento do autor em artigos cientÃficos por pressupormos que, em tal gÃnero, poderemos encontrar vÃrias marcas dessas categorias utilizadas como estratÃgias de distanciamento, jà que o autor desse tipo de texto busca maior objetividade, conforme prescriÃÃo dos manuais de metodologia cientÃfica, distanciando-se do conteÃdo para garantir cientificidade ao seu trabalho. Coletamos 410 ocorrÃncias que foram analisadas quanto aos aspectos sintÃticos (meios de expressÃo e posiÃÃo da marca evidencial no enunciado), semÃnticos (tipo de domÃnio e tipo de fonte da manifestaÃÃo evidencial) e pragmÃticos (grau de envolvimento do autor de artigos cientÃficos com o conteÃdo enunciado e presenÃa de marcas explÃcitas de adesÃo). Os resultados obtidos comprovaram que a evidencialidade e a modalidade epistÃmica sÃo utilizadas em textos cientÃficos para promover um efeito de mÃdio comprometimento. Essa constataÃÃo revela que, o discurso cientÃfico à marcado pelo uso de expressÃes que âmascaramâ a subjetividade do autor e evidenciam um comprometimento parcial dele com a verdade enunciada. Quanto aos meios de expressÃo utilizados, verificamos a preferÃncia dos autores de artigos cientÃficos pelo uso de manifestaÃÃes evidenciais e modais epistÃmicas expressas atravÃs de itens verbais. No gÃnero analisado, constatamos maior recorrÃncia de evidencialidade reportada de fonte definida, com marca intercalada entre a fonte da informaÃÃo e o conteÃdo comunicado.
This study aims at analyzing evidentiality and epistemic modality and their relationship with the level of engagement of a scientific article writer and the stated content. To the description and analysis of the data it is used the functional perspective on language, in which the language is not understood as an independent object, but as a system under the pressure of communicative situations. Thus, this investigation focuses on the expressions in use, trying to understand the functioning of the language, since it is through the use that the expressions acquire meaning. In order to make this research possible the corpus used is constituted by 9 scientific articles taken from Linguistics annals published within the years of 2008 and 2009. We have chosen the analysis of evidentiality and epistemic modality as functional domains which mark the level of engagement of a scientific article writer since we have as a presupposition that in such case, we may find several registers of these categories used as detachment strategies, considering that the author of this type of writing leads towards objectiveness as stipulated by manuals of scientific methodology, getting detached from the content to preserve the work scientific style. 410 occurrences have been collected and analyzed concerning synthetic (means of expressions and position of evidential marks in the statement), semantic (type of domain and source of the evidential manifestation), and pragmatic (level of commitment of a scientific article writer with the stated content, and the presence of explicit marks of adhesion) aspects. The results proved that evidentiality and epistemic modality are used in scientific texts to promote an effect of medium engagement, revealing that the scientific discourse is marked by the use of expressions that mask the authorâs subjectivity and highlight their partial engagement with the established truth. Concerning the means of expressions used, we observed that scientific article writers prefer the use of evidential and epistemic modal manifestations expressed through verbal items. Regarding the analyzed genre, it has been found more occurrences related to the reported evidentiality from a definite source, with interspersed marks between the source of information and the established content.
36
Quartararo, Geraldine. "Evidencialidad indirecta en aimara y en el español de La Paz : Un estudio semántico-pragmático de textos orales." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Romanska och klassiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-142240.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation investigates the expression of the indirect evidential subdomain in two languages in contact, i.e. the northern variety of Central Aymara and the variety of Spanish spoken in La Paz (Bolivia). For this aim, the study uses first-hand data collected in La Paz and El Alto (Bolivia) during 2014 and 2015. Data was elicited through: the “Family Problems Picture” task (San Roque et al. 2012), formulated by the members of the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics and created specifically for the activation of cognitive categories such as evidentiality and mirativity; the “Pear Story” designed for Wallace Chafe, professor at the University of California, to collect narrative texts that show how humans perceive, elaborate and verbalize experience; and, finally, personal narratives, traditional narratives and interviews. Thirty-three recordings (12h 48’) of 48 Spanish-Aymara bilingual speakers (17 males, age range: 18-64) were fully transcribed and annotated. The resulting corpus consists of 33 transcriptions of which 14 are in Aymara (c. 19 154 words), whereas 19 are in Spanish (c. 46 245 words). The dissertation is built around four research questions. First, the dissertation shows the functions of the forms identified in the data in both languages. The study identifies for each form both evidential and non-evidential functions. Indirect evidential functions are systematically analyzed and classified by combining Willett’s (1988) and Aikhnvald’s (2004) classifications. The analysis shows evidential functions of forms that have not been previously studied as such, i.e. digamos and diciendo in Spanish and sañani and sapxi in Aymara, but it also reveals unnoticed evidential functions for previously described forms. Second, the dissertation provides a clear view of the relationship between the evidential and the epistemic modal domain involved in the use of the forms identified. Two types of correlation are found. Both languages, indeed, show forms that only point out the way in which speakers acquired information and forms where the two domains overlap. Third, the dissertation investigates speakers’ epistemic stance, in terms of commitment, towards information involved in the use of the evidential forms identified. The study shows that the forms which convey merely evidential information express mainly a medium-high commitment degree, whereas the forms in which the distinction between the evidential and the epistemic modal domain is blurred indicate a low degree of commitment. Forth, the dissertation sheds light on the relationship between the expressions of the indirect evidential subdomain in the two languages. The study proposes a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the evidential types and subtypes in both languages. The results show a high degree of convergence between the two languages, suggesting also situations of influence of one language on the other.
37
Sveréus, Camilla. "Como debe ser : La traducción al sueco del verbo deber en una novela contemporáne." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för moderna språk, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-192209.
Full textAbstract:
Esta tesina trata las varias maneras de traducir el verbo modal deber (de) al sueco en la novela La Sombra del Viento de Carlos Ruiz Zafón. Compara los resultados con la descripción de los verbos modales suecos en Svenska Akademiens Grammatik. La investigación revela que el uso de los verbos en la traducción en cuestión generalmente corresponde a la descripción de SAG, pero hay excepciones. Las muchas ocurrencias de måste deóntico señala que el sentido de necesidad que expresa no es tan fuerte como sostiene SAG, y además no solo se usa en presente sino también mucho como forma de pasado. En cuanto a deber (de) epistémico, los resultados indican que su significado tiene un campo de aplicación tan grande que los modales suecos no son suficientes como traducciones. No aparece ningún ejemplo de lär en todo el corpus. Además el estudio enfoca la división entre deber y deber de, en la que parece que está en marcha un cambio lingüístico.
38
Maffre, Faustine. "Le bonheur est dans l'ignorance : logiques épistémiques dynamiques basées sur l'observabilité et leurs applications." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30112/document.
Full textAbstract:
Dans les logiques épistémiques, la connaissance est généralement modélisée par un graphe de mondes possibles, qui correspondent aux alternatives à l'état actuel du monde. Ainsi, les arêtes entre les mondes représentent l'indistinguabilité. Connaître une proposition signifie que cette proposition est vraie dans toutes les alternatives possibles. Les informaticiens théoriques ont cependant remarqué que cela a conduit à plusieurs problèmes, à la fois intuitifs et techniques : plus un agent est ignorant, plus elle a d'alternatives à examiner ; les modèles peuvent alors devenir trop grands pour la vérification de système. Ils ont récemment étudié comment la connaissance pourrait être réduite à la notion de visibilité. Intuitivement, l'idée de base est que quand un agent voit quelque chose, alors elle sait sa valeur de vérité. A l'inverse, toute combinaison de valeurs de vérité des variables non observables est possible pour l'agent. Ces informations d'observabilité permettent de reconstituer la sémantique standard de la connaissance : deux mondes sont indistinguables pour un agent si et seulement si chaque variable observée par cet agent a la même valeur dans les deux mondes. Notre objectif est de démontrer que les logiques épistémiques fondées sur la visibilité constituent un outil approprié pour plusieurs applications importantes dans le domaine de l'intelligence artificielle. Dans le cadre actuel de ces logiques de visibilité, chaque agent a un ensemble de variables propositionnelles qu'elle peut observer ; ces visibilités sont constantes à travers le modèle. Cela accompagne une hypothèse forte : les visibilités sont connues de tous, et sont même connaissance commune. De plus, la construction de la connaissance à partir de la visibilité entraîne des validités contre-intuitives, la plus importante étant que l'opérateur de la connaissance distribue sur les disjonctions de littéraux : si un agent sait que p ou q est vrai, alors elle sait que p est vrai ou que q est vrai, parce qu'elle peut les voir. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons des solutions à ces deux problèmes et les illustrons sur diverses applications telles que la planification épistémique ou les jeux booléens épistémiques, et sur des exemples plus spécifiques tels que le problème des enfants sales ou le problème du bavardage. Nous étudions en outre des propriétés formelles des logiques que nous concevons, fournissant axiomatisations et résultats de complexitéIn epistemic logic, knowledge is usually modelled by a graph of possible worlds, representing the alternatives to the current state of the world. So edges between worlds stand for indistinguishability. To know a proposition means that that proposition is true in all possible alternatives. Theoretical computer scientists however noticed that this led to several issues, both intuitively and technically: the more an agent is ignorant, the more alternatives she must consider; models may then become too big for system verification. They recently investigated how knowledge could be reduced to the notion of visibility. Intuitively, the basic idea is that when an agent sees something, then she knows its truth value. The other way round, any combination of truth values of the non-observable variables is possible for the agent. Such observability information allows us to reconstruct the standard semantics of knowledge: two worlds are indistinguishable for an agent if and only if every variable observed by her has the same value in both worlds. We aim to demonstrate that visibility-based epistemic logics provide a suitable tool for several important applications in the field of artificial intelligence. In the current settings of these logics of visibility, every agent has a set of propositional variables that she can observe; these visibilities are constant across the model. This comes with a strong assumption: visibilities are known to everyone, and are even common knowledge. Moreover, constructing knowledge from visibility brings about counter-intuitive validities, the most important being that the knowledge operator distributes over disjunction of literals: if an agent knows that p or q is true, then she knows that p is true or that q is true because she can see them. In this thesis, we propose solutions to these two problems and illustrate them on various applications such as epistemic planning or epistemic boolean games, and on more specific examples such as the muddy children problem or the gossip problem. We moreover study formal properties of the logics we design, providing axiomatizations and complexity results
39
Debord, Sfar Laurence Marie. "Cohérence de la discordance temporelle dans l'article de presse en espagnol péninsulaire contemporain." Thesis, Paris 10, 2020. http://faraway.parisnanterre.fr/login?url=http://bdr.parisnanterre.fr/theses/intranet/2020/2020PA100049/2020PA100049.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
La pratique de l’espagnol en discours implique différentes possibilités d’expression. Elle se heurte à la rigidité normative de la concordance temporelle des grammaires descriptives : temps de la principale/temps de la subordonnée, incluant l’antériorité et la postériorité des procès. Notre objectif tente de déterminer ce mode incompris qu’est le subjonctif. Notre démarche a consisté à rendre compte des différentes raisons de la discordance temporelle dans la presse péninsulaire contemporaine. En effet parfois le journaliste-rapporteur a le choix entre deux possibilités temporelles du subjonctif. Aussi nous démontrons qu’un sens unique regroupe tous les sens attribués à ce mode dont les paramètres peuvent être déterminés grâce à la théorie calculatoire des modalités de L. Gosselin. Notre recherche met en évidence les causes multifactorielles parfois en interaction, à savoir le double sémantisme des verbes introducteurs d’alternance modale, le type de discours, le double positionnement énonciatif, le point de vue du locuteur, la dislocation temporelle, les adverbes de temps opposé dans les deux propositions, la cohérence textuelle, les inférences, etc. qui peuvent conduire, malgré la non-concordance, à une meilleure expressivité grâce aux effets de sens des temps du subjonctifThe practice of Spanish in speech implies different possibilities of expression. It comes up against the normative rigidity of the temporal concordance of prescriptive grammars: tense of the principal / tense of the subordinate, sometimes including the anteriority and posteriority of the processes. Our objective attempts to determine this misunderstood mode that is the subjunctive. Our approach consisted in accounting for the different reasons for the temporal discordance in the contemporary peninsular press. Indeed, sometimes the journalist-reporter has the choice between two temporal possibilities of the subjunctive. Thus, we show that a single meaning includes all the meanings attributed to this mode whose parameters can be determined thanks to L. Gosselin’s computational theory of modalities. Our research highlights the multifactorial causes that are sometimes interacting (i.e. the double semantics of modal alternation introductory verbs, the type of discourse, the enunciative double positioning, the speaker’s point of view, the temporal dislocation, the adverbs of opposite time in the two propositions, the textual coherence, the inferences, etc.) which can lead, despite the non-concordance, to a better expressiveness thanks to the sense effects of the times of the subjective
40
Wachtmeister, Bermúdez Fernando. "Evidencialidad : La codificación lingüística del punto de vista." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Spanish, Portuguese and Latin American Studies, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-806.
Full textAbstract:
This work investigates into the semantic domain of evidentiality and its grammatical expression in Spanish. A model for describing the evidentiality domain is outlined, which emphasises the scalar nature of the proposed parameters: information source (subject-internal ↔ external), access to information (exclusive ↔ universal) and mode of access (sensory ↔ cognitive), all of which are construed as bipolar continua. Support is also provided for the relevance of using the notions of deixis and perspective in describing evidentiality.
The prevailing view in current research is that of evidentiality being a grammatical category to be analysed separately from other evidential strategies. The present study challenges this view as it attempts to broaden the perspective on how evidential meanings, expressed by various grammatical means, fit into an overall picture of human cognition and communication patterns. The theoretical framework adopted is that of Cognitive Grammar, which, it is argued, is particularly suited for investigating evidentiality, in particular due to the central role given to perspective, metaphor and category fuzziness in describing grammar and grammatical structures.
Four articles constitute the body of this work, in which four different prototypical aspects of the encoding of evidentiality into grammatical devices in Spanish are addressed. In the first, the marking of common knowledge in consecutive connectives is argued to depend on a perspective shift; the second proposes the evidential values of tense morphemes to be their core meaning, time deixis being an inference; in the third and the forth it is claimed that the evidential and modal effects of both subject-raising and clitic climbing are determined through the attribution of varying degrees of prominence to the relational participants.
41
Seydel, Bianca. "Probably certain : Translating hedges in academic research articles from Swedish to English." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-98126.
Full textAbstract:
While it certainly can be argued that translation is a quite demanding discipline in general, some areas within this field are, naturally, more challenging than others. One of these is hedging, which serves a broad variety of purposes both with regard to the author and to the intended readership, and hence must be translated accordingly. This paper investigates hedges in scientific research articles, the types and frequency of hedges in the analysed Swedish sourcetext (ST) compared to the English target text (TT), and the methods used for translating these hedges and their distribution by means of a short study conducted on two Swedish runology articles. The study’s quantitative analysis shows that the Swedish ST has a clear preference for adverbial hedges, and to an extent, also for modal verb hedges, whereas the English TT – while yielding an even higher preference for adverbials and also for lexical verbs – uses modal verbs much less frequently. It becomes evident that adverbials may feature so strongly in translations because they are easier to recall and to use than more complex structures, especially for L2 speakers. This practice does, however, result in a somewhat less flexible translation. The by far most frequently used translation strategy is faithful translation, particularly for content-oriented hedges. However, a fair number of adaptations (both in modal strength and word class change) and omissions – mostly of modal verbs – as well as numerous additions occurred, initiated by influential factors such as cultural differences regarding natural sounding text, L2 speaker perception of equivalence and/or lack of suitable linguistic equivalents. Thereby, the English translation showed a tendency toward adapting weaker modals compared to their Swedish ST equivalents, confirming the greater reader-orientation of English research articles.
42
Freitas, Erasmo de Oliveira. "Modalidade no gÃnero webcomentÃrio do jornal O Povo: efeitos de sentido e relaÃÃo com o mÃdium digital." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2012. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=8895.
Full textAbstract:
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel SuperiorFundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico
Este trabalho tem o objetivo geral de articular a descriÃÃo das marcas modais deÃnticas e epistÃmicas à produÃÃo de efeitos de sentidos no gÃnero discursivo webcomentÃrio. A pesquisa parte da escassez de estudos concernentes ao gÃnero webcomentÃrio e principalmente de pesquisas acerca da modalizaÃÃo no continuum virtual de linguagem. O problema central da pesquisa se concentra em investigar qual à o principal tipo de modalidade e quais as marcas de expressÃo modais mais usadas como estratÃgias argumentativo-persuasivas encontradas pelos leitores do webjornal O Povo (www.opovo.br) para produzirem os propÃsitos comunicativos de crÃtica, denÃncia, elogio e sugestÃo. Para tanto, usamos os corpora: um corpus de amostras textuais constituÃdo por 155 webcomentÃrios publicados entre junho e dezembro de 2011 e janeiro a marÃo de 2012, pertencentes a cinco temas especÃficos: PolÃtica, Economia, Cultura, Esportes e ViolÃncia Urbana, e um corpus de ocorrÃncias de expressÃes modalizadoras em seus respectivos contextos, nos webcomentÃrios, totalizando 200 ocorrÃncias. As ocorrÃncias foram analisadas tendo em vista nove categorias: i) tipo de modalidade, ii) propÃsito comunicativo, iii) tema, iv) modos de expressÃo das modalidades deÃntica e epistÃmica, v) valores deÃnticos, vi) tipo de fonte deÃntica, vii) tipo de alvo deÃntico, viii) valor epistÃmico e ix) natureza epistÃmica. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que o tema PolÃtica alcanÃou o maior nÃmero de webcomentÃrios (79,5%) e que a modalidade epistÃmica apresentou maior nÃmero de manifestaÃÃes (55%), entre as quais predominou a asserÃÃo irrealis (60%), seguida da realis (36,4%). Jà em relaÃÃo à modalidade deÃntica (45%), apresentou como valor deÃntico predominante a permissÃo (51,2%), seguido de obrigaÃÃo (46,6%). Nesse sentido, âmodalizarâ significou ârelativizarâ em um gÃnero de natureza democrÃtica e interativa. A pesquisa indica que hà relaÃÃo direta entre os efeitos de sentido pretendidos pelo sujeito enunciador com a escolha das marcas modais e de qual modalidade serà adotada para a construÃÃo da argumentaÃÃo. Parece-nos, portanto, que, como sujeitos bakhtinianos, os enunciadores sÃo conscientes de suas escolhas linguÃsticas, mesmo que nÃo as descreva metalinguisticamente no ato da redaÃÃo digital dos webcomentÃrios.
This paper aims to articulate a general description of epistemic and deontic modal marks the production of meaning effects on speech genre webcomentÃrio. The research part of the paucity of studies pertaining to gender and webcomentÃrio mainly research about modalization in virtual continuum of language. The central problem of research focuses on investigating what is the main type of modality and which brands most commonly used modes of expression as argumentative-persuasive strategies found by the readers of The People webnewspaper (www.opovo.br) to produce the communicative purposes of criticism, complaint, compliment or suggestion. For this, we use corpora: a corpus of textual samples consisting of 155 webcomentÃrios published between June and December 2011 and January-March 2012, belonging to five specific topics: Politics, Economics, Culture, Sports and Urban Violence, and a corpus modalizadoras of occurrences of expressions in their respective contexts, in webcomentÃrios, totaling 200 events. The events were analyzed with a view nine categories: i) type of modality, ii) communicative purpose, iii) issue, iv) modes of expression of deontic and epistemic modalities, v) values deÃnticos, vi) font deontic, vii) type of target deontic, viii) epistemic value and ix) epistemic nature. The survey results indicate that the subject policy achieved the highest number of webcomentÃrios (79.5%) and the epistemic modality showed higher number of events (55%), including the assertion irrealis predominated (60%), followed by realis (36.4%). Regarding the deontic modality (45%), presented as the predominant value deontic permission (51.2%), followed by requirement (46.6%). In this sense, "modalizing" meant "relativize" a genre in the democratic and interactive. The research indicates that there is a direct relationship between the effects of meaning intended by the subject enunciator with modal choice of brands and which modality will be adopted for the construction of argumentation. It seems therefore that, as subjects Bakhtin, the enunciators are aware of their linguistic choices, even if they do not describe the act of writing metalinguistically digital webcomentÃrios.
43
Mélac, Éric. "L'évidentialité en anglais - approche contrastive à partir d'un corpus anglais-tibétain." Thesis, Paris 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA030172/document.
Full textAbstract:
Cette étude vise à fournir une description détaillée de l’évidentialité en anglais dans une approche contrastive avec le tibétain. Elle repose sur un corpus spécialement recueilli au Tibet et en Angleterre (TSC et CSC/LAC, 2010-2012, 10 h.). Le tibétain possède un système évidentiel complexe et grammaticalisé dont la description peut fournir une grille d’analyse préliminaire pour notre étude de l’évidentialité en anglais. Des exemples authentiques et des données quantitatives issus du corpus nous permettent d’illustrer et de compléter les descriptions du groupe verbal tibétain dans plusieurs travaux pionniers antérieurs à la présente recherche (Tournadre & Sangda Dorje 1998) afin de poser les bases de la sémantique évidentielle. Les marqueurs évidentiels qui émergent dans les parties tibétaine et anglaise du corpus sont examinés afin de déterminer les paramètres qui motivent leur utilisation. Les marqueurs tibétains sont principalement grammaticaux et intégrés à des paradigmes syntaxiques : copules, suffixes verbaux et enclitiques. Les marqueurs évidentiels anglais sont lexicaux ou semi-grammaticaux : verbes de perception, verbes de cognition, verbes de discours, modaux, adverbes, conjoints, parenthétiques et marqueurs de discours (Nuyts 2001a, Cappelli 2007, Sanders & Sweetser 2009, Mortensen 2010, Whitt 2010, Gisborne 2010, Miller 2008, Boulonnais 2010, Gurajek 2010, Kaltenböck et coll. 2011, Heine 2013). Cette description de l’évidentialité en tibétain et en anglais nous permet d’analyser les conséquences d’un rendu grammatical ou lexical de cette notion (Talmy 2000, Bybee et coll. 1994, Nuyts 2001a, Boye & Harder 2009). Des analyses quantitatives et qualitatives du corpus contrastif et sur large corpus illustrent les différences de complexité, d'optionalité, de fréquence, de restriction sémantique, de prise en charge, de statut informatif, et de stratégie de discours dans les deux systèmes.Enfin, nous réévaluons la dichotomie, souvent considérée comme acquise, entre évidentialité grammaticale et lexicale (Aikhenvald 2004). Nous avançons que les marqueurs évidentiels des deux langues se positionnent à différents endroits sur un continuum multidimensionnel lexique-grammaire. Cette étude ne remet pas en question que le système évidentiel tibétain est plus grammaticalisé que le système anglais, mais démontre que ce dernier présente tous les signes d’une grammaticalisation partielle. Nous concluons ainsi que l’évidentialité est une notion pertinente et nécessaire pour une description linguistique complète de l’anglaisThis study aims to give a detailed description of evidentiality in English in contrast with Tibetan. It is based on a specialised corpus collected in Tibet and in England (TSC and CSC/LAC, 2010-2012, 10 h.).Tibetan has a complex and grammaticalised evidential system, and its description can provide a preliminary analytical grid for a semantic assessment of English evidentiality. Athentic examples and quantitative data from the corpus illustrate and supplement the analyses of the Tibetan verb phrase from previous research (Tournadre & Sangda Dorje 1998), in order to lay the foundation of the semantics of evidentiality. The evidential markers that emerge in the Tibetan and English sections of the corpus are examined so as to determine the parameters that motivate their usage. Tibetan evidentials are mainly grammatical and paradigmatised: copulas, verb suffixes and enclitics. English evidentials are either lexical or semi-grammatical: perception verbs, cognition verbs, speech verbs, modals, adverbs, conjuncts, parentheticals and discourse markers (Nuyts 2001a, Cappelli 2007, Sanders & Sweetser 2009, Mortensen 2010, Whitt 2010, Gisborne 2010, Miller 2008, Boulonnais 2010, Gurajek 2010, Kaltenböck et al. 2011, Heine 2013).This survey of Tibetan and English evidentiality provides precise data for the analysis of the consequences of a grammatical or a lexical rendering of this notion (Talmy 2000, Bybee et al. 1994, Nuyts 2001a, Boye & Harder 2009). Qualitative and quantitative evidence illustrates the differences in complexity, optionality, frequency, semantic restriction, speaker commitment, informative status and discourse strategy in the two systems. Finally, this study reassesses the assumed dichotomy between grammatical and lexical evidentiality (Aikhenvald 2004), arguing that evidentials in both Tibetan and English inhabit a lexicon-grammar multidimensional continuum, merely in different positions. This study does not question that the Tibetan evidential system is more grammaticalised than the English one, but it shows that the latter presents all the signs of partial grammaticalisation. This reassessment leads to the conclusion that evidentiality is a relevant and necessary notion for a thorough linguistic description of English
44
Caridroit, Thomas. "Changement de croyances et logiques modales." Thesis, Artois, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ARTO0402/document.
Full textAbstract:
Le changement de croyances vise à trouver des moyens adéquats pour faire évoluer les croyances d'un agent lorsqu'il est confronté à de nouvelles informations. Dans la plupart des travaux sur la révision de croyances, l'ensemble de croyances d'un agent est composé de croyances au sujet de l'environnement (le monde) et est représenté par un ensemble de formules de la logique classique. Dans de nombreuses applications, un agent n'est pas seul dans l'environnement, mais le partage avec d'autres agents, qui ont aussi des croyances. Ainsi les croyances sur les croyances des autres agents constituent un élément d'information important pour l'agent, afin d'être en mesure de prendre les meilleures décisions et d'effectuer les meilleures actions. L'utilisation de croyances sur les croyances des autres agents est par exemple cruciale dans la théorie des jeux. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions dans un premier temps les opérateurs de contraction propositionnelle correspondant aux opérateurs de révision de Katsuno et Mendelzon. Nous étudions ensuite une connexion entre les logiques épistémiques et la théorie du changement de croyances, proche de l'approche AGM. Nous nous sommes intéressés à l'utilisation des opérateurs qui modifient les croyances des agents dans les modèles KD45n standard. Cette tâche est plus compliquée que dans le cadre AGM standard, car, dans un contexte multi-agents, les nouvelles informations peuvent prendre différentes formes. Par exemple, chaque nouvelle information peut être observée/transmise/disponible à tous les agents ou seulement à certains d’entre euxBelief change is about finding appropriate ways to evolve an agent's beliefs when confronted with new pieces of information. In most works on belief revision, the set of beliefs of an agent is composed of beliefs about the environment (the world) and is represented by a set of formulas of classical logic. In many applications, an agent is not alone in the environment, but sharing with other agents, which also have beliefs. Thus beliefs about the beliefs of other agents are an important piece of information for the agent in order to be able to make the best decisions and perform the best actions. The use of beliefs about the beliefs of other agents is, for exampel, crucial in game theory. In this thesis, we first study the operators of propositional contraction corresponding to the revision operators proposed by Katsuno and Mendelzon. Then, we study a connection between epistemic logics and belief change theory, close to the AGM approach. We are interested in the use of operators that modify agent beliefs in standard KD45n models. This task is more complicated than in the standard AGM framework because, in a multi-agent context, new information can take different forms. For example, each new information can be observed/transmitted/available to all agents or only some of them
45
Frittella, Sabine. "Monotone Modal Logic and Friends." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4751/document.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse étudie la théorie de la correspondance et la théorie des preuves pour la logique modale monotone et les logiques qui en sont proches.La première partie de la thèse établit une connexion formelle entre la théorie de la correspondance algorithmique et des résultats de caractérisation duale pour les treillis finis, similaire à la caractérisation par Nation d'une hiérarchie de variétés de treillis qui généralise les treillis distributifs. Cette connexion formelle est établie en utilisant la logique modale monotone. Nous adaptons l'algorithme ALBA pour la correspondance à l'environnement de la logique modale monotone, et nous utilisons un encodage, induit par une dualité, des treillis finis sous forme de 'neighbourhood frames' pour traduire les termes de la théorie des treillis en formules de la logic modal monotone.La deuxième partie de la thèse étend la théorie des 'display calculi' à la logique Baltag-Moss-Solecki pour les actions épistémiques et la connaissance (Epistemic Actions and Knowledge), à la logique modale monotone et à la logique propositionnelle dynamique (PDL). Nos résultats incluent plusieurs méta-théorèmes d'élimination de la coupure qui généralisent le théorème original de Belnap dans des dimensions différentes et indépendantes. Les deux principales généralisations des 'display calculi' traitées dans la thèse sont : la généralisation d'une théorie pour les langages ne contenant qu'un seul type à une théorie pour les langages contenant plusieurs types, et la généralisation d'une théorie pour les calculs satisfaisant la propriété de 'display' aux calculs ne la satisfaisant pasThe present thesis focuses on Monotone Modal Logic and closely related logics from the point of view of Correspondence Theory and Proof Theory.The first part of the thesis establishes a formal connection between algorithmic corre- spondence theory and certain dual characterization results for finite lattices, similar to Nation's characterization of a hierarchy of pseudovarieties of finite lattices progressively generalizing finite distributive lattices. This formal connection is established through monotone modal logic. Specifically, we adapt the correspondence algorithm ALBA to the setting of monotone modal logic, and we use a certain duality-induced encoding of finite lattices as monotone neighbourhood frames to translate lattice terms into formulas in monotone modal logic.The second part of the thesis extends the theory of display calculi to Baltag-Moss- Solecki's logic of Epistemic Actions and Knowledge (EAK), Monotone Modal Logic (MML), and Propositional Dynamic Logic (PDL). Our results include several cut-elimination metatheorems, which generalize the original metatheorem of Belnap in different and mutually independent dimensions. The two main generalizations of display calculi treated in the thesis are: the generalization from single type to multi-type languages, and from the full or relativized display property to no display property
46
Guzmán, Michell. "On the expressiveness of spatial constraint systems." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLX064/document.
Full textAbstract:
Les comportement épistémiques, mobiles et spatiaux sont omniprésent dans les systèmes distribués aujourd’hui. La nature intrinsèque épistémique de ces types de systèmes provient des interactions des éleménts qui en font parties. La plupart des gens sont familiarisés avec des systèmes numériques où les utilisateurs peuvent partager ses croyances, opinions et même des mensonges intentionnels (des canulars). Aussi, les modèles de ces systèmes doivent tenir compte des interactions avec d’autres de même que leur nature distribués. Ces comportements spatiaux et mobiles font part d’applications où les données se déplacent dans des espaces (peut-être imbriqués) qui sont définis par, par exemple, cercles d’amis, des groupes, ou des dossiers partagés. Nous pensons donc qu’une solide compréhension des notion d’espaces, de mobilité spatial ainsi que le flux d’information épistémique est cruciale dans la plupart des modèles de systèmes distribués de nos jours.Les systèmes de contrainte (sc) fournissent les domaines et les opérations de base pour les fondements sémantiques de la famille de modèles déclaratifs formels de la théorie de la concurrence connu sous le nom de programmation concurrent par contraintes (pcc). Les systèmes des contraintes spatiales (scs) représentent des structures algébriques qui étendent sc pour raisonner sur les comportement spatiaux et épistémiques de base tel que croyance et l’extrusion. Les assertions spatiales et épistémiques peuvent être vues comme des modalités spécifiques. D’autres modalités peuvent être utilisées pour les assertions concernant le temps, les connaissances et même pour l’analyse des groupes entre autres concepts utilisés dans la spécification et la vérification des systèmes concurrents.Dans cette thèse nous étudions l’expressivité des systèmes de contraintes spatiales dans la perspective générale du comportement modal et épistémique. Nous montrerons que les systèmes de contraintes spatiales sont assez robustes pour capturer des modalités inverses et pour obtenir de nouveaux résultats pour les logiques modales. Également, nous montrerons que nous pouvons utiliser les scs pour exprimer un comportement épistémique fondamental comme connaissance. Finalement, nous donnerons une caractérisation algébrique de la notion de l’information distribuée au moyen de constructions sur scsEpistemic, mobile and spatial behaviour are common place in today’s distributed systems. The intrinsic epistemic nature of these systems arises from the interactions of the elements taking part of them. Most people are familiar with digital systems where users share their beliefs, opinions and even intentional lies (hoaxes). Models of those systems must take into account the interactions with others as well as the distributed quality these systems present. Spatial and mobile behaviour are exhibited by applications and data moving across (possibly nested) spaces defined by, for example, friend circles, groups, and shared folders. We therefore believe that a solid understanding of the notion of space and spatial mobility as well as the flow of epistemic information is relevant in many models of today’s distributed systems.Constraint systems (cs’s) provide the basic domains and opera- tions for the semantic foundations of the family of formal declarative models from concurrency theory known as concurrent constraint programming (ccp). Spatial constraint systems (scs’s) are algebraic structures that extend cs’s for reasoning about basic spatial and epistemic behaviour such as belief and extrusion. Both spatial and epistemic assertions can be viewed as specific modalities. Other modalities can be used for assertions about time, knowledge and even the analysis of groups among other concepts used in the specification and verification of concurrent systems.In this thesis we study the expressiveness of spatial constraint systems in the broader perspective of modal and epistemic behaviour. We shall show that spatial constraint systems are sufficiently robust to capture inverse modalities and to derive new results for modal logics. We shall show that we can use scs’s to express a fundamental epistemic behaviour such as knowledge. Finally we shall give an algebraic characterization of the notion of distributed information by means of constructors over scs’s
47
Bakhtiarinoodeh, Zeinab. "The Dynamics of Incomplete and Inconsistent Information : Applications of logic, algebra and coalgebra." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0208/document.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse est structurée autour de deux axes d’études : (1) développer des logiques épistémiques formalisant la prise en compte de nouvelles données en présence d'informations incomplètes ou incohérentes ; (2) caractériser les notions de bisimulation sur les modèles de ces nouvelles logiques. Les logiques modales utilisées pour formaliser des raisonnements dans le cadre d’informations incomplètes et incohérentes, telle que la logique modale de contingence, sont généralement plus faibles que les logiques modales standards. Nos travaux se basent sur des méthodes logiques, algébriques et co-algébriquesIn this Ph.D. dissertation we investigate reasoning about information change in the presence of incomplete or inconsistent information, and the characterisation of notions of bisimulation on models encoding such reasoning patterns. Modal logics for incomplete and inconsistent information are typically weaker than the standard modal logics, such as the modal logic of contingency. We use logical, algebraic and co-algebraic methods to achieve our aims. The dissertation consists of two main parts. The first part focusses on reasoning about information change, and the second part focusses on expressivity and bisimulation. In the following, we give an overview of the contents of this dissertation
48
Kratochvílová, Jana. "Problémy při překládání konstrukcí s modálními slovesy z němčiny do češtiny." Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-305621.
Full textAbstract:
The subject matter of this diploma thesis is linguistic modality in German with focus on certain problems in translating modal verbs structures from German to Czech. In the theoretical part, the concept of modality as well as the differentiation of modal field is elucidated. Besides the usually used classification of subjective and objective modality, a more precise structure is applied, which is that of epistemic and non-epistemic modality. In addition, in the field of non-epistemic modality, two other sub-types are distinguished according to whether a speaker s evaluation is present or not. The practical part methodologically relies on concrete data such as modal verbs used with perfect infinitive or modal verbs in past perfect tense (Plusquamperfekt) and their translations from German to Czech. Based on selected examples, the aim of this thesis is to emphasize the main differences between Czech and German modality and to underline their essential significance to the translation accuracy.
49
Nováková, Ludmila. "Některé problémy při překládání modálních prostředků v kontrastivním pohledu." Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-305471.
Full textAbstract:
This diploma thesis deals with modality in German and highlights possible problems which can arise when modal formulations are translated from German into Czech. It focuses on modal verbs, which are presented as a special verb group. Knowledge of modal verbs is the basic prerequisite for accurate translation as far as semantics, grammar and stylistics are concerned. Since the correct identification of modality in a sentence essentially influences the accuracy of a translation, modality is considered exhaustively. Data was gathered from the parallel corpus Intercorp (project of parallel corpuses of The Faculty of Arts of Charles University in Prague), the Coocurrency Database (CCDB) IDS Mannheim which competes with the parallel corpus InterCorp, and original German fiction texts and their Czech translations and was the subject of comparative critical analysis. These analyses demonstrate the problematic phenomena encountered when German modal formulations are translated into Czech.
50
HAVLÍKOVÁ, Martina. "Vyjadřování epistémické modality ve španělských žurnalistických textech v porovnání s českými." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-200463.
Full textAbstract:
The core of the present master's thesis is a comparative analysis of means of expressing epistemic modality on the background of Spanish and Czech journalistic texts. Initially, the discourse analysis and the concept of theory of enunciation are presented. Secondly, the author defines the term modality and its concept in terms of modal logic and linguistics. She concentrates on different typologies of modality presented by foreign and Czech authors as well. Further, the works focuses on the category of evidentiality and means of expression (especially lexical) of epistemic modality. The proper research is based on qualitative and quantitative analysis. The aim of this investigation is to compare the frequency of occurrence of the epistemic markers between the aforementioned languages.