Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Épistémologie contemporaine'
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Stahl, Alain. "Philosophie de la science contemporaine." Paris 12, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA120013.
Full textThis thesis starts from two observations: as a whole, science to be in good health: some forecasts in quantum mechanics have been verified with an extraordinary precision. In biology, the theory of dna accounts for an impressing number of observations. The mighty power of technology is present in every branch of science. Concurrently, and since more than 70 years, philosophy of science has been either impordyctive or indequate. It was reduced by the supporters of logical emoiricism to a set of linguistic studes, totally disconnected from real science. After which it reacted through stressing its formal sociological aspect, resulting in losing the specifiety of science. On the other hand, regional espistemology studes. Which may be interesting in plysics despite a tendency to keep going over the same topics, are too often in biology influenced by philosophical a priori. My position is that thuis decline in @philosophy of science is not inescapable. On the contrary, science's progress must help its philosophy. Hence, the contribution of this thereis will be an attempt in order to revive a comprehensive philosophy of science. Which 1 hope will be useful to scientists and philosophers. It will include two parts: deals with the great problems: probabilities (and induction); determinism (and free willy); value of the scientific theories; ultilmate ends in knowledge,. . . The second one ins made of application chapters, devoted to important questions of the particular sciences. The author tried hard to stay as close as possible to lodern science
Tibaoui, Mounir. "Fondationalisme inductiviste et faillibilisme dans la philosophie contemporaine des sciences." Nantes, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NANT3023.
Full textChatué, Jacques. "La figure de descartes dans l'epistemologie francaise contemporaine." Amiens, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AMIE0009.
Full textMOUKALA, NDOUMOU. "L'eternelle question du reel et les presupposes philosophiques de l'epistemologie contemporaine. Essai d'introduction a l'ontologie neo-empiriste a travers les textes de moritz schlick, hans reichenbach, et karl popper." Nantes, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NANT3011.
Full textViltard, Yves. ""Il faut étudier la Chine contemporaine" : Sinologie et politique aux États-Unis entre 1949 et 1979." Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010361.
Full textPaulin, Fabienne. "L'épistémologie contemporaine de la Théorie de l'évolution dans l'enseignement secondaire français : état des lieux et conséquences didactiques." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10254/document.
Full textThe science of evolution englobes two complementary scientific fields. First, there is the historical science that aims to reconstitute the history of life on earth. Then there is the ‘functional’ domain that aims to elucidate the mechanisms of evolution. The centrality of the concept of evolution in the life sciences makes it an indispensable subject in the school curriculum and its importance is underlined in all the official texts concerning the life sciences in French secondary education. Nevertheless, numerous studies in the didactics of the life sciences have highlighted different problems with the teaching of evolution. We propose the hypothesis that certain of these problems are due, on one hand, to the lack of clarity in the philosophy of evolution in the official school program and, on the other hand, to teachers’ limited engagement with the philosophical issues in evolution when they teach the subject. The first part of this thesis offers a detailed philosophical analysis of the field of evolution in which we pay close attention to the philosophical conceptions of the researchers in different areas of the field. The analytical grid that we develop based on this research is then used to classify the institutional choice of programs as well as the concepts of teachers and their approach to teaching evolution. The examination of our results leads to the conclusion that the historical science and the associated philosophical concepts exercise an implicit influence on the teaching of evolution. This result explains certain tensions that exist in the teaching of evolution and allows us to engage a wider reflection on the need to integrate this kind of philosophical analysis into studies in science education
Castelbajac, Thomas de. "Épistémologie de la destruction des espaces intermédiaires en psychiatrie contemporaine : de la désubjectivation des dispositifs d’esthétisation à la fondation d’une éthique de soin orientée par l’utopie." Thesis, Tours, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOUR2010.
Full textPublic French psychiatry knows a heavy crisis based on the loss of intermediary spaces which are essential for the being to unfold and go encounter the other. Epistemological analysis of bipolar disorder category, of bientraitance and of psychiatric architecture,show they wreck the spaces separating and bringing together the subject with his unconscious, others and architectural work. Aestheticization apparat uses, which are mental disease biologism, good practices machinism and architecture functionalism, emphasized through the values of True, Well and Beautiful, abolish every form of hospitality. In view of this devastation, proceeded by the closure of the language, we propose its desobstruction through utopia. Through the open it keeps, ensuring a possible welcome for psychotic subjects, it gives back all their ethics to care practices in psychiatry
Ripoll, Fabrice. "La dimension spatiale des mouvements sociaux : essais sur la géographie et l'action collective dans la France contemporaine à partir des mouvements de "chômeurs" et "altermondialistes"." Caen, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005CAEN1435.
Full textHulak, Florence. "Mentalités et imaginaires sociaux : le problème de la subjectivité dans la science historique française et la philosophie de l'histoire contemporaine." Paris 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA010702.
Full textAbdallah, Elise. "Les mathématiques discrètes dans l’enseignement supérieur : une approche épistémologique et didactique." Thesis, Reims, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020REIMS025.
Full textOur thesis revolves around the epistemological and didactic study and analysis of discrete mathematics in higher education with a focus on graph theory. Identifying the teaching potential in discrete mathematics for higher education has shown to be little explored in the field of mathematics education. We are therefore interested in the following questions: How does research in mathematics education study discrete mathematics? What is the underlying epistemology in discrete mathematics used in higher education? To carry out our study, we conducted a state of the art in didactics of mathematics. We then conducted a contemporary exploration of an epistemological nature, by interviewing researchers in discrete mathematics. We also used a praxeological approach and mobilized the outil/objet dialectic to analyze three major groups of problems in graph theory in a selection of academic books. The results of our experimentations were compared to those of the state of the art. The results of the thesis highlight the richness of the field in terms of the "logos" block, particularly in terms of proofs, algorithms, modeling, and complexities of different nature, as well as a heterogeneity among the academic books. The results of this research represent a step towards the construction of didactics of discrete mathematics in higher education
Klein, Alexandre. "Du corps médical au corps du sujet. Etude historique et philosophique du problème de la subjectivité dans la médecine française moderne et contemporaine." Phd thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00943709.
Full textVartany, Edwin. "Normes, rupture et rationnalité scientifique dans les épistémologies contemporaines." Montpellier 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON30016.
Full textDussouy, Gérard. "Les aspects contemporains de la géopolitique et de la géostratégie : épistémologie d'une approche problématique des relations internationales." Bordeaux 4, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR40021.
Full textThe modern outlook on geopolitics (and, by the same token,on geostrategy) invites one to reconsiderer and wonder about its actual scientific - or heuristic only - contribution to the understanding of international relationships. Indeed,the picture it offers of a critical examination of the various representations of the international space - whether they be traditional or modern- stands as a confirmation of what had already be noticed,i. E. A lack of true global working methods. Therefore, rather than a cumulative approach, one is faced with a succession - and competition - of partial and often emphatic representations which could not accurately render the comple- xity of international politics. However, flawed as it is, geopolitics can't obviously do without some form of global theory, so illusory it is to imagine an immmediate knowledge could be acquired out of an ever increa- sing mass of collected information. It is quite obvious that today, getting information about the world - facts daily qua- lified - poses fewer problems than analyzing them accurately. In sugh conditions, we do think the best way to make up for the present lack of analysis and to challenge theory in a succes- ful way, is to re-assess the aims of geopolitics by turning it into a systemography of the international space. By defining its own spatial concepts (especially those of a systemic con- figuration) geopolitics will be able to illustrate potential global spaces of the international system,given that space can only be analysed in terms of territory and fields (which are the bases and contents of the strategies defined by those who build them). However, understandinq the international system in macroscopic terms is anything but easy. It necessarily entails an organized system of research (itself built upon the analysis of the global structure of power and upon a threefold basis - homoge- neisation/heterogeneity - which is a common characteristic to all geopolitical fields which, furthermore, allows to integrate the inter-paradigmatic debate. In short, one must re-conceptualise geopolitics into a systemic and nominalist perspective,hence into some geopolitics open to all that may happen
Vissio, Gabriele. "Lo stile della giustizia : Canguilhem filosofo dei “problemi umani concreti”." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01H230.
Full textThis PhD Thesis in Philosophy deals with the thought of Georges Canguilhem as a whole. Canguilhem is a distinguished figure of the 20th century French philosophy and today his works are attracting the interest of a number of studies focused both on the historiographical and the theoretical level. This doctoral work is structured in three main parts. The first part provides a general presentation of the core idea which is the basis of the unity of the Canguilhem’s philosophical program. The second part aims to analyse this philosophy by identifying four couples of concepts and "key-words" permitting a general presentation of the main lines of research of Canguilhem’s work: 1. Facts and Values; 2. History and Concept; 3. Knowledge and Life; 4. Technique and Society. This analysis tends to the conclusion that a certain idea of justice forms the basis of the philosophical program of Canguilhem. The third and last part of the PhD Thesis examines this concept of justice finding in the conceptual couple given by "necessity" and "résistance" both a key to interpreting the notion of "justice" and a way to read the unity of Canguilhem’s philosophy
Gualandi, Alberto. ""Rupture épistémologique" et crise du savoir : le lieu de la vérité scientifique dans la philosophie française contemporaine." Paris 8, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA081288.
Full textThis study addresses classical problems of the french epistemology by analyzing the philosophy of authors such as emile meyerson, leon brunschvicg, gaston bachelard, michel serres, gilles deleuze, jean-francois lyotard, and michel foucault. The theoretical analysis examines the problems characterizing the scientific modernity, but also takes into consideration the anthropological, political and ontological implications of the epistemological problems. Having analyzed bachelard's criticism of the statical and timeless conception of transcendental reason, we consider the crisis in contemporary french philosophy that has been caused by bachelard's "meta-theoretical break". Serres and deleuze try to overcome this crisis by recovering pre- and post-kantian ontologies and natural philosophies. However, deleuze's "logics of the event of thinking" as well as foucault's and lyotard's "logics of the linguistical event", produces theoretical antinomies concerning the conceptions of history and truth. In our opinion, to overcome these antinomies, the theoretical conditions that have prepared bachelard's epistemological break must be clarified by an analysis of the anthropological principles underlying meyerson's "negative ontology" and brunschvicg's logics of judgement. It will be these very logics of judgement that will allow us to define "a new transcendental space" for the "scientific" event of truth
Jaeger, Lydia. "Lois de la nature et raisons du coeur : les convictions religieuses dans le débat épistémologique contemporain." Paris 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA010556.
Full textWinckel, Henri. "Approche critique de l'idée de fondement : réflexions épistémologiques contemporaines." Metz, 2005. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2005/Winckel.Henri.LMZ0504.pdf.
Full textOur inquiry tries examine the possibility of an ultimate foundation of the human knowledge. Therefore we evaluate several contributions to this aspect, which are in their great majority defending specific ways of foundation. This exposition of these different approaches is organized according to a methodological subdivision into conceptueal fields. In fact, each approach is characterized by the predominance of a certain category of concepts. The prevalence of a determinate conceptual category then constitutes the starting-point for the development of thr respective point of view. We have distinguished between five differnt conceptual areas, a logical and epistemic one, an area turning around the notion of subjectivity, an ethical and intersubjective area, a linguistic and semantic area and finally an ontological field, occurring recurrently but rather in a hidden way. By analyzing some representatives of different types of foundation, that we have respectively assigned to the conceptual fields mentioned adove, (for example Descartes for the conceptual area of subjectivity or Bolzano for the logical and epistemological field), we realize, during the course of the investigations, that the evaluated types of foundation contain interesting elements but the same time collectively comprise a deficiency. By reconducting the nature of knowledge to a definite conceptual terminology (the logical laws , the subjectivity, the a priori of argumentation, the language. . . ), the authors in question omit or neglect the pressuposed presence and use of other elements wihch are attributable to other conceptual fields. This repeated ascertainment leads us to the recognitin that foundation as a unilateral attempt to reduce the totality of knowledge to a unique source or base is an impossible task. Though we believe in the reliability of our knowledge and reject any skeptical and relativistic outgrowths, we think that the nature foundation has be considered in a different way. Foundation has to be conceived from a holistic perpective, because one aspect of our knowledge and cognition supports the other and inversely. We should consider foundation as the insight that wz are embedded in an irrepressible background dominated by relations of interpependence and mutuality. Thinking foundation implies getting aware of our entranglement in a global network or web. We should realize that the foundation of knowledge and cognition does not derive from the exclusivity of a determinated base, but rather from the complementarity of all kinds of conceptual fields
Frega, Roberto. "Pensée, action, pratique : étude sur la philosophie de John Dewey et ses prolongements contemporains." Paris 8, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA082420.
Full textThis work analyses Dewey’s theory of thought and knowledge. It shows some of its implications for contemporary philosophical debates. To this extent, considerable attention has been given to Dewey’s logic and epistemology. This we do especially in the first part of the work, where Dewey’s image of thought is exposed and discussed in the light of recent interpretations. This image is further analysed in the second part, through the discussion of Dewey’s theory of judgment, that we place at the heart of his philosophical project. This grounding has made possible the further inquiry on the bearing of Dewey’s logic and epistemology on contemporary theory, especially for what concern the place of agency and practice in the explication of the nature of thinking and knowledge. From there, we show the philosophical relevance of pragmatism in philosophy but also in the social and human sciences, wherever the question of the nature of thinking and knowledge is in question
Wang, Rong-lin. "Réalisme et anti-réalisme dans la philosophie des sciences contemporaines." Paris 4, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA040054.
Full textAre we justified in believing our best scientific theories are true? Do we have good reasons for believing those unobservable entities postulated in the scientific theories are real? To these questions, a realist in philsophy of science tends to give an affirmative reply. An anti-realist, on the contrary, holds that neither belief in the truth of theories nor belief in the reality of postulated entities is justified. Although the debate between realists and anti-realists stretches back into antiquity, it made a comeback since the collapse of the logical empiricism in the 1960s, and was brought to a climax in the 1980s. This dissertation aims to display the difficulties that both belligerent parties encounter. It examines the insecure arguments given by both belligerent parties, and shows how flawed they are. The examined arguments are all gleaned from contempory philosophy of science, in particular from the doctrines of four distinguished philosophers, namely P. Duhem, B. Van Fraassen, N. Cartwright, and A. Fine
Bontems, Vincent. "Essai sur le progrès épistémologique au siècle de la relativité (1905-2005) : l'analogie dans la construction des objets scientifiques contemporains." Paris, EHESS, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005EHES0097.
Full textThe notion of "epistemological progress" relies on the hypothesis of a recurrent evolution of philosophical concepts, which is induced by scientific dynamism, and especially by relativistic physics. From the work of Gaston Bachelard, these evolutions can be identified as petaphysical "relativisations" of spontaneous substantialism. Nowadays, the theory of scale relativity (Laurent Nottale) and the phylosophy of transduction (Gilbert Simondon) point to the same method based on the postulate of relational realism, the hypothesis of preinviduality and a fractal schematization. This kind of epistemological contemporariness relation can be retrospectively extend to the different historical stages by the means of the concept of analogy, and therefore used as criterion for epistemological progress. First, this study goes through the transformations of the concept of abalogy from Plato to Simondon (1 The construction of analogies), then it investigates the epistemological contemporariness between the works of Nottale and Simondon (2 A contenporaneous scientific object), and the progress of the relativistic method from Einstein to Nottale (3 Relativity on the scale of a centruy), and finally, we bring out theoretical improvements in historical studies induced by the new epistemological contemporariness, and try to distinguish these improvements from the fictional adaptation of scientific schema (4 Historical and fictional frames of references). The conclusions emphasizes the need for a new quest of all-round knowledge, and the epistemological obstacles that stand in the way of this analogical research. This work also develops an original method of "spectral" elaboration of concepts by means of insertion and extraction operations accross the different scientific horizons
Barot, Emmanuel. "L'aventure mathématique de la dialectique depuis Hegel : perspectives sur les visages contemporains du "problème de la dialectique" en épistémologie des mathématiques et de leur histoire." Paris 10, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA100081.
Full textManga-Bihina, Antoine. "La critique du marxisme dans la pensée négro-africaine contemporaine : contribution à une réflexion africaine sur la signification historique et épistémologique du marxisme." Paris 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA010528.
Full textThis study analyses and explains negro-African interpretations of Marxism. As the work proceeds, it can be seen that most of these interpretations are set rigidly in instrumentalism and still remain constrained by political concerns. They suggest either that Marxism be taken up as a method, science or ideology, or assimilated as a view of the world or theory of revolution, or that its conceptual universe, thematic distribution and planning of history be challenged on the ground that they are inappropriate for Africa. This work notes that the scientism developed by Marxism, the functioning of models and movements that have emerged in its name, are failing today in the face of a history which is riddled with uncertainties, full of new rationalities, and of a humanity which is facing new challenges. For these reasons, the work examines the limitations of a reflex ion on the future of Africa in support of Marxist thinking. The author considers that only a rediscovery of the philosophical dimension of Marx’s thought, as materialism and as a celebration of freedom, accompanied by a dispassionate and free reflex ion on socialism, would offer Marxism an opportunity to remain a living thinking in Africa
NAKOULIMA, GOMDAOGO. "Le paradigme galiléen et sa mise en question dans le nouvel espace épistémologique : Des principes modernes aux principes contemporains d'interprétation de la nature." Université Marc Bloch (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989STR20042.
Full textThe scientific revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries having been initiated by galilee, developped by descartes and synthesized by newton made us realize that nature is mechanistic, simple, deterministic and reversible. Nature of modern science was a dead, passive one ; a robotic nature whose essential characteristic was that of laws accessible to man ; a nature where men were to become "masters" and owners" in order to give life to both the baconian and cartesian expression. However this is commonly accepted. What is certainly far from the truth is that this "edifice" of modern science has suffered and is suffering from cracks decay. The principles upon which modern intelligibility of nature was set are influenced by the development of objective knowledge. Contemporary knowledge is not only taking backward steps as regards the principal concepts of the interpretation of nature by modern science, but also appears to put into question the secret stimulus, prometheus desire which has always animated modern science, the cult of increasing domination over things
Brunner, Raphaël. "Musique et pertinence : éléments pour une approche épistémologique, aspects de la modernité musicale européenne du second après-guerre." Paris, EHESS, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EHES0079.
Full textThis dissertation examines the interaction between various musical works of the Second World War and various musical approaches; it is composed of a first part that exposes the possibilities of a musical reception and a second part in which various works are understood. Following the extension of Adorno's and Dahlhaus' propositions, various linguistic conceptions are identified. Three micrologies are then introduced in connection with these linguistic positionings. The first one concentrates on Nono and Huber. The second is dedicated to Boulez, in particular to the Pli selon pli cycle and its fourth part, the Improvisation Illon Mallarmé. In the third, Dalbavie, Dufourt, Grisey, Holliger, Lachenmann and Ligeti's musical works are discussed. Modern music does not only mediatise a subject that is battling with history, but also the musical unfolding itself. It is then necessary to confront the musical approach to the very dynamics of musical works, in order to restore to them relevance
Collot, Antoni. "Pour une esthétique apophatique néopragmatique, ou pas." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM3060.
Full text“Apophatic” means “negative” or “by negation”. The term is mainly used to designate a particular form of theology which 1. can't say anything of God because stating a quality would be taking the antinomic quality away from him. It is easy to understand the logic : to say that God is great is to say that he is not small, which is incompatible with the fact of saying that he is everything. 2. consists in stating what God is not : bad or a dog, for example. For example also, this research is not the occurrence of an anthology of the best texts of negative theology, but the method – the scepticism tinged with logical and/or mystic thought – is not without fueling the developments to come. One of the solutions that is given to me consists in not mentioning art in any way at all, the aesthetics, and any other field related to the so-called sciences of the arts – a text on the number Pi would have suited an apophatic aesthetics. However positively establishing a thought on negation makes me happy, by mischievousness, for the sake of argumentation, by fundamental concern; I will thus not deprive myself of it in favor of a quick/cheap trick, as delightful as the idea of imagining you currently reading a theory of the cauliflower might be
Machado, Hallhane. "Da “crise na razão” à “razão na crise”: a presença do Círculo de Viena no cenário intelectual francês da década de 1930 e o alvorecer de uma epistemologia histórica e uma história filosófica das ciências." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/6423.
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Dans les années 1930, tant les institutions que les auteurs dominants du contexte intellectuel français se sont interessés à un mouvement philosophique dont de nombreux concepts se distinguaient fortement de ceux admis par le milieu philosophique français: le Cercle de Vienne. Cet intérêt a donné lieu à des colloques ainsi qu’à des publications des traductions, des compte-rendus et présentations des théses de ce Mouvement autrichien. A la même période, émergeaient grâce à Gaston Bachelard et Alexandre Koyré une épistemologie historique et une histoire philosophique des sciences. Notre hypothése de travail dans cette étude est que de tels événements ne sont pas isolés. Le passage du Cercle de Vienne en France et les positions philosophiques bachelardiennes et koyréenne peuvent être conçues comme le résultat d’une même préoccupation : les crises des fondements de différents savoirs, les crises de la raison. Le milieu philosophique français a vu dans le Mouvement Viennois une possible solution, d’ailleurs écartée aprés examen et analyse d’auteurs comme Émile Meyerson, Jean Cavaillès, Albert Lautman, Gaston Bachelard, Alexandre Koyré et Federigo Enriques, au probléme des crises. Pour eux, la thése d’une raison catégorique et absolue était inadmissible. C’est donc au moment même où ils ont connu la proposition viennoise que Koyré e Bachelard ont élaboré une histoire philosophique et une épistémologie historique fondées sur une conception de la raison intégrant l’idée de crise. La raison n’est pas absolue, éternelle. Elle passe par des mutations, des révolutions. Les crises sont des périodes de transformations des fondements, aprés lesquelles la raison n’est pas détruite mais rénovée, transformée en un nouveau genre de raison. Koyré e Bachelard ont ainsi donné une nouvelle réponse aux crises, où les problémes de la thése autrichienne sont absents.
Nos anos 1930, instituições e autores proeminentes do contexto intelectual francês direcionaram sua atenção para um movimento filosófico que trazia em seu interior concepções muito distintas daquelas admitidas pelo meio filosófico da França: o Círculo de Viena. Realizaram congressos, publicaram traduções, resenhas e exposições das teses do Movimento austríaco. Nesse mesmo período, Gaston Bachelard e Alexandre Koyré traziam à luz uma epistemologia histórica e uma história filosófica das ciências. A hipótese sobre a qual nos debruçamos neste trabalho é a de que tais acontecimentos não estão isolados. A passagem do Círculo de Viena na França e as posturas filosóficas bachelardiana e koyreniana podem ser concebidas como frutos de uma mesma preocupação: as crises dos fundamentos de diversos saberes, as crises da razão. O meio filosófico francês viu no Movimento vienense uma possível solução ao problema das crises, que, logo após ser conhecida e analisada por autores como Émile Meyerson, Jean Cavaillès, Albert Lautman, Gaston Bachelard, Alexandre Koyré e Federigo Enriques, foi descartada. Para eles, era inadmissível uma proposta que delineasse uma concepção de razão categórica e absoluta. É nesse mesmo momento, em que se puseram a conhecer a proposta vienense, que Koyré e Bachelard elaboraram uma história filosófica e uma epistemologia histórica fundamentadas em uma concepção de razão que abarcava a ideia de crise. A razão não é absoluta, eterna, mas passa por mutações, revoluções. As crises são períodos de transformação de fundamentos, depois dos quais a razão não é destruída, mas renovada, tornando-se um novo tipo de razão. Assim, Koyré e Bachelard davam uma nova resposta às crises, onde não mais se faziam presentes os problemas da proposta austríaca.
Brocco, Chiara. "Migrants ivoiriens en France et en Italie. Trajectoires et modes d'adaptation dans deux grandes villes européennes : Paris et Naples." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020EHES0126.
Full textThis thesis analyzes the multiple facets of the migratory experiences of Ivorians who arrived in Europe between the end of the 1990s and the end of the years 2000s. This work is based on a transnational and comparative approach and takes place in three different settings: Ivory Coast, France, and Italy. Although rooted primarily in the discipline of anthropology, this study also draws on several other disciplines such as sociology, history of migration, human geography, philosophy, and immigration law.Over the course of multisite ethnographic surveys, carried out between 2007 and 2013 in the Parisian region, in Naples and Parma, as well as in Abidjan, I have conducted long-term observations and collected numerous life histories and accounts of migration.The complexity of migratory routes undertaken by migrants is discussed in this study, as well as the development of their existential trajectories. We have described the profiles of these migrants, going beyond the categories assigned to them by the state policy, and focusing on the evolution of their lives in Europe.Particular attention was paid to the mechanisms of reproduction of contemporary Ivorian migration, which depend not only on the crises that have struck Ivory Coast since the end of the 1990s, but also on the power of the imagined and idealized West. This imagined ideal that has been built over the course of history, through the relations maintained by Ivory Coast and France during the colonial and postcolonial era, continues to develop in the present time, through representations on the media and the physical and material returns in the form of money transfers and revenues by immigrants already settled in the West. We have defined this migration as a "contemporary ritual", for which certain phases, specific to initiation rites, take place in the societies of origin, and are identifiable, although revisited in larger spatial and temporal frameworks.Two places in particular were the privileged sites of my investigations: the former Maison des Etudiants de Côte d'Ivoire in Paris, and the “ghetto” of “old houses” in via dell'Avvenire in Pianura, a district of Naples. Both served were squatted by many of these migrants and evicted in 2008 and in 2010, respectively. In the context of social marginalization stemming from European migration policies over the course of recent decades, which clearly operate against migrants from so-called “poor” countries, these sites turned out to be real social laboratories through which migrants have developed multiple practices of "dynamic resistance", practices created and implemented in order to re-build themselves and their lives and bypass different types of obstacles. These forms of dynamic resistance stem from the symbolic and constant dialogue that Ivorian migrants maintain with the cultural and social universe of their country of origin, and which helps them to reformulate and invent new ways of adapting to the new environments encountered during migration.The last part of the study deals with the work of Ivorian associations founded by migrants in France and Italy, in particular the hometown associations and those whose membership is defined by national origin. By describing their different missions, the modalities of their activities, and the meanings that members assign to their participation, these social productions bear witness to another intimate aspect through which the transnational dimension of Ivorian migration is expressed
Villeneuve, Rémi de. "Vers une sociologie historique de la sociologie : de l'alienation originelle de la sociologie comme "science positive" à son opérationnalisation contemporaine comme "science tout terrain"." Thèse, 2007. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/1035/1/D1655.pdf.
Full textLandry, Louise. "Récits et intrigues de la technoscience : esquisse d'une herméneutique de la pratique scientifique contemporaine." Mémoire, 2011. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/4436/1/M12279.pdf.
Full textGiroux, Jessy. "Nature, fiabilité et rôle des intuitions utilisées en philosophie morale contemporaine." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/9051.
Full textThe object of this Master’s thesis is the intuitions used in contemporary moral philosophy. Intuitions are investigated on three aspects: their nature, their reliability, and their role. Regarding the nature of intuitions, they are presented as spontaneous judgments with “prima facie” epistemic value. Regarding the reliability of intuitions, three general types of reasons to question their reliability are considered, namely, the results of certain scientific studies showing in various ways Fiabilité des intuitionstheir unreliability, studies conducted in the field of experimental philosophy which emphasize the phenomenon of intuitive disagreement, and finally, the problem of the origin of intuitions. None of these reasons is judged good enough to discredit the use of intuitions in philosophy. Regarding the role of intuitions, a distinction is drawn between two main types of usage in contemporary philosophy. On the one hand, what can be called the “standard methodology” in contemporary moral philosophy consists in the combination of thought experiments and the method of reflective equilibrium. Different ways of construing the method of reflective equilibrium are considered, and the “Wide Reflective Equilibrium” model developed by Norman Daniels is judged the most successful. On the other hand, intuitions are sometimes used in contemporary moral philosophy in the context of the theory of ethical intuitionism. The theory is defended against various objections, and it is shown to be compatible with the method of reflective equilibrium.
Polledri, Claudia. "Photographier la ville, penser l'histoire : Beyrouth dans la représentation photographique artistique contemporaine." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/12330.
Full textThis study focuses on the connection between a medium (photography), a city (Beyrouth), and the events that have marked its recent past. The theme of the relationship between photography and history, with the plurality of meanings that describes it, defines the scope of this study. The link between seeing and knowing, which in Antiquity was the root of historical knowledge (Hartog, Loraux), represents its vanishing point. The photographic and historical relationship with the event constitutes the purpose of this research, the aim of which is to identify in photography a reference to history considered as writing. The argument of this dissertation unfolds in two stages. The first stage requires a series of theoretical analyses, which aim at studying the knowledge potential and the formal nature of photography as a factual representation. Starting with the experimentation of the avant-gardes (Lugon, Braqué), and exploring the twinning of photography and the press, our goal will be to demonstrate the part of readability that belongs to the photographic narratives (Barthes, Lavoie). We will then take into consideration the work accomplished by the historian during the historiographic process, aiming at producing an historical representation of the event (de Certeau, Ricoeur, Ginzburg). In addition to emphasizing the characteristic of visibility, which belongs to historical writing, this will also provide the occasion to produce a comparative study of photography and history through particular notions such as imprint, sign, and evidence. The driving force behind this first part is the notion of event. Broached from the point of view of phenomenology (Zarader, Marion, Dastur, Diano), it will enable us to analyze photography and history according to the genetics of their construction. Beyrouth and its history, shaped by images, are the context in which the second stage is organized. The analysis of the works of Sophie Ristelhueber (Beyrouth photographies, 1984), Robert Frank (Come again, 1991), and Lamia Joreige (Beyrouth, autopsie d’une ville, 2010) are conceived as dialogical spaces between photography, the epistemology of history and the historical events that they represent. The aim is to emphasize the shift they present in moving from chronicle to the writing of history.
Bradette, Marie-Eve. "Langue(s) en portage : résurgences et épistémologies du langage dans les littératures autochtones contemporaines." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24787.
Full textConsidering the context of multiple dispossessions, the extraction and invisibilization of Indigenous languages, and the subsequent imposition of colonial languages, which residential school literature recounts in great detail, this dissertation reflects on how contemporary Indigenous women writers, who write in English or in French (Virginia Pésémapéo Bordeleau, Kateri Akiwenzie-Damm, Marie-Andrée Gill, Leanne Betasamosake Simpson, Natasha Kanapé Fontaine and Cherie Dimaline), are attempting to (re)negotiate both Indigenous and colonial languages in their works. More specifically, through a close reading of selected texts, this thesis explores how Indigenous literatures are deeply embodied, situated, and relational places of knowledge and, as such, they convey the possibilities of language through their literary interventions. Thus, I argue that contemporary Indigenous literatures enable the creation of critical theories of language, in which body, language, and land (both physical and metaphysical) are intimately connected; language, and its conceptualization by women writers, enables a web of relations through writing that presents this interconnectedness between the sensible and spiritual worlds, and between human and other-than-human beings. Building on Indigenous epistemologies (Kovach, Wilson, Ermine, Bazile, Sioui, Simpson, Bacon, Vizenor), this thesis argues that through poetic and narrative imagination, which differs from a return to the linguistic structures of Indigenous languages, the creative writers explored in this dissertation are reclaiming epistemologies and creating theories of language by putting them at the forefront of their literary practices.