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Books on the topic 'Epistemology of difference'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Cilliers, Paul. Complexity, Difference and Identity: An Ethical Perspective. Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 2010.

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2

Deuber-Mankowsky, Astrid, and Christoph F. E. Holzhey, eds. Situiertes Wissen und regionale Epistemologie. Turia + Kant, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.37050/ci-07.

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Wie wird das Leben zum Objekt des Wissens? Und wie gestaltet sich das Verhältnis von Leben, Wissenschaft und Technik? Donna J. Haraway und Georges Canguilhem verstehen diese Fragen als politische Fragen und Epistemologie als eine politische Praxis. Die besondere Aktualität von Canguilhems Denken leitet sich aus der von ihm gestellten Frage her, wie sich eine Geschichte der Rationalität des Wissens vom Leben schreiben lässt. Niemand hat die politische Intention dieser Frage besser verstanden als Foucault, der in Canguilhems Nachfolge den Menschen als Lebewesen und dessen Geschichte als Teil der

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3

Coffey, Simon, ed. The History of Grammar in Foreign Language Teaching. Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463724616.

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Taking a broadly chronological approach, this volume of original essays traces the origins of the concept of ‘grammar’. In doing so, it charts the social, moral and cultural factors that have shaped the development of grammar from Antiquity, via the Middle Ages, Renaissance and Modern Europe, to current education systems and language learning pedagogy. The chapters examine key turning points in the history of language teaching epistemology, focusing on grammar for language teaching across different European cultural contexts. Bringing together leading scholars of classical and modern languages

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4

Lennon, K. Knowing the Difference: Feminist Perspectives in Epistemology. Routledge, 1994.

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5

Kathleen, Lennon, and Whitford Margaret, eds. Knowing the difference: Feminist perspectives in epistemology. Routledge, 1994.

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6

Lennon, K. Knowing the Difference: Feminist Perspectives in Epistemology. Routledge, 1994.

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7

Siegel, Harvey. Education's Epistemology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190682675.001.0001.

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This collection extends and further defends the “reasons conception” of critical thinking that Harvey Siegel has articulated and defended over the last three-plus decades. This conception analyzes and emphasizes both the epistemic quality of candidate beliefs, and the dispositions and character traits that constitute the “critical spirit”, that are central to a proper account of critical thinking; argues that epistemic quality must be understood ultimately in terms of epistemic rationality; defends a conception of rationality that involves both rules and judgment; and argues that critical thin

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8

Bock von Wülfingen, Bettina, and Ute Frietsch, eds. Epistemologie und Differenz. transcript-Verlag, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/transcript.9783839410134.

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9

Schellenberg, Susanna. Capacitism and Alternative Views. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827702.003.0011.

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Chapter 10 discusses the difference between capacitism and relevant alternative views: knowledge-first epistemology, reliabilism, and virtue epistemology. Capacitism is a distinctive externalist view of evidence and knowledge that does not invoke reliability, remains steadfastly naturalistic, and in recognizing a metaphysically substantive common element between perception and hallucination avoids any commitment to disjunctivism.

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10

Carter, J. Adam, Andy Clark, Jesper Kallestrup, S. Orestis Palermos, and Duncan Pritchard, eds. Extended Epistemology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198769811.001.0001.

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One of the most important research programs in contemporary cognitive science is that of extended cognition. In this area of study, features of a subject’s cognitive environment can, in certain conditions, become constituent parts of the cognitive process itself. The aim of this volume is to explore the epistemological ramifications of this idea. The book brings together papers written by a range of distinguished and emerging academics, from a variety of different perspectives, to investigate the very idea of an extended epistemology. The first part of the volume explores foundational issues w

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11

Pynn, Geoffrey. Contextualism in Epistemology. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935314.013.12.

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In epistemology, contextualism is the view that the truth-conditions of knowledge claims vary with the contexts in which those claims are made. This article surveys the main arguments for contextualism, describes a variety of different approaches to developing the view, and discusses how contextualism has been used to treat the problem of radical skepticism. Many different objections to contextualism have appeared since the view first achieved prominence. This article explores and responds to a range of objections to contextualism, focusing particularly those arising from aspects of the lingui

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12

Moss, Jessica. Plato's Epistemology. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198867401.001.0001.

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This book argues that Plato’s epistemology is radically different from our own. Unlike knowledge and belief as nowadays conceived, the central players in his epistemology are each essentially to be understood as cognition of a certain kind of object. Epistêmê is cognition of what Is—where this turns out to mean that it is a deep grasp of ultimate reality. Doxa is cognition of what seems—where this turns out to mean that it is atheoretical thought that mistakes images for reality. These objects-based characterizations, inchoate in the earlier dialogues and fully developed in the Republic, are t

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13

Siegel, Harvey. Epistemology in Excess? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190682675.003.0012.

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Emma Williams’ “In Excess of Epistemology” (2015) admirably endeavors to open the way to an account of critical thinking that goes beyond the one I have defended ad nauseam in recent decades by developing, via the work of Charles Taylor and Martin Heidegger, “a radically different conception of thinking and the human being who thinks,” one that “does more justice to receptive and responsible conditions of human thought.” In this response I hope to show that much of Williams’ alternative approach is compatible with my own; that, where incompatible, the alternative is problematic; and, finally,

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14

Methodology and Epistemology of Multilevel Analysis: Approaches from Different Social Sciences. Springer, 2012.

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15

Courgeau, D. Methodology and Epistemology of Multilevel Analysis: Approaches From Different Social Sciences. Springer, 2010.

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16

Kraft, Tim, and Alex Wiegmann. Folk Epistemology and Epistemic Closure. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815259.003.0004.

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According to epistemic closure, if someone knows some proposition P and also knows that P entails Q, she knows Q as well. This is often defended by appealing to its intuitiveness. Only recently, however, was epistemic closure put to the empirical test: Turri ran experiments in which closure is violated in folk knowledge ascriptions surprisingly often. The chapter authors disagree with this diagnosis. It is by no means obvious which experimentally testable hypothesis proponents of epistemic closure should accept. The chapter formulates a different hypothesis and argues that it is more apt for e

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17

Courgeau, Daniel. Methodology and Epistemology of Multilevel Analysis: Approaches from Different Social Sciences (Methodos Series). Springer, 2003.

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18

Hüttemann, Andreas, and Alan Love. Reduction. Edited by Paul Humphreys. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199368815.013.26.

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Reduction and reductionism have been central philosophical topics in analytic philosophy of science for more than six decades. Together they encompass a diversity of issues from metaphysics and epistemology. This article provides an introduction to the topic that illuminates how contemporary epistemological discussions took their shape historically and limns the contours of concrete cases of reduction in specific natural sciences. The unity of science and the impulse to accomplish compositional reduction in accord with a layer-cake vision of the sciences, the seminal contributions of Ernest Na

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19

Özkazanç-Pan, Banu. Transnational Migration and the New Subjects of Work. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529204544.001.0001.

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This book brings about insights and key concepts from the field of transnational migration studies to bear upon the field of organization studies. It expands upon multiscalar global perspective, moving beyond methodological nationalism, and historical global conjuncturesas relevant transnational concepts for studying people and difference in novel ways including agentic, reflexive mobile subjectivities as the new subjects of diversity research that emerge in a ‘post-identitarian’ world. Specifically, the book offers transmigrant, hybrid, and cosmopolitan subjectivities as new the subjects of d

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20

Saavedra-Caballero, Elizabeth, Carla Aranzazu De la Torre-Cabañas, Nicole Suñiga-Muñoz, et al. Teaching Pragmatist Epistemology to Undergraduate Education Students. Edited by Paniel Reyes-Cárdenas and Simone Marques-Serdán. Glasstree, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.20850/9781534299580.

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This book is an edited collection of essays made by undergraduate and postgraduate students and lecturers of education, particularly reflecting the experiences and thoughts that developed sparked by a series of lectures and readings on Pragmatist Epistemology given by Paniel Reyes-Cárdenas. The essays explore different routes of application and action that are released after considering the thoughts of the classical pragmatists: Charles Sanders Peirce, William James, John Dewey, Josiah Royce, Jane Addams, and George Herbert Mead.

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21

Angle, Stephen C. Buddhism and Zhu Xi’s Epistemology of Discernment. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190878559.003.0004.

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This chapter focuses on Zhu Xi’s theory of knowing in order to show how Zhu consciously appropriated Buddhist ideas to develop his own thought. Zhu repurposed the Buddhist term zhijue (perceptual awareness) to become a general term for the mind’s various kinds of knowing activity. Zhu’s epistemology was a conscious rejection of radical approach associated with the Song dynasty Chan master Dahui Zonggao (1089–1163). Two parallel lines of argument are presented. First, the main reason that key aspects of Zhu’s thought resemble Buddhist ideas and modes of thought is due to the deep-rooted cultura

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22

Gendler, Tamar Szabó, and John Hawthorne, eds. Oxford Studies in Epistemology Volume 6. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198833314.001.0001.

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Oxford Studies in Epistemology is a biennial publication offering a regular snapshot of state-of-the-art work in this important field. Under the guidance of a distinguished editorial board composed of leading epistemologists in North America, Europe and Australasia, it publishes exemplary papers in epistemology, broadly construed. Topics within its purview include: (a) traditional epistemological questions concerning the nature of belief, justification, and knowledge, the status of skepticism, the nature of the a priori, etc.; (b) new developments in epistemology, including movements such as n

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23

Murphy, Mark C. The Ethics of the Anselmian Being II (Respect). Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796916.003.0006.

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Prior formulations of the problem of evil, for example, by J. L. Mackie, William Rowe, and Paul Draper, assume that God must have requiring reasons to prevent evils to creatures, and use that assumption as the basis for claiming that the existence (or types, or amount, or distribution) of evils in this world is either incompatible with or gives strong prima facie evidence against the existence of God. But given that God’s reasons with respect to preventing evils are justifying, not requiring, reasons, no such arguments can get off the ground. This account, which is based on a first-order theor

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24

Ganeri, Jonardon. Epistemology from a Sanskritic Point of View. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190865085.003.0002.

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The author argues against the universality thesis, by which “the properties of the English word know and the English sentence “S knows that p” are shared by translations of these expressions in most or all languages.” The author argues that not only does the Sanskrit pramā, the closest term to English knowledge, have different properties, but its properties are most closely related to what epistemologists are investigating. English epistemic vocabulary brings with it parochial associations, including a static rather than a performative picture of epistemic agency, a model of justification that

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25

Mikkola, Mari. Pornography. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190640064.001.0001.

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Everyday and philosophical debates concerning pornography are fraught with many difficult questions. These include: What is pornography? What does pornography do (if anything at all)? Is the consumption of pornography a harmless private matter, or does pornography violate women’s civil rights? What, if anything, should legally be done about pornography? Can there be feminist pornography? Answering these questions is complicated by confusion over the conceptual and political commitments of different anti- and pro-pornography positions, and whether these positions are even in tension with one an

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26

Kramer, Sina. On the Quasi-Transcendental: Temporality and Political Epistemology in Derrida’s Glas. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190625986.003.0003.

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Chapter 3 articulates how constitutive exclusion both grounds and troubles borders and foundations, acting as the simultaneous condition of possibility and impossibility for the body whose border it draws. I investigate this quasi-transcendental character through an analysis of Derrida’s reading of Hegel in Glas, and in his 1971–1972 course, “La famille de Hegel.” Derrida argues that the speculative dialectic of the Logic is distinguished from the empirical differences of nature through an account of gender produced as “natural” but which secures the gender of language and power. Relying on De

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27

Burnyeat, M. F. ‘All the World’s a Stage-Painting’: Scenery, Optics, and Greek Epistemology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805762.003.0002.

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In the fourth century BCE, Anaxarchus and Monimus compared the world to stage-painting, to express scepticism about sense-perception and the worthlessness of human affairs, respectively. But the comparison traces back to Democritus’ discussion of Anaxagoras’ famous claim, a century earlier, that ‘appearances are a sight of things unseen’. According to Vitruvius, they were influenced by what Agatharchus had written about stage-painting, something that can be assessed properly only by considering the genre of technical treatises and the claims of those who were first to write on a subject. The c

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28

Turri, John. Primate Social Cognition and the Core Human Knowledge Concept. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190865085.003.0013.

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The author reviews recent work from armchair and cross-cultural epistemology on whether humans possess a knowledge concept as part of a universal “folk epistemology.” The work from armchair epistemology fails because it mischaracterizes ordinary knowledge judgments. The work from cross-cultural epistemology provides some defeasible evidence for a universal folk epistemology. He argues that recent findings from comparative psychology establish that humans possess a species-typical knowledge concept. More specifically, recent work shows that knowledge attributions are a central part of primate s

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29

Parnas, Josef, and Annick Urfer-Parnas. The ontology and epistemology of symptoms: The case of auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia. Edited by Kenneth S. Kendler and Josef Parnas. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198796022.003.0026.

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We present a phenomenological account of auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) in schizophrenia. We examine the mode of articulation of AVH, their spatial and temporal characteristics, and their relation to self-alienation, reflecting an emergence of otherness (alterity) in the midst of the patient’s self. This process of self-alienation is associated with the emergence of a different reality, a new ontological framework, which obeys other rules of causality and time. Patient becomes psychotic not because they cannot distinguish AVH from mundane perception, but because they are in touch with an

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30

Strohminger, Margot, and Juhani Yli-Vakkuri. Moderate Modal Skepticism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798705.003.0016.

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This chapter examines moderate modal skepticism, a form of skepticism about metaphysical modality defended by Peter van Inwagen in order to blunt the force of certain modal arguments in the philosophy of religion. Van Inwagen’s argument for moderate modal skepticism assumes Yablo’s (1993) influential world-based epistemology of possibility. This chapter raises two problems for this epistemology of possibility, which undermine van Inwagen’s argument. It then considers how one might motivate moderate modal skepticism by relying on a different epistemology of possibility, which does not face thes

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31

Mizumoto, Masaharu. “Know” and Its Japanese Counterparts, Shitte-iru and Wakatte-iru. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190865085.003.0006.

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This chapter examines two Japanese (purported) knowledge verbs, shitte-iru and wakatte-iru, first through the data of felicity judgment and then data from questionnaire surveys with standard epistemological vignettes. Even though they are mostly intersubstitutable, such data show significant differences in usage, where shitte-iru seems independent of practical concerns while wakatte-iru looks sensitive to practical abilities. The comparison with the English “know” shows that it is consistently closer to wakatte-iru, contrary to what almost all Japanese speakers think. But the differences betwe

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32

Snow, Nancy E. Introduction. Edited by Nancy E. Snow. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199385195.013.49.

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The aim of The Oxford Handbook of Virtue is to provide a representative overview of the state of work on virtue in the field of philosophy. After a brief discussion of the aetiology of the term virtue, the Introduction sketches the history of work on virtue in ethics and epistemology. These ideas are examined and expanded upon in the forty-two essays that comprise the Handbook. The Introduction follows the presentation of the Handbook chapters in discussing different conceptualizations of virtue, offering an overview of work on virtue in the history of philosophy and non-Western traditions, an

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33

Kvanvig, Jonathan L. Lessons from Gettier. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198724551.003.0009.

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This chapter argues that the literature surrounding the Gettier Problem arises from a kind of methodological false consciousness in the epistemology of the middle part of the twentieth century. The underlying methodology is contrasted with two paradigms within the history of epistemology: one prompted by the conversational context of scrapes with the skeptic and the other on the scientific project of trying to understand the universe and our place in it. These competing paradigms call for two quite different epistemological projects and we can separate the two projects in a way that sees them

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34

Moran, Richard. The Exchange of Words. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190873325.001.0001.

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The capacity to speak is not only the ability to pronounce words, but is the socially recognized capacity to make one’s words count in various ways. We rely on this capacity whenever we tell another person something and expect to be believed, and what we learn from others in this way is the basis for most of what we take ourselves to know about the world. The Exchange of Words is a philosophical exploration of human testimony, specifically as a form of intersubjective understanding in which speakers communicate by making themselves accountable for the truth of what they say. This account weave

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35

Hannon, Michael. What's the Point of Knowledge? Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190914721.001.0001.

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This book is about knowledge and its value. At the heart of this book is a simple idea: we can answer many interesting and difficult questions in epistemology by reflecting on the role of epistemic evaluation in human life. Hannon calls this “function-first epistemology.” The core hypothesis is that the concept of knowledge is used to identify reliable informants. This practice is necessary, or at least deeply important, because it plays a vital role in human survival, cooperation, and flourishing. While this idea is quite simple, it has wide-reaching implications. Hannon uses it to cast new l

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36

Foley, Richard. The Geography of Insight. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190865122.001.0001.

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This book, based on a philosopher’s experiences as dean over almost two decades, argues it is appropriate for the sciences and humanities to have different aims and for the values informing their inquiries also to be different. It maintains there are four core differences: (1) it is proper for the sciences but not the humanities to seek insights not limited to particular locations, times, or things; (2) the sciences but not the humanities value findings as independent as possible of the perspectives of the inquirers; (3) the sciences should be wholly descriptive while the humanities can also b

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37

Mirowski, Philip, and Edward Nik-Khah. Hayek Changes His Mind. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190270056.003.0006.

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One of the greatest errors in the history of economics is to presume Hayek had a single stance toward the epistemology of the market and of agents. We report on recent research that argues for three different positions over the course of his life: Knowledge dispersed, tacit, and impersonal. This trajectory will prove significant for the rest of our narrative.

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38

Encyclopedia of human intelligence. Macmillan, 1994.

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39

J, Sternberg Robert, ed. Encyclopedia of human intelligence. Macmillan, 1994.

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40

Ichikawa, Jonathan Jenkins, and C. S. I. Jenkins. On Putting Knowledge ‘First’. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198716310.003.0006.

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This chapter claims that various views which travel under the banner of ‘knowledge first’ epistemology betray subtle differences in just how it is that they respectively regard knowledge as ‘first’. It argues that these differences are problematic, in part because it is not straightforward to draw connections between certain of these views, which are, under closer inspection, more independent than they are often assumed to be. Its aim is, in the main, to tease apart various ‘knowledge first’ claims, and explore what connections they do or do not have with one another, in the service of a clear

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41

Mirowski, Philip, and Edward Nik-Khah. The History of Markets and the Theory of Market Design. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190270056.003.0010.

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Curiously, early neoclassical economics was a theory of agents, not markets as such. But changes in markets in the late twentieth century began to highlight this lacuna. How information was incorporated into the theory began to suggest that economists could not just describe The Market, but could also design boutique markets for clients. We trace the resulting narrative trajectory of this epoch-making departure using an abstract Information Space graphic showing combinations of types of agent epistemology, with different types of models of information.

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42

Owens, David. Normativity and Control. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198713234.001.0001.

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This work collects ten chapters on matters first discussed in Reason without Freedom: The Problem of Epistemic Normativity (2000). That book asked what form of control we must have over something in order to be held to the norms governing that thing, and it was argued that belief, intention, and action each require a different type of control. The forms of freedom appropriate to each of them and so the presuppositions of responsibility to each of them vary. The present work elaborates and defends that idea. Reason without Freedom also aimed to show that discussion of issues in the moral psycho

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43

Wainwright, William J. Jonathan Edwards. Edited by William J. Abraham and Frederick D. Aquino. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199662241.013.15.

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This chapter focuses on (1) Edwards’s discussion of three basic epistemic modalities (sense perception, rational inference, and rational intuition) and their sanctification; (2) his account of the epistemic status of scripture; and (3) his reasons for thinking that typology is another valid epistemic mode. The chapter includes discussions of Edwards’s doctrine of the spiritual senses, and his views on natural theology and on the relation between reason and revelation. It concludes with an examination of similarities and differences between Edwards’s views on epistemology and those of Karl Bart

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44

Mercer, Danielle, Mariana Ines Paludi, Jean Helms Mills, and Albert J. Mills. Intersectionality at the Intersection. Edited by Regine Bendl, Inge Bleijenbergh, Elina Henttonen, and Albert J. Mills. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199679805.013.17.

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The term intersectionality made its entrance in the research community at the end of the twentieth century. Since that time, many different approaches to intersectionality have arisen that vary in discipline, methodology, epistemology, and in conceptualization. Unfortunately though, little research has examined how to study or to apply intersectionality. While the broad research community has created a variety of conceptualizations of intersectionality, less work has been done on its application. This chapter examines the messiness and controversy of intersectionality, arguing that the problem

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45

de Ridder, Jeroen, Rik Peels, and Rene van Woudenberg, eds. Scientism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190462758.001.0001.

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Can only science deliver genuine knowledge about the world and ourselves? Is science our only guide to what exists? Adherents of scientism tend to answer both questions with yes. Scientism is increasingly influential in popular scientific literature and intellectual life in general, but philosophers have hitherto largely ignored it. This collection is one of the first to develop and assess scientism as a serious philosophical position. It features twelve new essays by both proponents and critics of scientism. Before scientism can be evaluated, it needs to be clear what it is. Hence, the collec

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46

Machery, Edouard, Stephen Stich, David Rose, et al. Gettier Was Framed! Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190865085.003.0007.

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Gettier cases describe situations where an agent possesses a justified true belief that p, without, at least according to mainstream analytic epistemology, knowing that p, while the “Gettier intuition” is the judgment that a protagonist in a Gettier case does not know the relevant proposition. Our goal in this chapter is to show that we can make the Gettier intuition compelling or underwhelming by presenting it in different contexts. We report a surprising order effect whereby people find the Gettier intuition less compelling when a case describing a justified but false belief is presented bef

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Ball, Derek, and Brian Rabern. Introduction to the Science of Meaning. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198739548.003.0015.

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This Introduction aims to acquaint the reader with some of the main views on the foundations of natural language semantics, to discuss the type of phenomena semanticists study, and to give some basic technical background in compositional model-theoretic semantics necessary to understand the chapters in this collection. Topics discussed include truth conditions, compositionality, context-sensitivity, dynamic semantics, the relation of formal semantic theories to the theoretical apparatus of reference and propositions current in much philosophy of language, what semantic theories aim to explain,

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48

Linnebo, Øystein. The Question of Platonism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199641314.003.0011.

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This book defends the existence of abstract mathematical objects. Should this be regarded as a defense of Platonism? Platonism involves an analogy between mathematical and physical objects. Although mathematical objects are counterfactually independent of us, just like paradigmatic physical objects, there are other respects in which mathematical objects are strikingly different from physical objects: by giving rise to the phenomenon of indefinite extensibility and by having a shallow nature. The view here is therefore not a full-blown form of Platonism. However, the shallow nature of mathemati

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49

Woodward, James. Laws. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198746775.003.0009.

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This chapter defends an invariance-based account of laws of nature. In constructing a physical theory one looks for a cut or contrast between laws and initial conditions such that (i) the laws are generalizations that are stable or invariant across variations in initial conditions and (ii) as much order or structure as possible is represented in the laws, while any remaining disorder is relegated to the initial conditions. This picture corresponds to an ideal of explanation in which laws are freely combinable with different initial conditions to answer a range of what the author has elsewhere

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50

Qu, Hsueh M. Hume's Epistemological Evolution. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190066291.001.0001.

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Here is a central issue in Hume scholarship: What is the relationship between Hume’s early Treatise of Human Nature and his later Enquiry concerning Human Understanding? Is the Enquiry a mere simplified restatement of the contents of the Treatise, or do the two substantially differ? Here is another critical issue in Hume scholarship: What is the relationship between Hume’s scepticism and his naturalism? How can we reconcile Hume’s extreme brand of scepticism with his positive ambitions of providing an account of human nature? Hume’s Epistemological Evolution argues that these two issues are in

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