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1

Tollefson, Kenneth D. "Titus: Epistle of Religious Revitalization." Biblical Theology Bulletin: Journal of Bible and Culture 30, no. 4 (November 2000): 145–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014610790003000405.

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2

Harrill, J. Albert. "‘Without Lies or Deception’: Oracular Claims to Truth in the Epistle to Titus." New Testament Studies 63, no. 3 (May 31, 2017): 451–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0028688517000054.

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The claim to communicate the divine ‘without lies or deception’ appears both in the Epistle to Titus and in contemporaneous debates about the truth value of oracles, but not because of any direct literary borrowings from an original source. The Epistle to Titus exemplifies a trend in the second century that created from oracular one-liners a literary discourse about divination, which defended traditional religious knowledge against the rise of unauthorised agents. Shared responses to contemporary phenomena best explain the parallels – and, for example, the quotation of a pagan oracle in the letter, ‘All Cretans are liars’ (Titus 1.12).
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3

Gathergood, Emily. "Papyrus 32 (Titus) as a Multi-text Codex: A New Reconstruction." New Testament Studies 59, no. 4 (September 3, 2013): 588–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0028688513000179.

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Following the recent emphasis on studying early Christian manuscripts as historical artefacts, whose text and meta-textual aspects comprise important embodiments of reception and interpretation, this article re-examines the early Titus fragment 𝔓32 (P.Ryl. Gr. 1.5) with respect to its physical situation within the manuscript. I expand the scope of current reconstructions to consider in detail the lost beginning of the epistle, and argue that Titus was not the first document in the codex: at least one other preceded. Although the identity of the accompanying material cannot be deduced codicologically, patristic evidence suggests that Titus was normally transmitted in a collection of thirteen or fourteen Pauline epistles when the 𝔓32 codex was produced, rendering these the prime candidates.
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4

COLLINS, Raymond F. "The Theology of the Epistle to Titus." Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses 76, no. 1 (April 1, 2000): 56–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/etl.76.1.532.

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5

Henriksson, Gustaf W. "Grace in action: exploring the intersection of soteriology and ethics in the letter to Titus." Scottish Journal of Theology 73, no. 4 (November 2020): 330–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0036930620000666.

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AbstractThis article investigates action of grace in Titus 2:11 and argues for a congeniality in this epistle with Pauline thought on grace as interpreted by John Barclay in Paul and the Gift. Barclay's disentanglement of the concept, including his newfound taxonomy for χάρις, advances Pauline studies significantly, yet it has not informed studies of the Pastoral Epistles. The article examines the juxtaposition of soteriology and ethics found in Titus 2:11–14 and 3:4–7, proposing that the subsequent passage is an elaboration of the first, which sheds light on the idiosyncratic notion of God's grace performing ethical training.
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6

Manalu, Parluhutan. "Memahami Theologia dalam Surat Titus." SOTIRIA (Jurnal Theologia dan Pendidikan Agama Kristen) 2, no. 1 (June 25, 2019): 39–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.47166/sot.v2i1.7.

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The epistle of the apostle Paul to Titus was grouped in a letter of the pastorate. This letter is very short, consisting of 46 verses which formed 3 chapters. This is what makes many theologians less interested in discussing it. But if it is explored deeper, they will give some theologies within. This article purposed to show the theology in the Letter of Titus. Abstrak: Surat kiriman rasul Paulus kepada Titus dikelompokkan dalam surat pengembalaan. Surat ini sangat pendek, terdiri dari 46 ayat yang membentuk 3 pasal. Inilah yang membuat banyak theolog kurang memberi minat untuk membahasnya. Namun jika diselami lebih dalam lagi, maka dapat dilihat beberapa theologia yang terkandung. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menunjukkan theologia yang terdapat dalam Surat Titus.
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7

Tumbel, Daniel. "Tema Utama Teologi Titus." Journal Kerusso 2, no. 1 (October 22, 2018): 18–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33856/kerusso.v2i1.36.

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The New Testament Epistle of Titus was written by Paul. He writes this letter to instruct Titus in regard to overseeing the believers in Crete. There are lots of things Titus must know and do to help these believers. The people in Crete are fairly new believers and they need to be organized into local churches. Titus’ responsibility is to appoint leadership in the churches and to ground the believers in sound doctrine. Spiritually qualified elders and doctrinally grounded believers will greatly promote spiritual unity in the local churches. The biblical teaching would provide the necessary components for biblical conflict resolution in the future. Paul writes Titus as his representative in Crete to aid the churches on a prophylactic way against Jewish false teachers by appointing those in leadership who are able tio manage God’s household well and stand against the false teachers, and by exhorting all believers to excel in good works so tha they might reach those outside of the church with the gospel.
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8

Denecker, Tim. "Getting the Accent Right: Jerome in Tit. 3.9 in Isidore eccl. off. 2.11.4." Vigiliae Christianae 73, no. 2 (May 7, 2019): 138–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700720-12341382.

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Abstract This note identifies Jerome’s commentary on Paul’s Epistle to Titus 3:9 as a source for §4 of Isidore of Seville’s De ecclesiasticis officiis 2.11, i.e. the chapter De lectoribus, which forms an important document in the history of linguistic education and the historical (socio)linguistics of early 7th-century Visigothic Spain. This source identification provides the basis for a suggestion of textual criticism and for two more general observations.
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9

Cuvillier, Elian. "“Jacques” et “Paul” en débat L’épître de Jacques et la tradition paulinienne (Jc 2 : 14-26//Ep 2 : 8-10, 2 Tm 1 : 9 et Tt 3 : 5.8b)." Novum Testamentum 53, no. 3 (2011): 273–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853611x542111.

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AbstractFrom a comparison of Jas 2 : 14-26 with Rom 4-5, Gal 2-3 and Phil 3, it can be concluded that James had knowledge of the Pauline epistles. Nevertheless, we can note some significant differences, which lead us to believe that Jas 2 : 14-26 is a dialogue with Pauline Christians of the second generation. A comparison with Eph 2 : 8-10, 2 Tim 1 : 9 and Titus 3 : 5b-8 confirms this hypothesis. The epistle of James is probably the work of the leader of a Judeo-Christian community who, at a time when Judeo-Christianism was trying to join the main Church, was negotiating membership. He was doing this without compromising his beliefs, particularly when he noted certain deviations within the communities which were influenced by Pauline theology. As a conclusion to this analysis, some thoughts are put forward concerning the christology of James, which is more sophisticated than is usually thought.
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10

Виноградов, Андрей Юрьевич. "Apocryphal Acts of John. Part I. Translation from Greek and Commentaries." Библия и христианская древность, no. 1(5) (February 15, 2020): 63–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31802/2658-4476-2020-1-5-65-96.

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В исследовании разбирается проблема текстологии апокрифических «Деяний Иоанна», одного из древнейших христианских апокрифов (II в.). Впервые на русском языке публикуется полный перевод текста (первая половина). Переведены следующие тексты: фрагменты из «Послания о девстве» ПсевдоТита, из POxyr. 850, из «Liber Flavus Fergusiorum» и первая половина сохранившегося греческого текста актов. Переводы снабжены комментарием и указанием на важнейшие разночтения. For the first time are publishing in Russian a full translation of the «Acts of John», one of the oldest Christian apocryphal works (2nd century). The following texts have been translated: fragments from the «Epistle about Virginity» of Pseudo-Titus, from POxyr. 850, from«Liber Flavus Fergusiorum» and the surviving Greek part of the Acts. Translations are provided with commentary and an indication of the most important discrepancies. It was prefaced a brief description of the text.
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Виноградов, Андрей Юрьевич. "Apocryphal Acts of John. Part I. Translation from Greek and Commentaries." Библия и христианская древность, no. 1(5) (February 15, 2020): 63–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31802/2658-4476-2020-1-5-65-96.

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В исследовании разбирается проблема текстологии апокрифических «Деяний Иоанна», одного из древнейших христианских апокрифов (II в.). Впервые на русском языке публикуется полный перевод текста (первая половина). Переведены следующие тексты: фрагменты из «Послания о девстве» ПсевдоТита, из POxyr. 850, из «Liber Flavus Fergusiorum» и первая половина сохранившегося греческого текста актов. Переводы снабжены комментарием и указанием на важнейшие разночтения. For the first time are publishing in Russian a full translation of the «Acts of John», one of the oldest Christian apocryphal works (2nd century). The following texts have been translated: fragments from the «Epistle about Virginity» of Pseudo-Titus, from POxyr. 850, from«Liber Flavus Fergusiorum» and the surviving Greek part of the Acts. Translations are provided with commentary and an indication of the most important discrepancies. It was prefaced a brief description of the text.
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12

Trinkaus, Charles. "Desiderius Erasmus. Paraphrases on The Epistles to Timothy, Titus and Philemon; The Epistles of Peter and Jude; The Epistle of James; The Epistles of John; The Epistle to the Hebrews. Trans, and annot. John J. Bateman. (Collected Works of Erasmus, 44.) Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993. xviii + 413 pp. $120." Renaissance Quarterly 50, no. 1 (1997): 307–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3039366.

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13

Rickert, Kevin G. "Commentaries on St. Paul’s Epistles to Timothy, Titus, and Philemon." American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly 84, no. 1 (2010): 163–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/acpq20108419.

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14

Bassler, Jouette M. "Book Review: The Pastoral Epistles: First Timothy, Second Timothy, and Titus." Interpretation: A Journal of Bible and Theology 63, no. 1 (January 2009): 78–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002096430906300112.

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15

TAYLOR, ANTHONY BRIAN. "THE CLOWN EPISODE EN TITUS ANDRONICUS , THE BIBLE, AND CAMBISES." Notes and Queries 46, no. 2 (June 1, 1999): 210–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nq/46-2-210.

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16

TAYLOR, ANTHONY BRIAN. "THE CLOWN EPISODE EN TITUS ANDRONICUS, THE BIBLE, AND CAMBISES." Notes and Queries 46, no. 2 (1999): 210–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nq/46.2.210.

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17

Malherbe, Abraham J. "The Pastoral Epistles: First Timothy, Second Timothy, Titus - By Benjamin Fiore, S. J." Religious Studies Review 35, no. 1 (March 2009): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-0922.2009.01321_34.x.

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18

Matsuyama, Kyoko. "Predator or Prey Who Do You Think You Are?" Critical Survey 33, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/cs.2021.330109.

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In the Japanese animation PSYCHO-PASS, the setting is a future Japan where every citizen’s mental health is monitored and analysed, and where they can sometimes be terminated according to the state of their mental health. In such a dark and dystopian setting, the motifs from the many bloody quotations of Shakespeare’s bloodiest play Titus Andronicus are used in the three-episode multiple murder case of young schoolgirls. The animation shows how Shakespeare is used to stylise and elaborate the serial murder case. This article discusses how Titus Andronicus is used to give relevance and sophistication to serial murder, and how the bloodiness of a serial murder can give a different impression to audiences by the use of literature.
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19

Herzer, Jens. "Zwischen Mythos und Wahrheit: Neue Perspektiven auf die sogenannten Pastoralbriefe." New Testament Studies 63, no. 3 (May 31, 2017): 428–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0028688517000066.

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The perspective on the Pastoral Epistles presented in this paper differs from the established scholarly consensus and moves beyond the controversy concerning pseudonymity versus authenticity. After examining the development of the ‘Corpus Pastorale’ theory and clarifying some methodological questions, the paper argues for an interpretation of the Pastorals separately from each other and in their specific relation to Paul and his tradition. Significant examples indicate the possibility of understanding 2 Timothy and Titus as authentic letters of Paul, whereas 1 Timothy proves to belong to the second century ce. From this perspective, many otherwise contradictory aspects of the history of interpretation regain their rationale.
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20

Fitzpatrick, Joan. "Shakespeare's Titus Andronicus and Bandello's Novelle as Sources for the Munera Episode in Spenser's Faerie Queene, Book 5, Canto 2." Notes and Queries 52, no. 2 (June 1, 2005): 196–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/notesj/gji221.

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21

Köstenberger. "An Investigation of the Mission Motif in the Letters to Timothy and Titus with Implications for the Pauline Authorship of the Pastoral Epistles." Bulletin for Biblical Research 29, no. 1 (2019): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/bullbiblrese.29.1.0049.

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22

Nes. "The Pastoral Epistles: Common Themes, Individual Compositions? An Introduction to the Quest for the Origin(s) of the Letters to Timothy and Titus." Journal for the Study of Paul and His Letters 9, no. 1-2 (2019): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jstudpaullett.9.1-2.0006.

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23

Verheijen, L. M. J., Erzabtei Beuron, and Hermann Josef Frede. "Vetus Latina. Die Reste der altlateinischen Bibel. vol. 25, Epistulae ad Thessalonicenses, Timotheum, Titum, Philemonem, Hebraeos." Vigiliae Christianae 39, no. 3 (September 1985): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1583859.

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24

Bartelink, G. J. M., Hermann Josef Frede, and Caroline P. Hammond Bammel. "Vetus Latina. Die Reste der altlateinischen Bibel. 25 (Pars II) Epistulae ad Thessalonicenses, Timotheum, Titum, Philemonem, Hebraeos." Vigiliae Christianae 46, no. 2 (June 1992): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1583791.

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25

Baydal Sala, Vicent. "Les relacions epistolars de les ciutats de Barcelona, València i Palma entre els segles XVI i XVII (c. 1510 – c. 1630)." SCRIPTA. Revista Internacional de Literatura i Cultura Medieval i Moderna 1, no. 1 (June 17, 2013): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/scripta.1.2580.

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Resum: L’article analitza les epístoles enviades pels Consells municipals de Barcelona, Valènciai Palma entre els segles XVI i XVII, a través de l’estudi detallat de tres talls cronològics triennalsentre 1510 i 1629. En concret, s’hi atén comparativament a quatre factors: les raons que motivaren la tramesa de cartes per part dels governs urbans, el tipus de destinataris a les quals s’adreçaren, la xarxa de connexions territorials que el seu enviament ocasionà i les formes epistolars emprades pels escrivans en la seua confecció. Així, s’hi pot observar que, compartint una mateixa cultura epistolar, l’activitat de cada Consell fou ben diversa en funció del seu propi poder polític i la seua relació amb la monarquia.Paraules clau: Epístoles, Edat Moderna, Barcelona, València, PalmaAbstract: This paper examines the epistles sent by the City Councils of Barcelona, Valènciaand Palma between the 16th and 17th centuries through the detailed study of three triennialchronological sections between 1510 and 1629. Specifically, it deals comparatively with four issues:the reasons that motivated the letters, the type of addressees, the network of territorial connectionsestablished by the sending of the letters and the epistolary forms used by the scribes. It is observedthat, sharing the same epistolary culture, the activity of each Council was very diverse dependingon its own political power and its relationship with the monarchy.Keywords: Epistles, Early Modern Ages, Barcelona, Valencia, Palma
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26

Bartelink, G. J. M., and Hermann Josef Frede. "Vetus Latina. Die Reste der altlateinischen Bibel. 25 (Pars II) Epistulae ad Thessalonicenses, Timotheum, Titum, Philemonem, Hebraeos, 11. Lieferung." Vigiliae Christianae 46, no. 2 (June 1992): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1583793.

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27

Roubtsova, Tatiana V., and Richard M. Bostock. "Episodic Abiotic Stress as a Potential Contributing Factor to Onset and Severity of Disease Caused by Phytophthora ramorum in Rhododendron and Viburnum." Plant Disease 93, no. 9 (September 2009): 912–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-9-0912.

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Phytophthora ramorum attacks many forest and nursery species, primarily causing trunk or stem cankers, foliar blight, and dieback, and in some species root infection has been demonstrated. However, the abiotic and edaphic factors that influence infection and disease development are unresolved. Root infection by P. ramorum and the potential for mild abiotic stress in disease predisposition was examined with Rhododendron hybrid Cunningham's White and Viburnum tinus cv. Spring Bouquet. To impose water stress in a uniform and synchronous manner, osmotic stress induced with 0.2 M NaCl was selected. Roots were exposed to NaCl for 16 to 24 h in modified hydroponic culture or standard potting soil, removed from the NaCl, and then inoculated with zoospores. In the hydroponic regime, disease symptoms developed in Rhododendron and V. tinus plants within 1 week after inoculation of salt-stressed roots, whereas symptom development was delayed in nonstressed, inoculated plants. Microscopic examination of roots from both species revealed that their apices were covered with sporangia of P. ramorum. On potted Rhododendron plants inoculated by applying zoospores directly to the soil, stem lesions developed rapidly in salt-stressed plants, with death of the plant occurring within 4 weeks after inoculation. Nonstressed plants survived for 6 to 8 weeks before succumbing to disease, and symptom development in these plants was delayed by 1 to 2 weeks relative to the inoculated, salt-stressed plants. A postinfection episode of salt stress to inoculated roots in the hydroponic regime resulted in significantly faster development of stem lesions in Rhododendron relative to nonstressed, inoculated plants.
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28

Zwalve, Willem J. "Decreta Frontiana." Tijdschrift voor rechtsgeschiedenis 83, no. 3-4 (December 10, 2015): 365–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718190-08334p02.

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This article is about Roman ‘law reports’ in general, and particularly about the so-called decreta frontiana mentioned in D. 29,2,99 and not infrequently attributed to Titius Aristo. It is contended that Aristo was indeed the author of a great number of notae, responsa and epistulae, compiled by Sextus Pomponius a generation after Aristo’s death, but that he was not the author of ‘law reports’ entitled decreta Frontoniana or Frontiniana. All he did, was compose an observation (nota) on an appeal case decided by one of six possible consuls, called either Fronto, or Frontonianus, or even Frontinus, that Aristo had found in the consular commentarii. There is only one genuine Roman ‘law report’, and that is the collection of cases decided by Septimius Severus and Caracalla as compiled by Julius Paulus. In the history of Roman legal literature, it is only in the Byzantine period that anything similar appears again.
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29

Foster, Paul. "Book Review: 4. Benjamin Fiore, The Pastoral Epistles: First Timothy, Second Timothy, Titus (Sacra Pagina 12; Collegeville, MA: Liturgical Press, 2007. $39.95. pp. xxi + 253. ISBN 978—0—8146—5814—7)." Expository Times 119, no. 11 (August 2008): 569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00145246081190111116.

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30

Bartelink, G. J. M., Roger Gryson, Walther Thiele, and Hermann Josef Frede. "Vetus Latina. Die Reste der altlateinischen Bibel. 12 Esaias fasc. 2. 11/2 Sirach (Ecclesiasticus), 2. 25 (Pars II) Epistulae ad Thessalonicenses, Timotheum, Titum, Philemonem, Hebraeos, 5. Lieferung (Hbr 2, 16-5, 8)." Vigiliae Christianae 43, no. 3 (September 1989): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1584067.

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Rutherford, Will. "Book Review: SOCIO-RHETORICAL COMMENTARY — PASTORAL AND JOHANNINE EPISTLES Ben Witherington III, Letters and Homilies for Hellenized Christians, Volume 1: A Socio-Rhetorical Commentary on Titus, 1—2 Timothy and 1—3 John (Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic/ Nottingham: Apollos, 2006. £21.99. pp. 623. ISBN 0—8308—2931—8)." Expository Times 119, no. 9 (June 2008): 463–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00145246081190090814.

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32

Larquetoux, Diane. "La Crise des valeurs héroïques dans Titus Andronicus de Shakespeare." Études Épistémè, no. 14 (October 1, 2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/episteme.723.

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АСРАТЯН, Д. К. "ON COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF “ALANIAN DOSSIER” OF PATRIARCH NICHOLAS MYSTICUS AND APOSTLE PAUL’S EPISTLES." Известия СОИГСИ, no. 38(77) (December 17, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.46698/w4466-6139-5760-g.

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Письма патриарха Константинопольского Николая Мистика архиепископу Аланскому Петру – основной документальный источник по истории христианства на Северном Кавказе в X в. Изучение «Аланского досье» патриарха Николая сохраняет актуальность в связи с ростом интереса к духовной истории народов Кавказа, находившихся на стыке цивилизаций, религий и культур и сформировавших под их влиянием собственные самобытные национально-культурные традиции. Основным методом исследования стало сопоставление лексических и семантических средств, используемых апостолом Павлом и патриархом Николаем в двух различных, но соотносимых исторических и религиозных контекстах. Цель исследования – выявление жанровых и литературных связей писем патриарха с книгами Нового Завета. Научная новизна заключается в обосновании лингвистических, семантических и богословских параллелей между письмами Николая и посланиями апостола Павла, особенно пастырскими (1-2 Тим и Тит). Хотя сравниваемые тексты хронологически разделены почти тысячелетием, отмечается типологическое сходство исторических контекстов, в которых они были написаны (духовный наставник – ученик в епископском сане – молодая христианская община из «варваров», нуждающихся в просвещении). В интерпретации Николая миссия – это именно тяжкий труд, но совершаемый по прямому повелению Бога и ради награды свыше, и в этом смысле патриарх вполне укоренен в новозаветной традиции. Как показали результаты исследования, риторическая и богословская насыщенность писем Николая Мистика не снижает их историческую ценность, однако для корректной интерпретации необходимо учитывать их литературный характер. Letters of Nicholas Mysticus, Patriarch of Constantinople, to Peter, Archbishop of Alania, remain the chief documentary source for the history of Christianity in the North Caucasus in the 10th century. The study of the "Alan Dossier" of Patriarch Nicholas remains relevant due to the growing interest in the spiritual history of the peoples of the Caucasus, who lived at the crossroads of civilizations, religions and cultures and formed their own distinctive national and cultural traditions under such diverse influence. The main research method was the comparison of lexical and semantic means used by the Apostle Paul and Patriarch Nicholas in two different, but correlated historical and religious contexts. The purpose of the study is to identify genre and literary connections between the letters of the Patriarch and the books of the New Testament. Scientific novelty lies in the substantiation of the linguistic, semantic and theological parallels between the letters of Nicholas and the letters of the Apostle Paul, especially the pastoral ones (1-2 Tim and Titus). Although the compared texts are chronologically separated by almost a millennium, there is a typological similarity in the historical contexts in which they were written (a spiritual mentor - a bishop student - a newly formed Christian community of “barbarians” in need of education). In the interpretation of Nicholas, mission is a hard work, but it is done at the direct command of the God and is rewarded from above, and in this sense, the Patriarch is completely rooted in the New Testament tradition. As the results of the study have shown, the rhetorical and theological richness of the letters of Nikolas the Mysticus does not diminish their historical value, yet for correct interpretation it is necessary to take into account their literary character.
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34

Thompson, Jay Daniel. "Porn Sucks: The Transformation of Germaine Greer?" M/C Journal 19, no. 4 (August 31, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.1107.

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Introduction In a 1984 New York Times interview, Germaine Greer discussed the quite different views that have surrounded her supposed attitude towards sex. As she put it, “People seem to think I'm Hugh Hefner and that the reason women started having sex is because I told them to” (qtd. in De Lacy). This view had, however, shifted by the 1980s. As she told reporter Justine De Lacy, “Now they are saying that I'm against sex.” In this article, I tease out Greer’s remarks about the supposed transformation of her political persona. I do so with reference to her work on Suck Magazine, which was billed by its editors as “The First European Sex Paper,” and which was first published in 1969 (cited in Gleeson 86). The article has two key aims. The first is to demonstrate that Greer has not (as it might seem) transformed from a sexual revolutionary to an anti-sex ideologue. This view is too simplistic. The article’s second aim is to explore Greer’s significant but under-acknowledged contribution to feminist debates about pornography. Far from being strictly anti- or pro-porn, Greer’s work on Suck actually aligns with both of these positions, and it appeared before the feminist porn debates really gained traction. Germaine Greer as Sexual Revolutionary and/or Anti-Sex Ideologue? The apparent political transformation that Greer mentioned in 1984 has been particularly apparent since the 1990s. Since that decade, she has criticised pornography on several occasions. For example, in her book The Whole Woman (1999), Greer argued, “Pornography is the flight from woman, men’s denial of sex as a medium of communication . . .” (181). In an article published in The Guardian in 2000, Greer wrote, “Can [pornography] go too far? No, it can't. As far as male sexual fantasy is concerned there is no too far.” In a 2012 episode of the Australian current affairs program Q&A, Greer argued, “Pornography is the advertisement of prostitution.”Greer’s stance on pornography, and particularly her invocation of female sexual subordination, might seem to represent a radical shift from the political persona that she cultivated during the 1960s and 1970s. During that earlier period, Greer was arguing for female sexual empowerment. She posed nude for Suck. In 1971, the US magazine Life described Greer as a “saucy feminist that even men like” (qtd. in Wallace, unpaginated photograph). There is nothing “saucy” about her more recent anti-porn posture; this posture is not concerned with “empowerment” in any obvious way. Yet I would suggest that Greer at least anticipated this posture in her work on Suck. In that magazine, she did not frame sex as being entirely emancipatory. Rather, Greer argued for sexual liberation (particularly for women), but (in doing so) she also invoked the hierarchical gender roles that would later be invoked in anti-porn feminist arguments. Examining some of Greer’s contributions to Suck will make clear the important contribution that she has made to feminist debates about pornography. These are debates which she has not generally been associated with, or at least not to the extent that Andrea Dworkin and Catharine A. MacKinnon (both US feminists who have very publicly remonstrated against porn) have (see Dworkin; MacKinnon and Dworkin). The feminist porn debates gained ascendance during the late 1970s and early 1980s, and seem to have been liveliest in North America (see Bronstein; Duggan and Hunter; MacKinnon and Dworkin). These debates are significant because of what they say about the truly complex and contentious relationship between sex, gender, power, and representation. The feminist porn debates have been broad-ranging (Sullivan and McKee 10), though they tend to have been framed as polarised conflicts between anti-pornography feminists and “sex-positive”/“anti-censorship” feminists. For anti-pornography feminists, pornography always symptomatises and perpetuates gender hierarchy. Andrea Dworkin famously defined “pornography” as the graphic, sexually explicit subordination of women in pictures and/or words that also includes women presented dehumanized as sexual objects, things, or commodities; or women presented as sexual objects who enjoy pain or humiliation; or women presented as sexual objects who experience sexual pleasure in being raped; or women presented as sexual objects tied up or cut up or mutilated or bruised or physically hurt; or women presented in postures or positions of sexual submission, servility, or display; or women’s body parts—including but not limited to vaginas, breasts, buttocks—exhibited such that women are reduced to those parts; or women presented as whores by nature . . . (xxxiii) Conversely, sex-positive/anti-censorship feminists tend to assess pornography “on a case by case basis”; porn can range from woman-hating to politically progressive (McKee, Albury, and Lumby 22). For these feminists, attempts to legislate against pornography (for example, via the anti-porn ordinance drawn up in the US during the 1980s by Dworkin and MacKinnon) amount to censorship, and are not in the interest of women, feminism, or sexual liberation (Duggan and Hunter 29–39; and see also MacKinnon and Dworkin). Among the most striking aspects of Greer’s work on Suck is that it actually mobilises aspects of both these (loosely-defined) feminist positions, and appeared almost a decade before pornography became an issue of contention amongst feminists. This work was published not in North America, but in Europe; the Australian-born Greer was living in the United Kingdom at the time of that magazine’s publication, and indeed she has been described as “Britain’s . . . most well-known feminist” (Taylor 759; and see also Gleeson). Does Porn Suck? Greer co-founded Suck in 1969, the year before The Female Eunuch was published. Greer had already established a minor public profile through her journalistic contributions to the London-based Oz Magazine. Several of those contributions were written under the guise of “Dr G—the only groupie with a Ph.D in captivity,” and featured references to “groupiedom” and “cunt power” (qtd. in Gleeson 86). Suck was published in Amsterdam to circumvent “British censorship laws” (Wallace 15). The magazine was very much a product of the then-current sexual revolution, as suggested by the following passage from a 1971 editorial: “Our cause is sexual liberation. Our tactic is the defiance of censorship” (University of Melbourne Archives). Suck comprised sexually-explicit imagery (for example, nudity and shots of (hetero)sexual penetration) and similarly explicit articles. These articles are furnished with the vivid, deliberately provocative prose for which Greer is renowned.In some articles, Greer argues that women’s acceptance of their bodies constitutes a rebellion against patriarchy. In a 1971 article, she writes, “Primitive man feared the vagina . . . as the most magical of magical orifices of the body” (University of Melbourne Archives). The title of this piece is “Lady Love Your Cunt,” and indicates Greer’s view that patriarchal fears—or, as she puts it, the fears of “primitive man”—have contributed to stigma that has surrounded the vagina. Greer concludes thus: “Why not send a photograph of your own cunt, with your names labelled on?” (Whether any readers responded to this invitation remains unclear.) In “Bounce Titty Bounce,” she describes a “Mafia that controls the shapes of [women’s] bodies” (University of Melbourne Archives). This control is particularly evident in the brassiere, which Greer calls “a muzzle, a mask, binding joys and desires with wire and rubber and nylon and clips and cotton.” In a 1970 article entitled “Ladies get on top for better orgasms,” Greer opens with the statement: “The prevalence of the missionary position of fucking in the Western World [sic] seems to mean a widespread unfairness in sex.” She elaborates: Even if women were not . . . slighter than men, the missionary position would have little to commend it. The hands of the man are not free to play with his lover’s breasts or clitoris . . . because he must support himself, at least partially by them . . . The male ismin [sic] full control. Greer concedes that the “female on top position is perhaps the least popular of the alternatives to the missionary position.” The “female on top” position does, however, have advantages for women, one being that a woman “can arrive at a position to accept the cock without having to take her weight on her hands.” Greer’s best-known contribution to Suck is a selection of nude photographs that were published in a 1971 edition. In one shot, Greer is lying on her back, her legs behind her ears, her anus directly in front of the camera. In another shot, she is positioned in the same manner, although her anus and vagina are more central within the frame. In both shots, Greer is gazing directly into the camera and smiling. On one level, the textual and photographic examples described above—and, in fact, the very publication of Suck—suggest a rebellion against sexual repression. This rebellion was characteristic of the sexual revolution (Gleeson 86). Yet, in advocating female sexual empowerment, Greer distanced herself from the masculine bias of that movement. In her 1984 New York Times interview, Greer was quoted as saying that “. . . the sexual revolution never happened. Permissiveness happened, and that’s no better than repressiveness, because women are still being manipulated by men” (qtd. in De Lacy). Here, she anticipates arguments (e.g. Jeffreys) that the sexual revolution of the 1960s and 1970s actually sanctioned (heterosexual) male desire and men’s sexual access to women. In Suck, then, Greer argued that women need to liberate themselves sexually, and not only be seen as instruments for male sexual liberation. Greer did pose nude, but, in doing so, she stared back into the camera/at the spectator—thus returning the gaze, rather than being objectified by this gaze (Mulvey). Greer has described her shots thus: “Face, pubes and anus, nothing decorative about it. Nothing sexy about it either. Confrontation was the name of the game” (qtd. in Gleeson 86). In 2013, Greer wrote of that photo shoot: “Women’s bodies were merchandised. Each week we saw a little more: nipples, then pussy . . . drip-feeding the masturbation fantasies of a [male] generation. My gesture aimed to short-circuit that process.” She has also been quoted as saying that she envisioned Suck as an “antidote to the exploitative papers like Screw and Hustler,” by “developing a new kind of erotic art, away from the tits ‘n’ ass and the peep show syndrome” (qtd. in Gleeson 86). Thus, Greer’s Suck contributions seem to foreshadow the “sex-positive” feminism that would emerge later in the 1970s in North America (e.g. Duggan and Hunter). Her work would also anticipate feminist uses of porn to explore female sexuality from specifically female and feminist perspectives (see Taormino et al.). A closer examination of these contributions, however, suggests a more complex picture. Witness Greer’s reference to the popularity of “missionary sex” as a reason for “widespread unfairness in sex,” or her description of a (presumably) male-dominated “Mafia” who control women’s bodies (for example, via the bra). In a newspaper interview that was published around the time of The Female Eunuch’s 1970 publication, Greer argued that sex needs to be “rescued” from the patriarchy by feminists. This is because sex under patriarchy has been characterised by the dichotomised positions of “powerful and powerless, masterful and mastered.” In this scenario, women are the ones who are “powerless” and “mastered.” The title of that interview is “Author Attacks Dominating Male” (University of Melbourne Archives).The above statements suggest a sexual landscape characterised by “potentially violent, dominant men and subordinated, silenced women” (Duggan and Hunter 7). In this landscape, sex is a site of gender inequality; and even something as apparently innocuous as underwear is used by men to control women. The pervasive sense of patriarchy invoked here would (as scholars such as Duggan and Hunter have argued) be invoked in much anti-pornography feminist writing. And Greer would go on to concur with the anti-porn stance, as the three pronouncements cited at the beginning of this article attest. (In Suck, Greer does not attempt to define “pornography,” and nor does she classify her contributions as being “pornography” or “anti-pornography.”)ConclusionI have argued that it is useful to revisit some of Germaine Greer’s contributions to Suck Magazine in order to reassess her apparent transformation from sexual revolutionary to anti-sex ideologue. These contributions (which include articles and photographs) are celebrations of female sexual empowerment and critiques of what Greer sees as a pervasive gender hierarchy. I have argued that this work is also useful in that it anticipates the feminist debates about pornography that would gain ascendance in North America almost a decade after Suck’s publication. Greer articulates arguments that would come to be aligned with both “sex-positive” and “anti-pornography” feminist discourses. To this extent, she has made an important and thus far largely unacknowledged contribution to these highly polarised feminist debates. ReferencesBronstein, Carolyn. Battling Pornography: The American Feminist Anti-Pornography Movement, 1976–1986. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2011.De Lacy, Justine. “Germaine Greer’s New Book Stirs a Debate.” The New York Times. 5 Mar. 1984. 21 Oct. 2015 <https://www.nytimes.com/books/99/05/09/specials/greer-debate.html>.Duggan, Lisa, and Nan D. Hunter, eds. “Introduction.” Sex Wars: Sexual Dissent and Political Culture. 10th Anniversary Edition. London: Routledge, 2006. 1–13.Dworkin, Andrea. Pornography: Men Possessing Women. New York: Plume, 1989. Gleeson, Kate. “From Suck Magazine to Corporate Paedophilia: Feminism and Pornograph—Remembering the Australian Way.” Women’s Studies International Forum 38 (2013): 83–96.Greer, Germaine. The Whole Woman. London: Transworld Publishers, 1999. ———. “Gluttons for Porn.” The Guardian 24 Sep. 2000. 21 Oct. 2015 <http://www.theguardian.com/books/2000/sep/24/society>.———. “As Women Bare All in Feminist Protest, Germaine Greer Asks: Is This Feminism?” News.com.au 17 Mar. 2013. 30 July 2016 <http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/as-women-bare-all-in-feminist-protest-germaine-greer-asks-is-this-feminism/story-fneszs56-1226598414628>.Jeffreys, Sheila. Anticlimax: A Feminist Perspective on the Sexual Revolution. London: The Women’s Press, 1990. MacKinnon, Catharine A., and Andrea Dworkin, eds. In Harm’s Way: The Pornography Civil Rights Hearings. Massachusetts: Harvard UP, 1997. McKee, Alan, Katherine Albury, and Catharine Lumby. The Porn Report. Melbourne: Melbourne UP, 2008. Mulvey, Laura. “Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema.” Screen 16.3 (1975): 6–18. Q&A. “Politics and Porn in a Post-Feminist World.” First screened 19 Mar. 2012. 20 May 2016 <http://www.abc.net.au/tv/qanda/txt/s3451584.htm>.Suck Magazine. Copies held by Germaine Greer Archive, University of Melbourne. Sullivan, Rebecca, and Alan McKee. Pornography: Structures, Agency and Performance. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2015.Taormino, Tristan, Celine Parrenas Shimizu, Constance Penley, and Mireille Miller-Young, eds. The Feminist Porn Book: The Politics of Producing Pleasure. New York: Feminist Press at the City University of New York, 2013.Taylor, Anthea. “Germaine Greer’s Adaptable Celebrity: Feminism, Unruliness, and Humour on the British Small Screen.” Feminist Media Studies 14.5 (2014): 759–74.University of Melbourne Archives, Germaine Greer archive. Undated. 2014.0038, Unit 216. File name “(Drawer 158) Press clippings about Germaine Greer.” “Author Attacks Dominating Male.” Interview with Germaine Greer. Interviewer and place of publication unknown. Unpaginated. ———. Undated. 2014.0038, Unit 219. File name “Bounce Titty Bounce.” “Bounce Titty Bounce.” Originally published in Suck Magazine. Viewed in unpublished manuscript form. Unpaginated. ———. 1971. 2014.0038, Unit 219. File name “Suck Editorial 1971?” “Editorial.” Suck Magazine. Issue number not provided. Unpaginated. ———. 1971. 2014.0038, Unit 219. File name: “Lady Love Your Cunt Suck.” “Lady Love Your Cunt.” Originally published in Suck Magazine. Viewed in unpublished manuscript form. Unpaginated. ———. Undated. 2014.0038, Unit 219. File name: “Suck Correspondence 73.” Untitled photographs of Germaine Greer. Originally published in Suck Magazine. Unpaginated. Wallace, Christine. Germaine Greer, Untamed Shrew. Sydney: Pan MacMillan, 1997.
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