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Academic literature on the topic 'Éponges – Pacifique (océan ; sud)'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Éponges – Pacifique (océan ; sud)"
Patel, Kirti. "Extraction de métabolites bioactifs d'éponges marines du Pacifique Sud." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MNHN0006.
Full textThe work described in this manuscript deals with the exhaustive isolation of marine metabolites from marine sponges collected from the coast of New Georgie in Solomon Islands. A total of 65 compounds were isolated from Petrosia (Petrosia) crassa, Amorphinopsis excavans and Stylissa carteri, out if which 10 new compounds were identified. Sarasinoside B4, a new product isolated from Amorphinopsis excavans is an epimer of sarasinoside B1. Stylissazoles A-I were isolated from Stylissa carteri. Stylissazoles A-E have kinase activites and belongs to a new subclass of pyrrole-2-aminoimidazoles dimers, which have exclusively N-C bond between the two monomers. This new subclass of molecules constitute additional mode of dimerization and add another dimension to the molecular diversity of pyrrole-2- aminoimidazoles. This research work allowed us to deepen our knowledge about pyrrole-2-aminoimidazoles and update the universal biogenetic pathway proposed previously for pyrrole-2-aminoimidazoles
Constantin, Marc. "Pétrologie des gabbros et péridotites de la dorsale Est-Pacifique : la transition croûte manteau aux dorsales rapides." Brest, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BRES2033.
Full textLallier-Vergès, Elisabeth. "Micronodules de manganèse et sédiments pélagiques dans l'océan Pacifique : caractérisation, formation, diagenèse." Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA112352.
Full textMn micronodules are dispersed concretions in pelagic sediments. Their investigation constitutes an original approach in the understanding of Mn behaviour in sediments and the genesis of polymetallic nodules. A typology of Mn micronodules, based on morphological, textural, mineralogical and geochemical criteria, is submitted. Five distinct autochthonous micronodule types (which chemical composition reflects that one of the host sediments) and one allochthonous (cobaltiferous crust fragments) are determined. Each one is related to a specific genesis, however several types can coexist. For each authigenous type (hydrothermal microconcretions excepted), several interactions with organic matter during the accretion, are observed i. E. S, P and organic C concentrations, bacterial structures, fossilisation of biological structures (burrows, pellets, planktonic tests. . . ). Crystallization of synthetic bacterial Mn micronodules and phosphatic spherules were performed in vitro as well as Ca-Mn carbonate epigenesis of Foraminiferal tests. In the sedimentary column, the dissolution of micronodules is the diagenesis major effect. However, recrystallized oxidized types are found in buried sediments. The dissolution - recrystallization phenomenon consists of a separation between iron and manganese phases occuring in the colloidal oxides of superficial micronodules (dMnO₂ and buserite). That leads to well crystallized Mn oxides precipitation enriched in Ni or Cu (todorokite or birnessite), according to the type of diagenesis (oxic or suboxic). Down in the core, diagenesis steps affecting Mn oxides in micronodules are similar to those described in nodules growing on the sea floor. The recrystallization of well-crystallized Mn oxides of some buried micronodules could be the result of the dissolution of organo-metallic compounds releasing Mn and Fe which therefore precipitate in pure phases. Two different types of 10 Å manganate occur in pelagic manganese microconcretions. A 10 Å phyllomanganate named buserite, which transitional elements enrichments are probably due to interstratified minerals, is typical of direct precipitation or reorganization of dMnO₂. A 10 Å tektomanganate which enrichments are due to their tunnel structure, is typical of diagenetic recrystallization. That is the reason why tektomanganates described by authors in nodules are always present in cracks or in nuclei, emphasizing their secondary origin. Hydrothermal processes also lead to the precipitation of 10 Å tektomanganate (todorokites group), but high cristallinity of this oxide is probably induced by the high temperature of formation. This oxide is often associated to birnessite. A relationship exists between the occurrence of polymetallic nodules and concretional micronodules. Moreover, there is an exclusion relation between Mn concentration in the sediment and the occurrence of nodules (i. E. , red clays). Thus, the main factors involved in the nodule genesis are parameters which control the concretional phenomenon (among them : remobilization of Mn in sediments and upward diffusion control) and not the bulk of available Mn and its origin. The study of Mn micronodules of different sedimentary facies has also furthered the understanding of metal enrichment during the genesis of «red clays" regarless deep sea clays and metalliferous basal sediments
Bittner, Lucie. "Phylogénie des Corallinales (Rhodophyta) et analyse de leur diversité génétique dans le Pacifique Sud." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MNHN0043.
Full textCorallinales algae are characterized by the calcification of their cell wall, which contributes to the edification of coral reef. Due to their abundance and their wide distribution, they are good candidates to study present environments and to reconstitute coral paleo- environment. Nevertheless, the study of this order is hampered by a convoluted alpha-taxonomy history and complex histological preparation. The objective of this dissertation was therefore to develop molecular analyses to i) infer from multimarkers the phylogenetic relationships among the Corallinales and test the significance of morpho anatomical characters in an evolutive framework, and ii) delineate ‘species’ based on the delimitation of genetic clusters, as usually done in barcode of Life initiative. Toward these aims, a comprehensive taxa sampling was done in the south Pacific: Vanuatu, Fidji, French Polynesia (Moorea) and New Caledonia (second largest coral reef in the world and hot spot of biodiversity). Phylogenetic results presented in the first part of this dissertation supported a new delineation of the Corallinales within the Corallinophycidae (Corallinales and Rhodogorgonales) based on nuclear genes (SSU, LSU, EF2). The new order Sporolithales was proposed for the Sporolithaceae, which constituted a third lineage in the Corallinophycidae characterized by cruciately arranged tetraspores. Phylogenetic relationships among the Corallinales (as previously emended in excluding the Sporolithaceae) have been inferred from four molecular markers (SSU, LSU, CO1, psbA). Phylogenetic analyses recovered the monophyly of the Corallinales and the two families currently recognized within the order, the Corallinaceae and the Hapalidiaceae as well as three out of the four subfamilies of the Corallinaceae (Corallinoideae, Lithophylloideae, and Metagoniolithoideae). The Mastophoroideae, the fourth subfamily of the Corallinaceae, was resolved as four distinct lineages. We therefore proposed to restrict the Mastophoroideae to the genera Mastophora, Metamastophora, and possibly Lithoporella, in the aim of rendering this subfamily monophyletic. Our phylogenies resolved the genus Hydrolithon in two unrelated lineages, one containing the generitype H. Reinboldii and the second containing H. Onkodes, which was previously the generitype of the genus Porolithon. We therefore proposed to resurrect the genus Porolithon for the second lineage encompassing species with monomerous thallus and trichocyte arrangement in horizontal rows. Moreover, our phylogenetic analyses revealed the presence of cryptic diversity in several taxa, in particular in the genera Mesophyllum and Neogoniolithon, suggesting the need of further study to better circumscribe species frontiers in this diverse order. In the second part of this dissertation, a large taxa sampling of Corallinales (over than 830 specimens were collected for this study) was analyzed in the attempt of finding accurate methods to evaluate actual diversity within the order as this aspect is crucial for managing and conserving ecosystems. Two markers (psbA and the 5’end of the CO1- the standard DNA barcode) were amplified and sequenced prior to test methods of delimitation of ‘genetic species’ in the aim of estimating the number of species in the taxa sample analysed. Two published methods were tested and two were developed during the course of this PhD thesis. Moreover, simulated datasets and rhodophytean data available on GenBank were studied. The number of ‘genetic species’ inferred is method-dependent, marker-dependent, and locality-dependent. In the seldom cases where the two markers leaded to the same estimate of ‘genetic species’, only 27. 5% of this genetic species were identical. These results revealed distinct coalescent properties between plastid and mitochondrial genomes and rise the issue of arbitrary marker choice for exploratory studies of species delineation. Moreover results highlighted a strong incongruence between the genes CO1 and psbA suggesting hybridization and/or recombination events. Supplementary analyses have shown that when samples are restricted to a local scale it seems possible to delineate ‘genetic species’ however such clear delineation is only due to a sampling artefact. Lately, our data have highlighted the long scale dispersion capacity of the Corallinales in South Pacific (more that 6300km between Fiji and Philippines). This dissertation ends by a discussion on the various approaches developed by taxonomists to explore biodiversity depending on the species concepts they follow. Perspectives on future Corallinales studies should focus on the understanding of the evolutionary processes at the origin of the diversity of this order
Ourbak, Timothée. "Variations climatiques interannuelles à interdécennales dans le Pacifique tropical telles qu'enregistrées par les traceurs géochimiques contenus dans les coraux massifs." Bordeaux 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR13193.
Full textLe, Bec Nolwenn. "Reconstitution des salinités et des températures des eaux de surface dans l'océan Pacifique tropical sud-ouest au cours du dernier siècle : étude multi-traceurs d'un corail scléractiniaire massif (Porites sp.) des îles Fidji." Paris 11, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA112102.
Full textOerder, Vera. "Interactions couplées océan-atmosphère à meso-échelle dans le Pacifique Sud-Est." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066079.
Full textThis PhD thesis studies the air/sea interactions at the oceanic mesoscale (10-300 km) in the South-East Pacific and their consequences. Satellite observations and a high-resolution regional ocean-atmosphere coupled model are used to evidence and characterize the mesoscale Sea Surface Temperature (SST)-wind stress (WS) interactions. Offshore from 150km, observations show that one third of the WS mesoscale intensity is explained by the SST mesoscale anomalies. The intensity of the WS response intensity to the SST displays similar spatial and seasonal variability in both the model and the observations. The simulation is further analyzed to study this variations and to understand the boundary layer adjustment mechanisms. A momentum balance evidenced that the near surface wind anomalies are created by the anomalies of the turbulent mixing term. It is shown that WS intensity anomalies due to SST anomalies are are mainly forced by mixing coefficient anomalies and partially compensated by wind shear anomalies. The consequences on the oceanic dynamics of the air-sea momentum, heat and fresh water fluxes by mesoscale SST and surface current are investigated in the simulations. On one hand, near the coast, the WS response to the upwelling SST front decreases both the upwelling and the eddy kinetic energy (EKE) generation by baroclinic conversion. A negative feedback of the atmospheric response on the SST anomalies amplitude is also evidenced. On the other hand, the WS modulation by oceanic surface currents decreases the EKE generation by the mesoscale wind work. It also creates an Ekman pumping centered above the eddies and attenuating sea surface height anomalies
Brunel, Jean-Pierre. "L'évaporation sous différents climats du sud-ouest Pacifique : études énergétique et isotopique." Paris 11, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA112475.
Full textDeschamps, Anne. "Contribution à l'étude de la formation du bassin ouest philippin : nouvelles données sur la bordure ouest et la dorsale fossile." Montpellier 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON20058.
Full textVlastélic, Ivan. "Hétérogénéité et fusion partielle du manteau : une étude de la dorsale pacifique-antarctique et de la ride de Hollister (pacifique sud)." Brest, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BRES2091.
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