Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Éponges – Pacifique (océan ; sud)'
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Patel, Kirti. "Extraction de métabolites bioactifs d'éponges marines du Pacifique Sud." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MNHN0006.
Full textThe work described in this manuscript deals with the exhaustive isolation of marine metabolites from marine sponges collected from the coast of New Georgie in Solomon Islands. A total of 65 compounds were isolated from Petrosia (Petrosia) crassa, Amorphinopsis excavans and Stylissa carteri, out if which 10 new compounds were identified. Sarasinoside B4, a new product isolated from Amorphinopsis excavans is an epimer of sarasinoside B1. Stylissazoles A-I were isolated from Stylissa carteri. Stylissazoles A-E have kinase activites and belongs to a new subclass of pyrrole-2-aminoimidazoles dimers, which have exclusively N-C bond between the two monomers. This new subclass of molecules constitute additional mode of dimerization and add another dimension to the molecular diversity of pyrrole-2- aminoimidazoles. This research work allowed us to deepen our knowledge about pyrrole-2-aminoimidazoles and update the universal biogenetic pathway proposed previously for pyrrole-2-aminoimidazoles
Constantin, Marc. "Pétrologie des gabbros et péridotites de la dorsale Est-Pacifique : la transition croûte manteau aux dorsales rapides." Brest, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BRES2033.
Full textLallier-Vergès, Elisabeth. "Micronodules de manganèse et sédiments pélagiques dans l'océan Pacifique : caractérisation, formation, diagenèse." Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA112352.
Full textMn micronodules are dispersed concretions in pelagic sediments. Their investigation constitutes an original approach in the understanding of Mn behaviour in sediments and the genesis of polymetallic nodules. A typology of Mn micronodules, based on morphological, textural, mineralogical and geochemical criteria, is submitted. Five distinct autochthonous micronodule types (which chemical composition reflects that one of the host sediments) and one allochthonous (cobaltiferous crust fragments) are determined. Each one is related to a specific genesis, however several types can coexist. For each authigenous type (hydrothermal microconcretions excepted), several interactions with organic matter during the accretion, are observed i. E. S, P and organic C concentrations, bacterial structures, fossilisation of biological structures (burrows, pellets, planktonic tests. . . ). Crystallization of synthetic bacterial Mn micronodules and phosphatic spherules were performed in vitro as well as Ca-Mn carbonate epigenesis of Foraminiferal tests. In the sedimentary column, the dissolution of micronodules is the diagenesis major effect. However, recrystallized oxidized types are found in buried sediments. The dissolution - recrystallization phenomenon consists of a separation between iron and manganese phases occuring in the colloidal oxides of superficial micronodules (dMnO₂ and buserite). That leads to well crystallized Mn oxides precipitation enriched in Ni or Cu (todorokite or birnessite), according to the type of diagenesis (oxic or suboxic). Down in the core, diagenesis steps affecting Mn oxides in micronodules are similar to those described in nodules growing on the sea floor. The recrystallization of well-crystallized Mn oxides of some buried micronodules could be the result of the dissolution of organo-metallic compounds releasing Mn and Fe which therefore precipitate in pure phases. Two different types of 10 Å manganate occur in pelagic manganese microconcretions. A 10 Å phyllomanganate named buserite, which transitional elements enrichments are probably due to interstratified minerals, is typical of direct precipitation or reorganization of dMnO₂. A 10 Å tektomanganate which enrichments are due to their tunnel structure, is typical of diagenetic recrystallization. That is the reason why tektomanganates described by authors in nodules are always present in cracks or in nuclei, emphasizing their secondary origin. Hydrothermal processes also lead to the precipitation of 10 Å tektomanganate (todorokites group), but high cristallinity of this oxide is probably induced by the high temperature of formation. This oxide is often associated to birnessite. A relationship exists between the occurrence of polymetallic nodules and concretional micronodules. Moreover, there is an exclusion relation between Mn concentration in the sediment and the occurrence of nodules (i. E. , red clays). Thus, the main factors involved in the nodule genesis are parameters which control the concretional phenomenon (among them : remobilization of Mn in sediments and upward diffusion control) and not the bulk of available Mn and its origin. The study of Mn micronodules of different sedimentary facies has also furthered the understanding of metal enrichment during the genesis of «red clays" regarless deep sea clays and metalliferous basal sediments
Bittner, Lucie. "Phylogénie des Corallinales (Rhodophyta) et analyse de leur diversité génétique dans le Pacifique Sud." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MNHN0043.
Full textCorallinales algae are characterized by the calcification of their cell wall, which contributes to the edification of coral reef. Due to their abundance and their wide distribution, they are good candidates to study present environments and to reconstitute coral paleo- environment. Nevertheless, the study of this order is hampered by a convoluted alpha-taxonomy history and complex histological preparation. The objective of this dissertation was therefore to develop molecular analyses to i) infer from multimarkers the phylogenetic relationships among the Corallinales and test the significance of morpho anatomical characters in an evolutive framework, and ii) delineate ‘species’ based on the delimitation of genetic clusters, as usually done in barcode of Life initiative. Toward these aims, a comprehensive taxa sampling was done in the south Pacific: Vanuatu, Fidji, French Polynesia (Moorea) and New Caledonia (second largest coral reef in the world and hot spot of biodiversity). Phylogenetic results presented in the first part of this dissertation supported a new delineation of the Corallinales within the Corallinophycidae (Corallinales and Rhodogorgonales) based on nuclear genes (SSU, LSU, EF2). The new order Sporolithales was proposed for the Sporolithaceae, which constituted a third lineage in the Corallinophycidae characterized by cruciately arranged tetraspores. Phylogenetic relationships among the Corallinales (as previously emended in excluding the Sporolithaceae) have been inferred from four molecular markers (SSU, LSU, CO1, psbA). Phylogenetic analyses recovered the monophyly of the Corallinales and the two families currently recognized within the order, the Corallinaceae and the Hapalidiaceae as well as three out of the four subfamilies of the Corallinaceae (Corallinoideae, Lithophylloideae, and Metagoniolithoideae). The Mastophoroideae, the fourth subfamily of the Corallinaceae, was resolved as four distinct lineages. We therefore proposed to restrict the Mastophoroideae to the genera Mastophora, Metamastophora, and possibly Lithoporella, in the aim of rendering this subfamily monophyletic. Our phylogenies resolved the genus Hydrolithon in two unrelated lineages, one containing the generitype H. Reinboldii and the second containing H. Onkodes, which was previously the generitype of the genus Porolithon. We therefore proposed to resurrect the genus Porolithon for the second lineage encompassing species with monomerous thallus and trichocyte arrangement in horizontal rows. Moreover, our phylogenetic analyses revealed the presence of cryptic diversity in several taxa, in particular in the genera Mesophyllum and Neogoniolithon, suggesting the need of further study to better circumscribe species frontiers in this diverse order. In the second part of this dissertation, a large taxa sampling of Corallinales (over than 830 specimens were collected for this study) was analyzed in the attempt of finding accurate methods to evaluate actual diversity within the order as this aspect is crucial for managing and conserving ecosystems. Two markers (psbA and the 5’end of the CO1- the standard DNA barcode) were amplified and sequenced prior to test methods of delimitation of ‘genetic species’ in the aim of estimating the number of species in the taxa sample analysed. Two published methods were tested and two were developed during the course of this PhD thesis. Moreover, simulated datasets and rhodophytean data available on GenBank were studied. The number of ‘genetic species’ inferred is method-dependent, marker-dependent, and locality-dependent. In the seldom cases where the two markers leaded to the same estimate of ‘genetic species’, only 27. 5% of this genetic species were identical. These results revealed distinct coalescent properties between plastid and mitochondrial genomes and rise the issue of arbitrary marker choice for exploratory studies of species delineation. Moreover results highlighted a strong incongruence between the genes CO1 and psbA suggesting hybridization and/or recombination events. Supplementary analyses have shown that when samples are restricted to a local scale it seems possible to delineate ‘genetic species’ however such clear delineation is only due to a sampling artefact. Lately, our data have highlighted the long scale dispersion capacity of the Corallinales in South Pacific (more that 6300km between Fiji and Philippines). This dissertation ends by a discussion on the various approaches developed by taxonomists to explore biodiversity depending on the species concepts they follow. Perspectives on future Corallinales studies should focus on the understanding of the evolutionary processes at the origin of the diversity of this order
Ourbak, Timothée. "Variations climatiques interannuelles à interdécennales dans le Pacifique tropical telles qu'enregistrées par les traceurs géochimiques contenus dans les coraux massifs." Bordeaux 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR13193.
Full textLe, Bec Nolwenn. "Reconstitution des salinités et des températures des eaux de surface dans l'océan Pacifique tropical sud-ouest au cours du dernier siècle : étude multi-traceurs d'un corail scléractiniaire massif (Porites sp.) des îles Fidji." Paris 11, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA112102.
Full textOerder, Vera. "Interactions couplées océan-atmosphère à meso-échelle dans le Pacifique Sud-Est." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066079.
Full textThis PhD thesis studies the air/sea interactions at the oceanic mesoscale (10-300 km) in the South-East Pacific and their consequences. Satellite observations and a high-resolution regional ocean-atmosphere coupled model are used to evidence and characterize the mesoscale Sea Surface Temperature (SST)-wind stress (WS) interactions. Offshore from 150km, observations show that one third of the WS mesoscale intensity is explained by the SST mesoscale anomalies. The intensity of the WS response intensity to the SST displays similar spatial and seasonal variability in both the model and the observations. The simulation is further analyzed to study this variations and to understand the boundary layer adjustment mechanisms. A momentum balance evidenced that the near surface wind anomalies are created by the anomalies of the turbulent mixing term. It is shown that WS intensity anomalies due to SST anomalies are are mainly forced by mixing coefficient anomalies and partially compensated by wind shear anomalies. The consequences on the oceanic dynamics of the air-sea momentum, heat and fresh water fluxes by mesoscale SST and surface current are investigated in the simulations. On one hand, near the coast, the WS response to the upwelling SST front decreases both the upwelling and the eddy kinetic energy (EKE) generation by baroclinic conversion. A negative feedback of the atmospheric response on the SST anomalies amplitude is also evidenced. On the other hand, the WS modulation by oceanic surface currents decreases the EKE generation by the mesoscale wind work. It also creates an Ekman pumping centered above the eddies and attenuating sea surface height anomalies
Brunel, Jean-Pierre. "L'évaporation sous différents climats du sud-ouest Pacifique : études énergétique et isotopique." Paris 11, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA112475.
Full textDeschamps, Anne. "Contribution à l'étude de la formation du bassin ouest philippin : nouvelles données sur la bordure ouest et la dorsale fossile." Montpellier 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON20058.
Full textVlastélic, Ivan. "Hétérogénéité et fusion partielle du manteau : une étude de la dorsale pacifique-antarctique et de la ride de Hollister (pacifique sud)." Brest, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BRES2091.
Full textJullien, Swen. "Interactions océan-atmosphère au sein des cyclones tropicaux du Pacifique Sud : processus et climatologie." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00943495.
Full textVega, Andres. "Ondes de Rossby, niveau de la mer et couleur de l'eau dans le Pacifique Sud-Est." Toulouse 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU30194.
Full textJuncker, Matthieu. "Approvisionnement en larves de poissons du lagon de Wallis (Pacifique Sud)." Nouvelle Calédonie, 2005. http://portail-documentaire.univ-nc.nc/files/public/bu/theses_unc/TheseMatthieuJuncker2005.pdf.
Full textLafoy, Yves. "Evolution géodynamique des bassins marginaux Nord-Fidjien et de Lau (Sud-Ouest Pacifique)." Brest, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989BRES2024.
Full textAubry, Maite Tepoe. "Epidémiologie moléculaire, évolution et diversité génétique intra-hôte du virus de la Dengue dans les Etats insulaires du Pacifique Sud." Polynésie française, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012POLF0003.
Full textDengue virus (DENV) is constantly evolving as a result of constraints inherent to the host and the context of transmission. We proposed to analyze the genetic evolution of DENV at different levels of evolutionary divergence: at inter-hosts level, in the regional context of the South Pacific and local contexts of the island countries; and at intra-host level, during infection in human. By analyzing the genome of nearly 500 DENV strains collected over the past 25 years in the South Pacific Island countries (SPICs), we identified South-East Asia as the major source of viral introduction in the South Pacific and showed the existence of preferential pathways of virus distribution between SPICs. Moreover, we revealed the fixation of mutations within the viral genome, signatures of the impact of regional and local contexts on the genetic evolution of DENV. Through the analysis of clonal sequences of the complete envelope (E) gene of DENV-4 strains obtained from venous and capillary blood samples collected during 3 consecutive days in several patients, we showed that at all levels of evolutionary divergence, the sereotype 4 displays lower genetic variability than the three others. At intra-host level, we observed that the viral genetic diversity evolves during infection and is lower in capillary blood. Our results support the hypothesis of an active viral replication in the vicinity of blood capillaries of the skin and show the existence of an impact of the immune response on the structure of the viral population during infection
Durand, Pascale. "Taxonomie des bactéries oxydant les composés soufrés réduits en milieu hydrothermal profond : cas du sud-ouest Pacifique." Brest, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BRES2008.
Full textRigolot, Patrick. "Origine et évolution du "système" ride de Nouvelle-Calédonie/Norfolk (sud-ouest pacifique) : synthèse des données de géologie et de géophysique marine : étude des marges et bassins associés." Brest, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989BRES2018.
Full textCillaurren, Espérance. "La pêche à la traîne autour des dispositifs de concentration de poissons mouillés à Vanuatu : un exemple dans le Pacifique sud-ouest." Brest, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987BRES2034.
Full textGrenier, Mélanie. "Le rôle du pacifique tropical sud-ouest dans la fertilisation du pacifique équatorial : couplage dynamique et multi-traceur." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2070/.
Full textIn my thesis, I study the sources of the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC). The EUC is composed of water masses that feed the central and eastern equatorial Pacific, an area of prime importance due to its biological productivity and its impact on climate. First, I used an ocean general circulation model (OGCM) to describe the EUC in terms of its source trajectories, transports and mean hydrological characteristics. Then, I characterized the geochemical enrichment of the water masses that feed the equatorial Pacific, the EUC waters being the main contributors to the High Nutrients - Low Chlorophyll (HNLC) area. For this purpose, I used geochemical tracers : the neodymium (Nd) isotopes and the Rare Earth Element (REE) concentrations. Finally, I coupled both approaches to quantify the geochemical evolution of the thermocline waters of the southwest Pacific
Couvelard, Xavier. "Structure et dynamique des jets barotropes créés par les îles du Pacifique Sud-Ouest." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/149/.
Full textThe oceanic circulation entering the tropical southwest Pacific (SWP) is dominated by the broad westward flow of the South Equatorial Current (SEC), forced by the trade winds. It has been argued that the numerous islands of the SWP are able to restructure the SEC into a series of deep and narrow zonal jets, which control important pathways connecting equatorial and extra-equatorial signals. The primary objective of this study is to improve our understanding of the structure and dynamics of SWP zonal jets, giving special attention to topographic effects. Our study is based on the use of a high-resolution regional oceanic model, whose solution is compared with observations, as well as with solutions from global models and the Sverdrup relation. Our model indicates that the regional topography drives a general equatorward shift of the SEC, which is beneficial to the North Fiji, North Vanuatu and North Caledonian Jets. A depth-integrated vorticity budget shows that this topographic effect is considerably attenuated by baroclinicity and advection processes, but not to the point of total compensation as often admitted for the interior ocean. The effect of non-linear advection is to allow flow rectification of the jets fluctuations which takes the form of zonally elongated dipole circulations in the leeward side of the islands
Binard, Nicolas. "Les points chauds de la société, des Australes et de Pitcairn (Pacifique Sud) : approche volcanologique et pétrologique." Brest, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BRES2050.
Full textBendel, Valérie. "Cadre géologique et composition des minéralisations hydrothermales en contexte arrière-arc : exemple de la dorsale du bassin nord fidjien (sud ouest Pacifique)." Brest, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BRES2003.
Full textGrenier, Melanie. "Le rôle du Pacifique Tropical Sud-Ouest dans la fertilisation du Pacifique Équatorial : couplage dynamique et multi-traceur." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00876092.
Full textDuprey, Nicolas. "Variabilité climatique de deux périodes clés de l'Holocène, c. 7000-6000 et 3500-2500 BP, dans le Pacifique Sud-Ouest à partir de l'analyse d'archives biocarbonatées." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066500.
Full textThis study aims to document the climate for two key periods of the Holocene from biocarbonated archives. The giant clam Tridacna maxima was validated as a paleoclimatic archive. Fossil specimens of this species were used to document the climatic variability in the Southwest Pacific during the early mid-Holocene – 7. 0-6. 0 ka BP – and during the Lapita migration over Remote Oceania – 3. 5-2. 5 ka BP – in addition to d18O records from fossils specimens of giant clams T. Gigas, Hippopus hippopus and fossils massive coral Porites sp. Records of Sr/Ca from Porites sp. Corals also provided paleo-SST records. The post glacial SST rise was completed at 7. 0-6. 0 ka BP and the southeastern edge of the WPWP was located in its current location. At that time the seasonal influence of the SPCZ over the SW Pacific was weaker than it is today as a result of the more northerly location of this structure. The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability was 25-30% weaker than today. The period when the Lapita culture at 3. 6-3. 4 ka BP, was characterized by a La Niña-like climatic mean state in the SW Pacific. The Lapita migration-phase at 3. 2-2. 7 ka BP is coincidental with a strong ENSO variability supporting that the climate had a significant role in the Lapita migration. Indeed, unstable climate may have triggered and/or promoted the development and the expansion of nomad foraging population based on marine resources as the Lapita were
Adam, Claudia. "Signature topographique et gravimétrique des panaches du manteau dans le Pacifique." Phd thesis, Institut de physique du globe de paris - IPGP, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00350037.
Full textVan, den Broeck Nathalie. "Rôle du phosphate dans le déclenchement et la limitation des efflorescences planctoniques dans les eaux du Pacifique tropical Sud Ouest : évaluation des conséquences sur le cycle biogéochimique du carbone." Aix-Marseille 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX22099.
Full textHamelin, Cédric. "Géochimie isotopique du lithium dans les basaltes - Géochimie des MORBs du Pacifique Sud." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00344949.
Full textSpecq, Damien. "Prévisibilité des fortes précipitations aux échéances infra-saisonnières sur le Pacifique Sud-Ouest tropical." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020INPT0089.
Full textNumerical subseasonal forecasting has met growing interest in the last decade, in the wake of the Subseasonal-to-seasonal (S2S) prediction project and its forecast database. This is due to recent and significant progress in two directions: a better understanding of the sources of predictability at subseasonal timescales, and a better representation of these phenomena in numerical models. However, the ability to forecast specific climate events beyond two weeks remains quite limited and sporadic. Yet, in the southwest tropical Pacific (110°E-200°E ; 30°S-0°), rainfall is expected to exhibit some subseasonal predictability, thanks to the influence of the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) - which is the main driver of subseasonal climate variability at the global scale - and El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) - which provides low-frequency signals. The aim of this thesis is to document the subseasonal predictability of heavy rainfall periods in the southwest tropical Pacific with state-of-the-art S2S forecasting systems. A verification framework is applied to six systems from the S2S database on a common 18-year reforecast period (1996-2013) in the austral summer season (December-January-February), when heavy rainfall is the most frequent in the region of interest. Then, two approaches are developed in order to improve the verification scores compared to those obtained initially. On the one hand, various multimodel combination methods are implemented and improve deterministic and probabilistic forecast quality. On the other hand, statistical forecasts are produced using the dynamical models' output variables. The underlying assumption of this statistical-dynamical approach is that numerical models are better at forecasting large-scale climate drivers affecting rainfall, such as ENSO and the MJO, than rainfall itself. Provided that it includes both calibration of forecast precipitation along with ENSO and MJO information, this approach leads to a significant improvement of probabilistic forecasts of heavy rainfall events. Beyond a systematic evaluation with verification scores, this thesis also assesses the ability to forecast specific heavy rainfall events several weeks in advance. For this purpose, the emphasis is laid on referenced events that occurred in New Caledonia (163°E-169°E ; 23°S- 18°S). Located in the southern part of the domain, this archipelago exhibits limited subseasonal predictability of precipitation in the S2S systems. Their specific performance on the selected single events is evaluated in light of the large-scale ENSO and MJO context. This large-scale context also enables to identify windows of opportunity, when there is increased confidence that heavy precipitation will actually occur if forecast
Receveur, Aurore. "Ecologie spatiale du micronecton : distribution, diversité et importance dans la structuration de l'écosystème pélagique du Pacifique sud-ouest." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0401.
Full textThe New Caledonian pelagic ecosystem in the southwest Pacific contains a high diversity of predators, such as seabirds and cetaceans. The recent creation of the Natural Park of the Coral Sea created a need for solid information on the functioning of this remarkable ecosystem, particularly on the dynamics of the micronecton (organisms between 1 and 20 cm constituting food of top predators) and its central role in food webs, especially since is the most poorly understood. In this context, this PhD showed a strong influence of environment on its spatial and seasonal distribution with on average more micronekton in the south than in the north, and more in winter than in summer. The species composing the micronecton are riche in crustaceans in the north and in cephalopods and fish in the south. The micronecton abundance would tend to decrease under the influence of climate change. Finally, we showed that the spatial distribution of this group influenced the presence of six groups of predators: yellowfin tuna, albacore tuna, dolphin, dolphin, shearwater and red-footed body
Vergara, Oscar. "Ventilation de la circulation océanique dans le Pacifique sud-est par les ondes de Rossby et l'activité méso-échelle : téléconnexions d'ENSO." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30356/document.
Full textThe oceanic circulation in the subthermocline of the South Eastern Pacific remains poorly documented although this region is thought to play a key role in the climate variability owed to, in particular, the presence of an extended oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) that intervenes in the carbon and nitrogen cycle. The subthermocline in this region is also largely unmonitored and historical estimates of ocean heat content are mostly limited to the upper 500 m. In this thesis we document various oceanic processes at work in the subthermocline based on a regional modeling approach that is designed to take in account the efficient oceanic teleconnection from the equatorial region to the mid-latitudes, in particular at ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation) timescales. The focus is on two aspects: (1) the seasonality of the turbulent flow and its role in modulating the OMZ volume off Peru, and (2) the planetary wave fluxes associated with interannual to decadal timescales. It is first shown that the vertical energy flux at interannual timescales can be interpreted as resulting from the vertical propagation of extra-tropical Rossby waves remotely forced from the equatorial region. This flux primarily results from extreme Eastern Pacific El Niño events, despite that a significant fraction of interannual Sea Surface Temperature (SST) variability in the tropical Pacific is also associated with Central Pacific El Niño events and La Niña events. Vertically propagating energy flux at decadal timescales is also evidenced in the model, which, like for the interannual flux, is marginally impacted by mesoscale activity. On the other hand, the wave energy beams experience a marked dissipation in the deep-ocean ( 2000 m) which is interpreted as resulting from vertical diffusivity. While the oxygen field within the OMZ appears to be influenced by the vertical propagation of isopycnals height anomalies, induced by the seasonal Rossby waves, the seasonality of the OMZ is shown to be dominantly associated with the seasonal change in the eddy flux at its boundaries. Implications of the results for the study of both the low-frequency variability of the OMZ and the Earth's energy budget are discussed
Guillemin, Marcellin. "Krusenstern et Lissiansky : la Russie sur les traces de l'Angleterre dans le Pacifique Sud." Thesis, Paris 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA030006.
Full textKruzenshtern and Lisianski were the first Russian circumnavigators who, in the nineteenth century, enabled their country to compete with England in the South Pacific. Former cadets in the Russian Navy, they had received training on Royal Navy ships in accordance with Anglo-Russian agreements to fight against revolutionary France. This thesis focuses on the position of Russia in the South Pacific and her ability to match, if not surpass her rival England, the first naval and commercial power. The detailed accounts of Kruzenshtern and Lisianski, other Russian circumnavigators who took advantage of their knowledge, were examined.Russia was positioning herself timidly in a region which was far from her borders. Her empire was built on Eurasia, a large monolithic block, with an expansion into America which consisted of Alaska and Fort Ross, a Californian territory. Attempting colonization in warm seas, Russia feared tensions or even conflicts with other powers, who accused her of seeking her expansion too much at the expense of the Ottoman Empire, the "sick man of Europe"; the balance of power so dear to England was no longer respected. England had begun an intensive colonization of Australia and New Zealand. In order to deter her competitors, she officially announced the annexation of her new lands, which she quickly populated, explored and exploited. Her goal was to obtain new raw materials to feed her powerful industry and to prepare herself for any possible political and economic crises from Europe or America. Hawai'i at this time was a focal point for the four major powers: England, France, Russi! a and the United States, each trying to curry favour whith the local monarch until one of them prevailed over the other three.Russia played an important role in the South Pacific in science and technology. Her circumnavigators had made many geographical discoveries, to which they had given names glorifying Russia; they also significantly improved maps. They were able to take advantage of the best precision instruments and the latest scientific literature to obtain consistent and accurate measures and results. The Crimean War was to highlight the weaknesses of Russia, who had so far been victorious, but now had to question and renounce certain of her ambitions in the Pacific Ocean
Cabioch, Guy. "Récifs frangeants quaternaires de la Grande Terre de Nouvelle-Calédonie (acifique sud-ouest) : structure interne et influences de l'eustatisme et de la tectonique." Aix-Marseille 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988AIX11138.
Full textLe, Faouder Antoine. "Caractérisation géochimique (déséquilibres 230Th/238U, isotopes Sr, Nd et Pb, éléments en traces) du volcanisme de dorsale en contexte d'interaction point chaud dorsale : Cas des bassins marginaux du Sud Ouest Pacifique et de la dorsale Centrale Indienne." Brest, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BRES2039.
Full textStudying U series disequilibria in young lavas (<10kyr) is a powerful tool for understanding magma genesis and transfer such as time constraints of melt ascent or mantle porosity. Combined trace element geochemistry, isotope composition and U series data are able to indicate source heterogeneity due to the possible input of plume-derived enriched material. Input of additional mantle material can be carried out under two forms : melt or solid transport state. A major constrain to decipher between these two mechanisms is the duration of transport. Thus, U series disequilibria can provide information about the rate of the transfer process and therefore the transport mechanism of the process. The study presented here (on lavas from the North Fiji and Lau basins and the Central Indian Ridge) is probably one of the first to constrain ridge hotspot interaction using U series disequilibria and accentuates the peculiar interest of this method
Tedetti, Marc. "Impact du rayonnement ultraviolet sur la phototransformation de la matière organique dissoute en milieu marin." Aix-Marseille 2, 2006. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2006AIX22058.pdf.
Full textSchmitt, Anaïs. "Histoire de l'expansion des récifs barrières du Sud-Ouest Pacifique au cours des dernièrs 1,5 Ma : lien entre la production carbonatée, les dépôts de turbidites et les changements environnementaux." Thesis, Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NANT4066/document.
Full textSedimentary record from Australia eastern margin offshore the Great Reef Barrier Reef is used to better understand the dynamics of mixed margins of the Southwest Pacific, in relation to Barrier reef expansion during the Pleistocene. Significant variations are observed in the nature and frequency of the turbidites deposits in the deep sedimentary record, over the last 1.5 Ma. These variations are associated with the barrier reef expansion around 400-500 ka. Comparison with a similar sedimentary record located offshore New Caledonia show similar and nearly synchronous trend, highlights a potential common mechanism for the barrier reefs expansion in the SW Pacific region. This study further explores links between carbonate production and environmental changes which are addressed by the study of the ratio Mg/Ca in surface dwelling planktic foraminifera, a proxy for sea surface temperatures reconstruction. Single foraminifera analysis were also measured to quantify the range of temperature for a given period. Measurements were performed on two G. ruber morphotypes known to calcify at different depths. Mean temperatures and seasonality do not appear to be the main control factor of the barrier expansion in the region. The vertical trend of temperatures over the last 1.5 Ma, offshore the Great Barrier Reef and New Caledonia, seems to be associated with hydrodynamic changes of the Coral Sea
Pawlowiez, Ralph. "Développement d’outils pour une meilleure surveillance du risque lié aux intoxications par biotoxines marines en Polynésie." Polynésie française, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012POLF0006.
Full textMarine biotoxin poisonings constitute a major public health and economic problem in French Polynesia. Aside from Ciguatera Fish Poisoning, a human intoxication classically associated with the consumption of reef fish contaminated with ciguatoxins produced by the benthic dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus, the emergence of atypical poisoning syndromes involving new toxic groups and marine invertebrates highly popular among local populations (giant clams, sea urchins) has recently been reported in the Australes archipelago. Considering the need for an increased sanitary securization of this nutritional resource of prime importance to the populations of remote islands, we assessed the relevance of the CBA-N2a neuroblastoma test for an increased surveillance of the risk associated with the consumption of various marine products widely consumed in Raivavae, Rurutu, Rapa islands (Australes). When applied to the detection of ciguatoxins and palytoxin, two groups of toxins highly prevalent in French Polynesia, the CBA-N2a tool appeared perfectly suited to the complex (multitoxinic) epidemiological table characterizing these three islands and also helped confirm the presence of ciguatera in Rapa island. The second part of thesis focuses on a more fundamental aspect of ciguatera, but still in a perspective of development of detection tools. We have attempted to better understand the biosynthesis pathways of CTXs in Gambierdiscus. Due to their chemical structure, CTXs are known as belonging to the great family of natural products, the polyketides. We then conducted a transcriptomic analysis of highly toxic strain G. Polynesiensis TB-92, focusing the study on genes of polyketide synthases (PKSs)
Paulmier, Aurélien. "Zones de minimum d'oxygène (OMZs) de l'océan moderne : une étude focalisée dans l'OMZ du Pacifique Sud Est." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066342.
Full textGélin, Pauline. "Délimitation d'espèces et connectivité chez les coraux du genre Pocillopora dans l'Indo-Pacifique." Thesis, La Réunion, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LARE0041/document.
Full textThis work focuses on the connectivity among populations of the coral genus Pocillopora in the Southwestern Indian Ocean and the Southwestern Pacific Ocean. These corals are widely distributed throughout the tropical fringe of the Indian and Pacific oceans. Traditionally, species were identified on the basis of morphological criteria [17 species described in Veron (2000)]. Different studies using genetic data revealed that the delimitation of species was sometimes blurred in these corals. Thus, in this work, the use of species delineation methods from mitochondrial (ABGD, GMYC, PTP) and nuclear (haplowebs) DNA, 16 primary species hypotheses (PSH) were identified. These PSHs were then confronted to assignment tests from microsatellite loci, revealing a minimum of 18 secondary species hypotheses (SSH). Once the species hypotheses are defined, it is possible to conduct connectivity studies. In this work, two SSHs with different ecologies were chosen to carry out these analyses. The first, Pocillopora damicornis type β (SSH05) was sampled in the lagoons and the second, Pocillopora eydouxi (SSH09) was sampled on the outer slope. The estimation of the genetic structure of the populations made possible to estimate the reproductive modes (sexual or asexual) in these two SSHs and the connectivity analyzes revealed complex structuring patterns for each of the SSHs
Lami, Raphaël. "Dynamique des communautés bactériennes marines : structure spatio-temporelle des communautés bactériennes et particularités écologiques du groupe fonctionnel des photohétérotrophes." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066062.
Full textDerville, Solène. "Écologie spatiale des baleines à bosse en zone de reproduction : habitats, distribution et mouvements dans le Pacifique Sud." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS374.
Full textUnderstanding the social and environmental drivers of the distribution and movements of marine megafauna is essential to their conservation. Cetaceans are elusive and mobile species, whose management requires an improved understanding of habitat use patterns. This thesis is aimed at investigating the spatial ecology of an endangered population of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the South Pacific Ocean. Using a multidisciplinary dataset collected between 1995 and 2018 in New Caledonia and Oceania, this thesis addressed three objectives, 1) investigate best practices to cetacean species distribution modeling, 2) acquire fundamental knowledge on the distribution, habitats and movements of humpback whales in Oceania breeding grounds, and 3) predict priority conservation areas and potential threats to humpback whales. Modeling the distribution of a migratory large whale from non-systematic visual survey and citizen science data provided valuable space-use predictions when uneven survey effort and statistical overfitting were specifically addressed. Generalized Additive Models were favored for their complexity trade-off, ecological interpretability and transferability. Models of habitat use revealed a preference for a diversity of shallow habitats (low island and atoll lagoons, barrier reef and high island slopes, banks and seamounts) spread over a relatively large thermal range over Oceania. Shallow seamounts and banks were identified as major breeding and nursing habitats and play a key role in the connectivity within and between populations. This unique and unexpected use of pelagic waters has important consequences for the spatial management of humpback whales. The predictions of present and future suitable humpback whale breeding habitats at multiples scales provide science-based evidence for priority conservation areas, and enable mitigation of threats from anthropogenic activities and climate change in the South Pacific
Améziane-Cominardi, Nadia. "Distribution bathymétrique des pentacrines du Pacifique occidental : essai de modélisation et d'application aux faunes du lias (problèmes de tectono-eustatisme au cours du rifting téthysien)." Lyon 1, 1989. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02314185/document.
Full textKumar, Vandhna. "Descente d'échelle statistique du niveau de la mer pour les îles du Pacifique Sud-Ouest : une approche de régression linéaire multiple." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30234.
Full textSea level rise is a growing concern in the islands of the western Pacific. Over the altimetry era (1993-present), sea level rise rates in the western tropical Pacific were amongst the highest recorded across the world ocean, reaching up to 3-4 times the global mean. As more and more affected communities relocate to higher grounds to escape the rising seas, there is a compelling need for information on local scales to ease the adaptation and planning process. This is not a straightforward process as sea level varies regionally, driven by wind and ocean circulation patterns, and the prevailing climate modes (e.g. ENSO, PDO/IPO). On local scales, substantial sea level changes can result from natural or anthropogenic induced vertical ground motion. Motivated by such concerns, this thesis focuses on developing a statistical downscaling technique, namely a multiple linear regression (MLR) model, to simulate island sea levels at selected sites in the southwest Pacific - Suva and Lautoka in Fiji, and Nouméa in New Caledonia. The model is based on the knowledge that sea level variations in the tropical Pacific are mainly thermosteric in nature (temperature-related changes in ocean water density) and that these thermosteric variations are dominated by wind-forced, westward propagating Rossby waves. The MLR experiments are conducted over the 1988-2014 study period, with a focus on interannual-to-decadal sea level variability and trend. Island sea levels are first expressed a sum of steric and mass changes. Then, a more dynamical approach using wind stress curl as a proxy for the thermosteric component is undertaken to construct the MLR model. In the latter case, island sea levels are perceived as a composite of global, regional and local components, where the second is dominant. The MLR model takes wind stress curl as the dominant regional regressor (via a Rossby wave model), and the local halosteric component (salinity-related changes in ocean water density), local wind stress, and local sea surface temperature as minor regressors. A stepwise regression function is used to isolate statistically significant regressors before calibrating the MLR model. The modeled sea level shows high agreement with observations, capturing 80% of the variance on average. Stationarity tests on the MLR model indicate that it can be applied skillfully to projections of future sea level. The statistical downscaling approach overall provides insights on key drivers of sea level variability at the selected sites, showing that while local dynamics and the global signal modulate sea level to a given extent, most of the variance is driven by regional factors. [...]
Chuk, Hen Shun Nomenjanahary Lalaina. "Le juge face à la convention d’arbitrage dans les pays du Sud de l’océan Indien : Madagascar, Maurice, Comores (OHADA), La Réunion et Mayotte (France)." Thesis, Paris 10, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA100135.
Full textArbitration is an alternative to judicial proceedings. The arbitration agreement has two effects, first it grants jurisdiction to the arbitral tribunal and, second, it excludes the state judge. However, this eviction of national jurisdictions has limits. Some circumstances require the intervention of the state judge.In such cases, he has a delicate balance to achieve. He intervenes beside or within a procedure that shall in essence be held elsewhere. Through a comparative study of arbitration laws and practices in the Southern Indian Ocean, the thesis draws the wavering line between helpful assistance and obstructing interference.In the first part, the study focuses on arbitration practices in the region, and more particularly on how national laws address arbitration agreement. Then, the analysis deals with the negative effect of competence-competence and the obligation of national courts to refer the parties to arbitration.In the second part, the thesis focuses, firstly, on the judge’s assistance to solve difficulties throughout the constitution phase of the arbitral tribunal and, secondly, on its support for interim measures before or during the arbitral proceedings.In this part of the world, there are modern laws governing interactions between national courts and arbitration. In practice, difficulties arise due to a mistrust that would explain why arbitration does not develop in some of the studied countries
Bordenave, Aurélien. "Evolution tectono-sédimentaire d’une marge obductée : l’exemple de la Nouvelle-Calédonie et de son domaine offshore (Sud-Ouest Pacifique)." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BOR30024/document.
Full textFrom Permian to Early Cretaceous the eastern Gondwana margin was an Andine subduction context. Late Cretaceous widespread regional rifting affects this region and precedes Cretaceous to Eocene seafloor spreading of the Tasman Sea, leading to the isolation of the Zealandia continent. During the Eocene, a major tectonic event affects the entire region and leads to the obduction of mantellic material on the northeastern margin of Zealandia, which presently outcrops in New-Caledonia. The stratigraphic records of these tectonics events are accessible within the western New-Caledonian basins, in which very thick sedimentary series were deposited and are now visible through onland outcrops. The Phanerozoic eastern Gondwana subduction episode is recorded by volcanoclastic turbidites whereas rifting and post-rift phases are associated with fluvial-estuarian deposits capped by deeper deposits. The complex pre to syn-obduction phase is recorded by a very thick syntectonic gravity flow unit (“Flysch”), composed of turbidites originating from various siliciclastic and carbanoceous sources. These sedimentary series are well mapped and identified in New-Caledonia, but a detailed sedimentological description and interpretation is still lacking. Core descriptions from the CADART well which recovered 1930 meter of “flysch” series, combined with outcrop descriptions should bring new insight onto the sedimentary facies, geometries and stratigraphic architecture of these series. Following this, we focused on newly acquired data in the New Caledonian Basin, including new multichannel seismic data acquired during the TECTA cruise as well as new drilling data performed in 2017 during IODP Expedition 371. The main objective of this study is to improve the knowledge of the tectonic history of New Caledonia, from these sedimentary records. On a fundamental aspect, this study will allow to better understand the obduction mechanisms. In addition, this study should provide new information on the potential petroleum system of New-Caledonian basins
Jeanvoine, Aurélien. "Métallogénie des éléments chalcophiles durant les processus magmatiques d'arrière-arc : exemple du domaine volcanique de Futuna." Thesis, Brest, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BRES0020.
Full textThe study of the lavas located at the mineralized area of Fatu Kapa, away of the Futuna island, brings constraints on the processes of metal extraction and concentration, inparticular precious metals, from the magmatic processes in the source rocks towards thehydrothermal mineralizations on the seafloor. The results of the petrogenetic study show that the Fatu Kapa magmas evolve by two major steps. (1) From trachybasalts to trachyandesites,magmas evolve through fractional crystallisation and then by fractional crystallisationcoupled to assimilation. At this step, sulfide saturation is early and a sulfide phase enriched inchalcophile elements sink and accumulate at the bottom of the magmatic chamber. These phases are not easily mobilized by hydrothermal circulation. However (2), from trachyandesites to trachydacites, magmas evolve by mixing between trachyandesitic melts andmelts generated by partial melting of the hydrothermally altered wallrock. Despite low coppervalues, these melts generate sulfide drops enriched in copper, which have been identified. Amajor result is the observation of a direct link between the liquid sulfide drops and the volatilrich magmatic phase which generate the vesicles during the eruptive phases. These bubbles allow the rise and the concentration of the magmatic sulfide blebs at the top of the magmatic chamber. This process, which have been demonstrated in experimental petrology, has not yet - to our knowledge - been identified in oceanic melts
Haddam, Naoufel Abdeldjalyl. "Rôle de l’Océan Austral dans les variations climatiques rapides de la dernière transition Glaciaire-Holocène : approche géochimique et micropaléontologique." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS555/document.
Full textThe last 22 kyr are marked by abrupt climatic events, non-synchronous between the southern and northern hemispheres. A see-saw mechanism of the polar temperatures, amplified by the deep oceanability to store and release a portion of atmospheric CO₂, depending on the intensity of the thermohaline circulation and the large upwellings along the southern divergence, has been proposed to explain these observations. The main aim of this thesis was to assess the role of the southern ocean during these millennial events, by studying 3 marine cores, retrieved along the Chilean margin, under the influence of oceanic fronts and the westerly winds. The reconstruction of the sea surface temperatures (SST) allowed tracing the evolution of the SST latitudinal gradient during the last 22 kyr, highlighting southward migrations of the Subtropical Front, especially during the deglaciation, marked by benthic and planktonic foraminifera faunal changes which can be interpreted as surface nutrients inputs increase, accompanied by an enrichment of the bottom water [O₂] in the bottom water. These events could be related to stronger upwellings at the southern divergence leading to an increase of the Antarctic intermediate waters ventilation. These changes occur during atmospheric CO₂ increases recorded in Antarctic ice cores, marking the deglaciation, and suggesting an intimate link between upwellings, the intensity of the intermediate waters ventilation, and deep ocean-atmosphere CO₂ transfers
Thomas, Yoann. "Écologie larvaire de l’huître perlière (Pinctada margaritifera L. ), croissance et dispersion dans un lagon d’atoll polynésien." Brest, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BRES2024.
Full textIn the present study, we explore the environmental heterogeneity impact on the development and dispersal of the black-lip pearl oyster (Pinctada margaritifera var. Cumingii, Linné 1758) larvae in a French Polynesian atoll lagoon (Ahe, Tuamotu archipelago). This work is based on an in situ study, which describes environmental heterogeneity and brings a vision of the larvae dispersal dynamics in the Ahe lagoon. In parallel, we developed a more explanatory approach of the links between the environment and the larvae, by an experimental approach and the application of deterministic models of growth and dispersal. Environmental study points out the supremacy of small spatial and temporal scales variations. The short-term variations of the weather conditions, mainly of the wind, explain most of this variability. In addition, we could highlight the combined influence of physical factors such as the hydrodynamics, an biological such as the access to the trophic resource or the larval swimming behavior, on the determinism and the maintenance of observed structures for the bivalve larvae. The application of a bioenergetic growth model, based on the dynamic energy budget theory (DEB), enable us to identify the sensitivity of the pearl oyster larvae to the space-time variations of the trophic resource, measured in situ. The validation of a dispersal model, integrating an empirical model of the larval vertical migration, allowed outlining the larval dispersion, under the combined effect of hydrodynamics and larval behavior and in fine to identifiy the preferential area of settlement
Dekaezemacker, Julien. "Etude de la fixation d'azote dans les environnements "déficitaires en azote" : Contribution des diazotrophes unicellulaires et contrôle par la disponibilité nutritive." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4098.
Full textThe objectif of these thesis was to study dinitrogen fixation in marine environments rich but deficient of nitrogen (N) compared to phosphorus (P) in a ratio N:P<16, by using complementary approaches in culture in vitro and in the field in situ. The first part of this work was to evaluate the response of nitrogen-fixing unicellular Cyanobacteria Crocosphaera watsonii faced with micromolar concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) supposed to inhibit nitrogen fixation activity : - after sporadic input, or, - after a long period of acclimatization. The results of these studies have failed to observe the inhibition of nitrogen fixation activities of this organism, suggesting that this process could be active in an area of the Ocean with these same biogeochemical characteristics : the Eastern Tropical South Pacific (ETSP). Indeed, this area is one of the three largest oxygen minimum zones (OMZ) of the Ocean, where intense processes of N losses (denitrification and anammox) took place, resulting in a deficit of N compared to P. Studies assumed that the inverse process, gain of N by nitrogen fixation, could be active in the ETSP but no measurements across the basin have been performed because nitrogen fixation was assumed to occur only in oligotrophic environments, such as the subtropical gyres. In the framework of an international project, cruises took place in this area in February 2010 during a El Niño event and in March-April 2011 during a La Niña event. Results of these two cruises have confirmed that nitrogen fixation was unexpectedly active with an intensity comparable to those reported in oligotrophic areas
Duprey, Nicolas. "Variabilité climatique de deux périodes clés de l'Holocène, c. 7000-6000 et 3500-2500 années BP, dans le Pacifique Sud-Ouest à partir de l'analyse d'archives bio-carbonatées." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00794476.
Full textPichon, Emmanuel. "Recherche de molécules naturelles bioactives issues de la biodiversité marine de la zone sud-ouest de l'océan Indien." Thesis, La Réunion, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LARE0018/document.
Full textThe work described in this manuscript concerns four sponges from the South-West Indian Ocean: Plakortis kenyensis, Theonella swinhoei, Haliclona fascigera and Fascaplysinopsis reticulata. The chemical study of the sponges including extraction, isolation and identification of secondary metabolites was undertaken using various chromatographic (MPLC, HPLC ...) and spectroscopic (UV-visible, HRMS, 1D and 2D NMR ...) techniques. Twelve secondary metabolites including six new molecules were isolated from these sponges. The new molecules are: 2,5-époxydocosan-6-en-21-ynoic acid (HF1) an unusual fatty acid isolated from the sponge Haliclona fascigera; 8-oxo-tryptamine (FR2), 6,6'-bis (debromo)-gelliusine F (FR3), 6-bromo-2'-demethyl-3'-N- methyl-1',8-dihydroaplysinopsine (FR6), 5,6-dibromo-2'-demethyl-3'-N-methyl-1',8-dihydroaplysinopsine (FR7) and 5,6-dibromo-3’-deimino-2’-demethyl-3’-oxo-1’,8-dihydroaplysinopsine (FR8), five indole alkaloids isolated from the sponge Fascaplysinopsis reticulata. The biological activities of the isolated molecules were then evaluated. Among the twelve isolated molecules, seven were active against the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, three were identified as inhibitors of the quorum sensing-regulated bioluminescence in Vibrio harveyi and five, showing marine bacterial adhesion and/or growth inhibition, exhibited potential anti- microfouling activity