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1
Shaikh, Imlak. "On the Relationship between Economic Policy Uncertainty and the Implied Volatility Index." Sustainability 11, no. 6 (March 18, 2019): 1628. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11061628.
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This article examines the effects of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) on the implied volatility index. The implied volatility index of various markets has been analyzed in relation to scheduled macroeconomic announcements, such as EPU and equity market policy uncertainty (EMPU) indices. The study highlights that EPU contains important information to explain the diverse market effects of the U.S., which is gauged into the volatility index. Estimates obtained in an autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity framework indicate the persistence of volatility during spikes in the EPU. More importantly, the lagged values of the policy uncertainty index also contains market-related information to explain the markets’ future volatility. Major political and economic events have also contributed positively in that a presidential election contains information to explain various asset classes. Commodities, such as crude oil, gold, corn, and soybean, have been impacted significantly followed by EPU. Moreover, interest rate market volatility has also been moved adversely due to tight monetary policy. The Markov regime switching regression manifests that the implied volatility index (VIX) behaves abruptly in two different regimes followed by EPU.
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Jiang, Wei, Jianfeng Li, and Guanglin Sun. "Economic Policy Uncertainty and Stock Markets: A Multifractal Cross-Correlations Analysis." Fluctuation and Noise Letters 20, no. 02 (January 22, 2021): 2150018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219477521500188.
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We utilize the multifractal detrended cross-correlation analysis (MF-DCCA) to investigate the cross-correlations between the US economic policy uncertainty (EPU) and US stock markets in the framework of Fractal Market Hypothesis (FMH). The data contain daily closing values of EPU, and the returns of Dow Jones Industrial Average Index (DJI), S&P 500 index (GSPC) and NASDAQ Composite Index (IXIC). Our empirical results show that changes in EPU and fluctuations in the US stock markets interact in a nonlinear way. Furthermore, there exists significant multifractality in the cross-correlations between EPU and stock markets. The cross-correlations exhibit dynamics and are affected by major international events. We capture the underlying mechanisms such as multifractality and nonlinear relation that dominate EPU-US stock markets nexus by means of FMH. The findings add a new dimension to the existing literature, and are important for market participants to adjust investment decisions.
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ONGAN, SERDAR, and ISMET GOCER. "TESTING THE CAUSALITIES BETWEEN ECONOMIC POLICY UNCERTAINTY AND THE US STOCK INDICES: APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR AND NONLINEAR APPROACHES." Annals of Financial Economics 12, no. 04 (December 2017): 1750016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010495217500166.
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This study aims to investigate the causal relationships between the economic policy uncertainty (EPU) index and the US stock indices the S&P 500, Dow Jones and Nasdaq 100 over the period of 1985M10–2016M12. To this aim, it is applied both linear causality and the nonlinear rolling window causality tests. The long-run analyses are also applied to reveal the elasticities of the US stock indices. The empirical findings indicate that both the linear and the nonlinear approaches support the evidence of causal relationships from the US EPU index to all the US stock indices. Additionally, it is also found some evidences of causal relationships from these three US stock indices to the US EPU index especially between 2008–2013 in the latest financial crisis and in the late 2016. The results indicate that the Nasdaq 100 index is mostly affected from the US EPU index both in the short and long-runs.
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Phan, Dinh Hoang Bach, and Solikin M. Juhro. "CAN ECONOMIC POLICY UNCERTAINTY PREDICT EXCHANGE RATE AND ITS VOLATILITY? EVIDENCE FROM ASEAN COUNTRIES." Buletin Ekonomi Moneter dan Perbankan 21, no. 2 (October 31, 2018): 265–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21098/bemp.v21i2.974.
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This paper studies whether the global economic policy uncertainty (EPU) predicts the exchange rate and its volatility in 10 ASEAN countries using monthly data from January 1997 to December 2017. Applying the recently developed predictive regression model of Westerlund and Narayan (2012, 2015), we discover that the EPU positively and statistically significantly predicts the exchange rate of six out of ten currencies. One standard deviation increase in the EPU index leads to a depreciation of between 0.050% and 2.047% in these currencies. Moreover, the EPU predicts the exchange rate volatility for all 10 ASEAN countries. Their exchange rate volatilities increase by between 0.107% and 0.645% as a result of a one standard deviation increase in the EPU index. These results are robust to different forecasting horizons, different sub-sample periods, and after controlling for the global financial crisis.
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Royhana, Maulidia, and Titi Dewi Warninda. "PENGARUH KETIDAKPASTIAN KEBIJAKAN EKONOMI AMERIKA SERIKAT, TIONGKOK, DAN JEPANG TERHADAP JAKARTA ISLAMIC INDEX." Jurnal Fokus Manajemen Bisnis 11, no. 1 (April 17, 2021): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/fokus.v11i1.3735.
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This research aims to analyze the influence of United State Economic Policy Uncertainty, Tiongkok Economic Policy Uncertainty, and Japan Economic Policy Uncertainty on the Jakarta Islamic Index. This study used time-series data from January 2001 to December 2019 and Error Correction Model (ECM) to analyze the short-term and long-term effects of United State, Tiongkok and Japan Economic Policy Uncertainty on the Jakarta Islamic Index. The results of this research show that United State EPU and Tiongkok EPU have no short-term and long-term effect on Jakarta Islamic Index. Meanwhile, in the short-term, Japan EPU has a significant influence on the Jakarta Islamic Index but has no long-term influence.
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Adjei, Frederick A., and Mavis Adjei. "Economic policy uncertainty, market returns and expected return predictability." Journal of Financial Economic Policy 9, no. 3 (August 7, 2017): 242–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfep-11-2016-0074.
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Purpose Using the economic policy uncertainty (EPU) index as a proxy for the level of EPU, we study the impact of the level of EPU on the conditional mean of market returns and we examine the predictive power of EPU on future market returns. Design/methodology/approach We employ a GARCH-in-Mean model with exogenous variables. Findings The results show that even after controlling for business cycle effects, EPU is inversely related to contemporaneous market returns. Particularly, the authors find that the negative impact of EPU subsists only during recessions or recessionary states of the economy, and has no discernible effects during expansionary periods. Originality/value This is the first study to examine the predictive power of EPU on future market returns.
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Li, Yuee, and Jingdong Li. "How Does China’s Economic Policy Uncertainty Affect the Sustainability of Its Net Grain Imports?" Sustainability 13, no. 12 (June 18, 2021): 6899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126899.
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China is a considerable grain importer in the world. However, the sustainability of China’s grain imports has been greatly challenged by its increasing economic policy uncertainty (EPU).This paper constructs the indicators of economic and environmental sustainability of China’s net grain imports and analyzes the impact of its EPU index on these indicators with a Time-Varying Parameter Stochastic Volatility Vector Autoregression (TVP-SV-VAR) model to explore how China’s EPU affects the sustainability of its net grain imports. The main conclusions are as follows.(1) The sustainability of China’s net grain imports fluctuated from 2001 to 2019. (2) China’s EPU has a negative impact on the economic sustainability of its net grain imports. A higher EPU index leads to a lower net import potential ratio and higher trade cost. (3) China’s EPU has a significant negative impact on the environmental sustainability of its net grain imports. It has the greatest negative impact on virtual water imports and smaller impact on virtual land imports and embodied carbon emission. Therefore, China’s EPU affects the sustainability of its net grain imports negatively through its impact on its net grain import potential ratio, trade cost, and virtual land, virtual water, and embodied carbon emissions in net grain imports.
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Goel, Garima, Saumya Ranjan Dash, Mário Nuno Mata, António Bento Caleiro, João Xavier Rita, and José António Filipe. "Economic Policy Uncertainty and Stock Return Momentum." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 4 (March 24, 2021): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14040141.
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This paper investigates the relationship between economic policy uncertainty (EPU), an index capturing newspaper coverage of policy-related issues, and momentum profits. Momentum remains an unexplained anomaly. Our findings reveal a statistically negative association between EPU and hedge momentum portfolios. The short side portfolio dominates this effect as compared to the long side. EPU is statistically significant after controlling for macroeconomic variables. Furthermore, the paper conducts a battery of time series analysis, which highlights that EPU has a causal relationship with the hedge portfolio in the short run. On the other hand, the hedge portfolio has a long-term relationship with EPU, not the other way around.
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Liao, Fang-Nan, Xiao-Li Ji, and Zhi-Ping Wang. "Firms’ Sustainability: Does Economic Policy Uncertainty Affect Internal Control?" Sustainability 11, no. 3 (February 2, 2019): 794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11030794.
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This paper studies whether economic policy uncertainty (EPU) influences internal control (IC). Exploiting EPU as an exogenous shock and using unique internal control index data at the firm level from China, we can make causal inferences about the EPU effect on IC, and provide new insight into firms’ sustainability. Our results show that firms tend to cope with higher EPU by improving IC, indicating their efforts to ensure sustainability development. We also find that this trend is intensified for firms localized in regions with a lower marketization degree, state-owned firms, or firms with fewer analysts following. Further analyses show that EPU significantly reduces the internal control auditing fees, hence backing up the association between EPU and IC. Unlike the previous literature, this paper shows the important role of internal control for firms in coping with EPU, which is of crucial significance to how firms seek to adhere to sustainable development and how economic policy works best.
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Yu, Jian, Xunpeng Shi, Dongmei Guo, and Longjian Yang. "Economic policy uncertainty (EPU) and firm carbon emissions: Evidence using a China provincial EPU index." Energy Economics 94 (February 2021): 105071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2020.105071.
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Shankar, Nithya, and Bill Francis. "Economic policy uncertainty and fine wine prices." International Journal of Wine Business Research 32, no. 3 (April 13, 2020): 457–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijwbr-05-2019-0037.
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Purpose The paper aims to investigate the impact of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) (i.e. uncertainty due to government policies) on fine wine prices. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses the Baker et al. (2016) monthly news-based measure of EPU for the leading wine markets: the USA, the UK, France, Germany and China in conjunction with monthly fine wine pricing data from the London International Vintners Exchange (Liv-ex). The wine sub-indices used are the Liv-ex 500 (Bordeaux), Burgundy 150, Champagne 50, Rhone 100, Italy 100, California 50, Port 50 and Rest of the World 50. The Prais–Winsten and Cochrane–Orcutt regressions are used for our analyses to correct for effects of serial correlation. Time lags are chosen based on the appropriate information criterion. Findings Changes in EPU levels negatively impact changes in the Liv-ex 500 index for all our leading wine markets except France, the Champagne 50 index for the UK and the Burgundy 150 and the Rhone 100 indices for Germany, with the effects being significant for at least up to a quarter before EPU is detected. The authors did not find significant results for the EPU of France. Practical implications The paper aims to provide insights into whether EPU creates opportunities or threats for investors and wineries. Originality/value A forward-looking news-based EPU measure is used to gain insights into how the different Liv-ex sub-indices react to increases in uncertainty centered around government policies across a sample of different countries.
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Ersan, Oguz, Sagi Akron, and Ender Demir. "The effect of European and global uncertainty on stock returns of travel and leisure companies." Tourism Economics 25, no. 1 (August 7, 2018): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354816618792398.
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This article aims to evaluate the impact of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) on the STOXX Europe 600 Travel & Leisure Price Index by utilizing a monthly data set for 20 years through 1997–2016. It is found that both the European and the global EPU have significant negative effects on the stock returns of travel and leisure companies. We demonstrate the significantly superior forecasting power of EPU measures on tourism and leisure stock returns, relative to a rather weak forecasting power of various macroeconomic variables.
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Işık, Cem, Ercan Sirakaya-Turk, and Serdar Ongan. "Testing the efficacy of the economic policy uncertainty index on tourism demand in USMCA: Theory and evidence." Tourism Economics 26, no. 8 (November 22, 2019): 1344–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354816619888346.
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The global economic outlook is more uncertain than ever before and sensitive to uncertainties related to a variety of economic policies decisions of all stakeholders and governments. These perceived uncertainties may be the culprit in shrinking the size of overall economic activity. Under increasing uncertainties, travel and vacation plans of consumers can be canceled or postponed. Therefore, policy-related economic uncertainties are expected to affect tourism demand beyond well-established economic and noneconomic factors. In this study, we explore the efficacy and the impact of the economic policy uncertainty (EPU) index in predicting the tourism demand on international tourist arrivals (a measure of tourism demand) to the United States from Mexico and Canada over the period of January 1996–September 2017. The findings of the study reveal that EPU is a significant predictor as increases in the EPU index lead to decreases in tourism demand to the United States. Canadian tourists seem to be more sensitive to EPUs. Increases in the EPU index cause them to reduce Canadians’ vacations to the United States proportionally more than the Mexicans. To enhance the explanatory power of current models, the uncertainty can be a theoretically significant construct thus needs to be included when calibrating demand models.
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Rosario, Shireen, and Chandra Sen Mazumdar. "Impact of competition & economic policy uncertainty on payout policy of the Indian pharmaceutical industry." Global Journal of Economics and Business 9, no. 3 (December 2020): 660–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31559/gjeb2020.9.3.13.
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Extant literature shows that competition and Economic Policy Uncertainty (EPU) have a bearing on the economic growth, investments and payout policies. However, studies in this area have been limited in India. The objective of this paper is to examine the influence of competition and EPU on the Dividend Payments of Indian Pharmaceutical Industry and whether the dividend payment was affected by the Financial Crisis of 2008/09. The study is conducted on 12-year data i.e. from 1.4.2007 to 31.3.2019. Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) is used to check the market concentration and EPU is measured by the newly developed Newspaper based EPU index. Profitability, leverage and firm size are used as control variables. Fixed Effects model in Panel regression is used. Chow test checks if there was any break in the dividend payment during the Financial Crisis. The study establishes that dividend payment is inversely related to industry concentration - when there is more competition, there is more dividend payment in the industry. Dividend payment is positively related to EPU. Higher the uncertainty, higher the dividend. While leverage is inversely related to dividend payment, size of the firm does not play any role. Chow test confirms that Financial Crisis did not influence the dividend payout.
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Rahman, Mohib Ur, Bing Xu, Yuan Xiao, and Wen-Tsung Lai. "Explaining Disparities in AH Stock Premium Returns with Chinese Economic Policy Uncertainty: Evidence Based on a Non-Parametric Analysis." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 23, no. 4 (July 20, 2019): 658–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2019.p0658.
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This paper empirically investigates the AH share premium puzzle considering the impact of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) in China, using Hang Seng AH premium (HSAHP) index data from March 2011 to June 2018. Specifically, the index of Baker, Bloom, and Davis is used as a proxy for EPU in China. The data has been divided into two periods: 0 and 1. Period 0 includes data before the launch of the stock connect program and spans from March 2011 to October 2014, while period 1 represents data from after the launch of stock connect program and spans from November 2014 to June 2018. To more robustly test the change in AH premiums after the “connect” is launched; we evaluate the impact of Chinese EPU using non-parametric kernel density estimation. The empirical results show that parameter uncertainty explains variations in price disparity and can significantly reduce the returns of the AH share premium index.
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Xiao, Xiaoyong, Qingsong Tian, Shuxia Hou, and Chongguang Li. "Economic policy uncertainty and grain futures price volatility: evidence from China." China Agricultural Economic Review 11, no. 4 (October 25, 2019): 642–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-11-2018-0224.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) on China’s grain futures prices. Related literature has discussed several factors contributing to the dramatic boom and bust in China’s grain futures prices, but has overlooked the influence of EPU. Design/methodology/approach The study employs a newly developed time-varying parameter vector autoregressive model to study and contrast the impact of different types of uncertainty on China’s grain futures prices. The directional volatility spillover index is used to measure the impact of EPU on China’s grain futures prices and compare the differences among commodities. Findings The results show that EPU affects China’s grain futures prices significantly. The 2008 global financial crisis had stronger influence on China’s grain futures prices than other types of uncertainty. Furthermore, EPU has smaller influence on wheat futures price than on maize and soybean. The Chinese Government interventions may be the reason for this difference. Originality/value This study addresses the lack of empirical investigation on the influence of EPU on China’s grain futures price volatility.
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Kim, Jee Youn, Hahn Shik Lee, and Sun Ho Hwang. "Connectedness between EPU Index and Korean Housing Market Returns." Journal of Korea Real Estate Analysists Association 26, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 7–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.19172/kreaa.26.1.1.
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Aslan, Alper, and Buket Altinöz. "The Nexus Between Economic Policy Uncertainty and Stock Returns of Tourism Companies: Evidence from Turkey." Tourism Review International 23, no. 3 (February 19, 2020): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/154427219x15724717569849.
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This article aims to analyze the nexus between economic policy uncertainty (EPU) and stock returns of tourism companies for Turkey by using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) boundary test for data from 1997 to 2017. The analysis results illustrate that an increase in the global and European economic policy uncertainty index affects negatively to Borsa Istanbul (BIST) tourism index in Turkey in both the short and long run. In addition, global economic policy uncertainty has a greater impact on stock returns of tourism companies in the long run than European economic policy uncertainty. The causality test results support this statement and illustrate a unidirectional causality from global economic policy uncertainty to BIST Tourism Index (XTRZM). These findings proved that Turkey is not only for Europe but also a tourism center, globally. Analysis results implied that especially global economic policy uncertainty is a factor that should be taken into account to explain tourism stock returns. This article proposes that it will be useful to use the EPU index, especially global EPU, as a determinant of tourism stock returns. This result takes the existing theoretical infrastructure one step further than traditional tourism demand models.
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Hasan, Mudassar, Muhammad Abubakr Naeem, Muhammad Arif, Syed Jawad Hussain Shahzad, and Safwan Mohd Nor. "Role of Economic Policy Uncertainty in the Connectedness of Cross-Country Stock Market Volatilities." Mathematics 8, no. 11 (October 31, 2020): 1904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math8111904.
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The implied volatility index is a forward-looking indicator of fear among stock market participants. We examine the extent to which the connectedness of fear among global stock markets is driven by the cross-country connectedness of economic policy uncertainty (EPU). We use data on stock market fear and EPU indices for 13 countries, which spans from January 2011 to December 2018. To measure the connectedness among stock market fear and EPU of our sample countries, we employ two connectedness models. A cross-sectional regression model is further employed to ascertain the extent to which EPU connectedness between two countries explains the connectedness of fear between their stock markets, while controlling for bilateral linkage and country-specific factors. We find that EPU connectedness between any two partner countries significantly drives the connectedness of fear between their stock markets. The driving potential not only holds for short- and long-term connectedness, but also after controlling for bilateral linkages (bilateral trade, geographical distance, common language) and country-specific (trade and financial openness of the transmitter country) factors indicating robustness in our results.
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Clausen, Volker, Alexander Schlösser, and Christopher Thiem. "Economic Policy Uncertainty in the Euro Area: Cross-Country Spillovers and Macroeconomic Impact." Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik 239, no. 5-6 (September 25, 2019): 957–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbnst-2018-0083.
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Abstract This paper analyzes spillovers and the macroeconomic effects of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) in Europe over the last two decades. Drawing on the newspaper-based uncertainty indices by Baker et al. (2016, Measuring Economic Policy Uncertainty. Quarterly Journal of Economics 131 (4): 1593–1636), we first use the Diebold and Yilmaz (2014 On the Network Topology of Variance Decompositions: Measuring the Connectedness of Financial Firms. Journal of Econometrics 182 (1): 119–134) connectedness index methodology to investigate the static and dynamic patterns of EPU spillovers. We find substantial spillovers across the European countries. Over time, Germany in particular has become increasingly connected to the other economies. In a second step, we investigate the economic impact of EPU shocks using a structural VAR. The detrimental influence of uncertainty turns out to be regime-dependent. We identify a pre-crisis, a crisis and a post-crisis regime, and the effect is only significant in the former two. Finally, the impact of EPU shocks is also heterogeneous across the monetary union’s most important members.
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Baker, Scott R., Nicholas Bloom, and Steven J. Davis. "Measuring Economic Policy Uncertainty*." Quarterly Journal of Economics 131, no. 4 (July 11, 2016): 1593–636. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjw024.
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Abstract We develop a new index of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) based on newspaper coverage frequency. Several types of evidence—including human readings of 12,000 newspaper articles—indicate that our index proxies for movements in policy-related economic uncertainty. Our U.S. index spikes near tight presidential elections, Gulf Wars I and II, the 9/11 attacks, the failure of Lehman Brothers, the 2011 debt ceiling dispute, and other major battles over fiscal policy. Using firm-level data, we find that policy uncertainty is associated with greater stock price volatility and reduced investment and employment in policy-sensitive sectors like defense, health care, finance, and infrastructure construction. At the macro level, innovations in policy uncertainty foreshadow declines in investment, output, and employment in the United States and, in a panel vector autoregressive setting, for 12 major economies. Extending our U.S. index back to 1900, EPU rose dramatically in the 1930s (from late 1931) and has drifted upward since the 1960s.
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Su, Ruixin, Jianguo Du, Fakhar Shahzad, and Xingle Long. "Unveiling the Effect of Mean and Volatility Spillover between the United States Economic Policy Uncertainty and WTI Crude Oil Price." Sustainability 12, no. 16 (August 18, 2020): 6662. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12166662.
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Grounded in the Granger causality test, vector autoregression (VAR) model, and BEKK-GARCH model, our current study aims to examine the effect of mean and volatility spillover between the United States (US) economic policy uncertainty (EPU) and West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil price. Using the US EPU monthly index and WTI spot price data from 1996 to 2019, we revealed that there is a one-way Granger causality link between the US EPU and spot price of WTI crude oil. The VAR model not only illustrated that there is a mean spillover effect between WTI oil price and US EPU, but they will also be affected by its memory, as well as the other’s past. At the same time, it also pointed out that this correlation has positive and negative directions. The BEKK-GARCH model test yielded similar conclusions to the VAR model and, importantly, proved a two-way volatility spillover effect between the US EPU and WTI spot price fluctuations. In conclusion, US economic policy has a substantial influence on the variation of global crude oil prices, as an essential strategic reserve resource and will also influence the government’s economic policy formulation. Understanding the association between WTI crude oil price and policy uncertainty not only helps investors to manage assets allocations and mitigate losses but also guides US policymakers to adjust the energy structure for economic sustainability.
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Avtar, Ram, Saurabh Tripathi, and Ashwani Kumar Aggarwal. "Assessment of Energy–Population–Urbanization Nexus with Changing Energy Industry Scenario in India." Land 8, no. 8 (August 13, 2019): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land8080124.
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The demand for energy has been growing worldwide, especially in India partly due to the rapid population growth and urbanization of the country. To meet the ever-increasing energy requirement while maintaining an ecological balance is a challenging task. However, the energy industry-induced effect on population and urbanization has not been addressed before. Therefore, this study investigates the linkages between energy, population, and urbanization. The study also aims to find the quantifiable indicators for the population growth and rate of urbanization due to the expanding energy industry. The integrated framework uses a multi-temporal Landsat data to analyze the urbanization pattern, a census data for changes in population growth, night time light (NTL) data as an indicator for economic development and energy production and consumption data for energy index. Multi-attribute model is used to calculate a unified metric, termed as the energy–population–urbanization (EPU) nexus index. The proposed approach is demonstrated in the National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) Dadri power plant located in Uttar Pradesh, India. Landsat and NTL data clearly shows the urbanization pattern, economic development, and electrification in the study area. A comparative analysis based on various multi-attribute decision model assessment techniques suggests that the average value of EPU nexus index is 0.529, which significantly large compared to other studies and require special attention by policymakers because large EPU index indicates stronger correlation among energy, population, and urbanization. The authors believe that it would help the policymakers in planning and development of future energy projects, policies, and long-term strategies as India is expanding its energy industry.
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Fedorova, Elena A., Svetlana O. Musienko, and Fedor Yu Fedorov. "Development of Russian Political Uncertainty Index (RPUI): Textual Analysis." Economics of Contemporary Russia, no. 2 (July 17, 2019): 52–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33293/1609-1442-2019-2(85)-52-64.
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The article is devoted to the characteristics of political uncertainty and its influence on stock market. Intensification of political factors' pressure on financial market defined the necessity to set up an indicator that will assess the political uncertainty. For this purpose factors specifying the political uncertainty were found out on the basis of existing approaches – governor's personality, parliamentary elections, civil servants' change frequency, president's election, revolutions and political regime are among the factors.There are several indicators developed on the basis of the defined factors that give an assessment of the political uncertainty level. One of the most popular – Index of Economic Policy Uncertainty (EPU index) – is constructed in terms of text analysis method using the estimation of media coverage. This index became the background of developing the author's index of political uncertainty for Russian companies, which differs by analysis of a wider empirical basis and applying an extended dictionary of economic terms. In order to deepen research two indexes directed to Russia Sanctions analysis were also constructed. The high level of the developed political uncertainty index accuracy for Russia was proved during its testing on the empirical basis for period from 2013 to 2018 in comparison with EPU index. An inverse relation between the level of political uncertainty and stock index was also determined using econometric methods. Therefore, a negative influence of political uncertainty on Russian stock market was proved.
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Shaikh, Imlak. "DOES POLICY UNCERTAINTY AFFECT EQUITY, COMMODITY, INTEREST RATES, AND CURRENCY MARKETS? EVIDENCE FROM CBOE’S VOLATILITY INDEX." Journal of Business Economics and Management 21, no. 5 (August 17, 2020): 1350–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2020.13164.
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Economic policy drives investment, production, employment, and other macroeconomic indicators of the economy. The study examines the equity, commodity, interest rates, and currency markets, taking into consideration the US economic policy uncertainty (EPU) index. The present work determines the association among policy uncertainty and volatility index, expressed in terms of generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity and period of empirical work spanning from 2000 to 2018. The results suggest that equity markets’ volatility tends to be very high based on a high degree of policy uncertainty. The findings on the commodity market indicate that crude oil and gold prices remain more volatile during the presidential election and financial crisis. One of the essential results shows that the 2000s boom, early credit crunch, Lehman’s collapse and recession, and fiscal policy battles have significantly affected the equity, currency, and commodity markets. The interest rates and currency markets have responded considerably to Feds’ and EPU index. The empirical outcome provides evidence that implied volatility index is a forward looking expectation of future stock market volatility, and it uncovers that policy uncertainty affects investor sentiment. The present work holds some practical implications for the government to formulate policies to regulate the US market.
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Zhao, Ruwei, and Yian Cui. "Dynamic Cross-Correlations Analysis on Economic Policy Uncertainty and US Dollar Exchange Rate: AMF-DCCA Perspective." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2021 (January 30, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6668912.
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In this paper, we employ the multifractal detrended cross-correlation analysis (MF-DCCA) as the measurement instrument for the dynamic cross-correlation inspection between US economic policy uncertainty (EPU) index and US dollar exchange rate return (Ret). By calculating the cross-correlation statistics, we find mild acceptance of cross-correlation between EPU and Ret qualitatively. With further application of MF-DCCA methodology, we find strong power law cross-correlation existence within all scaling orders. Also, apparent persistence of cross-correlation has been discovered with significant Hurst exponents of all orders. Besides, we find that long-term cross-correlation demonstrates more persistence and higher degree of multifractality than those in the short term. Finally, we utilize the rolling window and binominal measurement analysis as revisits of the model. The results are consistent with model statements.
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Tsui, Wai Hong Kan, Faruk Balli, David Tat Wei Tan, Oscar Lau, and Mudassar Hasan. "New Zealand business tourism." Tourism Economics 24, no. 4 (September 25, 2017): 386–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354816617731387.
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Business tourism has brought significant benefits to New Zealand’s tourism industry and economy. This study aims to provide a better understanding of the impact of economic uncertainty on New Zealand’s business tourism. The panel data gravity model and the maximally correlated portfolio are used to investigate the impacts of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) indices of New Zealand and its key trading partners, along with tourism and aviation-related factors, on New Zealand’s business tourist flows from 2008 to 2015. The findings suggest that two economic factors (New Zealand’s EPU index and bilateral trade volumes) and two noneconomic factors (flying distance and total direct flight seats) are statistically significant in explaining some of the variations in business tourism flows. The results have important policy implications for New Zealand’s policymakers in understanding business visitor demands and planning their tourism strategies.
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Morales, Lucía, and Bernadette Andreosso-O’Callaghan. "Challenges and Opportunities Brought to the Chinese Economy by Brexit and the New US Administration." Journal of Emerging Market Finance 18, no. 2 (June 7, 2019): 145–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972652719846304.
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The impact of Brexit and the election of Donald Trump as the 45th US president in the context of stock market reactions and economic policy uncertainty (EPU) within three key zones in ‘the Greater China Region’ (Hong Kong, Taiwan and China Mainland) are examined in this article. The chosen research period is from January 2014 to June 2017, and the EPU Index in the USA and the UK is used as a proxy to measure political uncertainty in two of the world major economies and how they impact on the Chinese stock market. The main contribution of the article can be found in the analysis of how stock market performance can be driven by policy-related uncertainty shocks in the international context. The results show that the stock markets in the ‘Greater China Region’ did not seem to react either to the uncertainty generated by Brexit or to the election of Donald Trump, implying that the Chinese stock markets appear to be quite resilient to the recent political events that have been disrupting the global economy. JEL codes: G58, G15, G18
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Ashraf, Badar Nadeem. "Is Economic Uncertainty a Risk Factor in Bank Loan Pricing Decisions? International Evidence." Risks 9, no. 5 (April 23, 2021): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks9050081.
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Uncertainty in economic environment leads economic agents to act cautiously. In this paper, we postulate that such uncertainty leads banks to charge higher interest rate on loans. Measuring aggregate country-level economic uncertainty with the World Uncertainty Index (WUI) and using a bank-level dataset from 88 countries over the period 1998–2017, we find that heightened economic uncertainty increases bank loan interest rates. Specifically, bank loan interest rates rise by 20.67 basis points with a one standard deviation increase in WUI. Our results are robust when we use alternative proxy of uncertainty, include additional controls in the model, and extend the sample size. We also observe that WUI index is better at measuring local economic uncertainty as compared to the Economic Policy Uncertainty (EPU) index. Overall, this study provides evidence that bank price in economic uncertainty is an important risk while setting interest rates on bank loans.
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Benítez-Aurioles, Beatriz. "Uncertainty and tourism. A regional approach." Investigaciones Turísticas, no. 22 (July 15, 2021): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/inturi2021.22.3.
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The aim of this article is to analyze and quantify the impact of uncertainty on tourist demand at a regional level. More specifically, with data corresponding to the period between 2000T1 and 2019T3, it estimates the elasticity of overnight stays in hotels in different Spanish Autonomous Regions in response to changes in the Economic Policy Uncertainty Index (EPU). The econometric analysis performed not only confirms the inverse relationship between tourist demand and uncertainty, but also detects patterns of behavior between regions that can be geographically grouped. In general, regions with a higher number of overnight stays per inhabitant tend to be more sensitive to uncertainty.
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Baqutayan, Shadiya Mohamed Salleh, Sharizal Abdul Shatar, Husni Alhan Md Salimun, and Norihan Abu Hassan. "Towards the Sustainable Development by 2020: Malaysia Perspective on Economic Growth and Wellbeing." American Journal of Trade and Policy 4, no. 1 (April 30, 2017): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajtp.v4i1.414.
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This paper has prioritizes on the impact of national growth on wellbeing. This is a review paper that contributes to define the 14 components of Malaysia Wellbeing Index (MWI, 2012) and its relation to country’s economic growth (the Gross Domestic Products (GSP)). The aim is to introduce and analyze the 10th Malaysia Plan (10MP), the 11th Malaysia plan Strategic Thrusts, achievement from macroeconomic indicators, average monthly incomes, Malaysia Wellbeing Index, and the sustainability by 2020. The findings are of a great value to both theory and practice and have important implications for the country growth. Furthermore, the paper argues that although MWI projected to increase about 1.7% per year with estimated growth of 5-6% every year from 2016-2020, some challenges are expected to undermine the target set by Economic Planning Unit (EPU) if not given a proper attention. Furthermore, the study shared few wellbeing indicators that used internationally, which only concerned about material aspects and outcomes without looking into the spiritual part of wellbeing. This paper concludes with possibilities for future study to consider the importance of spiritual aspect in the wellbeing index.
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Wang, Jian Hui. "Analytical Modeling and its Validation for Data Acquisition of ADS-B System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 641-642 (September 2014): 1303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.641-642.1303.
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Based on the accuracy and integrity quality evaluation indexes of ADS-B navigation data, this paper foucses on the analytical modeling of ADS-B navigation data source under the global positioning system (GPS) and Compass system. The factors related to accuracy and integrity of ADS-B are derived and simulated, which include the position estimated uncertainty (EPU) and horizontal position integrity containing radius (RC). It is the first to give the quality index levels of the ADS-B horizontal data source in Tianjin under GPS and Compass. The simulation results show that ADS-B navigation data availability under Compass not only meet the lowest requirements recommended by the civil aviation administration of China (CAAC), but also is better than under Compass. The results derived from this paper provide the theoretic support for the implementation of ADS-B in Tianjin Binhai international airport and other areas of China. At the same time, Compass being navigation source increases reliability and security for ADS-B implementation of our country.
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Škrinjarić, Tihana, and Zrinka Orlović. "Economic Policy Uncertainty and Stock Market Spillovers: Case of Selected CEE Markets." Mathematics 8, no. 7 (July 2, 2020): 1077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math8071077.
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Rising political and economic uncertainty over the world affects all participants on different markets, including stock markets. Recent research has shown that these effects are significant and should not be ignored. This paper estimates the spillover effects of shocks in the economic policy uncertainty (EPU) index and stock market returns and risks for selected Central and Eastern European markets (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, Croatia, Slovakia and Slovenia). Based on rolling estimations of the vector autoregression (VAR) model and the Spillover Indices, detailed insights are obtained on the sources of shock spillovers between the variables in the system. Recommendations are given based on the results both for policymakers and international investors. The contribution of the paper consists of the dynamic estimation approach, alongside allowing for the feedback relationship between the variables of interest, as well as examining the mentioned spillovers for the first time for majority of the observed countries.
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Alqahtani, Abdullah Saeed S., Hongbing Ouyang, and Adam Ali. "The Impact of European Uncertainty on the Gulf Cooperation Council Markets." Journal of Heterodox Economics 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jheec-2017-0003.
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Abstract The interconnectedness of global economies made it inevitable for countries to isolate themselves rather, they partner with each other majorly for economic and political gains. This often at times have a positive and negatives outcomes base on the fact that the more advanced economy tends to cast shadow on the smooth and predictable movement of some markets in the less advanced economy. On this note, it is essential for scholars to relate and determine the impact and the direction of the movement specifically with regards to stock market performance and Economic Policy Uncertainty (EPU), as it concerns the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region and the continent of Europe. Hence, this study investigates the effect of the changes of European Policy Uncertainty index on net oil exporter countries of the GCC stock market performance. Using the Vector Autoregressive (VAR) methodology to estimate the result, the outcome of the result implies that the impact of the changes in European policy uncertainty index on GCC’s stock markets is negative but not significant; the effect of Dollar exchange rate and US 3-month Treasury bill rate is not significant and finally, the effect of Brent Oil price on GCC countries’ stock markets is positive and significant.
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Wang, Teng, Yang, You, Zhang, and Wang. "Synthesis of K-Carrageenan Flame-Retardant Microspheres and Its Application for Waterborne Epoxy Resin with Functionalized Graphene." Polymers 11, no. 10 (October 17, 2019): 1708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11101708.
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In this article, the intumescent flame-retardant microsphere (KC-IFR) was prepared by inverse emulsion polymerizations, with the use of k-carrageenan (KC) as carbon source, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) as acid source, and melamine (MEL) as gas source. Meanwhile, benzoic acid functionalized graphene (BFG) was synthetized as a synergist. A “four-source flame-retardant system” (KC-IFR/BFG) was constructed with KC-IFR and BFG. KC-IFR/BFG was blended with waterborne epoxy resin (EP) to prepare flame-retardant coatings. The effects of different ratios of KC-IFR and BFG on the flame-retardant properties of EP were investigated. The results showed that the limiting oxygen index (LOI) values increased from 19.7% for the waterborne epoxy resin to 28.7% for the EP1 with 20 wt% KC-IFR. The addition of BFG further improved the LOI values of the composites. The LOI value reached 29.8% for the EP5 sample with 18 wt% KC-IFR and 2 wt% BFG and meanwhile, UL-94 test reached the V-0 level. In addition, the peak heat release (pHRR) and smoke release rate (SPR) of EP5 decreased by 63.5% and 65.4% comparing with EP0, respectively. This indicated the good flame-retardant and smoke suppression property of EP composites coating.
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Cheng, Jin Shu, Jing Wang, Li Ying Tang, and Zhen Lu Deng. "Crystallization Kinetics of MgO–Al2O3–SiO2 Transparent Glass–Ceramics." Key Engineering Materials 509 (April 2012): 230–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.509.230.
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The non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of the MgO–Al2O3–SiO2 (MAS) glasses were analyzed with the Kissinger equation and the Augis-Bennett equation by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that two crystal phases of spinel (MgAl2O4) and SiO2 were generated sequentially in the heat treatment process. When the spinel was the only crystal phase, the MAS glass-ceramic was transparent. For glass A (containing one type alkali metal Na2O), the corresponding activation energy was Ep1(A)=325.27kJ/mol, Ep2(A)=364.99kJ/mol; for glass B (containing Na2O and K2O) , the activation energy is Ep1(B)=233.79kJ/mol, Ep2(B)=273.85kJ /mol. The average crystallization index for spinel crystal phase was nA1=1.99, nB1=2.58, By adding K+, which suggested that the spinel crystal phase precipitation have the trend to change from two-dimensional pattern to bulk crystallization.
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von Schacky, Clemens. "Omega-3 index in 2018/19." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 79, no. 4 (May 11, 2020): 381–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665120006989.
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The omega-3 index, the percentage of EPA plus DHA in erythrocytes (measured by standardised analysis), represents a human body's status in EPA and DHA. An omega-3 index is measured in many laboratories around the world; however, even small differences in analytical methods entail large differences in results. Nevertheless, results are frequently related to the target range of 8–11 %, defined for the original and scientifically validated method (HS-Omega-3 Index®), raising ethical issues, and calling for standardisation. No human subject has an omega-3 index <2 %, indicating a vital minimum. Thus, the absence of EPA and DHA cannot be tested against presence. Moreover, clinical events correlate with levels, less with the dose of EPA and DHA, and the bioavailability of EPA and DHA varies inter-individually. Therefore, the effects of EPA and DHA are difficult to demonstrate using typical drug trial methods. Recent epidemiologic data further support the relevance of the omega-3 index in the cardiovascular field, since total mortality, cardiovascular mortality, cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction or stroke, or blood pressure all correlate inversely with the omega-3 index. The omega-3 index directly correlates with complex brain functions. Compiling recent data supports the target range for the omega-3 index of 8–11 % in pregnancy. Many other potential applications have emerged. Some, but not all health issues mentioned have already been demonstrated to be improved by increasing intake of EPA and DHA. Increasing the omega-3 index into the target range of 8–11 % with individualised doses of toxin-free sources for EPA and DHA is tolerable and safe.
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von Schacky, C. "Verwirrung um die Wirkung von Omega-3-Fettsäuren." Der Internist 60, no. 12 (October 7, 2019): 1319–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00108-019-00687-x.
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Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Über die Wirkungen von Omega-3-Fettsäuren herrscht Verwirrung. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen brachten scheinbar keine Klarheit. Leitlinien und Regulierungsbehörden widersprechen einander. Ziel der Übersicht Der vorliegende Beitrag will Klarheit schaffen, indem statt der Zufuhr die Spiegel der Eicosapentaensäure (EPA) und Docosahexaensäure (DHA) in Erythrozyten als prozentualer Anteil aller gemessenen Fettsäuren (Omega-3-Index) betrachtet werden. Datenlage Die breiteste Datenbasis aller Methoden zur Fettsäureanalytik hat der standardisierte HS-Omega‑3 Index® (Omegametrix, Martinsried, Deutschland). Er erfasst den EPA+DHA-Status einer Person und liegt minimal bei 2 %, maximal bei 20 % und optimal zwischen 8 und 11 %. In vielen westlichen Ländern, aber nicht in Japan oder Südkorea sind die Mittelwerte suboptimal. Suboptimale Werte korrelieren mit einer erhöhten Gesamtmortalität, einem plötzlichen Herztod, tödlichen und nichttödlichen Myokardinfarkten, anderen kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen, kognitiven Einschränkungen, Major-Depression, Frühgeburten und weiteren Gesundheitsproblemen. Interventionsstudien zu Surrogat- und Intermediärparametern zeigten viele positive Effekte, die, wenn gemessen, mit dem Omega-3-Index korrelierten. Wegen methodischer Mängel, die erst aus der Perspektive des Omega-3-Index erkennbar wurden, waren zahlreiche, auch große, Interventionsstudien mit klinischen Endpunkten nicht positiv, was sich in den jeweiligen Metaanalysen spiegelt. In Interventionsstudien ohne methodische Mängel wurden die genannten klinischen Endpunkte vermindert. Schlussfolgerung Alle Menschen haben Spiegel von EPA+DHA. Bei methodisch korrekter Erfassung in Erythrozyten liegt der optimale Bereich zwischen 8 und 11 %. Mangelzustände bedingen teils schwerwiegende Gesundheitsprobleme, denen mit optimalen Spiegeln vorgebeugt werden kann.
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Block, Robert C., William S. Harris, and James V. Pottala. "Clinical Investigation: Determinants of Blood Cell Omega-3 Fatty Acid Content." Open Biomarkers Journal 1, no. 1 (August 29, 2008): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1875318300801010001.
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Background: Although red blood cell eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) plus docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content (the Omega-3 Index) predicts cardiovascular death, the factors determining the Index are unknown. Methods: In 704 outpatients, we undertook an investigation of the clinical determinants of the Index. Results: Factors associated with the Index in decreasing order were: EPA+DHA supplement use, fish consumption frequency, triglyceride level, age, high cholesterol history, and smoking. These factors explained 59% of Index variability, with capsules/fish intake together accounting for 47%. The Index increased by 13% (p< 0.0001) for each serving level increase in fish intake and EPA+DHA supplementation correlated with a 58% increase (p< 0.0001) regardless of background fish intake (p=0.25; test for interaction). A 100 mg/dL decrease in serum triglycerides was associated with a 15% higher (p<0.0001) Index. Conclusions: The intake of EPA+DHA-rich foods and supplements principally determined the Omega-3 Index, but explained only about half of the variability.
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von Schacky, Clemens. "Importance of EPA and DHA Blood Levels in Brain Structure and Function." Nutrients 13, no. 4 (March 25, 2021): 1074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13041074.
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Brain structure and function depend on a constant and sufficient supply with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by blood. Blood levels of EPA and DHA reflect dietary intake and other variables and are preferably assessed as percentage in erythrocytes with a well-documented and standardized analytical method (HS-Omega-3 Index®). Every human being has an Omega-3 Index between 2 and 20%, with an optimum of 8–11%. Compared to an optimal Omega-3 Index, a lower Omega-3 Index was associated with increased risk for total mortality and ischemic stroke, reduced brain volume, impaired cognition, accelerated progression to dementia, psychiatric diseases, compromises of complex brain functions, and other brain issues in epidemiologic studies. Most intervention trials, and their meta-analyses considered EPA and DHA as drugs with good bioavailability, a design tending to produce meaningful results in populations characterized by low baseline blood levels (e.g., in major depression), but otherwise responsible for many neutral results and substantial confusion. When trial results were evaluated using blood levels of EPA and DHA measured, effects were larger than comparing EPA and DHA to placebo groups, and paralleled epidemiologic findings. This indicates future trial design, and suggests a targeted use EPA and DHA, based on the Omega-3 Index.
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Köhler, Anton, Daniel Bittner, Anja Löw, and Clemens von Schacky. "Effects of a convenience drink fortified withn-3 fatty acids on then-3 index." British Journal of Nutrition 104, no. 5 (April 27, 2010): 729–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114510001054.
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There is strong evidence that the intake of EPA and DHA reduces the risk of adverse cardiac events. Fish and fish oil capsules are not necessarily an ideal source of EPA and DHA for every individual. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of a convenience drink enriched with 500 mg EPA and DHA on then-3 index, a biomarker of EPA and DHA status in an individual. Of the 190 subjects with atherosclerotic disease screened between February and June 2009, 50 were recruited based on ann-3 index < 5 %. Participants were randomly assigned to receive a convenience drink supplemented either withn-3 fatty acids (n40, 200 mg EPA and 300 mg DHA) or placebo (n10, 1·1 g linoleic acid, C18 : 2n-6, from maize oil) daily for 8 weeks. The primary end point was a change in then-3 index. Intention-to-treat analysis was done. After 8 weeks of daily intake of 200 mg EPA+300 mg DHA, the meann-3 index increased from 4·37 (sd0·51) to 6·80 (sd1·45) % (P < 0·001). Interindividual variability in response was high (CV of the Δ,cv = 0·21). The control group showed no change in then-3 index. The results showed that daily intake of a convenience drink supplemented withn-3 fatty acids leads to a significant increase of then-3 index with high interindividual variability in response. Dose and preparation used were safe, well tolerated and highly palatable.
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Kanoh, Satoru. "Statistical reconsideration of the epa diffusion index." Journal of the Japanese and International Economies 4, no. 2 (June 1990): 139–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0889-1583(90)90003-o.
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Guo, H. W., X. F. Wang, and D. N. Gao. "Non-isothermal crystallization kinetics and phase transformation of Bi2O3-SiO2 glass-ceramics." Science of Sintering 43, no. 3 (2011): 353–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos1103353g.
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The Bi2O3-SiO2 (BS) glass-ceramics were prepared by melt-quench technique, and the crystallization kinetics and phase transformation behavior were investigated in accordance with Kissinger and Johson-Mehl-Avrami equation, DSC, XRD and SEM. The results show that in the heat treatment process (or termed as re-crystallizing process) Bi2SiO5 and Bi4Si3O12 crystals were found consequently. Respectively, the crystallization activation energies of the two crystals are Ep1=14.8kJ/mol and Ep2=34.1kJ/mol. And the average crystallization index of n1=1.73 and n2=1.38 suggested volume nucleation, one-dimensional growth and surface nucleation, one-dimensional growth from surface to the inside respectively. The meta-stable needle-like Bi2SiO5 crystals are easily to be transformed into stable prismatic Bi4Si3O12 crystals. By quenching the melt and hold in 850?C for 1h, the homogenous single Bi4Si3O12 crystals were found in the polycrystalline phase of the BS glassceramics system.
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Sala-Vila, Aleix, William S. Harris, Montserrat Cofán, Ana M. Pérez-Heras, Xavier Pintó, Rosa M. Lamuela-Raventós, Maria-Isabel Covas, Ramon Estruch, and Emilio Ros. "Determinants of the omega-3 index in a Mediterranean population at increased risk for CHD." British Journal of Nutrition 106, no. 3 (March 30, 2011): 425–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114511000171.
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The omega-3 index, defined as the sum of EPA and DHA in erythrocyte membranes expressed as a percentage of total fatty acids, has been proposed as both a risk marker and risk factor for CHD death. A major determinant of the omega-3 index is EPA+DHA intake, but the impact of other dietary fatty acids has not been investigated. In a cross-sectional study on 198 subjects (102 men and 96 women, mean age 66 years) at high cardiovascular risk living in Spain, the country with low rates of cardiac death despite a high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, dietary data were acquired from FFQ and blood cell membrane fatty acid composition was measured by GC. The average consumption of EPA+DHA was 0·9 g/d and the mean omega-3 index was 7·1 %. In multivariate models, EPA+DHA intake was the main predictor of the omega-3 index but explained only 12 % of its variability (P < 0·001). No associations with other dietary fatty acids were observed. Although the single most influential determinant of the omega-3 index measured here was the intake of EPA+DHA, it explained little of the former's variability; hence, the effects of other factors (genetic, dietary and lifestyle) remain to be determined. Nevertheless, the high omega-3 index could at least partially explain the paradox of low rates of fatal CHD in Spain despite a high background prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors.
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von Schacky, Clemens. "Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Pregnancy—The Case for a Target Omega-3 Index." Nutrients 12, no. 4 (March 26, 2020): 898. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12040898.
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Scientific societies recommend increasing intake of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by 200 mg/day during pregnancy. However, individually, clinical events correlate quite strongly with levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and DHA in blood, but these levels poorly correlate with amounts ingested. EPA and DHA in erythrocytes (Omega-3 Index) have a low biologic variability. If analyzed with a standardized analytical procedure (HS-Omega-3 Index®), analytical variability is low. Thus, the largest database of any fatty acid analytical method was provided. Pregnant women in Germany had a mean Omega-3 Index below the target range suggested for cardiovascular disease of 8–11%, with large interindividual variation, and quite independent of supplementation with EPA and DHA. In Germany, premature birth is a major health issue. Premature birth and other health issues of pregnant women and their offspring correlate with levels of EPA and DHA in blood and can be reduced by increasing intake of EPA and DHA, according to individual trials and pertinent meta-analyses. Very high intake or levels of EPA and DHA may also produce health issues, like bleeding, prolonged gestation, or even premature birth. While direct evidence remains to be generated, evidence from various scientific approaches supports that the target range for the Omega-3 Index of 8–11% might also pertain to pregnancy and lactation.
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Liu, Yingjuan, Xiaolin Wu, Weihua Jin, and Yunliang Guo. "Immunomodulatory Effects of a Low-Molecular Weight Polysaccharide from Enteromorpha prolifera on RAW 264.7 Macrophages and Cyclophosphamide- Induced Immunosuppression Mouse Models." Marine Drugs 18, no. 7 (June 28, 2020): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md18070340.
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The water-soluble polysaccharide EP2, from Enteromorpha prolifera, belongs to the group of polysaccharides known as glucuronoxylorhamnan, which mainly contains glucuronic acid (GlcA), xylose (Xyl), and rhamnose (Rha). The aim of this study was to detect the immunomodulatory effects of EP2 on RAW 264.7 macrophages and cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced immunosuppression mouse models. The cells were treated with EP2 for different time periods (0, 0.5, 1, 3, and 6 h). The results showed that EP2 promoted nitric oxide production and up-regulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, in a time-dependent manner. Furthermore, we found that EP2-activated iNOS, COX2, and NLRP3 inflammasomes, and the TLR4/MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway played an important role. Moreover, EP2 significantly increased the body weight, spleen index, thymus index, inflammatory cell counts, and the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in CYP-induced immunosuppression mouse models. These results indicate that EP2 might be a potential immunomodulatory drug and provide the scientific basis for the comprehensive utilization and evaluation of E. prolifera in future applications.
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Rao, Amanda, David Briskey, Jakob O. Nalley, and Eneko Ganuza. "Omega-3 Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) Rich Extract from the Microalga Nannochloropsis Decreases Cholesterol in Healthy Individuals: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Three-Month Supplementation Study." Nutrients 12, no. 6 (June 23, 2020): 1869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12061869.
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The aim of this trial is to assess the effect of Almega®PL on improving the Omega-3 Index, cardio-metabolic parameters, and other biomarkers in generally healthy individuals. The benefits of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids for cardiovascular health are primarily built upon mixtures of docosahexaenoic (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acids (EPA). Highly purified EPA therapy has proven to be particularly effective in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, but less is known about the benefits of EPA-only supplementation for the general healthy population. Almega®PL is a polar rich oil (>15%) derived from the microalga Nannochloropsis that contains EPA (>25%) with no DHA. Participants (n = 120) were given a capsule of 1 g/day of either Almega®PL or placebo for 12 weeks. Differences in the Omega-3 Index, cardiometabolic markers, and other general health indicators were measured at the baseline, six, and 12 weeks. Compared to the placebo group, Almega®PL supplementation significantly increased the Omega-3 Index and EPA concentration from 4.96 ± 0.90 and 0.82 ± 0.37% at the baseline to 5.75 ± 0.90 and 1.27 ± 0.36 at week 12, respectively. Very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL) decreased by 25%, which resulted in a significant decrease in total cholesterol compared to the placebo. Interestingly, the decrease in VLDL was not associated with an increase in LDL, which seems to be a benefit associated with EPA-only based formulations. Collectively, these results show that Almega®PL provides a natural EPA-only option to increase EPA and manage cholesterol levels in the general population.
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Pérez Llerena, Yusly, and Jair Vega Casanova. "Edutainment and Social Mobilization in the Prevention of Gender-Based Violence in Adolescents: Findings on the role of dialogue, Debate, and Reflection in a Pilot Strategy of “Revelados” in a Colombian Caribbean Municipality." Investigación & Desarrollo 28, no. 01 (February 2, 2021): 6–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14482/indes.28.1.323.34.
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Gavva, E. M., D. A. Tsaregorodtsev, I. S. Mamedov, and V. A. Sulimov. "Omega-3 index of erythrocytes and predictors of sudden cardiac death in patients with coronary heart disease and ventricular arrhythmias." Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention 11, no. 4 (August 20, 2012): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15829/1728-8800-2012-4-16-22.
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Aim. To assess the association between ω-3 index of erythrocytes and demographic, electrophysiological, and echocardiographic (EchoCG) predictors of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and ventricular arrhythmias (VA). Material and methods. The study included 25 patients with a verified diagnosis of CHD and VA. Gas chromatography method was used to measure the content (%) of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in peripheral blood erythrocytes, with the calculation of a summary (EPA + DHA) ω-3 index. All participants underwent 24-hour electrocardiography (ECG) monitoring, with the assessment of maximal, minimal, and mean heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV) parameters (SDNN and pNN50), heart rate turbulence (TO and TS), microvolt T wave alternans (mTWA), and the number of ventricular extrasystoles (VE) and transient and persistent ventricular tachycardia (VT) episodes. All patients also underwent EchoCG. Results. In examined patients, the values of ω-3 index of erythrocytes varied from 1,12% to 6,4% (mean 3,74%, 95% CI 2,02-4,38%). There was a weak correlation between ω-3 index or EPA levels (%) and the HRV parameter of pNN50. In addition, ω-3 index or DHA levels (%) negatively correlated with the daily VE number. The 5:00 AM value of mTWA (II lead, update factor 1/8) weakly correlated withω-3 index and DHA levels. There was a moderate positive correlation between E/A ratio and omega-3 index, or EPA and DHA levels. Conclusion. Patients with CHD and VA were characterised by low ω-3 index values and high (56%) or moderate (44%) levels of cardiovascular risk. The values of ω-3 index positively correlated with the daily VE number and negatively correlated with E/A ratio and pNN50 parameter of HRV.
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Rui, Guo, Liu Xiao Dong, Zhu Pu, Zhang Jing, and Yang Chun Lin. "Comprehensive Evaluation Study of the Owners under the General Contracting Mode of the Project." E3S Web of Conferences 257 (2021): 03039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125703039.
Full textAbstract:
How do owners balance the management and encouragement of general contractors under EPC mode not only affect the project construction effect, but also hinder the promotion of EPC mode. Referring to the theory of evaluation and the thought of performance evaluation, this paper puts forward a set of novel comprehensive evaluation methods from five aspects: comprehensive evaluation index system, comprehensive evaluation method system, grading rules, method and index weighting and comprehensive evaluation. Through the construction of a reasonable comprehensive evaluation framework, it aims to coordinate the commonly used management forces and means of existing engineering construction, objectively and reasonably evaluate the general contractor’s behavior and project construction effect, solve the practical problem of difficult owner supervision under EPC mode, and promote the popularization and application of EPC mode in China.