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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Equality, Inequality'
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Armstrong, Chris. "Complex equality and sexual inequality." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367936.
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Burchard, Almut. "Cases of equality in the riesz rearrangement inequality." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/29194.
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Kwong, Sunny Kai-Sun. "Price-sensitive inequality measurement." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25807.
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The existing inequality indexes in the economics literature (including the more sophisticated indexes of Muellbauer (1974) and Jorgenson-Slesnick (1984)), are found to be insensitive to relative price changes or are unjustifiable in terms of social evaluation ethics or both. The present research fills this gap in the literature by proposing a new index, named the Individual Equivalent Income (IEI) index.
A household indirect utility function is hypothesized which incorporates certain attribute parameters in the form of equivalence scales. These attributes are demographic and environmental characteristics
specific to a given household. This indirect utility function gives a number which represents the utility of each member of the household. A particular level of interpersonal comparison of utilities is assumed which gives rise to an exact individual utility indicator named equivalent income. A distribution of these equivalent incomes forms the basis of a price-sensitive relative inequality index.
This index can be implemented in the Canadian context. Preferences
are assumed to be nonhomothetic translog and demand data are derived from cross-section surveys and time-series aggregates. Based on demand data, the translog equivalent income function can be estimated and equivalent incomes imputed to all individuals in society. An Atkinson index of equivalent incomes is then computed to indicate the actual degree of inequality in Canada.
The new IEI index is compared with other indexes based on a common data set. The main findings are: conventional indexes give bad estimates of the true extent of inequality and the IEI index, while providing a more accurate estimate, indicates distributive price impact in a predictable manner, i.e., food price inflation aggravates while transportation price inflation ameliorates the inequality problem.<br>Arts, Faculty of<br>Vancouver School of Economics<br>Graduate
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Voitchovsky, Sarah. "Inequality and growth." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670079.
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Furuichi, Satomi. "On understanding racial inequality in Brazil /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Leong, Yee-tak Yvonne. "Housing, planning and social inequality in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B14786813.
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Schoff, Staci Leigh. "Economic Inequality's Correlation with Political Inequality and Inequality of Opportunity and the Implications for Social Justice Theory." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/980.
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In 2004 the American Political Science Association ("APSA") published research exploring whether the rising income inequality in the United States had an effect on political equality. Although the APSA found tremendous evidence of a correlation between income and political power, the APSA nonetheless concluded that the issue could not be conclusively determined without further analysis.
The intent of this thesis is to argue the position that economic inequality is heavily implicated in both political equality and equality of opportunity, and to propose a political theory that directly addresses - rather than evades - this issue. A conclusion drawn in this paper is that it is necessary in liberal capitalist environments to place constraints on individual economic liberty for the sake of maintaining some degree of economic equality. I show in this paper that this conclusion is consistent with both the liberal tradition and American political culture.
This paper accepts - rather than circumvents - the fundamental principle that income inequality is inevitable in a capitalist democracy as is the ability of money to purchase positions, power and assorted privileges. Therefore, it should be the goal of social justice theory to ensure the gap between the richest and poorest be allowed to be great enough to respect individual choice and responsibility, but not great enough to dampen the opportunities available to those born into the bottom of the economic scale or to permit those born into the top of the economic ladder to exert oppressive power over the rest.
In the final chapter I propose four methods of narrowing economic inequality. These include a minimum standard, minimum wage and income tax reform, a tax and cap on wealth and an absolute inheritance cap. These four methods of limiting economic inequality are directed at narrowing, if not eliminating political inequality and inequality of opportunity.
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Li, Jun. "The legitimation of inequality in transitional urban China /." View abstract or full-text, 2009. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?SOSC%202009%20LI.
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Morrow, John Miles. "Structural change and inequality skill premia, firm selection and political consequences /." [Madison, Wis. : University of Wisconsin--Madison], 2010. http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1793/43939.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 2010.<br>Digitized and made available by the University of Wisconsin Digital Collections Center as part of Minds@UW. WU Includes bibliographical references (p. 86-94).
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Garza, Cantu Vidal. "The political economy of inequality : an assessment of the evolution of earnings inequality in Mexico and the Americas, 1968-2000 /." Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3008333.
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Lahdenperä, Jori. "The Importance of Equality." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hållbar samhälls- och teknikutveckling, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-14787.
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This thesis is mainly concerned with how equality is related to social and individual wellbeing. It is widely believed that inequalities are both necessary and beneficial for society. This has been repudiated by recent studies claiming the opposite. This thesis will first elaborate on the concept of equality before investigating the relation between inequalities and different components of wellbeing with the use of a literature review. It finds that several adverse effects are correlated with inequalities and that competition might be an explanation for- as well as an amplifier of the adverse effects. Based on these findings, the thesis presents some guidelines for incorporating equality within a set of policy-areas. It concludes that the main points of importance are to avoid connecting the ability and merit of a person to the value of that person as well as to achieve material equality: both these working as a foundation for a subjective feeling of equality in value.
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Milton, Kenneth G. "Students' understanding of the mathematical equality and inequality relations : a developmental approach." Curtin University of Technology, Science and Mathematics Education Centre, 1999. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=10294.
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The motivation for this study was the desire to make the path to learning elementary algebra as 'generalised arithmetic' more clearly defined for both students and teachers.In the initial learning of algebra, algebraic expressions are transformed to equivalent other forms and techniques are developed for solving simple equations. Both facets require students to have a thorough understanding of arithmetic equality ' properties' if the developed procedures and techniques are to be adequately understood. The same can be claimed also with respect to arithmetic inequality and the solving of inequations.The specifics of the research described in this thesis entailed: (i) the identification of the properties of the equality and inequality relations considered to be the arithmetic roots from which algebraic procedures emanate; and (ii) consideration of what could constitute 'understanding' of the properties identified in (i).The research activity involved the design and development of an instrument referred to as the Mathematical Equality and Inequality Understanding Survey (the MEIUS). Specifically, the MEIUS has the following design features: (a) for the Equality Relation, the properties are exemplified using 'small numbers', 'larger numbers', and 'algebraic numbers; (b) for the Inequality Relation the properties are exemplified in 'small number' and algebraic numbers' only. The resulting Survey consists of three Stages for the Equality Relation and two Stages for the Inequality Relation.Through consideration of MEWS responses, levels were devised in order to determine 'understanding' of the relation properties. The levels were associated with the developed MEWS Thought Process Model. The MEWS has a tight protocol for administration designed to ascertain, in a valid and reliable manner, the 'thought processing' which a student employs when responding to an Item.The field ++<br>work of the research involved the administration of the MEIUS to two hundred and fifty seven (257) Grades 7 to 10 students in ten (10) Tasmanian High Schools. Overall the sample consisted of 137 females and 120 males.The experience revealed that the MEWS components can be conveniently administered within the school context. Subsequent analyses of responses, using an elaborate but readily comprehended response 'scoring' procedure, indicate that there is a great deal of potentially useful information concerning student understanding of the relation properties which could be obtained in a specific school setting. Such knowledge could be used to indicate the need for remediation, on the one hand, or to identify 'readiness' to proceed or apply, on the other.Comprehensive analyses of the data gathered have been made with 'implications for teaching' firmly in mind. Links between the various relation properties and procedures for 'simplifying' expressions and solving simple equations are pointed out, in juxtaposition to the information of the proportion of a teaching year group that has demonstrated the various MEWS Levels of Understanding of the properties. Thus, the analyses can be of assistance to teachers and curriculum designers in anticipating the degree of need for remediation, as well as deciding on expressions' and solving simple equations or inequations.In considering aspects of 'remediation' the Study proposes cognitively sound approaches to teaching a number of 'selected' properties of equality. The properties have been 'selected' for their significance to the algebra topics identified.In summary, this Study has two tangible products:1. The Mathematical Equality and Inequality Understanding Survey (the MEWS) with its sound cognitive and content bases, tight protocol for administration and elaborate response 'scoring', leading to the MEWS Thought Process Model ++<br>articulated in Levels;2. The identification and articulation of links between the analyses of responses in terms of the MEWS Thought Process Model and the application of the relation properties to aspects of elementary algebra, where algebra is considered as 'generalised arithmetic'.It is claimed that both these concrete products have the potential to make a valuable contribution to the teaching and learning of algebra.
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Man, Charles Chi Wai. "Impacts of digital inequality on civic and political participation /." View abstract or full-text, 2010. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?SOSC%202010%20MAN.
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Brettschneider, Phillip T. "Inequality, Egalitarianism, and Occupy Atlanta." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1397578866.
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Carey, James. "Inequality within the UK : an economic analysis." Thesis, Swansea University, 2012. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42430.
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With inequalities in earnings, employment and economic activity widespread throughout the UK, this thesis examines these inequalities and attempts to explain them. Data from the Living in Wales survey and the Annual Population Survey is used to examine the earnings response to unemployment in the UK, with particular attention paid to Wales and its position relative to other UK regions. Strong evidence of a wage curve is found, and this wage curve is tested over the earnings distribution and levels of centralization. The returns to degrees, masters and PhDs are investigated, with a focus on how returns vary over regions. Large differences are found using a national baseline, but these differences are greatly reduced when regional differences are controlled for. The use of quantile regression techniques suggests that the graduate premium varies little over the earnings distribution. The inequalities m earnings, employment and economic activity are broken down into a component of individual characteristics and a component of area effects. It is found that area effects play a small role, with inequalities driven by individual characteristics. These individual effects are also broken down, with occupation identified as the key driver of inequalities.
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Mullan, Deirdre. "#The feminization of poverty' : education - the inequality of access and opportunity." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242010.
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Jesmin, Syeda Sarah Cready Cynthia M. "Income inequality and racial/ethnic infant mortality in the United States." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2008. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-9770.
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Leong, Yee-tak Yvonne, and 梁懿德. "Housing, planning and social inequality in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31258967.
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Edwards, Eric M. "Breastfeeding, inequality, and state policy in the United States /." Connect to title online (Scholars' Bank) Connect to title online (ProQuest), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/10068.
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Marek, Heather. "Criminalizing Our Way to Racial Equality? An Empirical Look at Hate Regulation." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/24193.
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Does regulating hate promote racial equality? This dissertation proposes a method for beginning an empirical examination into the benefits and burdens of anti-hate laws. Since prohibiting hate speech necessarily invokes the penal system, a promising approach involves measuring the effects of criminalizing similar conduct, i.e., hate crimes. The effects of criminalization are particularly important given the U.S. history of racialized and colorblind justice and some evidence indicating criminalization may harm racial minorities.
Chapter 2 examines whether hate crime laws have the unintended consequence of promoting racial inequality by contributing to racial disparities in arrests. It finds that while police are more likely to recognize assaults as hate crimes when the suspects are white, African Americans are nonetheless significantly overrepresented among hate crime arrestees.
Chapter 3 examines how race affects victim perception of potential hate crimes, and how this, in turn, affects police response. While research suggests people tend to have a preconceived notion of the quintessential hate crime in which African Americans are victims, it also shows a negative racial bias in which people ascribe greater culpability and are more punitive towards African Americans. This study looks at how people act under the real-world stresses of crime. Findings provide clear evidence of a tendency to label African Americans as hate crime offenders and to report them to police at significantly higher rates. Further, while African American suspects experience relatively high arrest rates generally, the magnitude of this effect is significantly greater for hate crimes.
Chapter 4 explores the nefarious uses of hate crime laws, examining how they may be weaponized to inoculate police and undermine movements for racial justice. Specifically, it looks at the case of “Blue Lives Matter” legislation, which extends hate crime protections to police. Findings reject the officer safety rationale: States with BLM proposals do not differ significantly from other states in terms of violence against police. However, African American arrests do predict these bills, indicating they are a continuation of past police repression. Further research is needed to fully understand how officials enforce hate regulations, and the reverberations of this enforcement on society.
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Jacob, Sarah. "Imagining Equality, Shifting Human Consciousness Toward Ecological Sustainability." FIU Digital Commons, 2012. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/724.
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My thesis explored the idea that inequality is a human-made perspective that has been informed concurrently through social and metaphysical structures. My intent has been to show how inequality as a learned man-made system of consciousness has played a pivotal role in justifying the exploitation of other cultures and the environment in the name of progress, advancement and human destiny. I have explored the idea that anthropocentrism and ethno-centric patriarchy has been woven so deeply into the fabric of modern perception that we are largely unconscious of its existence, even while we reap the results in both environmental and social degradation. My thesis has argued that a metaphysics, which supports equality, would result in a different value system that would prioritize diversity of life above and beyond human advancement, and emphasize cross-species interconnectedness thereby reducing the risk of exploitation inherent in the existing globally driven capitalist system.
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Crosby, Danielle Annik. "Children's causal attributions for economic inequality : relation to age and socioeconomic environments /." Digital version accessible at:, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Kollberg, Josefine. "Gender Equality in the EFL Classroom : A Qualitative Study of Swedish EFL Teachers’ Perceptions of Gender Equality in Language and its Implementation in the Classroom." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Engelska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-130714.
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The Swedish Curriculum for the upper secondary school states that teachers should “ensure that teaching in terms of content and its organisation is typified by a gender perspective” (Skolverket 2011, p. 9). Considering that there is no further information regarding what a “gender perspective” means in reality, this sentence could be interpreted in many different ways. This study aims to explore how EFL teachers deal with linguistic gender equality, and which strategies they use to maintain a gender inclusive language in their classroom. Six interviews were conducted with EFL teachers at upper secondary schools in Stockholm, Sweden. The results indicated that the teachers thought this was an important issue to consider in teaching, andthat they had well-reasoned strategies for maintaining a gender perspective. The most prominently discussed strategies were encouraging reflection and discussion on these matters, and choosing appropriate literature that either would show a variety of different perspectives, or else would question the social norm. However, concerning their own language production, some of the teachers lacked explicit strategies for maintaining a gender inclusive language, which could derive from a lack in knowledge. Thus, this essay proposes that gender inequality in language needs to be more explicitly explored, both in teacher education and in further education for employed teachers. The teachers displayed an ambition to maintain a gender equal language teaching; and would benefit from more explicit tools to realize that.
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Cosley, Brandon Joseph. "Understanding Reactions to Inequality: Examining the Palliative Function of Meritocracy and Group Discrepancies for Wellbeing." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2008. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/CosleyBJ2008.pdf.
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Sultan, Tipu. "Gender Equality a case study of Sweden : Gender Equality Gender Equity and policies of combating inequality at workplace to make the society equal." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Sociologi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-5726.
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The paper analyses Gender Equality, Gender Equity and policies of combating inequality at workplace to make the society equal as a case study of Sweden. The aim of paper is see the gender equality, gender equity, discrimination against women at workplace and to describe the policies combating inequality in the welfare state of Sweden. This work highlights the gender equality in terms of institutionalizing gender equality, gender equity, gender and pay gap, parental leave, gender and the pension system and sexual behavior directed towards women and policies combating inequality to bring equality in society. For my research I used the secondary data the fact sheets, scientific literature, statistics from eurostate of Sweden and case studies about Swedish society and the theoretical explanation to explain the phenomena. To achieve my aim I used the combination of both qualitative and quantitative methods of research. I showed the empirical evidences of these phenomena from the Swedish society and theoretical analysis about equality and equity of gender in different wakes of life. I found an interesting conclusion that there are good policies and legislation to combat inequality to bring society but there are no policies to change the perception of society about male and female role.
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Fram, Maryah Stella. "Discussions of social capital : social work, social structure, and the contextualization of inequality /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/11177.
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Mählck, Paula. "Mapping Gender in Academic Workplaces : Ways of reproducing gender inequality within the discourse of equality." Doctoral thesis, Umeå University, Sociology, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-182.
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<p>Sweden is often described as one of the best countries in the world for women to live in. Despite this and despite a number of equal opportunity interventions within the area of higher education from the mid 1990s and on, Sweden follows the international pattern of the "leaking pipeline" when it comes to gender distribution in academia. The higher up in the academic hierarchy the more men and the fewer women. The topic of this thesis is mapping gender in academic workplaces. The aim is to explore ways in which the social relations of researchers everyday working lives are gendered. This involves studing ways in which gender inequality is produced, maintained or ignored within the discource of gender equality in Swedish academic workplaces and in Swedish society at large.</p>
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PIGNATARO, GIUSEPPE. "Essays on Equality of opportunity." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/363.
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La letteratura economica che affianca il principio di eguaglianza delle opportunità suggerisce l’introduzione dei valori libertari e di autonomia nella valutazione del benessere sociale. Questa teoria non si concentra sulla semplice eguaglianza tra i cittadini in termini di reddito, salute, utilità ma valuta l’eguaglianza delle loro opportunità affinché esiti plurimi possano essere raggiunti unicamente sulla base dell’impegno dei singoli individui. Nel primo capitolo ripercorriamo attraverso una breve carrellata le indicazioni provenienti da economisti e filosofi della politica che hanno trattato questo argomento nel corso degli ultimi decenni. Nel secondo capitolo ci occupiamo della misurazione della eguaglianza delle opportunità studiando differenti metodologie che coinvolgono l’indice di Atkinson e i suoi sviluppi in termini di eguaglianza. Il terzo capitolo prosegue invece attraverso una analisi empirica sulla salute. I risultati suggeriscono come le decisioni individuali riguardanti il fumo, considerato come un fattore di responsabilità, influenzino gravemente la salute degli individui rispetto alla loro condizione familiare. Il capitolo 4 studia invece l’interazione tra eguaglianza delle opportunità ed efficienza nel mercato del credito dimostrando come, oltre ad una palese violazione del principio egalitario, esistano anche problematiche di efficienza come surrogato delle dinamiche discriminatorie dovute alle asimmetrie informative.<br>The economic literature on equality of opportunity suggests non-welfarist foundations of social choice introducing the concepts of freedoms and liberties of individuals in the assessment of social welfare. The opportunity egalitarian principle does not focus on equality of outcomes but essentially on equality of means to realize those outcomes, i.e., it places some responsibilities on individuals to decide how much effort to pay in order to exploit the opportunity offered to them. This concept refers to be a part of conventional wisdom and has a long tradition and wide acceptance. On these grounds chapter 1 is devoted to a review of the most recent research on equality of opportunity. Some economists and political philosophers have argued that, in examining distributional questions, instead of focusing on differences in observed incomes or current levels of welfare, it is more appropriate to focus on the choice or opportunity sets that individuals face. Chapter 2 focus on the measurement of the degree of equality of opportunity based on alternative decompositions of the Atkinson index of equality according to welfare theory approach. In chapter 3 we address a measurement in health using data from the British Household Panel Survey (1996-2005). Our results suggest a great incidence of the direct effect of the individual behaviors in terms of lifestyles reducing the indirect contribution of social background. Public health programs are more likely to produce results if targeted on individual responsibility. A different point at issue is tackled in chapter 4 where we introduce the relationship between equality of opportunity and efficiency in the credit market. We show that richer individuals participate more in the credit market even when relatively more averse to effort violating the equality of opportunity principle. Moreover, we find that marginal richer borrowers exert less effort than poorer ones in equilibrium. Empirical evidence in Italy points to a limited impact of policy measures aimed at increasing credit opportunities without targeting accurately the beneficiaries.
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Peace, Paul. "The discursive maintenance of gender inequality : analyses of student and Internet discussions." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2001. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/20778/.
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This thesis contributes to a relatively small but burgeoning body of feminist and critical discourse analytic research into the social construction of gender and gender inequality conducted within critical social psychology. It begins by critically discussing the various theories of gender within the discipline. The thesis is an explicitly political endeavour. As is discussed, all work is political even if it fails to acknowledge this. This research aims to be openly reflexive about its ideological underpinnings and the historical and cultural climate in which the work emerges. Feminist theories of gender are also critically discussed. Having explored the various theories of gender and their relative de/merits, the adopted feminist social constructionist approach is explicated. Such an approach addresses the main failings of other approaches which are variously centred around, for example, inattention to power, language, multiplicity of identities and genders, essentialism, self-contained individualism and the historical, cultural and contextual relativity of meaning. These issues are explicitly attended to through the chosen methodology of critical discourse analysis. Three studies were carried out. All utilise the same analytical methodology but vary in terms of context, focus and data collection method. The first study analyses the interview talk of male psychology undergraduates at a northern English university. The men were found to present themselves, and men generally, as Victims'. The second study aims to address a wide-scale problem in social constructionist work on gender which also afflicts the first study presented here. Whilst theory has shifted away from essentialism, both theoretical and empirical work continues to promote an implicit essentialism by assuming that the biological sex of participants should correspond to the gender of interest (e.g. studying 'men and masculinity'). The second study includes both male and female volunteer interviewees from a similar sample population as the first study. Both sexes were found to be bolstering inequality by constructing a picture of equality between the sexes. This was achieved through three repertoires. One overtly constructed 'equality as imminent/achieved'. Another, the 'women as oppressors/men as victims' repertoire, presents instances of women's capability of inverting men's general power. The third, 'women as manipulators', was only utilised by the women and suggests women have a more covert power which counterbalances men's overt power. This greater focus on discourses and shift away from essentialism, evidenced in the diminished interest given to embodiment and identity, is more fully embraced in the third study which concentrates on an internet discussion board. In this context, embodiment and identity cannot be known with confidence. The discussion board contributors construct men and women as internally homogeneous and oppositional groups. Two repertoires are discussed: 'communication difficulties' and 'the spokesperson'. Men and women are said to find communication between them incredibly difficult. Contradictorily, men and women are solicited for, or take it upon themselves to offer, 'insider' views on their particular sex group. Taken together, the three studies therefore represent quite different contexts, samples, and methodological approaches to the problem of the net inequality between the sexes, and contribute to a growing body of research on how inequality is maintained through linguistic practice in particular contexts.
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Walter, Uwe. "Ungleichheiten. Zum Motto des Dresdener Historikertages." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-ds-1226085393650-64225.
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Besinnen sich die Historiker zurück auf eine klar konturierte Wirklichkeit oder sollten sie das zumindest tun? Das Leitwort der 47. Versammlung scheint darauf hinzudeuten. Immerhin, der Plural mildert die Härte noch etwas ab. Zuletzt war von Wirklichkeit im Rahmenthema des Frankfurter Historikertages die Rede gewesen, auch da schon in der Mehrzahl und gepaart mit dem schönen Gegenbegriff „Intentionen“. Das fiel zeitlich zusammen mit der Ablösung von Bundeskanzler KOHL durch Rot-Grün, und während die Intentionen der neuen Regierung damals ohnehin nicht allzu hoch gespannt waren, traten die Wirklichkeiten in Gestalt von Auslandseinsätzen und Globalisierungsfolgen bald umso vehementer auf den Plan.
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Kahn, Karl. "Crime and equality, or crime and punishment? : population heterogeneity and fear of crime as determinants of redistribution preferences." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0cc102b1-c86d-4323-bfb0-3753c33baa33.
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Despite considerable research efforts, the relationship between inequality and demand for redistribution remains a highly contested topic within comparative political economy. This paper argues that a central yet widely overlooked mechanism linking macro-level income inequality to preferences for redistribution has to with the micro-level implications of certain externalities of inequality. Focusing on fear of crime, as one such externality, I argue that because (i) in- equality and crime are positively related, and (ii) because crime and fear of crime have a negative effect in individual utility, it follows that increasing in- equality should have a positive effect on support for redistribution. Importantly, however, the argument of this paper also recognises that redistribution is but one of several means through which a concern about crime can be addressed, with the most relevant alternatives being increased policing and harsher punitive measures. Drawing on literatures in criminology and political sociology, I theorise that a key determinant of this choice | between redistribution and policing/punishment as alternative approaches to dealing with crime | is the level of ethnic heterogeneity in the population. Taken together, therefore, this paper's argument implies that inequality will have differential effects on support for redistribution in different contexts: in cases where the population is homogenous, fear of crime - and by consequence inequality - will boost demand for redistribution, whilst no such effects will follow in contexts of high heterogeneity. Using a two-step statistical methodology, I analyse Eurobarometer and ESS data from 21 OECD countries and find persuasive empirical support for my theoretical expectations. Fear of crime is more strongly associated to support for redistribution when the level of population heterogeneity remains low, whilst the opposite holds true for the relationship between fear of crime and support for policing and punishment.
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Jovicic, Sonja. "Literacy skills, equality of educational opportunities and educational outcomes: an international comparison." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2018. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6061/1/WP_Literacy_skills.pdf.
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This paper assesses the role of literacy skills as an equalizer in both educational outcomes and
educational opportunities. First, by linking two surveys of adult skills for 11 OECD countries
(PIAAC - Survey of Adult Skills (conducted in mid-1990s) and IALS - International Adult
Literacy Survey (conducted in 2011)), the relationship between performance (average literacy
test scores) across countries and within-country skill inequality (dispersion in literacy test
scores) is examined. Although Okun's style tradeoff could suggest that there is a tradeoff
between efficiency and equality, in this analysis the opposite holds true. Countries with higher
average literacy test scores have, at the same time, higher equality in literacy test scores.
Second, the role of intergenerational educational mobility (one aspect of equality of
opportunity) across countries on both average literacy scores and equality in literacy scores is
estimated. There is a significant effect of parental educational levels on children's test scores
in all countries, but there is a substantial cross-country variation in the size of the coefficients,
which suggests that families play different roles in the transmission of educational skills
across countries. Furthermore, this paper finds that an increase in average literacy scores
(particularly, improvement in the literacy skills of the low-skilled adults) is positively
associated with higher intergenerational educational mobility and higher equality of literacy
test scores.
Third, by decomposing differences in average literacy scores between the surveys, this paper
finds that although increasing educational attainment was the primary driver behind the rise in
average literacy scores, literacy scores for each educational age group declined in all
countries, which may imply a decrease in educational efficiency. From a policy perspective,
increases in access to education and rises in educational attainment alone (although extremely
beneficial) are not enough. A focus on educational reform and better quality of education are
required in order to improve educational efficiency. Additionally, family policies and an
active welfare state may be necessary in order to tackle inequalities.<br>Series: INEQ Working Paper Series
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McLennan, David. "The lived experience of inequality in post-apartheid South Africa : measuring exposure to socio-economic inequality at small area level." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:eede1ec4-62d2-4dd3-8175-29c81cb301ca.
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South Africa has undergone a remarkable political transformation since the birth of democracy in 1994, yet it remains plagued by extremely high levels of socio-economic inequality, violent crime and social unrest. Although inequality is often regarded as a major driver of many social problems, the evidence base concerning inequality in South Africa is relatively limited, consisting primarily of national level Gini coefficients or General Entropy measures based upon household income, expenditure or consumption data. In this thesis I argue that these broad national level measures say little about people's actual day-to-day lived experiences of inequality and how these individual experiences of inequality may be shaped by the local geographical areas in which people live and go about their daily lives. I construct a series of empirical measures of exposure to socio-economic inequality which reflect the socio-spatial environments in which people live. I argue that these new measures can be used as explanatory factors in the study of other social outcomes, both at an individual level (for example, individuals' attitudes) and at an area level (for example, rates of violent crime). Exposure to inequality is measured both from the perspective of the 'poor' population and the perspective of the 'non-poor' population and the measures are constructed and presented at small area level using the Datazone statistical geography. I analyse the spatial distribution of exposure to inequality and find that exposure to inequality is typically highest in urban neighbourhoods, particularly in the major metropolitan areas. I develop a measure of intensity of exposure in order to highlight areas with both high exposure and high levels of deprivation. I also present one example of how my new measures can be used to explore associations with other outcomes, specifically looking at the relationship between people's lived experience of inequality and their attitudes towards inequality and redress.
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Short, Patricia Margaret. "Association, reciprocity, sharing and dependency : conditions of access and forms of inequality beyond the market state /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18178.pdf.
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Hederos, Eriksson Karin. "Essays on Inequality, Gender and Family Background." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Institutionen för Nationalekonomi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-2293.
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This Ph.D. thesis in Economics consists of five self-contained chapters that investigate the role of gender and family background in generating socioeconomic inequality. Occupational segregation by sex: The role of intergenerational transmission studies the persistence of the occupational sex segregation by investigating intergenerational associations in the sex composition of occupations. Gender differences in initiation of negotiation: Does the gender of the negotiation counterpart matter? experimentally examines how the gender difference in the willingness to enter a negotiation is affected by the gender of the counterpart in the negotiation. The importance of family background and neighborhood effects as determinants of crime estimates sibling and neighborhood correlations in criminal convictions and incarceration. IQ and family background: Are associations strong or weak? examines sibling and intergenerational correlations in IQ. Gender and inequality of opportunity in Sweden explores to what extent income inequality is due to factors beyond individuals' control, such as gender and parental income.<br><p>Diss. Stockholm : Stockholm School of Economics, 2014. Introduction together with 5 papers.</p>
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Chikumbo, Irene, Ahmet Eren Öztürk, and Taryn Tate. "Social Entrepreneurship as a Catalyst to Increase Equality in South Africa." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för ingenjörsvetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-2007.
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Inequality is a complex issue and an integral part of the sustainability challenge. This research examines how social entrepreneurs (SE) can be catalysts to increase equality in South Africa. In order to navigate through the complexity of inequality within this context, the authors designed a conceptual model. The Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development (FSSD), based on Strategic Sustainable Development (SSD) concepts, such as backcasting and systems thinking, was incorporated into the research to ensure a systematic and comprehensive link to sustainability. The FSSD and the conceptual model assisted in exploring how social entrepreneurship could be a strategic approach to increase equality in South Africa, and in turn, help to open the social trap and contribute towards creating a more sustainable society. During the research process, the researchers identified nine high impact areas that could be addressed by SE and other stakeholders. These include: awareness; attitude and mind-set; a shared understanding; government support; education and training; economic environment; financial sustainability; social and physical infrastructure; and collaboration and asset sharing. The aim of these high impact areas is to help foster social entrepreneurial development and guide SE in strategically increasing equality in South Africa.
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Cañadas, Alejandro A. "Inequality and economic growth evidence from Argentina's provinces using spatial econometrics /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1211944935.
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Bird, Philippa. "Social gradients in child health and development in relation to income inequality : who benefits from greater income equality?" Thesis, University of York, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/5121/.
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There is considerable evidence that health and development are better, on average, in countries with greater income equality. However, much of the research has focussed on average health and wellbeing; it is less clear how this benefit is distributed across society – do people from advantaged and disadvantaged socioeconomic backgrounds benefit equally? Further, there has been little research on the relationship between income inequality and child health. This thesis aimed to explore how the social gradient in child health and development varies in relation to income inequality in high income countries. I used two approaches to answer the question: Does everyone do better in more equal countries? I conducted a critical review of previous literature comparing social gradients in health and wellbeing. I also conducted original analysis using a comparative cohort study. I compared social gradients in health and development among children aged 4-6, using 7 cohort studies from 6 countries (US, UK, Australia, Canada, Netherlands, Sweden). I reviewed approaches to comparing data between studies and across countries, and harmonised the samples and variables to facilitate comparisons. The studies in the critical review varied considerably, but there was substantial evidence that health and wellbeing are better for everyone in more equal countries (with the most disadvantaged benefitting the most). In the comparative cohort analysis, there was some evidence that social gradients are steeper in more equal countries (inequalities are greater), and some evidence that everyone does better. However, there were many inconsistencies and comparisons were challenging due to measurement differences between the cohorts. The observation that social gradients are shallower in some countries than others shows that such inequalities can be prevented. There is growing evidence that people from all social backgrounds would benefit if countries had greater income equality.
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Tusalem, Rollin F. "Reformulating world-system theory : third world participation in the world polity as an attempt to combat global inequality." Virtual Press, 2003. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1260631.
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The end of bi-polarity in the world stage ushered in a period of hegemonic power decline and the sudden emergence of peripheral empowerment. This research undertaking attempts to reformulate World System theory, an antiquated theoretical perspective based on the periphery's economic dependence on core nation-states and the resultant exploitative relationship that occurs. Current events indicate that there are multiple demands of redress and restitution made by emancipated peripheral states. Such demands are increasingly addressed and heeded to in world conferences and various international organizations since 1989 and will be measured as absolute gains. A drastic change is also observed in the structure and function of both international governmental organizations (IGOs) and international-non governmental organizations (1NGOs) from being corecentric institutional bodies to supranational, authoritative entities which now have the capacity to promote rational progress through third world advocacy. Such changes are attributed both to the multi-polarity of the world stage and the cultural construction of rational progress. The new reformulation will discover that world- level socialism is not attainable. Rather, the only solution to weaken global stratification is the continued participation of peripheral states in worlBall State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306<br>Department of Political Science
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Msweli, Pumela. "The effect of foreign direct investment on inequality : the case of South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97473.
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Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This work empirically examines South African data covering the years 1956-2011 to look into the relationship between FDI and inequality. By investigating how FDI is linked to inequality, policy makers would be better poised to develop policies that optimise on the benefits of FDI without the dampening effect of inequality. The benefits of FDI, particularly to the South African economy, are that it provides capital to finance investment by bridging the savings gap in the country. In addition to that, FDI facilitates transfer of technology and managerial skills from the source country. Moreover, FDI has a positive impact on balance of payment not only because of the impact capital inflow has on balance of payment, but because FDI also promotes exports of the country to world markets. Empirical evidence presented in literature suggests that the FDI-inequality relationship is complex. In some locations, for example in the US, Latin America and in some developing countries, FDI tends to raise income inequality. In other locations evidence is inconclusive.
The results of this study showed that there is a negative relationship between inequality and foreign direct investment for the period examined in the study. This finding is not consistent with the a priori expectation that foreign direct investment increases inequality. Contrary to what has been predicted, the findings show that foreign direct investment is likely to reduce inequality. The findings also show that there is a statistically significant and positive relationship between GDP and inequality.
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Wooding, N. R. "Tackling inequality : a critique of the way in which organisations across Wales define and promote equality inside the workplace." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.542570.
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Hunter, Chryssy. "The Equality Act 2010 and empty diversity : neoliberal legislation and inequality in the lives of trans* and sexgender nonconforming people." Thesis, London Metropolitan University, 2018. http://repository.londonmet.ac.uk/1537/.
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This thesis explores how effectively equality and diversity legislation in the UK offers recognition and protection to trans* and sexgender nonconforming people by engaging with their contemporary experiences. In order to explore these dynamics I give a genealogical and multidisciplinary context to my work. More specifically, I trace the ways in which the development of trans* and sexgender nonconforming discourses impacts on the evolving self-understanding of my research subjects. Finally, I also analyse the implications of my findings for particular forms of legally focused activism. The thesis makes a critical examination of the much commented-on increase in trans* and sexgender nonconforming people’s visibility and social inclusion in the 21st century. In order to undertake such critique I theorize the impact of structural socioeconomic and cultural changes that have taken place in the context of neoliberal governmentality, including the developments in information technologies. I focus on important issues of materiality and political economy to analyse how the neoliberal logic of inclusion of previously discriminated against populations according to their socio-economic fungibility – i.e. their ability to participate in the market – necessarily creates new forms of exclusion and marginalization. This thesis produced a critical examination of the nature of diversity itself in a neoliberal age, focusing in particular on how the valorization of a particular form of empty diversity – i.e. a depoliticized, instrumental and commodified recognition of difference - is emblematic of the delimitations of the effects of the neoliberal project. I contend that the forms of protection grounded in neoliberal understandings of ‘equality’ work to mask the structurally unequal and iniquitous effects of legislation, even if they represent an improvement in relation to the previous lack of recognition. In particular the Equality Act 2010 can be seen as entrenching inequality and discrimination, rather than promoting genuine social and economic equality, by only protecting more ‘legible’, ‘fungible’ and normative experiences of trans* expression.
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Gaweda, Barbara Justyna. "No country for losers? : gender, (in)equality, and the discursive construction of subjects and values in Polish politics." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25940.
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Mainstream scholarly literature has examined the post-1989 transformations in Eastern Europe without sufficient attention to gendered perspectives. Most feminist scholars and mainstream political scientists expected that the processes of democratization and Europeanization would be harbingers of positive change, and have not fully succeeded in explaining the current lack of gender equality in the region. This dissertation attempts to fill the gap by combining the insights from ‘Western’ theoretical contributions with empirical research of the Polish case. By drawing on multiple theoretical angles (post-colonialism, nationalism and gender, feminist institutionalism, feminist political economy, Europeanization), I aim to rethink the complex position of Poland in the processes of Europeanization and soft norm diffusion. The recent ‘war on gender’, which took the form of a virulent anti-equality and anti-minorities discursive campaign, has demonstrated that, despite the political and economic changes after 1989, gender inequality and social exclusion persist, and indeed may have intensified. My research explores the current discursive products and legacies (construction of subjects and values) of transformation and Europeanization as observed in mainstream political debates. This dissertation focuses on debates in the Polish parliament, the Sejm, because it is the main site of political discourse in Poland and thus influences also broader societal debates. My main argument is that gendered discourses in the Polish parliament reproduce patterns of domination and inequality, thereby creating discursive categories and subjects that are excluded and marginalized. Dominant discourses on masculinity, femininity, and sexuality prescribe a conservative set of social relations in the family and the nation. This implies that anyone who does not fulfil these discursive standards gets symbolically stigmatized and emerges from the political process as a discursive ‘loser’. Furthermore, the dissertation argues that the ways in which Europeanization and democratization were implemented in Poland, focusing primarily on neoliberal economic reforms, have left free rein to right-wing forces and the catholic church to define values and subjects. I specifically address the influential role of the catholic church in the Polish political context and argue that the anti-gender equality and anti-diversity mobilizations are cyphers for a broader backlash led by nationalist conservative actors against Europeanization and globalization processes. My contributions lie in the theoretical and conceptual bridging of various literatures (i.e. on transformation and gender) and the application of critical discourse analysis to the study of Polish parliamentary debates. Moreover, the thesis exposes invisible and ‘gender neutral’ norms about subjects and gender roles as constructed in Polish politics, with particular focus on welfare and family models and the construction of the nation. I highlight hegemonic masculinities and the marginalization or silencing of alternative discourses. The analysis provides insights into the mechanisms of gender power that construct some groups as the norm and others as problematic or deviant.
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Knipe, Paula Kezia. "The link between gender inequality and food security among female students at tertiary institutions in South Africa." University of Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7589.
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Magister Legum - LLM<br>This study explores the nexus between gender inequality and food security
through the lens of female students at tertiary institutions in South Africa. It
aims to highlight the gendered dimensions of the political, socio-economic and
cultural structures contributing to South Africa’s national food crisis. In so
doing, it argues that legislation on the right to food with specific gender
considerations is essential for ensuring food security for female students on
campuses in particular and women in general.
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Roberts, Benjamin J. "Charting freedom: inequality beliefs, preferences for redistribution, and distributive social policy in contemporary South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/64999.
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While the transition to democracy in South Africa extended civil and political rights and freedoms to all South Africans, there has been disagreement over the preferred nature and scope of social rights within post-apartheid society, reflecting debates over the trajectory of economic policy. Appreciable developmental gains have been made by the state over the last quarter-century, yet the challenges of poverty, unemployment and inequality persist, coupled with mounting popular discontent with the pace of transformation and political accountability. This has led to fundamental questions about social justice, restitution, and the kind of society we wish to promote. Appeals for a more inclusive, transformative social policy have also emerged, arguing that a wider vision of society is required involving multiple government responsibilities and informed by an ethic of equality and social solidarity. Against this background, in this thesis I study the views of the South African public towards economic inequality, general preferences for government-led redistribution, as well as support for social policies intended to promote racial and economic transformation. The research has been guided by several overarching questions: To what extent do South Africans share common general beliefs about material inequality? Does the public exhibit a preference for government redistribution in principle? And how unified or polarised are South Africans in their support for specific redress policies in the country? Responding to these questions has been achieved by drawing on unique, nationally representative data from the South African Social Attitudes Survey (SASAS), which has enabled me to chart social attitudes over a period of almost fifteen years between late 2003 and early 2017. Use has also been made of social citizenship as a guiding conceptual framework to understanding social policy predispositions and analysing attitudinal change. The results demonstrate that the public is united in its awareness of and deep concern about economic inequality. Since the early 2000s, a significant majority has consistently expressed the view that the income gap in the country is too large, articulated a strong preference for a more equitable social structure, and acknowledged the class and social tensions that economic inequality has produced. There is also a preference for a narrowing of earnings disparities, a more generous minimum wage, and regulatory limits on executive pay. While this suggests a desire for fair and legitimate remuneration, the analysis also reveals that South Africans are willing to tolerate fairly high levels of inequality. Nonetheless, these beliefs are generally interpreted as a desire for a more equitable and fair society. This preference for change is reflected in a fairly strong belief that government should assume responsibility for reducing material disparities. One’s social position, mobility history, awareness of inequality, political leaning and racial attitudes all have a bearing on how weak and strong this predisposition is, but the normative demand for political redistribution remains fairly widely shared irrespective of these individual traits. Greater polarisation is however evident with respect to redistributive social policy, especially measures designed to overcome historical racial injustice (affirmative action, sports quotas, and land reform). These intergroup differences converge considerably when referring to class-based policy measures. One surprising finding is the evidence that South Africa’s youngest generation, the so-called ‘Born Frees’, tend to adopt a similar predisposition to redress policy as older generations, thus confounding expectations of a post-apartheid value change. I conclude by arguing that there seems to be a firmer basis for a social compact about preferences for interventions designed to produce a more just society than is typically assumed. Intractably high levels of economic inequality during the country’s first quarter-century of democracy is resulting in a growing recognition of the need for a stronger policy emphasis on economic inequality in South Africa over coming decades if the vision enshrined in the Freedom Charter and the Constitution is to be realised. South Africans may not be able to fully agree about the specific elements that constitute a socially just response to economic inequality. Yet, the common identification of and concern with redressable injustice, coupled with a broad-based commitment to government redistribution and classbased social policies, could serve as a foundation on which to rekindle the solidaristic spirit of 1994 and forge progress towards a more equitable society.
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Saliya, Candauda Arachchige. "Role of bank lending in sustaining income/ wealth inequality in Sri Lanka." AUT University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10292/824.
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The purpose of this PhD thesis is to make a contribution to existing knowledge in the field of critical accounting by studying credit mechanisms and their link to income/wealth inequality in Sri Lankan society and the role of accounting technology in facilitating such mechanisms. The literature review revealed that: a) Global inequality is aggravated by the disparity of economic development which is possible only through state intervention; b) Unemployment is considered as a dilemma for economic development in developing countries by most politicians/administrators/researchers; c) In any country, around 60-70 percent of employment is generated by small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) and; d) Their major problem is access to credit. This research was designed to find out how the credit system works and why certain SMEs do not have adequate access to credit to develop their businesses; to provide employment; to increase the share of national income to the lower income groups; to narrow down the gap between the rich and poor within and between countries. A case study research approach was followed to extract data on real-life experiences of the research participants. Reliability of data was ensured by using various verification techniques and maximum efforts were made to balance the two extremes of validity of the research; internal and external. The extent of representation by the cases and the bank was tested, and judged as high, with 12-14 characteristics common to the Sri Lankan credit culture and banking industry respectively. Marxian critical theories were used for theoretical guidance throughout the research. The three case studies provide empirical evidence for the existence of the discriminatory nature of credit decision-making where two credit applicants were successful but a third credit applicant failed in obtaining credit. It is contended that the two successful applicants were powerful enough to approach a more powerful bank Chairperson and to obtain credit outside the normal credit rules with the support of accounting technology and using masks such as patriotism and social responsibility. The other applicant, who was initially accommodated with credit at the lower level, could not convince the credit decision-makers at the higher level with expensive professionally prepared accounting reports. This applicant was not from an influential social network and could not reach the powerful credit decision-makers informally was rejected through strict application of credit rules. Deep analysis of these facts supports the Marxian claim that credit and exploitation mechanisms work towards concentration of wealth and sustaining income inequality. Credit decisions supply money to influential individuals and it is argued that such economic power enhances the social powerbase of those individuals, which in turn reinforces the propensity to make preferential credit decisions, thereby making them richer. In contrast, a lack of money translates into powerlessness, deprivation and exclusion from social activities for the majority of the poor. In this process opportunities are lost to disadvantaged social groups and this necessarily results in poor people’s economic status remaining stagnant. These power-driven, discriminatory decision-making systems not only restrict the availability of financial capital for feasible projects, but also deny credit to potential enterprises. Further, wasting resources on unfeasible projects, while ignoring the need for nurturing potentially viable projects, are a double blow to efforts towards employment generation and economic development and therefore, are detrimental to the economic well-being of the general population. These findings provide insight for policy formulators for more productive financial capital mobility systems in Sri Lanka. It is suggested that suitable State intervention in regulating SME financing could remove such credit-related obstacles to economic development, and work towards a fair distribution of economic benefits to the people in Sri Lanka and beyond.
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Yamokoski, Alexis. "Wealth inequality effects of gender, marital status, and parenthood on asset accumulation /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1180542629.
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Torssander, Jenny. "Equality in Death? : How the Social Positions of Individuals and Families are Linked to Mortality." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-94134.
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Socioeconomic positions of individuals are clearly associated with the chances of living a healthy long life. In four empirical studies based on Swedish population registers, two topics are examined in this thesis: The relationships between different indicators of social position and mortality, and the importance of family members’ socioeconomic resources for the survival of the individual. The overall conclusion from the separate studies is that no single individual socioeconomic factor gives a complete picture of mortality inequalities. Further, the socioeconomic resources of partners and adult children are important in addition to the individual ones. The specific results from each study include that: I education, social class, social status and income are, to various extent, independently associated with mortality risk. Education and social status are related to women’s mortality, and education, social class, and income to men’s mortality. II one partner’s social position is related to the other partner’s survival, also when individual socioeconomic factors are statistically controlled for. In particular, men’s mortality is linked to their wives’ education and women’s mortality to their husbands’ social class. III adult children’s education is related to their parents’ risk of dying, also when both parents’ socioeconomic resources are taken into consideration. Further, the association between the offspring’s level of education and parental mortality cannot be explained by characteristics that parents share with their siblings. IV children’s social class and income are related to parental mortality, but not as strongly as the education of the children. There is no relationship between a mother’s own education and breast cancer mortality, while mothers seem to have better chances of surviving breast cancer if they have well-educated children.<br><p>At the time of doctoral defence the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Manuscript</p>
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Jesmin, Syeda Sarah. "Income Inequality and Racial/Ethnic Infant Mortality in the United States." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2008. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc9770/.
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The objective of this study was to examine if intra-racial income inequality contributes to higher infant mortality rates (IMRs) for African-Americans. The conceptual framework for this study is derived from Richard Wilkinson's psychosocial environment interpretation of the income inequality and health link. The hypotheses examined were that race/ethnicity-specific IMRs are influenced by intra-race/ethnicity income inequality, and that these effects of income inequality on health are mediated by level of social mistrust and/or risk profile of the mother. Using state-level data from several sources, the 2000 National Center for Health Statistics Linked Birth Infant Death database, 2000 U.S. Census, and 2000 General Social Survey, a number of regression equations were estimated. Results indicated that the level of intra-racial/ethnic income inequality is a significant predictor of non-Hispanic Black IMRs, but not the IMRs of non-Hispanic Whites or Hispanics. Additionally, among Blacks, the effect of their intra-racial income inequality on their IMRs was found to be mediated by the risk profile of the mother, namely, the increased likelihood of smoking and/or drinking and/or less prenatal care by Black women during pregnancy. Implications of the findings are discussed.
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Weberová, Barbora. "Příjmová nerovnost mužů a žen v ČR (respektive v SR)." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-194186.
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This degree work is focus on income inequality of men and women in the Czech Republic. The work is separated into theoretical and practical part. In the theoretical part the importance is emphasized to equality, development of men's and women's equality and to regulations that include equality of men and women. More specified is also gender question and terms that are related. The practical part presents system of evaluation in the company and then it deals with progress of salaries and bonuses during years in the individual work position. Dates were got from specific company and then they were processed. Results are later comparing to dates of Czech statistical office.