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1

Razavi, Shahra, Ian Orton, Christina Behrendt, et al. Making social protection work for gender equality. ILO, 2024. https://doi.org/10.54394/qqte9840.

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Attesting to feminist interest in social protection, there exists today a voluminous and growing literature, produced by academics, international organizations, civil society and think tanks, examining the gender content and impacts of social protection policies. The added value of this paper is that it is the first time that the ILO’s Universal Social Protection Department has produced a consolidated message on its perspective and approach to enhancing the gender-responsiveness of social protection policies, anchored in international social security standards and guided by a life-cycle approa
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2

Ireland. Office of the Comptroller and Auditor General. Department of Justice, Equality and Law Reform: Purchasing of tyres by the Garda Síochána. Stationery Office, 2001.

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Alieskerov, Mizamir. Competitiveness in the Russian civil process. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1867905.

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The monograph is devoted to scientific and applied problems related to the implementation of adversarial principles in the Russian civil process.
 Taking into account the historical traditions of Russia, world experience and modern Russian realities, the questions of the necessary and permissible degree of activity of the court in adversarial civil proceedings,
 on ensuring equality of procedural opportunities of persons participating in the case, on forms and means of judicial assistance to persons participating in the case in the exercise of their procedural rights and performance
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4

Lucarelli, Sonia, ed. Gender and the European Union. Firenze University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-638-1.

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Gender discrimination continues to be a reality in several parts of the world, also in Europe. The aim of this book is to provide an overview of both European Union’s (EU) gender policies and gender balance in EU institutions. It does so by looking at gender equality policies and the EU legal system concerning gender equality, women’s representation within diff erent institutions (and more particularly in the European External Action Service), gender rights as a type of human rights and the EU’s role in the external promotion of womens’ rights in third countries. The analysis shows that women’
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5

Goal 5: Gender Equality. Taylor & Francis, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/sdg-g005.

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Tackle all forms of gender equality issues. End all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere. Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres, including trafficking, sexual and other types of exploitation. Ensure women’s full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership.
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6

Emir, Astra. 4. Equality in Employment. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198814849.003.0004.

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This chapter considers those provisions of the Equality Act 2010 that relate to employment law. These generally are to be found in Parts 5, 8, 9, 10, and 11 of the Act, together with provisions found in various schedules. Topics discussed include key concepts of the Act; various types of prohibited conduct such as direct and indirect discrimination; the protected characteristics as identified by the Equality Act; discrimination in employment; provisions in the Equality Act that are common to all of the protected characteristics; comparators; occupational requirements; submitting a complaint; e
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7

Rondel, David. Two Concepts of Equality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190680688.003.0002.

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This chapter distinguishes between “vertical” and “horizontal” egalitarianism. The vertical and horizontal metaphors differentiate primarily between two types of relationship in which equality is said to play an important role—the “vertical” relationship between state and citizen, on the one hand, and the “horizontal” relationship between or among the people of a society, on the other. But the distinction may be used in a wider way to track several issues around which egalitarian theories tend to diverge: about what a commitment to equality ultimately means; about to whom or what egalitarian p
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8

Segall, Shlomi. The Future of Equality. Oxford University PressOxford, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/9780198928966.001.0001.

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Abstract Philosophers have been preoccupied with the future from time immemorial. But for egalitarians, the future of humanity constitutes a relatively new frontier. The premise of this book is that a complaint-based ideal of egalitarianism faces problems when applied to the future. For one thing, if we suppose that future people are destined to fare better than us (say, in terms of overall wellbeing), then allowing humanity to flourish would then represent a net increase in terms of egalitarian complaints. With respect to equality, at least, it would be better to refrain from bringing new lif
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9

Anderson, Elizabeth. The Problem of Equality from a Political Economy Perspective. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801221.003.0003.

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This paper explores challenges to the creation of an egalitarian society from what we know about different types of human society across human history. All human beings originally lived in hunter-gatherer bands, which, along with tribal societies, are remarkably egalitarian. Inegalitarian social forms—rank societies and social stratification—are rooted in the following causes: (1) despotic tendencies rooted in human psychology; (2) esteem competition; (3) descent group closure and ingroup opportunity hoarding; (4) inegalitarian ideology; and (5) the increasing scale of societies, administratio
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10

Edward, Bellamy. Equality. Irvington Pub, 1988.

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11

Edward, Bellamy. Equality. IndyPublish.com, 2003.

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12

Edward, Bellamy. Equality. IndyPublish.com, 2003.

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13

Edward, Bellamy. Equality. Irvington Pub, 1988.

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14

Edward, Bellamy. Equality. Kessinger Publishing, 2004.

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15

Edward, Bellamy. Equality. Echo Library, 2000.

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16

Edward, Bellamy. Equality. Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2004.

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17

Edward, Bellamy. Equality. Fredonia Books (NL), 2002.

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18

Edward, Bellamy. Equality. BiblioBazaar, 2006.

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19

Edward, Bellamy. Equality. 2nd ed. Scholarly Press, 1987.

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20

Edward, Bellamy. Equality (Dodo Press). Dodo Press, 2007.

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21

Shulman, Michael. Homotopy Type Theory: A Synthetic Approach to Higher Equalities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198748991.003.0003.

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Homotopy type theory and univalent foundations (HoTT/UF) is a new foundation of mathematics, based not on set theory but on “infinity-groupoids”, which consist of collections of objects, ways in which two objects can be equal, ways in which those ways-to-be-equal can be equal, ad infinitum. Though apparently complicated, such structures are increasingly important in mathematics. Philosophically, they are an inevitable result of the notion that whenever we form a collection of things, we must simultaneously consider when two of those things are the same. The “synthetic” nature of HoTT/UF enable
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22

Stirr, Anna Marie. Songs with Consequences? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190631970.003.0004.

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This chapter focuses on the pragmatics of dohori singing in rural songfests. With a comparative focus on different types of songfest across Nepal’s rural hill areas, it addresses how songfests frame performances in ways that allow for particular pragmatic effects. These are based on forms of ritualized material and musical exchange that idealize the production of equality, yet often still reproduce inequality. It tells the history of dohori as a means of communication across social divides, often with significant material stakes in binding contests that could end in marriage. It discusses doho
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23

Kuo, Cheng-tian. Sacred, Secular, and Neosacred Governments in China and Taiwan. Edited by Phil Zuckerman and John R. Shook. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.013.16.

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This chapter explores a puzzle in comparative religion–state relations: both the atheist Chinese communist government and the democratic Taiwanese government have substantially restored the traditional, pluralistic, religious state of Chinese dynasties. After 1949, the Chinese government and the Taiwanese government developed different types of religion–state relations. The Chinese Communist government initially aimed to eliminate all religions but lost its religious legitimacy. After 1979, it swiftly established a Leninist religious state that would regain its religious legitimacy but maintai
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24

Song, Sarah. Does Justice Require Open Borders? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190909222.003.0005.

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Chapter 5 examines the global distributive justice argument for open borders. It challenges two key assumptions underlying this argument: (1) that global distributive justice requires global equality of opportunity and (2) that global distributive justice requires open borders. It argues that equality and justice are fundamentally relational ideals. Our particular relationships and institutional contexts matter for the types of distributive obligations we have. This does not mean we have no global obligations. The chapter examines different forms of global inequality and identifies circumstanc
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25

Karim, Sabrina, and Daniel W. Hill, Jr. Positioning Women in Conflict Studies. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/9780197757970.001.0001.

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Abstract This book explores how different types of women’s status, including women’s inclusion (in politics), women’s rights, harm to women, and beliefs about women’s gender roles affect political violence, including interstate war, civil war, repression, and terrorism. However, it argues that before scholars, policymakers, and practitioners can explore these connections, it is important to overcome existing problems in the scholarship—conceptual stretching of gender equality and resulting measurement invalidity. Much of the current scholarship and policymaking conflate gender equality and wom
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26

Edward, Bellamy. Equality (Large Print Edition). BiblioBazaar, 2006.

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27

Eisenberg, David A. Nietzsche and Tocqueville on the Democratization of Humanity. The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781978721838.

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To the extent that we worry about the future, we tend to do so with the apprehension that something may go terribly wrong. Nietzsche and Tocqueville on the Democratization of Humanity is animated more by the apprehension, what if everything should go terribly right? That foreboding indelibly colored the outlook of Friedrich Nietzsche and Alexis de Tocqueville—two thinkers seldom paired. As David A. Eisenberg argues, each in his own way envisaged the terminus toward which modernity speeds. Examining their thought allows us not only to glimpse the future that filled them with dread, but to surve
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28

Jefferson, Michael. Employment Law Concentrate. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198759157.001.0001.

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Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. Employment Law Concentrate helps to consolidate knowledge in this area of law. This fifth edition includes updates on employment law including coverage of the National Living Wage, shared parental leave, and gender pay reporting. There are new sections on equal pay between men and women and vicarious liability in equality law. Chapters examine employment status
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Heiner, Prof, Bielefeldt, Ghanea Nazila, Dr, and Wiener Michael, Dr. Part 2 Discrimination, 2.1 Discrimination on the Basis of Religion or Belief/Interreligious Discrimination/Tolerance. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198703983.003.0017.

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This chapter focuses on religious discrimination. Not only does freedom of religion or belief prohibit undue infringements into a person’s religious freedom; it also prohibits discrimination—the denial of equality and unfair treatment based on religion. The discussion on discrimination has become more and more complex in recent debate, both with a view to different types of actors (State institutions, de facto authorities, and non-State institutions) and to different forms of discrimination (direct, indirect, structural, intersectional). While many experiences of discrimination continue to be
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30

Brake, Elizabeth. Paid and Unpaid Care. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786429.003.0004.

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This paper argues that relationships between paid caregivers and care recipients should be eligible for equivalent legal protections as other adult-caring relationships. Care workers (or intimate workers, or domestic workers) are a vulnerable group; in law, they are not fully protected as workers or as family members, although they often form close, reciprocal-caring relationships with the people they care for. While some legal theorists have recently addressed their rights as workers, this paper considers their eligibility for rights as family members. It extends my earlier arguments for marr
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31

Ferdinand, Peter. 9. Votes, Elections, Legislatures, and Legislators. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198704386.003.0010.

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This chapter examines some of the central issues associated with voting and electoral systems, along with the functions of legislatures. It begins by discussing the two paradoxes of voting. First, the huge number of citizens in any modern state means that no individual's vote is likely to make the difference between two or more choices, making it potentially ‘irrational’ for any individual to bother to vote at all. Yet votes make democracy possible. The second voting paradox concerns the difficulty of relying upon votes to determine the objective preferences of the public. The chapter proceeds
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32

Viscusi, Gianluigi, and Christopher L. Tucci. Three’s a Crowd? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816225.003.0003.

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According to conventional wisdom on crowdsourcing, the number of people defines the crowd and maximization of this number is often assumed to be the goal of any crowdsourcing exercise. However, some structural characteristics of the crowd might be more important than the sheer number of participants. These characteristics include (1) the growth rate and its attractiveness to members, (2) equality among members, (3) density within provisional boundaries, (4) goal orientation of the crowd, and (5) “seriality” of the interactions between members. Therefore, a typology is proposed that may allow m
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33

Battin, Margaret P. Reproductive Control for Men. Edited by Leslie Francis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199981878.013.16.

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Although women have many contraceptive options—gels, foams, pills, patches, rings, injections, subdermal implants, intrauterine devices, most with low failure rates and good reversibility—men have only the condom, withdrawal, and vasectomy, all with high failure rates or no guarantee of reversibility. This leaves men with unequal options for reproductive control, yet they may be held responsible for support of a child whether they wanted to reproduce or not. Five types of modern male contraception are now under development: they all raise issues of effectiveness, acceptability, and risk, but w
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34

Payne, Keith. The broken ladder: How inequality affects the way we think, live, and die. 2017.

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35

Soetan, Funmi, and Bola Akanji, eds. Through the Gender Lens. The Rowman … Littlefield Publishing Group, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781978735958.

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Sustainable development is now intricately linked not just to economic growth, but more importantly, to the quality of life of people in terms of their social status, political participation, cultural freedom, environmental justice and inclusive development. For previously colonized nations like Nigeria, these linkages are believed to have been influenced by the legacies of colonial rule, positively or otherwise. Through the Gender Lens: A Century of Social and Political Development in Nigeria looks at how colonialism has enabled or hindered the roles of the state in promoting inclusive develo
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36

Vitikainen, Annamari. Multiculturalism and Political Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.252.

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Multiculturalism has been used both as a descriptive and a normative term, as well as a term referring to particular types of state policies. As a descriptive term, multiculturalism refers to the state of affairs present in contemporary societies: that of cultural diversity. As a normative term, multiculturalism affirms cultural diversity as an acceptable state of affairs, and provides normative grounds for accommodating this diversity. As a policy-oriented term, multiculturalism refers to a variety of state policies that aim to accommodate people’s cultural differences—most notably, different
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37

Sheppard, Mark. Essentials of Urban Design. CSIRO Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643108776.

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Essentials of Urban Design explains the fundamental concepts of urban design, providing the understanding and tools needed to achieve better design outcomes. It is equally useful for designing places and evaluating designs.
 
 Each chapter outlines the key steps in designing or assessing a different type of development. All common types of urban development are addressed, from infill buildings to whole urban growth areas, residential to employment uses, and centres to public transport interchanges. For each development type, widely accepted urban design principles are explained, and
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38

Wayne, Tiffany K., ed. Women’s Suffrage. ABC-CLIO, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216038177.

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This is the "everything" women's suffrage and Nineteenth Amendment book, coming just as the country celebrates the centenary of the constitutional amendment that finally brought the vote to all American women. Women’s Suffrage: The Complete Guide to the Nineteenth Amendment tells the dramatic story of American women’s long fight for the vote and passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. A veritable library on all things to do with suffrage and the Nineteenth Amendment, this reference tells the heroic stories of suffragists and brings to life the ideas and deeds of the organ
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39

Harlow, Luke E. Social Reform in America. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199683710.003.0019.

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Any discussion of nineteenth-century religious Dissent must look carefully at gender. Although distinct from one another in important respects, Nonconformist congregations were patterned on the household as the first unit of God-given society, a model which fostered questions about the relationship between male and female. Ideas of gender coalesced with theology and praxis to shape expectations central to the cultural ethos of Nonconformity. Existing historiographical interpretations of gender and religion that use the separate spheres model have argued that evangelical piety was identified wi
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40

Hwang, Gyu-Jin. Development, Welfare Policy, and the Welfare State. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.145.

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One of the most significant structural transformations in postwar capitalist democracies has been the rise of the welfare state. The theoretical intent of the traditional sociological and economic inquiry into the welfare state has focused less on trying to understand the welfare state itself and more on to what extent and under what conditions welfare provisions influence social and economic outcomes such as equality, employment, and labor market behavior. Over time, however, scholars have turned toward historical and political factors. G. Esping-Andersen identified three types of welfare sta
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41

Modood, Tariq. Multiculturalizing Secularism. Edited by Phil Zuckerman and John R. Shook. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.013.22.

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This chapter explores a proposal that multicultural equality require some type of public multifaithism in a civic context where state–religion connections flourish. An establishment of religion, suitably pluralized, can offer one way forward. It deserves consideration as a practical option, especially if it would be the least disruptive and the least threatening to those for whom establishment is important or those who are uncomfortable with multiculturalism. Given the goal of citizen equality for democracy, this challenge deserves an adequate response: how will ethnoreligious groups receive a
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42

Payne, Keith. The Broken Ladder: How Inequality Affects the Way We Think, Live, and Die. Blackstone Audio, Inc., 2017.

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43

Payne, Keith. Broken Ladder: How Inequality Changes the Way We Think, Live and Die. Orion Publishing Group, Limited, 2018.

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44

Payne, Keith. The Broken Ladder: How Inequality Affects the Way We Think, Live, and Die. Penguin Books, 2018.

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45

Taylor, Joan E., and Ilaria L. E. Ramelli, eds. Patterns of Women's Leadership in Early Christianity. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198867067.001.0001.

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This authoritative volume brings together the latest thinking on women’s leadership in early Christianity. Featuring contributors from key scholars in the fields of Christian history, the volume considers the evidence for ways in which women exercised leadership in churches from the first to the ninth centuries CE. This rich and diverse collection breaks new ground in the study of women in early Christianity. This is not about working with one method, based on one type of feminist theory, but overall there is nevertheless a feminist or egalitarian agenda in considering the full equality of wom
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46

Murguía, Salvador Jimenez, Erica Joan Dymond, and Kristina Fennelly, eds. Encyclopedia of Sexism in American Films. The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc., 2019. https://doi.org/10.5040/9798881828462.

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The treatment—and mistreatment—of women throughout history continues to be a necessary topic of discussion, in order for progress to be made and equality to be achieved. While current articles and books expose troubling truths of the gender divide, modern cinema continues to provide problematic depictions of such behavior—with a few heartening exceptions. The Encyclopedia of Sexism in American Films closely examines the many, pervasive forms of sexism in contemporary productions—from clueless comedies to superhero blockbusters. In more than 130 entries, this volume explores a number of cinemat
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Moon, Donald. The Idea of the Welfare State. Edited by George Klosko. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199238804.003.0040.

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The welfare state rests upon a commitment to equality, such that the provision of services, and the type and quality of services that are provided, are not differentiated by class or other markers of unequal status. This article outlines the history of welfare state theorizing, beginning with a discourse that is likely to be most familiar to Anglophone audiences, which view the welfare state as emerging from a critical, and largely internal, interrogation of liberalism, with its commitment to juridical equality, individualism, and liberty. In much of continental Europe, where liberal ideas wer
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48

Raffel, Jeffrey. Historical Dictionary of School Segregation and Desegregation. Greenwood, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400663956.

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Throughout the nation's history, from before the Civil War through Reconstruction, across the years of lynchings and segregation to theBrown v. Board of Educationdecision and the battles over busing, no issue has divided the American people more than race, and at the heart of the race issue has been the conflict over school segregation and desegregation. Prior to the Civil War, South Carolina enacted the first compulsory illiteracy law, which made it a crime to teach slaves to write, and other Southern states soon followed South Carolina's example. After the Civil War, schools for blacks were
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Goodhart, Michael. A Democratic Account of Injustice. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190692421.003.0006.

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Chapter 5 articulates a democratic account of injustice from the core principles of freedom and equality for everyone. My aim in this chapter is to show how theorists can do substantive normative or partisan work within the bifocal approach. This account locates injustice in deformities of power relations—in domination, oppression, and exploitation—and recommends specific feminist epistemological tools and dialectical methods of inquiry appropriate for a democratic conception of injustice. The chapter illustrates the advantages of the bifocal approach, showing how it changes the way we think a
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50

Kennair, Leif Edward Ottesen, and Robert Biegler. Conflicting Tastes. Edited by Maryanne L. Fisher. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199376377.013.31.

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Shared genes give relatives shared interests in each other’s evolutionary success, yet differences in patterns of relatedness can create conflicts. In a monogamous relationship, parents are equally related to all their children and also equally related to all their grandchildren. However, their children are more closely related to their own children and take greater interest in them than in their nieces and nephews. Various types of parent–offspring conflict can be explained in terms of such patterns of genetic relatedness. The authors extend this principle to mother–daughter conflict over cho
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