Journal articles: 'Equalizer circuit'

1

Sheikholeslami, Ali. "Equalizer Circuit [Circuit Intuitions]." IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine 12, no. 1 (2020): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mssc.2019.2952233.

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Wang, Jiayu, Shuailong Dai, Xi Chen, Xiang Zhang, and Zhifei Shan. "Bidirectional Multi-Input and Multi-Output Energy Equalization Circuit for the Li-Ion Battery String Based on the Game Theory." Complexity 2019 (June 13, 2019): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7081784.

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Energy inconsistency among Li-ion battery cells widely exists in energy storage systems, which contributes to the continuous deterioration of the system durability and overall performance. Researchers have proposed various kinds of battery energy equalizers to reduce such inconsistency. Among them, the inductor equalizer is a predominant type in fast equalization applications. However, it requires relatively more complex control than other types of equalizers. In order to reduce the control complexity of inductor equalizers, a bidirectional multi-input and multi-output energy equalization circuit based on the game theory is proposed in the present work. The proposed equalizer has the modularized circuit topology and the mutually independent working principle. A static game model is developed and exploited for the mathematical description and control analysis of an energy equalization circuit comprised of these equalizers. The feasible control of each equalizer was obtained by solving a series of linear equations for the Nash Equilibrium of the model among the states of charge of the battery cells. The complexity of equations grows linearly with the cell number. The equivalent simulation model for the four-cell equalization is established in the PISM software, where the operational data and simulation results justify the static game model and verify the control validation, respectively. It is concluded that the proposed inductor equalizer is suitable for large-scale battery strings in energy storage systems, electrical vehicles, and new energy power generation applications.

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Xu, Peng, Longyun Kang, Di Xie, Xuan Luo, and Hongye Lin. "A Switch-Reduced Multicell-to-Multicell Battery Equalizer Based on Full-Bridge Bipolar-Resonant LC Converter." Batteries 8, no. 6 (June 3, 2022): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries8060053.

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Many battery equalizers have been proposed to achieve voltage consistency between series connected battery cells. Among them, the multicell-to-multicell (MC2MC) equalizers, which can directly transfer energy from consecutive more-charged cells to less-charged cells, can enable fast balancing and a high efficiency. However, due to the limitations of the equalizers, it is not possible to achieve fast equalization and reduce the size of the circuit at the same time. Therefore, a MC2MC equalizer based on a full-bridge bipolar-resonant LC Converter (FBBRLCC) is proposed in this paper, which not only implements MC2MC equalization, but also greatly reduces the circuit size by reducing the number of switches by nearly half. A mathematical model and simulation comparison with conventional equalizers are used to illustrate the high-speed equalization performance of the proposed equalizer and excellent balancing efficiency. An experimental prototype for eight cells is built to verify the performance of the proposed FBBRLCC equalizer and the balancing efficiencies in different operating modes are from 85.19% to 88.77% with the average power from 1.888 W to 14.227 W.

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Alvarez-Diazcomas, Alfredo, Adyr A. Estévez-Bén, Juvenal Rodríguez-Reséndiz, Miguel-Angel Martínez-Prado, and Jorge D. Mendiola-Santíbañez. "A Novel RC-Based Architecture for Cell Equalization in Electric Vehicles." Energies 13, no. 9 (May 8, 2020): 2349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13092349.

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Nowadays, research on electric vehicles is increasing because they have the potential to decrease greenhouse-gas emissions dramatically in the transport sector. For these types of vehicles, the battery is one of the main components. The traction system needs a cell series connection to fulfill the energy requirements. Nevertheless, batteries differ from each other due to a normal dispersion in their capacity, internal resistance, and self-discharge rate. This paper presents a novel battery equalizer circuit using an RC-based topology to equalize two adjacent cells of a battery pack. It has the advantage of merging a resistor-based equalizer, a capacitor-based equalizer, and an RC-based equalizer in one circuit. In this way, it is possible to limit the current stress in the components of the circuit. The proposed method increases the equalization time by 35% for a threshold current of 4 A. However, it is possible design the system for another threshold current. Finally, the complexity of the controller is not compromised in the proposed architecture. The operation, analysis, and design of the architecture are presented and compared to the classic schemes. The theoretical analysis is validated through simulation results.

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Zhang, Hao Ming, Hong Li, and Lian Soon Peh. "Research of Li-Ion Battery’s Upper Equalizer Circuit." Applied Mechanics and Materials 651-653 (September 2014): 1060–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.651-653.1060.

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Due to small size, large power density, high individual voltage, low self-discharging, and low internal resistance, li-ion battery substitutes other types of battery used as power supply. In practice, because of difference of every cell, after a period of charge-discharge time, the upper limit voltage of every unit becomes various, seriously affects the system’s performance. The idea of upper equalizer is released, then, a further research is made on the equalizer circuit of li-ion battery. The experiment result proves the correctness of design on li-ion battery equalizer circuits.

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MCPHERSON, D. S., H. TRAN, and P. POPESCU. "A 10 GB/S EQUALIZER WITH INTEGRATED CLOCK AND DATA RECOVERY FOR OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 15, no. 03 (September 2005): 525–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156405003314.

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A 10 Gb/s analog continuous-time equalizer with integrated clock and data recovery circuit is presented. It is designed to recover signals degraded by chromatic and polarization mode dispersion. The key components in the design are a feedforward equalizer and a decision feedback equalizer, the parameters of which are electronically adjustable. Both circuit blocks are fully described and characterized with emphasis on minimizing self-induced distortion and maximizing high-speed performance. In addition to the equalizer and the clock and data recovery, the circuit also includes an integrated automatic gain control. The circuit is implemented in a commercial 0.18 μm SiGe BiCMOS technology and consumes 900 mW. The capacity of the equalizer to mitigate signal impairments is demonstrated using three electrically generated channels.

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Lai, Xin, Chun Jiang, Yuejiu Zheng, Han Gao, Peng Huang, and Long Zhou. "A Novel Composite Equalizer Based on an Additional Cell for Series-Connected Lithium-Ion Cells." Electronics 7, no. 12 (December 1, 2018): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics7120366.

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Cell inconsistency can lead to poor performance and safety hazards. Therefore, cell equalizer is essentially required to prevent the series-connected cells from overcharging, undercharging, and overdischarging. Among current equalization schemes, passive equalizer has a continuously wasting energy with low equalization efficiency, and active equalizer has high cost with complex circuit structure. In this study, a novel composite equalizer based on an additional cell with low complexity is presented. This method combines a passive equalizer and an active equalizer. Firstly, the configuration and circuit of our proposed composite equalizer are introduced, and the equalization principle is analyzed. On this basis, the control strategy and algorithm of the composite equalizer are further proposed. Finally, the composite equalizer is verified through simulation and experiment in various cases. The study results show that this method improves both the consistency level and the available capacity of the battery pack. Moreover, our proposed equalizer can overcome the shortcomings of commonly used equalizer and combining the advantages of different equalizer to maximize the equalization efficiency with a simpler equalizer structure.

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Takiguchi, K., K. Okamoto, and K. Moriwaki. "Planar lightwave circuit dispersion equalizer." Journal of Lightwave Technology 14, no. 9 (1996): 2003–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/50.536968.

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9

Sullivan James, D., and A. Melvin John. "5528122 Battery voltage equalizer circuit." Journal of Power Sources 67, no. 1-2 (July 1997): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-7753(97)82168-4.

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10

Et. al., Rajender Udutha ,. "Tunable Sub Threshold Logic Design Through Adaptive Feedback Equalization." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 2 (April 10, 2021): 1540–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i2.1430.

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An Efficient tunable subthreshold logic circuit planned by utilizing adaptive feedback equalization circuit. This circuit utilized in the Ladner Fischer adder. This circuit utilized in a successive advanced logic circuit to moderate the cycle variety impacts and lessen the prevailing spillage energy part in the subthreshold area. Feedback equalizer circuit changes the switching edge of its inverter. It depends on the output of the flip-flop in the past cycle to lessen the charging and releasing season of the flip-flop's information capacitance. Besides, the more modest info capacitance of the feedback equalizer lessens the switching season of the last door in the combinational logic block. Likewise present point by point energy-performance models of the adaptive feedback equalizer circuit.

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Sun, Chein-Chung, Chun-Hung Chou, Yu-Liang Lin, and Yu-Hua Huang. "A Cost-Effective Passive/Active Hybrid Equalizer Circuit Design." Energies 15, no. 6 (March 9, 2022): 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15062000.

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This paper proposes a novel hybrid equalizer circuit (HEC) for a battery management system (BMS) to implement the passive HEC (P-HEC), active HEC (A-HEC), or active/passive (AP-HEC) with the same equalizer circuit architecture. The advantages of an HEC are that it is simple, cost-effective, highly energy efficient, and fail safe. The P-HEC can further use a cooling fan or heater instead of a conventional resistor as a power dissipation element to convert the energy of the waste heat generated by the resistor to adjust the battery temperature. Even if the P-HEC uses the resistor to consume energy as in conventional methods, the P-HEC still dramatically improves the component lifetime and reliability of the BMS because the waste heat generated by the equalizer resistor is outside of the BMS board. Three significant advantages of an A-HEC are its (1) low cost, (2) small volume, and (3) higher energy efficiency than the conventional active equalizer circuits (AECs). In the HEC design, the MOSFETs of the switch array do not need high-speed switching to transfer energy as conventional AECs with DC/DC converter architecture because the A-HEC uses an isolated battery charger to charge the string cell. Therefore, the switch array is equal to a cell selector with a simple ON/OFF function. In summary, the HEC provides a small volume, cost-effective, high efficiency, and fail-safe equalizer circuit design to satisfy cell balancing demands for all kinds of electric vehicles (EVs) and energy storage systems (ESSs).

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Alvarez-Diazcomas, Alfredo, Juvenal Rodríguez-Reséndiz, and Roberto V. Carrillo-Serrano. "An Improved Battery Equalizer with Reduced Number of Components Applied to Electric Vehicles." Batteries 9, no. 2 (January 17, 2023): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020065.

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The investigation of electric vehicle technologies has increased significantly in the last few years. These vehicles can substantially reduce the environmental impact of the transportation sector. In electric cars, the battery is a crucial element. The batteries are made up of several stacked cells to meet the requirements of the propulsion system. Battery equalizer circuits take active measures to ensure that a particular variable is kept inside an allowable range in all cells. Inductor-based equalizers are very popular since the equalization current is controlled. This paper proposes a single-inductor architecture with a reduced number of components. The proposed topology can transfer energy from adjacent cell-to-cell or adjacent string-to-string. This paper analyzes the operation of the converter, its design, and the design of the controller. Furthermore, a comparison of the proposed equalizer with other inductor-based schemes was made considering the component count, stress on devices, equalization time, driver complexity, and other parameters. The theoretical efficiency of the proposed equalizer obtained was 84.9%, which is competitive with other literature solutions. The impact of battery size on the number of circuit components was also analyzed. Finally, simulation results in open load and changes of current through the battery conditions were performed to validate the theoretical analysis.

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YUE, C. PATRICK, JAEJIN PARK, RUIFENG SUN, L. RICK CARLEY, and FRANK O'MAHONY. "LOW-POWER, PARALLEL INTERFACE WITH CONTINUOUS-TIME ADAPTIVE PASSIVE EQUALIZER AND CROSSTALK CANCELLATION." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 15, no. 02 (June 2005): 459–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156405003260.

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This paper presents the low-power circuit techniques suitable for high-speed digital parallel interfaces each operating at over 10 Gbps. One potential application for such high-performance I/Os is the interface between the channel IC and the magnetic read head in future compact hard disk systems. First, a crosstalk cancellation technique using a novel data encoding scheme is introduced to suppress electromagnetic interference (EMI) generated by the adjacent parallel I/Os . This technique is implemented utilizing a novel 8-4-PAM signaling with a data look-ahead algorithm. The key circuit components in the high-speed interface transceiver including the receive sampler, the phase interpolator, and the transmitter output driver are described in detail. Designed in a 0.13-μm digital CMOS process, the transceiver consumes 310 mW per 10-Gps channel from a I-V supply based on simulation results. Next, a 20-Gbps continuous-time adaptive passive equalizer utilizing on-chip lumped RLC components is described. Passive equalizers offer the advantages of higher bandwidth and lower power consumption compared with conventional designs using active filter. A low-power, continuous-time servo loop is designed to automatically adjust the equalizer frequency response for the optimal gain compensation. The equalizer not only adapts to different channel characteristics, but also accommodates temperature and process variations. Implemented in a 0.25-μm, 1P6M BiCMOS process, the equalizer can compensate up to 20 dB of loss at 10 GHz while only consumes 32 mW from a 2.5-V supply.

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Wang, Lijun, Xu Lu, Hao Li, Xiangyang Li, Jie Shen, and Changxin Chen. "Research on Equalization Strategy of Lithium Battery Pack Based on Multi-Layer Circuit." Applied Sciences 12, no. 10 (May 12, 2022): 4893. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12104893.

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Effective balanced management of battery packs can not only increase the available capacity of a battery pack but reduce attenuation and capacity loss caused by cell inconsistencies and remove safety hazards caused by abnormal use such as overcharge and over-discharge. This research considers both the equilibration period and the battery operating current. The State of Charge (SOC), current, and equalization current of batteries are all limited. Based on the existing multi-layer equalization model, the equalization current of the equalizer was tuned with restrictions. It can equalize multiple batteries simultaneously and ensure the normal operation of the batteries. A layered control strategy was then found to solve the optimal equalization current of the equalizer layer by layer. The proposed control method reduces computation time and guarantees that the equalization approach can be employed in practice. Finally, through MATLAB simulation analysis, this technique can limit the cell current to (−3 A, 3 A), which improves the balancing efficiency by 23.55% compared with the balancing of adjacent cells.

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Uno, Masatoshi, Teruhisa Ueno, and Koji Yoshino. "Cell Voltage Equalizer Using a Selective Voltage Multiplier with a Reduced Selection Switch Count for Series-Connected Energy Storage Cells." Electronics 8, no. 11 (November 7, 2019): 1303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8111303.

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Cell voltage equalization is mandatory to eliminate voltage imbalance of series-connected energy storage cells, such as lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs), to ensure years of safe operations. Although a variety of cell equalizers using selection switches have been proposed, conventional techniques require numerous switches in proportion to the cell count and are prone to complexity. This paper proposes a novel cell voltage equalizer using a selective voltage multiplier. By embedding selection switches into the voltage multiplier-based cell voltage equalizer, the number of selection switches can be reduced in comparison with that in conventional topologies, realizing the simplified circuit. A prototype for twelve cells was built, and an equalization test using LIBs was performed. The voltage imbalance decreased down to approximately 20 mV by the proposed equalizer, and the standard deviation of cell voltages at the end of the equalization test was as low as 10 mV, demonstrating its equalization performance.

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Xu, Shungang, Kai Gao, Xiaobing Zhang, and Kangle Li. "Double-Layer E-Structure Equalization Circuit for Series Connected Battery Strings." Energies 12, no. 22 (November 8, 2019): 4252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12224252.

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In order to eliminate the voltage imbalance among battery cells when they are connected in series, the paper proposes a double-layer E-structure (DLE) equalizer based on bidirectional buck–boost converters, which has the advantage of quick equalization speed and can be applied to arbitrary number batteries. Furthermore, a novel two-stage equalization control strategy is proposed for the DLE equalizer to decrease maximum voltage gap between the maximum and minimum voltage cells. The paper analyses the working principle of proposed equalizer in detail and describes the detailed design of the control strategy and implement process. Simulation and experiment results show that the proposed equalizer can improve equalization performance of battery cells compared with adjacent cell-to-cell (AC2C) equalizer.

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Takiguchi, K., K. Okamoto, S. Suzuki, and Y. Ohmori. "Planar lightwave circuit optical dispersion equalizer." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 6, no. 1 (January 1994): 86–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/68.265898.

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Li, Chun Peng, Bi Zhong Xia, Xiao Liang Li, and Wei Wei Zheng. "A New Type Battery Equalization Circuit of Electric Vehicle." Advanced Materials Research 535-537 (June 2012): 495–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.535-537.495.

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A new type of electric vehicle battery equalization circuit is described and analyzed in this paper. The circuit uses a two-way flyback converter and relay group to achieve energy transformation between the batteries and realize energy balance of electric vehicle battery pack, which could prevent battery over charging and over discharging. Compared to conventional equalizer, the equalizer is faster and more effective.

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Zhang, Hao Ming, Hong Li, and Lian Soon Peh. "Research of Li-Ion Battery’s Equalizer Circuit Based on TL431." Applied Mechanics and Materials 651-653 (September 2014): 1056–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.651-653.1056.

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Li-ion battery, as a new type of energy storage equipment, has small size, large power density, high individual voltage, low rate of self-discharging and small self-resistance etc. It substitutes the traditional power battery in AGV.In practical process, due to the difference of battery cells, after a period of charge-discharge time, the upper and lower voltage limits of every unit of batteries become various, seriously affecting the system performance. The idea of upper and lower equalizer is released for this case. Then, a further research is made on the equalizer circuit of li-ion battery. The experiment result proves the correctness of design on several types of lithium battery equalizer circuit.

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Wang, Yongfei, Dongfang Zhou, Yi Zhang, and Chaowen Chang. "Using Multilayered Substrate Integrated Waveguide to Design Microwave Gain Equalizer." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/109247.

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This paper presents the design and experiment of a novel microwave gain equalizer based on the substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technique. The proposed equalizer is formed by an SIW loaded by SIW resonators, which has very compact structure and can compensate for gain slope of microwave systems. Equivalent circuit analysis is given about the proposed structure for a better insight into the structure’s response. A Ku-Band equalizer with four SIW resonators is simulated and fabricated with a multilayer printed circuit board process. The measured results show good performance and agreement with the simulated results; an attenuation slope of −4.5 dB over 12.5–13.5 GHz is reached with a size reduction of 76%.

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Uno, Masatoshi, Qi Xu, and Yusuke Sato. "Multi-Stacked Superbuck Converter-Based Single-Switch Charger Integrating Cell Voltage Equalizer for Series-Connected Energy Storage Cells." Energies 15, no. 10 (May 15, 2022): 3619. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15103619.

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Voltages of series-connected energy storage cells, such as electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) and lithium-ion batteries, need to be equalized to ensure years of safe operation. However, to this end, a voltage equalizer is necessary in addition to a charger, increasing the system complexity and cost. This paper proposes a family of transformerless single-switch integrated chargers that merge a charger and equalizer into a single unit, achieving a simplified system and circuit. Proposed integrated chargers are derived by stacking multiple conventional pulse width modulation (PWM) converters, such as a superbuck converter, that contain two inductors and one energy transfer capacitor. Detailed operation analyses, including an investigation on the impact of component tolerance on voltage equalization performance, are also performed. Experimental charging tests using a 12-W prototype were performed for four EDLC cells. All cells were charged with eliminating voltage imbalance and demonstrating the charging and equalization performance of the proposed integrated charger.

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Shi, Fengdong, and Dawei Song. "A Novel High-Efficiency Double-Input Bidirectional DC/DC Converter for Battery Cell-Voltage Equalizer with Flyback Transformer." Electronics 8, no. 12 (November 29, 2019): 1426. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8121426.

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Large-scale battery cells are connected in series, which inevitably leads to a phenomenon that the cell voltage is unbalanced. With a conventional equalizer, it is challenging to maintain excellent characteristics in terms of its size, design cost, and equalization efficiency. In order to improve the defects in the above equalization circuit, a novel voltage equalization circuit is designed, which can work in two modes. A bidirectional direct current–direct current (DC–DC) equalization structure is adopted, which can quickly equalize two high or low-power batteries without using an external energy buffer. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed circuit, a 12-cell battery 2800-MAh battery string was applied for experimental verification. Computer monitoring (LabVIEW) was adopted in the whole system to intelligently adjust the energy imbalance of the battery pack. The experimental results showed excellent overall performance in terms of equalization was achieved through the newly proposed method. That is, the circuit equalization speed, design cost, and volume have a good balance performance.

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Bayona, Jhon, Nancy Gélvez, and Helbert Espitia. "Design, Analysis, and Implementation of an Equalizer Circuit for the Elimination of Voltage Imbalance in a Half-Bridge Boost Converter with Power Factor Correction." Electronics 9, no. 12 (December 17, 2020): 2171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9122171.

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For the implementation of a boost converter, the half-bridge topology provides a simpler conversion circuit; however, the voltage imbalance between the capacitors is a critical factor since traditional control methodology decreases the power factor when correcting the imbalance. Consequently, this paper proposes a circuit to correct such imbalance keeping the power factor at the same time. Then, this work carries the analysis, simulation, and implementation of a strategy to reduce voltage imbalance in a half-bridge boost converter with correction of the power factor. The first part offers a description of the equalizer circuit; then, an average model is employed to perform the mathematical analysis. Later, a comparison via simulation is undertaken including other conventional converters in different scenarios. Moreover, an experimental laboratory setup is made; the results show that the equalizer circuit reduces voltage imbalance between the capacitors in a half-bridge booster converter.

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Zhang, Hao Ming, Ying Hai Wang, and Lian Soon Peh. "Research of Li-Ion Battery’s Protection Circuit Used in AGV." Advanced Materials Research 1044-1045 (October 2014): 922–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1044-1045.922.

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Due to the merits of small size, high power density, high voltage, low self-discharge and low resistance, li-ion battery can replace traditional power battery and be used in AGV system. Over-voltage and low-voltage protection circuit, temperature protection circuit, equalizer circuit, self-locked circuit and voltage display circuit are designed; Equalization circuit can keep consistency of each cell used in the system; Self-locked circuit can make the system much more stability while the display circuit can ahcive the information of the power system. Experiments prove the effectiveness of these designs.

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Fallahi, Maedeh, and Abumoslem Jannesari. "A Low-Power Three-Tap DFE with Switched Resistor Slicer and CTLE in 0.18μm CMOS Technology." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 26, no. 12 (August 2017): 1750199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126617501997.

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In this paper, a switched resistor slicer is proposed to reduce the power consumption of a decision feedback equalizer (DFE). In the proposed structure, summer circuit that consumes most of the power in a DFE has been eliminated and proper resistors are added as the load of a slicer based on a flip-flop output bit stream. Incorporating the proposed DFE circuit with continuous time linear equalizer (CTLE) at the serial link receiver over a 1[Formula: see text]m NELCO (the NELCO[Formula: see text] N4000-13 series is an enhanced epoxy resin system engineered to provide both outstanding thermal and high signal speed/low signal loss properties) channel can compensate 24[Formula: see text]dB loss at the Nyquist frequency of 2[Formula: see text]GHz. CTLE is adjusted to compensate 6[Formula: see text]dB of channel loss which remains after utilizing a DFE with three taps. The proposed structure has been designed in 0.18[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m CMOS technology while consuming 13.5[Formula: see text]mW from 1.8[Formula: see text]V supply at 4[Formula: see text]Gb/s with a bit error rate less than 10[Formula: see text]. The proposed equalizer power consumption is reduced by 43% compared to the conventional circuit.

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Farzan Moghaddam, Ali, and Alex Van den Bossche. "Forward Converter Current Fed Equalizer for Lithium Based Batteries in Ultralight Electrical Vehicles." Electronics 8, no. 4 (April 8, 2019): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8040408.

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In this paper, the concept of a forward balancing technique fed by a buck converter for lithium-based batteries in Electrical Vehicle (EV) applications is investigated. The proposed active topology equalizes eight cells in a series in a battery pack, by using a forward converter for each battery pack and the whole battery packs, using a buck converter. The battery bank consists of four battery packs, which are in series. Therefore, the proposed system will equalize 32 cells in series. In this paper, the proposed circuit employs a single transistor used in a Zero Voltage Switch (ZVS) for the forward converter. In practice, this means a capacitor in parallel with the switch at the same time a demagnetizing of the transformer is obtained. The circuit realizes a low Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) and reduces ringing. To overcome the problem of many pins on a coil former, the transformer secondary windings are made by using hairpin winding, on a ring core. It permits, e.g., having eight secondaries and uniform output voltages. Each secondary winding is made by two hairpin turns using two zero-Ohm resistors in series. The proposed topology has less components and circuitry, and it can equalize multiple battery packs by using a single buck converter and several forward converters for each battery pack. Experimental and simulation results are performed to verify the viability of the proposed topology.

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Takiguchi, K., K. Okamoto, and K. Moriwaki. "Dispersion compensation using a planar lightwave circuit optical equalizer." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 6, no. 4 (April 1994): 561–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/68.281827.

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Razavi, Behzad. "The Decision-Feedback Equalizer [A Circuit for All Seasons]." IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine 9, no. 4 (2017): 13–132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mssc.2017.2745939.

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Lee, Sang-Won, Yoon-Geol Choi, and Bongkoo Kang. "Active Charge Equalizer of Li-Ion Battery Cells Using Double Energy Carriers." Energies 12, no. 12 (June 15, 2019): 2290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12122290.

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In this work, a new active balancing circuit is proposed. This circuit consists of a cell-access network and an energy-transfer network. The cell-access network requires 2n + 6 switches, where n is the number of cells, and creates an energy-transfer path between unbalanced cells and the energy-transfer network. The energy-transfer network has double energy carriers and simultaneously implements cell-to-pack and pack-to-cell balancing operations without overlapping. As a result, a high power rate and fast balancing operation can be achieved by using two energy carriers in a single balancing circuit. The prototype of a proposed balancing circuit was built for six cells and then tested under various conditions; all cells in the state of charge (SOC) region of 70% to 80% were equalized after 93 min, and one charging/discharging period in the SOC region of 10% to 90% was increased by 8.58% compared to the non-balancing operation. These results show that the proposed circuit is a good way to balance charges among batteries in a battery pack.

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Tamaki, Norio. "Studies on subscriber line equalizer using decision feedback equalizing circuit." Electronics and Communications in Japan (Part I: Communications) 72, no. 6 (June 1989): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecja.4410720603.

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Arigong, Bayaner, Hualiang Zhang, Sangwoog Yoon, Sungyong Jung, and Hyoungsoo Kim. "An eye-opening measurement circuit for a feed-forward equalizer." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 56, no. 9 (June 24, 2014): 2136–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.28500.

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Gao, Han, and Zhi Gang Gao. "A Research of New Zero-Voltage Switching Equalization for Super-Capacitor Energy Storage System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 734 (February 2015): 811–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.734.811.

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An expatiation to analyze and verification for zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) is proposed for cell voltage equalization control in a series connected super capacitors string. Resonant circuit was designed to achieve the ZVS to reduce the switching loss in equalization circuit. Analyze result indicates that the switching loss and equalization efficiency can be improved with the ZVS technology. The simulation and experimental results shows the ZVS equalization technology can achieve voltage equalization performance and reduce MOSFET switches power loss and increase the efficiency by 20% compared with the traditional equalizer.

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Farzan Moghaddam, Ali, and Alex Van den Bossche. "An Efficient Equalizing Method for Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Coupled Inductor Balancing." Electronics 8, no. 2 (January 29, 2019): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8020136.

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This article developed a coupled inductor balancing method to overcome cell voltage variation among cells in series, for Lithium Ion (Li-ion) batteries in Electrical Vehicles (EV). For an "eight cells in series" example, the developed balance circuit has four inductors, one magnetic circuit with one winding per two cells, and one control switch per cell, as compared to the traditional inductor-based equalizer that needs N-1 inductors and magnetic circuits for N number of cells and more switches. Therefore, ultimately, a more efficient, cost-effective circuit and low bill of materials (BOM) will be built up. All switches are logic-level N-Channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) and they are controlled by a pair of complementary signals in a synchronous trigger pattern. In the proposed topology, less components and fast equalization are achieved compared to the conventional battery management system (BMS) technique for electrical vehicles based on the inductor balancing method. This scheme is suitable for fast equalization due to the inductor-based balancing method. The inductors are made with a well-chosen winding ratio and all are coupled with one magnetic core with an air gap. Theoretical derivation of the proposed circuit was well-presented, and numerical simulation relevant to the electrochemical storage devices was conducted to show the validity of the proposed balance circuit. A complete balance circuit was built to verify that the proposed circuit could resolve imbalance problems which existed inside battery modules.

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Sun, Peng, Zhao Jing Wang, and Hai Feng Xing. "Active Control Technology for Equalizer in Electric Vehicle Battery System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 552 (June 2014): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.552.221.

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In this paper, a new charge equalization converter using flyback multi-winding transformer for electric vehicle battery system is presented, and 3 balancing strategies are proposed. The essay shows the principal and circuit of the equalization system , and the way to build the simulation model for the balancing system is described. To verify the usefulness of the equalizer design method, several simulations and experimental results are shown.

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Xie, Tangyao, and Gi-Rae Kim. "Design of Broadband Impedance Matching Circuit for PLC Coupler using Butterworth Equalizer." Journal of information and communication convergence engineering 8, no. 3 (June 30, 2010): 258–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.6109/jicce.2010.8.3.258.

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Tahmasbi-Fard, Majid, Mehrdad Tarafdar-Hagh, Saman Pourpayam, and Amir-Aslan Haghrah. "A Voltage Equalizer Circuit to Reduce Partial Shading Effect in Photovoltaic String." IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 8, no. 4 (July 2018): 1102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jphotov.2018.2823984.

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Sakurai, S., M. Ismail, J. Y. Michel, E. Sanchez-Sinencio, and R. Brannen. "A MOSFET-C variable equalizer circuit with simple on-chip automatic tuning." IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 927–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/4.135337.

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Arigong, Bayaner, Hualiang Zhang, Sangwoog Yoon, Sungyong Jung, and Hyoungsoo Kim. "Erratum for: An eye-opening measurement circuit for a feed-forward equalizer." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 56, no. 12 (September 26, 2014): 3020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.28762.

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Wang, Shun-Chung, Chun-Yu Liu, and Yi-Hua Liu. "A Non-Dissipative Equalizer with Fast Energy Transfer Based on Adaptive Balancing Current Control." Electronics 9, no. 12 (November 24, 2020): 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9121990.

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In this study, an active inductive equalizer with fast energy transfer based on adaptive balancing current control is proposed to rapidly equilibrate lithium-ion battery packs. A multiphase structure of equalizer formed by many specific parallel converter legs (PCLs) with bidirectional energy conversion serves as the power transfer stage to make the charge shuttle back and forth between the cell and sub-pack or sub-pack and sub-pack more flexible and efficient. This article focuses on dealing with the problem of slow balancing rate, which inherently arises from the reduction of balancing current as the voltage difference between the cells or sub-packs decreases, especially in the later period of equalization. An adaptive varied-duty-cycle (AVDC) algorithm is put forward here to accelerate the balance process. The devised method has taken the battery nonlinear behavior and the nonideality of circuit component into consideration and can adaptively modulate the duty cycle with the change of voltage differences to maintain balancing current nearly constant in the whole equilibrating procedure. Test results derived from simulations and experiments are provided to demonstrate the validity and effectiveness of the equalizer prototype constructed. Comparing with the conventional fixed duty cycle (FDC) method, the improvements of 68.3% and 8.3% in terms of balance time and efficiency have been achieved.

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Zhang, Quan Zhu, Min Lei, and Xiao Le Sun. "Design of Equalizer Circuit for Lithium-Ion Batteries in Mine-Used Lifesaving Cabin." Advanced Materials Research 1037 (October 2014): 317–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1037.317.

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Power lithium ion batteries in series is easy to appear equilibrium problem when charging and discharging, lead to shorten battery life,even more serious safety problems would appear, this special environment for coal mine, we design a two-way type non-destructive equilibrium circuit, can be a very good solution to the problem of battery charge imbalance.

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MATSUI, Keiju, Kouhei YAMAKITA, and Masaru HASEGAWA. "Further Development and Discussion on Voltage Equalizer for EDLCs by Cockcroft-Walton Circuit." Journal of the Japan Society of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 21, no. 3 (2013): 452–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.14243/jsaem.21.452.

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Zhang, Shu Mei, and Lin Yanig. "A Effective Equalization Based on Multi-Mode for Series Grouped Battery Strings." Advanced Materials Research 605-607 (December 2012): 1908–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.605-607.1908.

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In applications of lithium-ion batteries, a equalizer is required to enhance life time and guarantee safety. A simple technique that provides effective equalization in terms of battery voltage for a series string of battery cells is presented. The mainly circuit technique of two-level DC/DC converters substantially simplify the structure. Moreover, multi-mode equalizing algorithm effectively enhances the uniformity of batteries. The operational principles and design considerations are verified and equalization performance is greatly improved compared with ordinary methods.

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Cui, Qian, and Kai Shuang. "Optimal Design Methodology for Frequency Compensation Circuits in Logging Cable Transmission Channel." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 27, no. 07 (March 26, 2018): 1850103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126618501037.

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Bandwidth limitation is a vital problem for high-speed data transmission in logging cable telemetry systems (LCTSs). This paper proposes a frequency compensation method with an analog circuit design, possessing high flexibility and robustness. Analytical expressions are derived for the relationship between pole-zero and gain, deviations caused by high temperature; and are then verified via simulation. To address the efficacy of the circuit design, a real case with low computation complexity and high accuracy is proposed and employed. The case of a 7[Formula: see text]km LCTS shows frequency compensation with a 200% bandwidth expansion — from 160[Formula: see text]kHz at [Formula: see text]55[Formula: see text]dB of the original cable to 300[Formula: see text]kHz at [Formula: see text]3[Formula: see text]dB — and a 60[Formula: see text]dB improvement in high frequency gain. After comparing the signals with and without compensation, the improvements in transmission performance by the proposed pre-emphasis circuit and equalizer are confirmed.

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Huang, Yibin, Haohan Yang, Wenya Chen, Zhong Yang, and Shushan Qiao. "An 8-Gbps, Low-Jitter, Four-Channel Transmitter with a Fractional-Spaced Feed-Forward Equalizer." Electronics 11, no. 11 (June 2, 2022): 1768. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11111768.

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An 8 gigabits per second (Gbps), low-jitter, four-channel transmitter with fractional-spaced feed-forward equalizer (FFE) is designed to meet the demand for broad transmission bandwidth in serial data communications. A novel frequency divider chain (FDC) architecture is developed, to satisfy the time requirements for high-speed data serialization. Moreover, a reconfigurable output driver circuit is employed to ensure compatibility with different protocols. In addition, a three-tap fractional-spaced FFE, which can enhance signal bandwidth significantly, is proposed, to compensate for channel loss. The transmitter was simulated and validated based on the Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation (SMIC) 55-nm process. The post-layout simulation results show the following: The tuning range of the phase-locked loop (PLL) can cover 1.6 to 4.6 GHz. At an output frequency of 4 GHz, the root-mean-square jitter (RJ) of the PLL after integration from phase noise was 1.93 ps. With an 8 Gbps output data rate, using the pseudo-random binary sequence (PRBS)-31 as a data source to simulate the whole transmitter, the power consumption values of the PLL and drive circuit were 27.0 and 29.2 mW, respectively, and the eye width and the valid eye height of output data were 0.76 unit interval (UI) and 0.68.

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Takiguchi, K., K. Jinguji, K. Okamoto, and Y. Ohmori. "Variable group-delay dispersion equalizer using lattice-form programmable optical filter on planar lightwave circuit." IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 2, no. 2 (June 1996): 270–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/2944.577376.

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Farooq, Aqeel, and Xiping Wu. "Implementation of the Haptic Tele-Weight Device Using a 10 MHz Smart Torch VLC Link." Micromachines 13, no. 11 (November 20, 2022): 2031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13112031.

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Considering the prerequisite need for a protected e-commerce platform, absence of haptic interaction in head-mounted displays (HMD), and exploitation of faster communication technology, this research work aims to present an amended version of the tele-weight device that utilizes the 6G visible light communication (VLC) technology, is faster in performance, and deals with a heavier article. The enhanced version of the device is to be called the ‘VLC tele-weight device’ and the aim for the VLC tele-weight device is to get it affixed over the headset which will allow the user to have the weight-based sensation of the product ordered on the virtual store. The proposed device sending end and receiving end part performs communication over the VLC link. Furthermore, Arduino Nano is used as the microcontroller (MCU) in the project. Sending end circuitry measures the weight using the load cell and HX711 amplifier combination and transmits it via the connected LED. The pre-equalizer circuit is connected between the LED and sending end part to improve the bandwidth. On the receiver side, the post-equalizer circuit improves the shape of the received pulse. The received weight value is then displayed using the motor-gear combination. The sending end device is to be sited at the virtual store, while the receiving end is planned to be positioned over the VR headset. The performance of the device was measured by performing repeated trials and the percentage error was found to be between 0.5–3%. Merging the field of embedded systems, internet of things (IoT), VLC, signal processing, virtual reality (VR), e-commerce, and haptic sensing, the idea proposed in this research work can help introduce the haptic interaction, and sensational realization-based innovation in immersive visualization (IV) and graphical user interface (GUI) domain.

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HANUMOLU, PAVAN KUMAR, GU-YEON WEI, and UN-KU MOON. "EQUALIZERS FOR HIGH-SPEED SERIAL LINKS." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 15, no. 02 (June 2005): 429–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156405003259.

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In this tutorial paper we present equalization techniques to mitigate inter-symbol interference (ISI) in high-speed communication links. Both transmit and receive equalizers are analyzed and high-speed circuits implementing them are presented. It is shown that a digital transmit equalizer is the simplest to design, while a continuous-time receive equalizer generally provides better performance. Decision feedback equalizer (DFE) is described and the loop latency problem is addressed. Finally, techniques to set the equalizer parameters adaptively are presented.

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Rashmi, Ruchi, and Shweta Jagtap. "Design of symmetrical half-bridge converter with a series coupling capacitor." World Journal of Engineering 17, no. 5 (June 30, 2020): 609–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-09-2019-0280.

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Purpose With the advancement of technology, size, cost, and losses of the switched mode power supply (SMPS) have been decreasing. However, due to the high frequency switching, design of magnetic drives and isolation circuits are becoming a crucial factor in SMPS. This paper presents design criteria, procedure and implementation of AC-DC half bridge (HB) converter with lower cost, smaller size and lower voltage stress on the power switch. Design/Methodology/approach The HB converter is designed in a symmetrical mode with a series coupling capacitor. Isolated power supplies are used for the converter and control circuit. Further, a transformer based isolated gate driver is used to drive both MOSFETs. The control IC works in voltage control mode to regulate voltage by controlling the duty cycle of the MOSFETs. Findings Control characteristics and performance of the HB converter is simulated using the MATLAB software and prototype of 170 W HB converter is built to validate the analytical results under variable load current and source voltage. The power quality and variation of load voltage at 2 A, 5 A, 7 A are reported. Originality/value This paper presents the design of a low-cost HB converter in a symmetrical mode which saves the additional cost of symmetric correction circuit normally required in asymmetrical mode design. This paper also focuses on the selection of primary and secondary side switch, series coupling capacitor, commuting diode, isolated drive and charge equalizer resistor.

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Lin, Yu-Chuan, and Hen-Wai Tsao. "A 10-Gb/s Eye-Opening Monitor Circuit for Receiver Equalizer Adaptations in 65-nm CMOS." IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems 28, no. 1 (January 2020): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2019.2935305.

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Abdelrahman, Diaaeldin, Christopher Williams, Odile Liboiron-Ladouceur, and Glenn E. R. Cowan. "A Novel Inductorless Design Technique for Linear Equalization in Optical Receivers." Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications 12, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jlpea12020019.

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To mitigate the trade-off between gain and bandwidth of CMOS multistage amplifiers, a receiver front-end (FE) that employs a high-gain narrowband transimpedance amplifier (TIA) followed by an equalizing main amplifier (EMA) is proposed. The EMA provides a high-frequency peaking to extend the FE’s bandwidth from 25% to 60% of the targeted data rate fbit. The peaking is realized by adding a pole in the feedback paths of an active feedback-based wideband amplifier. By embedding the peaking in the main amplifier (MA), the front-end meets the sensitivity and gain of conventional equalizer-based receivers with better energy efficiency by eliminating the equalizer stages. Simulated in TSMC 65 nm CMOS technology, the proposed front-end achieves 7.4 dB and 6 dB higher gain at 10 Gb/s and 20 Gb/s, respectively, compared to a conventional front-end that is designed for equal bandwidth and dissipates the same power. The higher gain demonstrates the capability of the proposed technique in breaking the gain-bandwidth trade-off. The higher gain also reduces the power penalty incurred by the decision circuit and improves the sensitivity by 1.5 dB and 2.24 dB at 10 Gb/s and 20 Gb/s, respectively. Simulations also confirm that the proposed FE exhibits a robust performance against process and temperature variations and can support large input currents.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Equalizer circuit'

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