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Journal articles on the topic 'Equateur'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 July 2024

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1

Zeas, Ricardo Camacho. "Diffusion du droit international humanitaire en Equateur." Revue Internationale de la Croix-Rouge 74, no. 794 (April 1992): 190–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003533610017176x.

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Le droit international humanitaire (DIH) est l'ensemble des normes (les quatre Conventions de Genève de 1949 et leurs deux Protocoles additionnels de 1977), qui, en temps de guerre, régissent les droits, obligations et interdictions des belligérants entre eux.Les Etats parties aux Conventions de Genève et à leurs Protocoles additionnels, par leur signature et leur ratification postérieure, s'engagent, non seulement à respecter et faire respecter le DIH dans n'importe quelles circonstances, mais aussi à le diffuser le plus largement possible, en temps de paix comme en temps de guerre, et ce, parmi les membres des forces armées et de police ainsi que dans la population civile. Les articles 47 de la Ire Convention de Genève, 48 de la IIe, 127 de la IIIe et 144 de la IVe le stipulent avec précision.

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2

Peltre, Pierre. "Risque morphoclimatique urbain à Quito (Equateur, 1900-1988)." Espace géographique 21, no. 2 (1992): 123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/spgeo.1992.3057.

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3

McEwan, Colin, Chris Hudson, and Maria-Isabel Silva. "Archéologie et communauté: un musée villageois en Equateur." Museum International (Edition Francaise) 45, no. 2 (April 24, 2009): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-5825.1993.tb00555.x.

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4

Ercole, Robert d', and Florent Demoraes. "Risques et réponses institutionnelles en Equateur : cartes et méthodes." Collection EDYTEM. Cahiers de géographie 1, no. 1 (2003): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/edyte.2003.872.

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5

McEwan, Colin, and Chris Hudson. "Susciter la fierté du passé: l'exemple d'Agua Blanca, en Equateur." Museum International (Edition Francaise) 39, no. 2 (April 24, 2009): 125–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-5825.1987.tb01087.x.

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6

Ackerman, Kyle J., David J. Killick, Eugenia W. Herbert, and Colleen Kriger. "A Study of Iron Smelting at Lopanzo, Equateur Province, Zaı̈re." Journal of Archaeological Science 26, no. 8 (August 1999): 1135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jasc.1999.0409.

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7

De Noni, Georges, J. Asseline, and M. Viennot. "Érosion des sols volcaniques de la cordillère des Andes, en Equateur." Revue de géographie alpine 88, no. 2 (2000): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rga.2000.2988.

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8

Nakasala, Rodrigue, Ochi Akwiwu Ibe, and Odettia Mbutamuntu Mundeke. "Assessing infectious disease surveillance infrastructure in Equateur province, Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2022." International Journal of Family & Community Medicine 8, no. 2 (May 2, 2024): 56–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/ijfcm.2024.08.00350.

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Introduction: This study evaluates the infectious disease detection and surveillance infrastructure in Equateur Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo, conducted as part of the Infectious Disease Detection and Surveillance (IDDS) project. The province, with a population of 2.8 million inhabitants spread over 132,518 km², faces numerous challenges due to its ecosystem, making it highly susceptible to outbreaks. The assessment, conducted from January 28 to February 04, 2023, aims to assess the functionality of the diagnostic network, specifically focusing on the capacity of the national public health laboratory in Mbandaka, sample transportation logistics, and opportunities for waste management. The assessment of the capacity of the Mbandaka public health laboratory to detect infectious diseases such as COVID-19, Ebola virus, yellow fever, and measles reveals its significance in epidemiological surveillance in Equateur Province.1. According to the World Health Organization guidelines, "laboratory biosafety is of crucial importance to ensure the safety of personnel and environmental protection when handling coronavirus samples.2 Results: Results indicate that the national public health laboratory in Mbandaka possesses equipment for analyzing various infectious diseases, including COVID-19, Ebola Virus Disease (EVD), yellow fever, and measles. However, challenges such as a non-functional incinerator due to fuel shortages and difficulties in accessing health zones, predominantly accessible by river, hinder sample transportation and waste management efforts. Moreover, there is a lack of triple packaging materials for sample transportation and a need for training health workers on biosecurity protocols. To address these challenges, the study suggests potential solutions, such as utilizing drones for sample transportation to inaccessible health zones and improving collaboration between implementation partners and the Ministry of Health. Additionally, efforts should focus on enhancing communication infrastructure and securing fuel for laboratory operations. Conclusion: In conclusion, despite the existing challenges, the Mbandaka provincial public health laboratory demonstrates the capacity to support the response to certain epidemics in Equateur Province. However, addressing the identified weaknesses is crucial for enhancing infectious disease surveillance and response capabilities in the region.

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9

Dickinson, Connie. "Quand les Tsachila (Equateur) eux-mêmes documentent leur langue et leur culture." Faits de Langues 35-36, no. 1 (2010): 303–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19589514-035-036-01-900000017.

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10

Muntotombe Botonga, Ghislain, and Andy Mussa Kalambayi. "Etude analytique de l’exploitation forestière du bois d’œuvre dans le Territoire de Bikoro, (Province de l’Equateur, République démocratique du Congo)." Revue Congolaise des Sciences & Technologies 02, no. 01 (February 15, 2023): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.59228/rcst.023.v2.i1.21.

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L’exploitation du bois est une activité économique, mais elle modifie le paysage naturel et perturbe la biodiversité. Le but de cette étude était d’identifier les essences d’arbres exploitées et d’examiner les perceptions des habitants de l’impact environnemental de cette exploitation. Des entretiens ont été menés dans huit villages du territoire de Bikoro. Les données ont été collectées de novembre 2020 à janvier 2021 en administrant des questionnaires aux habitants consentants. Au total 106 répondants ont participé à l’étude dont l’âge moyen était de 40 ans. 58% des répondants avaient un avis défavorable sur l’exploitation du bois car elle impliquée souvent la baisse et/ou la disparition des animaux et insectes alimentaires et la perturbation saisonnière. Mots clés: Bassin du Congo, exploitation forestière, bois d’œuvre, territoire de Bikoro, République démocratique du Congo

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11

Godard, Henry. "Dynamique de la centralité urbaine en Equateur : le cas de Quito et de Guayaquil." Mappemonde 17, no. 1 (1990): 44–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/mappe.1990.2558.

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12

Guerrero, Andrès. "La coutume et l'État : Curagas et lieutenants politiques à Otavalo (Equateur) au XIXe siècle." Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 47, no. 2 (April 1992): 331–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ahess.1992.279050.

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C'est dans le processus de camouflage de la domination ethnique que se trouve, à mon avis, l'un des problèmes clés de la compréhension du système politique mis en place en Equateur au cours du XIXe siècle. Ce processus est concomitant de la formation de l'État national. Il est lié à la suppression du tribut des Indiens et à l'extension (formelle) de la citoyenneté à la majorité ethnique de la population : les indigènes.En effet, tant que demeure en vigueur la perception du tribut des Indiens, rebaptisé de l'euphémisme républicain «contribution personnelle», les normes de l'un des piliers institutionnels de l'État colonial, la «République des Indiens » subsistent, elles aussi (bien que sans doute modifiées et affaiblies) ; il s'agit d'un appareil composé d'un corps d'intermédiaires chargés de l'administration ethnique et de la perception du tribut.

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13

Bourdon, Erwan, Jean-Philippe Eissen, Joseph Cotten, Michel Monzier, Claude Robin, and Minard L. Hall. "Les laves calco-alcalines et à caractère adakitique du volcan Antisana (Equateur): hypothèse pétrogénétique." Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences - Series IIA - Earth and Planetary Science 328, no. 7 (April 1999): 443–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1251-8050(99)80144-x.

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14

Sarrade Cobos, Diana. "L’économie populaire et solidaire en Equateur : vers la matérialisation du principe constitutionnel du bien-vivre ?" Revue internationale de l'économie sociale: Recma, no. 337 (2015): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1032521ar.

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15

Iyaba, Raoul J. C. Monsembula, and Melanie L. J. Stiassny. "Fishes of the Salonga National Park (Congo basin, central Africa): a list of species collected in the Luilaka, Salonga, and Yenge Rivers (Equateur Province, Democratic Republic of Congo)." Check List 9, no. 2 (April 1, 2013): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/9.2.246.

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A list of fishes collected in and around the periphery of the Salonga National Park in Equateur Province of the Democratic Republic of Congo is provided. While noteworthy for a wide array of rare and endangered terrestrial vertebrates, the fish fauna of the Salonga National Park, the largest protected area in Africa, is very poorly known. One hundred and fifty two species distributed in 24 families are reported on here; of which 9 represent putatively undescribed taxa currently under investigation. Lack of up-to-date taxonomic and distributional knowledge of African fishes is particularly acute in the central Congo basin and the present report, while undoubtedly incomplete, provides a foundation for much needed further work in the region.

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16

Karadimas, Dimitri. "La constellation des quatre singes. Interprétation ethno-archéoastronomique des motifs de « El Carchi-Capuli » (Colombie, Equateur)." Journal de la Société des Américanistes 85, no. 1 (1999): 115–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/jsa.1999.1732.

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17

Kayembe, K., P. Goubau, J. Desmyter, R. Vlietinck, and H. Carton. "A cluster of HTLV-1 associated tropical spastic paraparesis in Equateur (Zaire): ethnic and familial distribution." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 53, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.53.1.4.

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18

Peltre, Pierre. "Tentative de modélisation des lahars induits à Quito (Equateur) par une éruption cendreuse du volcan Pichincha." Revue de géographie alpine 82, no. 4 (1994): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rga.1994.3773.

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19

Bouvier, Christophe, Edgar Ayabaca, Jean-Louis Perrin, Francisco Cruz, Benoît Fourcade, Shubert Rosario, and Luis Carrera. "Variabilités temporelle et spatiale des averses en milieu andin : exemple de la ville de Quito (Equateur)." Revue de géographie alpine 87, no. 3 (1999): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rga.1999.2957.

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20

Phillips-White, Nora, Eomba Motomoke, Freddy Nkosi, Jessica Crawford, Bvudzai Priscilla Magadzire, Erin Larsen-Cooper, and Franck Biayi. "Leading from all levels: building supply chain leadership capacity in Equateur Province, Democratic Republic of Congo." BMJ Global Health 4, no. 5 (September 2019): e001756. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001756.

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A well-functioning supply chain is a critical component of the health system to ensure high-quality medicines and health products are available when and where they are needed. However, because supply chains are complex systems, strong, competent leaders are needed to drive continuous improvement efforts. This paper documents the learnings from a supply chain leadership intervention in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), which aimed to build leadership capacity in a cross-tier group of central/provincial/district-level leaders. The intervention, called the Leadership in Supply Chain Initiative, used an experiential learning curriculum to train 19 ‘champions’ in Equateur Province, DRC. Based on self-assessments and key informant interviews, participants reported that the intervention increased their ability to lead change in the supply chain. In particular, participants and stakeholders noted that empowering district managers as leaders in the supply chain was important to improve supply chain performance, since they oversee service delivery points and are responsible for operationalising changes in the supply chain. Moreover, this intervention adds to evidence that leadership capacity is most effectively gained through experiential learning coupled with mentorship and coaching. Additional research is needed to determine the optimal duration of leadership building interventions and to better understand how supply chain leaders can be supported and mentored within the public health system.

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21

Rock, K. S., A. Pandey, M. L. Ndeffo-Mbah, K. E. Atkins, C. Lumbala, A. Galvani, and M. J. Keeling. "Data-driven models to predict the elimination of sleeping sickness in former Equateur province of DRC." Epidemics 18 (March 2017): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epidem.2017.01.006.

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22

Arès, Mathieu. "À quand le règne du dollar? Instabilité politique et intégration monétaire dans les Amériques." Études internationales 32, no. 4 (April 12, 2005): 747–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/704347ar.

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Ce texte s'insère dans le débat sur la dollarisation qui a lieu actuellement en Equateur, en Argentine, au Mexique ainsi qu'au Canada. Nous soutenons que, s'il est vrai que la dollarisation est un pocessus bien réel, le mode spécifique d'intégration qu'elle opère en est un dit « par la base » c'est-à-dire une intégration qui est le résultat des réactions des gouvernements et des agents économiques face à d'importants désordres politiques et économiques plutôt qu'une intégration, « par le sommet », dans laquelle l'union monétaire ne constitue qu'une partie d'un projet politique plus vaste. La thèse présentée dans cet article est que la dollarisation officielle ne se produit qu'après qu'un État ait subi d'importantes crises politiques et économiques: les situations les plus difficiles favorisent la dollarisation unilatérale.

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23

Cliche, Paul. "Le diabluma de Pedro Moncayo (Équateur), ou comment le diable devient un enjeu politique." Anthropologie et Sociétés 17, no. 3 (September 10, 2003): 63–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/015275ar.

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Résumé Le diabluma de Pedro Moncayo (Equateur), ou comment le diable devient un enjeu politique Le diabluma. de l'espagnol « diablo » et du quichua « uma ». signifie « tête de diable ». Il est le personnage principal et leader de la Saint-Pierre, la plus importante fête paysanne indigène célébrée dans le canton Pedro Moncayo. une région située au nord des Andes équatoriennes. Le diabluma dirige l'ensemble des personnages de la Fête qui s'expriment à travers de multiples rituels. Cet article montre comment, à l'intérieur de son univers festif. il représente un type de syncrétisme religieux où l'élément autochtone apparaît dominant et suggère une forme de subversion symbolique de l'ordre social établi, subversion qui synthétise le projet politique de la paysannerie de la région.

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24

Fernández Soriano, Víctor. "‘Travail et progrès’: Obligatory ‘Educational’ Labour in the Belgian Congo, 1933–60." Journal of Contemporary History 53, no. 2 (July 13, 2017): 292–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009417697807.

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The authorities of the Belgian Congo imposed a series of compulsory workloads to the local communities under the argument that these tasks contributed to the ‘education' of the native populations, which they called ‘Travaux d'ordre éducatif' (TOE). Such workloads represented the main legal form of forced labour which existed in the Belgian Congo from their creation in 1933 until independence in 1960. Unlike what happened in most colonial empires, these workloads were not abolished after the Second World War. This article shows, through the case study of the province of Equateur, how these workloads were conceived and organized by the Belgian colonial administration. It seeks an answer to the question of why this form of forced labour remained legal in Congo until its independence.

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25

Crump, Ronald E., Ching-I. Huang, Edward S. Knock, Simon E. F. Spencer, Paul E. Brown, Erick Mwamba Miaka, Chansy Shampa, Matt J. Keeling, and Kat S. Rock. "Quantifying epidemiological drivers of gambiense human African Trypanosomiasis across the Democratic Republic of Congo." PLOS Computational Biology 17, no. 1 (January 29, 2021): e1008532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008532.

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Gambiense human African trypanosomiasis (gHAT) is a virulent disease declining in burden but still endemic in West and Central Africa. Although it is targeted for elimination of transmission by 2030, there remain numerous questions about the drivers of infection and how these vary geographically. In this study we focus on the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), which accounted for 84% of the global case burden in 2016, to explore changes in transmission across the country and elucidate factors which may have contributed to the persistence of disease or success of interventions in different regions. We present a Bayesian fitting methodology, applied to 168 endemic health zones (∼100,000 population size), which allows for calibration of a mechanistic gHAT model to case data (from the World Health Organization HAT Atlas) in an adaptive and automated framework. It was found that the model needed to capture improvements in passive detection to match observed trends in the data within former Bandundu and Bas Congo provinces indicating these regions have substantially reduced time to detection. Health zones in these provinces generally had longer burn-in periods during fitting due to additional model parameters. Posterior probability distributions were found for a range of fitted parameters in each health zone; these included the basic reproduction number estimates for pre-1998 (R0) which was inferred to be between 1 and 1.14, in line with previous gHAT estimates, with higher median values typically in health zones with more case reporting in the 2000s. Previously, it was not clear whether a fall in active case finding in the period contributed to the declining case numbers. The modelling here accounts for variable screening and suggests that underlying transmission has also reduced greatly—on average 96% in former Equateur, 93% in former Bas Congo and 89% in former Bandundu—Equateur and Bandundu having had the highest case burdens in 2000. This analysis also sets out a framework to enable future predictions for the country.

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26

Teuscher, E., R. E. Komijin, R. Robalino, and R. D. Smith. "Le diagnostic coprologique de la syngamose bovine en Equateur avec une note sur l'efficacité probable du Tétramisole." Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin Reihe B 17, no. 2 (May 13, 2010): 324–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0450.1970.tb01559.x.

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27

POST, David. "Emploi et réussite scolaire dans les écoles primaires au Chili, en Colombie, en Equateur et au Pérou." Revue internationale du Travail 150, no. 3-4 (December 2011): 277–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1564-9121.2011.00117.x.

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28

Mourier, T., F. Megard, L. Reyes R., and A. Perdo Arguedas. "L'evolution mesozoique des Andes de Huancabamba (nord Perou-sud Equateur) et l'hypothese de l'accretion du bloc Amotape-Tahuin." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France IV, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.iv.1.69.

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29

Mosuse, Marie Alice, and Sylvie Gadeyne. "Prevalence and factors associated with unmet need for family planning among women of reproductive age (15–49) in the Democratic Republic of Congo: A multilevel mixed-effects analysis." PLOS ONE 17, no. 10 (October 7, 2022): e0275869. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275869.

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The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has experienced high levels of unmet need for family planning (UNFP) for many years, alongside high fertility, maternal and infant mortality rates. Previous research addressed the UNFP in DRC, but analyses were limited to the individual-level and to specific regions. This study aims to determine the individual- and community-level factors associated with UNFP among married women of reproductive age in DRC. Using data from the 2014 DRC Demographic and Health Survey, a two-level mixed-effect logistic model examined i) the associations between UNFP and individual- and community level factors, and ii) the extent to which individual variability in UNFP is due to the variability observed at the community-level, given the individual characteristics. A total of 10,415 women in 539 clusters were included. Prevalence of unmet need for limiting was 8.13%, and 23.81% for spacing. Compared to adolescents (15–24), young (25–34) (aOR = 0.75, CI: 0.63–0.90) and middle-aged (35–49) (aOR = 0.65, CI: 0.51–0.82) women were less likely to have unmet need for family planning. The odds of having unmet need increased significantly with number of living children [1–2 children (aOR = 2.46, CI: 1.81–3.35), 7+ children (aOR = 6.46, CI: 4.28–9.73)] and among women in a female-headed household (aOR = 1.22, CI: 1.04–1.42). Women from provinces Equateur (aOR = 1.82, CI: 1.24–2.68), Nord-Kivu (aOR = 1.66, CI: 1.10–2.55) and Orientale (aOR = 1.60, CI: 1.10–2.32) were more likely to have unmet need, compared to women from Kinshasa. Women from communities with medium (aOR = 1.32, CI: 1.01–1.72) and high (aOR = 1.46, CI: 0.98–2.18) proportion of women in wealthy households, and medium (aOR = 1.32, CI: 1.01–1.72) and high (aOR = 1.46, CI: 0.98–2.18) proportion of women with low ideal family size (≤6) were more likely to have unmet need, compared to those from communities with low proportion of wealthy households and high ideal family size, respectively. Policies should consider strengthening family planning programs in provinces Equateur, Orientale, and Nord-Kivu, and in wealthier communities and communities with a higher ideal family size. Family planning programs should target adolescents and young women.

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30

Denis, Paul-Yves. "L’organisation spatiale et les mutations récentes de la périphérie de Quito : l’exemple de deux villages." Cahiers de géographie du Québec 20, no. 51 (April 12, 2005): 479–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/021331ar.

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La croissance rapide de Quito au cours des dernières années est à l'origine de nombreuses modifications dans les rapports qu'elle entretenait avec sa périphérie. En système traditionnel, comme c'est le cas en Equateur, le modèle classique de relations se caractérise par une forte domination urbaine. Cependant, l'étude de deux villages proches de Quito attire l'attention sur une double réalité : un isolement relatif et un comportement négatif à l'égard de la ville. Cette constatation, susceptible de s'appliquer à plusieurs villages répartis autour de la capitale, pourrait en outre expliquer dans une certaine mesure la faible diffusion de l'habitat précaire à Quito. A rencontre des généralisations hâtives trop souvent élaborées à partir de concepts globalisants sur les espaces dominés, cette recherche veut présenter et interpréter le système de relations homme-espace dans une perspective conforme à la démarche géographique ou l'enquête sur le terrain et l'observation ont toujours leur place.

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31

Chatelain, J. L. "Les scénarios sismiques comme outils d'aide à la décision pour la réduction des risques : projet pilote à Quito, Equateur." Revue de géographie alpine 82, no. 4 (1994): 131–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rga.1994.3780.

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32

Herzog, Tamar. "La mosaïque indienne: Mobilité, stratification sociale et métissage dans le corregimiento de Cuenca (Equateur) du XVIe au XVIIIe siècle." Hispanic American Historical Review 81, no. 3-4 (August 1, 2001): 782–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-81-3-4-782.

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33

Baret, Pierre, and Marion Chivot. "Un grand groupe bancaire peut-il dépasser les limites des Principes Equateur pour s’affirmer comme « durable » ? Le cas d’HSBC." Management & Sciences Sociales N° 13, no. 2 (July 1, 2012): 44–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/mss.013.0044.

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Cet article vise à tester empiriquement la proposition selon laquelle les PE constituent un outil pertinent, mais insuffisant pour véritablement implémenter la RSE dans le secteur bancaire. de fait, quelle est la capacité d’un grand groupe bancaire à dépasser effectivement les limites des PE et s’imposer, non plus simplement comme « offensif », mais véritablement comme une banque « durable » ? C’est à cette question que nous tentons de répondre dans la présente recherche, à travers le cas du Groupe HSBC. Le résultat de notre étude montre que les PE constituent un outil intéressant pour accompagner une banque « classique » vers un comportement plus responsable en termes de financement de projet. Leur application effective permet de devenir « offensif » sur ce volet. Mais leurs limites sont trop importantes pour permettre à une grande banque classique de franchir la marche qui lui permettrait d’être considérée comme une « banque durable ».

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34

Patrick, Mundembe Bongbanga, Mujinga Tshimungu Déborah, Atuba Mamenepi Pascal, Tshitadi Makangu Augustin, Kadiata Bukasa Augustin, and Tshimungu Kandolo Félicien. "Factors Associated with Late use of Antenatal Care in the City of Mbandaka, Equateur Province, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)." Scholars International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 5, no. 8 (August 10, 2022): 360–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sijog.2022.v05i08.002.

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Introduction: The present study was conducted to identify factors associated with late recourse to prenatal consultation in the city of Mbandaka. Method: This study was based on a case-control survey. A total of 650 pregnant women (325 cases and 325 controls) responded to a structured questionnaire. Cases were pregnant women seen late in the ANC service and each was paired with a control who came to the first antenatal visit in the first trimester. The data were analysed using SPSS 22 software where multivariate analyses based on the logistic regression model allowed the research objectives to be met. The risk of error considered was 0.05. Results: The factors associated with late recourse to ANC were: cost of ANC (p<0.01); lack of financial means (p<0.01); lack of motivation (p<0.01); shame (p<0.01); unavailability of the pregnant woman (p<0.01); traditional practice before performing ANC (p<0.01); parity (p<0.05) and marital status (p<0.05). Conclusion: The use of ANC remains late in Mbandaka. Any action aimed at encouraging pregnant women to start ANC in the first trimester of pregnancy should focus on improving the socio-familial environment, the service offer, socio-economic characteristics, socio-cultural characteristics and socio-demographic characteristics.

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Blaise Engomba MOKEKOLA, Assumani Zabo IDRISSA, Zacharie Kusamba CHIFUNDERA, Rombeau Tamasala NDOMBE, Raphaël Kalima MWANGE, and Florent Biduaya MUKEBA. "Evaluation of snakebites and their treatment in the Bonginda/Bikoro DR Congo." World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences 10, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 039–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjbphs.2022.10.1.0058.

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The study attempts to elucidate the problem of the management of snakebites and envenomations in rural areas. It aims to assess the management of snakebite cases in the Bonginda group in Equateur, DR Congo. A survey was conducted during the period from January 2019 to December 2020. In addition, doctors from the Bonginda Health Zone, traditional healers and a few resource persons such as herbalists and people who have been treated for cases bites were contacted. The nature of the retrospective study required the administration of a questionnaire to those involved in the investigation. These include traditional healers and doctors from the health structures of the General Reference Hospital of Bikoro, Ntende, Moheli, Iyembemoke and Momboyo. The healing score recorded by traditional healers in the event of envenomation is estimated at 93.94% against 23.94% in medical structures. The low score recorded in the latter would be justified by the lack of an appropriate protocol for the specific cases thus diagnosed on the basis of modern equipment. Thus, the care provided by traditional healers seems more effective.

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Trojman, L., F. Viteri, and E. Sicard. "Pédagogie hybride pour l’apprentissage de la conception d’un microprocesseur simplifié niveau master avec μWind." J3eA 21 (2022): 1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/j3ea/20221005.

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En 2016, nous avons lancé le premier master de Nanoélectronique en Équateur à l’Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ). Il s’agit d’un master en Double Diplôme dont le Master 1 (M1) se fait en Equateur et le Master 2 (M2) soit en France (Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, INPT) soit en Italie (Université de Calabres, UNICAL). Parmi les cours proposés le cours de design de microprocesseur de 48h est divisé en 2 parties dont une se concentrant sur le design d’un VSM (Very Simple Microprocessor). Dans une pédagogie de type classe inversée, une approche de type Apprentissage Par Projet (APP) a été choisie en utilisant comme support l’outil de design Microwind, logiciel de design de circuits intégrés incluant une perspective technologique. Ce type de travail a été reproduit tous les ans et Microwind a continué à intégrer de nouveaux noeuds technologiques avec de nouvelle architectures : planar, FinFET et plus récemment Nano-Sheet FET. De cette façon chaque nouvelle promotion peut apprendre à pratiquer l’intégration des VSM « customized » avec la possibilité d’intégrer des noeuds technologiques les plus avancés.

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FAVIER, VINCENT, ANNE COUDRAIN, ERIC CADIER, BERNARD FRANCOU, EDGAR AYABACA, LUIS MAISINCHO, ESTELLE PRADERIO, MARCOS VILLACIS, and PATRICK WAGNON. "Evidence of groundwater flow on Antizana ice-covered volcano, Ecuador / Mise en évidence d'écoulements souterrains sur le volcan englacé Antizana, Equateur." Hydrological Sciences Journal 53, no. 1 (February 2008): 278–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1623/hysj.53.1.278.

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Dupain, J., M. Bofaso, J. Lompongo, and L. Van Elsacker. "Bonobos at the market of Basankusu (Equateur Province, DRC) in 1999: new evidence for bonobos between the lkelemba and Bosomba rivers." Pan Africa News 8, no. 2 (December 2001): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5134/143400.

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Omasombo, V., D. Bokelo, and J. Dupain. "Current Status of Bonobos and Other Large Mammals in the Proposed Forest Reserve of Lomako-Yokokala, Equateur Province, Democratic Republic of Congo." Pan Africa News 12, no. 2 (December 2005): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5134/143457.

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Dorighel, Olivier, Gérard Poupeau, Jean-François Bouchard, and Erika Labrin. "Datation par traces de fission et étude de provenance d'artefacts en obsidienne des sites archéologiques de la Tolita (Equateur) et Inguapi (Colombie)." Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française 91, no. 2 (1994): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/bspf.1994.9726.

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Blaise Engomba MOKEKOLA, Rombeau Tamasala NDOMBE, Raphaël Kalima MWANGE, Aristarque Bulambo MULONDA, Florent Biduaya MUKEBA, Zacharie Kusamba CHIFUNDERA, and Assumani Zabo IDRISSA. "Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants against ophidian envenomations in the Bonginda/Bikoro Group in DR Congo." World Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences 2, no. 2 (May 30, 2022): 056–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.53346/wjapls.2022.2.2.0024.

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Snakebite envenomation is a neglected tropical disease causing enormous suffering, disability and premature death on all continents. This study aims to inventory the plants involved in the management of snakebite cases in rural areas. A survey was conducted in the Bonginda groupement, Bonginda Territory, Equateur Province in DR Congo during the period from January 2019 to December 2020. Data was collected by the standardized interview method with a focus on individual interview technique. To this end, a questionnaire was administered to traditional healers reputed in the treatment of snakebites. It shows that 17 species grouped into 14 families are used to treat cases of ophidian envenomation in Bonginda. The Fabaceae and Rubiaceae families each have 3 species. The others are monospecific. Among the organs used, leaves predominate with a score of 44.4%. They are followed by the roots (18.5%). Regarding the mode of preparation, the decoction prevails with 27.3%. It is followed by grinding (13.6%). As for the route of administration, local application (28.6%) is ahead of the oral route (23.8%) and purgation (14.3%). Constituents based on medicinal plants are recognized as local heritage.

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Swana, Willy Lusasi, Rosette Manza Kilunda, Nadine Bipendu Muamba, Clement Munganga Kilingwa, Goslin Gafuene Nkosi, and Victor Pwema Kiamfu. "Analysis of the Ichtyological Composition of Smoked Fish Sold in the Liberté and Gambela markets in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo." Agricultural Science 2, no. 2 (July 22, 2020): p69. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/as.v2n2p69.

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The objective of this study is to analyse the ichthyological composition of smoked fish sold in the Liberté and Gambela markets in Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of Congo through a systematic inventory. A 7-month survey was carried out among 200 smoked fish vendors in the two markets in order to extract the information sought. The results obtained show that the sale of smoked fish in Kinshasa is an activity reserved for women with a dominance of married vendors. The smoked fish sold in the two markets are diversified and belong to 6 orders, 13 families, 20 genera and 22 species. Fish belonging to the Siluriformes (30.8%), Characiformes (23.1%), Osteoglossiformes and Perciformes orders (15.4% respectively) are in the majority, while at the family level, Distichodontidae and Mormyridae fish are the most abundant (13.6%). Parachanna spp: 27.6%, Protopterus doloï: 26.3%, Clarias spp: 19.4% and Channalabes apus: 19.1% are the most sold fish species. Households (with 57.6%), restaurateurs (26.4%) and exporters (with 10.2%) are the biggest consumers of smoked fish sold in Kinshasa, which come from the interior of the country and, essentially, from the provinces of Equateur, Mai-Ndombe, Mongala and Sud Ubangi.

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Samndong, Raymond Achu, Glenn Bush, Arild Vatn, and Melissa Chapman. "Institutional analysis of causes of deforestation in REDD+ pilot sites in the Equateur province: Implication for REDD+ in the Democratic Republic of Congo." Land Use Policy 76 (July 2018): 664–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.02.048.

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Ousman, Kevin, Landry Kabego, Ambrose Talisuna, Janet Diaz, John Mbuyi, Bienvenu Houndjo, Jean-Paul Ngandu, et al. "The impact ofInfection Prevention and control (IPC) bundle implementationon IPC compliance during the Ebola virus outbreak in Mbandaka/Democratic Republic of the Congo: a before and after design." BMJ Open 9, no. 9 (September 2019): e029717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029717.

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ObjectivesTo assess the impact of refresher training of healthcare workers (HCWs) in infection prevention and control (IPC), ensuring consistent adequate supplies and availability of IPC kits and carrying out weekly monitoring of IPC performance in healthcare facilities (HCFs)DesignThis was a before and after comparison studySettingsThis study was conducted from June to July 2018 during an Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak in Equateur Province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).Participants48 HCFsInterventionsHCWs capacity building in basic IPC, IPC kit donation and IPC mentoring.Primary outcome measuresIPC scoreResults48 HCFs were evaluated and 878 HCWs were trained, of whom 437 were women and 441 were men. The mean IPC score at baseline was modestly higher in hospitals (8%) compared with medical centres (4%) and health centres (4%), respectively. The mean IPC score at follow-up significantly increased to 50% in hospitals, 39% in medical centres and 36% in health centres (p value<0.001). The aggregate mean IPC score at baseline for all HCFs, combined was 4.41% and at follow-up it was 39.51% with a mean difference of 35.08% (p-value<0.001).ConclusionsImplementation of HCW capacity building in IPC, IPC kit donation to HCF and mentoring in IPC improved IPC compliance during the ninth EVD outbreak in the DRC.

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Mwageni, Werner, Vivian Blok, Andrew Daudi, George Bala, Keith Davies, Casper Netscher, Abdoussalam Sawadogo, et al. "The importance of tropical root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) and factors affecting the utility of Pasteuria penetrans as a biocontrol agent." Nematology 2, no. 8 (2000): 823–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854100750112789.

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AbstractThe conclusions of a collaborative study of the occurrence and importance of root-knot nematodes (RKN, Meloidogyne spp.) and of their control agent, Pasteuria penetrans, in parts of Europe, Africa, South America and the Caribbean are presented. Rootknot nematodes were estimated to reduce the yields of a wide range of horticultural crops by > 25% in Ecuador, Malawi and Tanzania, and by ca 10% in Trinidad and Tobago. The greatest proportion of infected crops were observed in Ecuador (205 of 207) and the least in Trinidad and Tobago (70 of 174). The mean gall index was greatest in Ecuador (5.5). Levels of galling were least in Senegal (1.6), even though 89% of crops were infested and virulent M. mayaguensis was widespread. In all countries, M. incognita and M. javanica were the most abundant species, but M. hispanica occurred widely in Burkina Faso, even in newly cultivated areas in the Sahile. Several new esterase phenotypes were detected, especially in Ecuador and Malawi. Juveniles (J2) collected from the soil during the surveys were examined for attached spores of P.penetrans. It was widespread (20 to 60% of RKN populations), except in Malawi and Tanzania (< 10% were infected), and was found for the first time in Crete (Greece). Generally, < 50% of the J2 carried spores. The occurrence of P.penetrans was sometimes correlated with soil type e.g., in Senegal it was least frequent in sandy soils. Laboratory assays of the binding of spores of isolates of P.penetrans to populations of RKN indicated large variations in specificity and substantial interactions; differences between populations within a species of RKN were sometimes almost as great as those between species. In microplot trials in which an "exotic" isolate of P.penetrans was introduced (ca 103 spores per g soil), its incidence was not increased by increasing the frequency or intensity of the growing of RKN-susceptible crops. However, in two such trials at sites in Tanzania and Ecuador naturally infected with P.penetrans, there were large increases in the proportions of spore-encumbered J2 (up to 100% encumbered) and in the yields of spores (up to 3.3 × 106 spores per mg dry root) in those plots amended with an "exotic" isolate. In these plots, numbers of J2 in the soil were decreased and damage by RKN was suppressed; gall indices were decreased (from > 8 to < 3) and yields were increased (by up to 30%). No such changes were observed in the unamended control plots. Increased suppression of RKN was also observed in a field trial, even in plots where RKN-susceptible and non-host crops were alternated. Increased suppression following amendment with the "exotic" isolate of P.penetrans was not observed at sites not previously infected with P.penetrans. Regression analysis of the results from the microplot and field trials indicated that tomato yields were decreased by > 5% for every increase of one in the gall index. Yields were increased by alternating tomato with leguminous crops in some trials, but not in others. It is proposed that, in natural infections, mutual selection produces a dynamic balance between the P.penetrans and the RKN whereby levels of infection are rarely suppressive. However, the introduction of an "exotic" isolate of P.penetrans, with a different attachment profile, can disturb this balance, resulting in a greatly increased proportion of infected J2 and females, increased yields of spores and more suppression of RKN populations. Importance des nématodes à galles tropicaux (Meloidogyne spp.) et facteurs affectant l'utilité de Pasteuria penetrans, agent de contrôle biologique - Ce travail présente les conclusions d'une étude, menée en collaboration par plusieurs équipes de recherche, sur la présence et l'importance des nématodes phytoparasites du genre Meloidogyne et de leur parasite bactérien, Pasteuria penetrans, dans certains pays d'Europe, d'Afrique, d'Amérique du Sud et des Caraïbes. Les réductions de rendement de cultures maraîchères très diverses dues à ces nématodes atteignent 25% en Equateur, Malawi et Tanzanie, et 10% à Trinidad et Tobago. La plus forte proportion de parcelles infestées a été rencontrée en Equateur (205 sur 207) et la plus faible à Trinidad et Tobago (70 sur 174). C'est en Equateur que l'indice de galles moyen (égal à 5,5) était le plus élevé. Même si cet indice était faible en moyenne au Sénégal (1,6), 89% des cultures étaient infestées dans ce pays, en grande partie par l'espèce virulente M. mayaguensis. M. incognita et M. javanica sont les plus répandues dans tous les pays prospectés. Cependant, M. hispanica est très répandu au Burkina Faso, même dans des zones récemment cultivées en maraîchage en région sahélienne. Plusieurs phénotypes estérasiques nouveaux ont été détectés, spécialement en Equateur et au Malawi. Les juvéniles de second stade (J2) extraits des échantillons de sol collectés lors des prospections ont été examinés pour détecter la présence de spores de P.penetrans sur leur cuticule. Trouvé pour la première fois en Crète (Grèce), P.penetrans est très répandu dans les autres pays prospectés, infestant 20 à 60% des populations de Meloidogyne spp., sauf au Malawi et en Tanzanie où moins de 10% des populations sont atteintes. Le plus souvent, moins de 50% de J2 portent des spores bactériennes. Le taux de parasitisme des J2 par P. penetrans est influencé par les types de sols, comme par exemple au Sénégal où il est très faible dans les sols sableux grossiers. Des expériences en laboratoire portant sur l'attachement de spores de divers isolats de P. penetrans à des populations de Meloidogyne spp. ont révélé une grande variation de la spécificité et des interactions; les différences observées pour diverses populations d'une même espèce de Meloidogyne sont parfois presque aussi marquées que celles observées entre espèces. L'incidence parasitaire d'un isolat "exotique" de P. penetrans introduit dans des microparcelles (ca. 103 sporespar g. de sol) n'a pas été accrue par l'augmentation de la fréquence ou de la densité de plantation des cultures sensibles à Meloidogyne spp. employées. Cependant, dans deux microparcelles natullement infestées en P.penetrans, situées en Equateur et en Tanzanie, l'introduction d'un isolat "exotique" s'est traduite par un accroissement de la proportion de J2 infestés (jusqu'à 100%) et de la production de spores ((jusqu'à 3, 3 × 106 spores par mg [poids sec] de racines), d'une diminution de la population de J2 dans le sol, et d'une disparition des dégâts racinaires; les indices de galles moyens ont diminué (de plus de 8 à moins de 3) et les rendements des cultures ont augmenté (jusqu'à 30%). De tels changements n'ont pas été observés dans des sols non amendés en isolats "exotiques" de P.penetrans. Un meilleur contrôle des populations de Meloidogyne spp. a également été observé au champ, même lorsque la séquence culturale alternait des cultures sensibles et des cultures non-hôtes du nématode. Dans des parcelles non infectées en P.penetrans, la baisse des populations de Meloidogyne spp. n'a pas été observée après introduction d'un isolat "exotique" de la bactérie. Des analyses de régression portant sur les données obtenues en microparcelles ou au champ montrent que les rendements en tomate diminuent de plus de 5% chaque fois que l'indice de galle augmente d'une unité. Ces rendements ont parfois été améliorés lorsque des cultures de légumineuses alternaient les cultures de tomate. Ainsi, sur la base des analyses nématologiques et agronomiques faites en fin de cycles culturaux, il est suggéré que, dans les cas d'infestations naturelles en P.penetrans, des sélections mutuelles entraîneraient un équilibre dynamique entre les populations de la bactérie et celles du nématode, représentatif d'une densité-dépendance retardée. En revanche, l'introduction inondative d'isolats "exotiques" de P.penetrans, aux propriétés parasitaires différentes de celles des populations natives, pourraient rompre temporairement cet équilibre en faveur d'un accroissement de la proportion de nématodes (J2 et femelles) infestés et de la production de spores bactériennes, ainsi qu'un meilleur contrôle des populations de Meloidogyne spp. La capacité des populations de P.penetrans à survivre dans les sols et à contrôler durablement les populations de Meloidogyne spp. dépendraient de la spécificité entre les organismes, des propriétés des sols et des systèmes de culture.

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Mbala, Placide, Marc Baguelin, Ipos Ngay, Alicia Rosello, Prime Mulembakani, Nikolaos Demiris, W. John Edmunds, and Jean-Jacques Muyembe. "Evaluating the frequency of asymptomatic Ebola virus infection." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1721 (April 10, 2017): 20160303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0303.

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The potential for asymptomatic infection from Ebola viruses has long been questioned. Knowing the proportion of infections that are asymptomatic substantially changes the predictions made by mathematical models and alters the corresponding decisions based upon these models. To assess the degree of asymptomatic infection occurring during an Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak, we carried out a serological survey in the Djera district of the Equateur province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo affected by an Ebola outbreak in 2014. We sampled all asymptomatic residents ( n = 182) of 48 households where at least one case of EVD was detected. To control for potential background seroprevalence of Ebola antibodies in the population, we also sampled 188 individuals from 92 households in an unaffected area with a similar demographic background. We tested the sera collected for anti-Ebola IgG and IgM antibodies at four different dilutions. We then developed a mixture model to estimate the likely number of asymptomatic patients who developed IgM and IgG responses to Ebola antigens in both groups. While we detected an association between medium to high titres and age, we did not detect any evidence of increased asymptomatic infection in the individuals who resided in the same household as cases. This article is part of the themed issue ‘The 2013–2016 West African Ebola epidemic: data, decision-making and disease control’.

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Teuscher, E., R. Leániz, A. Alvarez, and E. Vásconez. "Etude morphologique et expérimentale d'une lymphangite bovine observée en Equateur et ses relations possibles avec les lymphangites connues sous le nom de “Farcin du Boeuf”." Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin Reihe B 18, no. 3 (May 13, 2010): 221–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0450.1971.tb00352.x.

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Mbala-Kingebeni, Placide, Christian-Julian Villabona-Arenas, Nicole Vidal, Jacques Likofata, Justus Nsio-Mbeta, Sheila Makiala-Mandanda, Daniel Mukadi, et al. "Rapid Confirmation of the Zaire Ebola Virus in the Outbreak of the Equateur Province in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Implications for Public Health Interventions." Clinical Infectious Diseases 68, no. 2 (June 29, 2018): 330–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy527.

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Lampaert, Emmanuel, Justus Nsio Mbeta, Divya Nair, Maria Mashako, Anja De Weggheleire, Armand Sprecher, Rebecca M. Coulborn, and Steve Ahuka-Mundeke. "Evaluation of centralised and decentralised models of care during the 2020 Ebola Virus Disease outbreak in Equateur Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo: A brief report." F1000Research 13 (June 17, 2024): 642. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.150755.1.

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Background Traditionally in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), centralised Ebola treatment centres (ETCs) have been set exclusively for Ebola virus disease (EVD) case management during outbreaks. During the 2020 EVD outbreak in DRC’s Equateur Province, existing health centres were equipped as decentralised treatment centres (DTC) to improve access for patients with suspected EVD. Between ETCs and DTCs, we compared the time from symptom onset to admission and diagnosis among patients with suspected EVD. Methods This was a cohort study based on analysis of a line-list containing demographic and clinical information of patients with suspected EVD admitted to any EVD health facility during the outbreak. Results Of 2359 patients with suspected EVD, 363 (15%) were first admitted to a DTC. Of 1996 EVD-suspected patients initially admitted to an ETC, 72 (4%) were confirmed as EVD-positive. Of 363 EVD-suspected patients initially admitted to a DTC, 6 (2%) were confirmed and managed as EVD-positive in the DTC. Among all EVD-suspected patients, the median (interquartile range) duration between symptom onset and admission was 2 (1-4) days in a DTC compared to 4 (2-7) days in an ETC (p<0.001). Similarly, time from symptom onset to admission was significantly shorter among EVD-suspected patients ultimately diagnosed as EVD-negative. Conclusions Since <5% of the EVD-suspected patients admitted were eventually diagnosed with EVD, there is a need for better screening to optimise resource utilization and outbreak control. Only one in seven EVD-suspected patients were admitted to a DTC first, as the DTCs were piloted in a limited and phased manner. However, there is a case to be made for considering decentralized care especially in remote and hard-to-reach areas in places like the DRC to facilitate early access to care, contain viral shedding by patients with EVD and ensure no disrupted provision of non-EVD services.

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Hardy, Sébastien, and Alexis Sierra. "Territoires et acteurs des risques "naturels" en Amérique latine : les cas des villes de Managua (Nicaragua) et de Quito (Equateur) (Political decision makers and territories of the "natural" risks in Latin America. : the cases of Managua (Nicaragua) and Quito (Equator) cities))." Bulletin de l'Association de géographes français 82, no. 1 (2005): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/bagf.2005.2442.

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