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Journal articles on the topic 'Equatorial Ionization anomaly'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Bharti, Gaurav, T. Bag, and M. V. Sunil Krishna. "Effect of geomagnetic storm conditions on the equatorial ionization anomaly and equatorial temperature anomaly." Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 168 (March 2018): 8–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2017.12.014.

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2

Wang, Hai-Ning, Qing-Lin Zhu, Xiang Dong, et al. "A Novel Technique for High-Precision Ionospheric VTEC Estimation and Prediction at the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly Region: A Case Study over Haikou Station." Remote Sensing 15, no. 13 (2023): 3394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15133394.

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This paper introduces a novel technique that uses observation data from GNSS to estimate the ionospheric vertical total electron content (VTEC) using the Kriging–Kalman method. The technique provides a method to validate the accuracy of the Ionospheric VTEC analysis within the Equatorial Ionization anomaly region. The technique developed uses GNSS VTEC alongside solar parameters, such as solar radio flux (F10.7 cm), Disturbance Storm Time (Dst) and other data, and Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) Networks to predict the occurrence time of the ionospheric equatorial anomaly and ionospheric VTEC ch

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3

Lee, I. T., J. Y. Liu, C. H. Lin, K. I. Oyama, C. Y. Chen, and C. H. Chen. "Ionospheric plasma caves under the equatorial ionization anomaly." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 117, A11 (2012): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012ja017868.

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4

Chen, Pei-Ren. "Two-day oscillation of the equatorial ionization anomaly." Journal of Geophysical Research 97, A5 (1992): 6343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/91ja02445.

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5

Eastes, R. W., S. C. Solomon, R. E. Daniell, et al. "Global‐Scale Observations of the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly." Geophysical Research Letters 46, no. 16 (2019): 9318–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019gl084199.

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6

Sharma, P., and R. Raghavarao. "Simultaneous occurrence of ionization ledge and counterelectrojet in the equatorial ionosphere: observational evidence and its implications." Canadian Journal of Physics 67, no. 2-3 (1989): 166–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p89-028.

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In this paper we present observational evidence for the simultaneous occurrence of an ionization ledge in the topside and a counterelectrojet in the E-region altitudes of the equatorial ionosphere. The following morphological features of the ionization ledge are found to be the same as those of the counterelectrojet phenomenon: namely, occurrence on a sequence of days in succession, preferential occurrence during a solar minimum period as compared with a solar maximum period, occurrence in a limited longitudinal belt, and lunar control of the occurrence as revealed by our data.There is also a

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7

Raghavarao, R., M. Nageswararao, J. Hanumath Sastri, G. D. Vyas, and M. Sriramarao. "Role of equatorial ionization anomaly in the initiation of equatorial spread F." Journal of Geophysical Research 93, A6 (1988): 5959. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ja093ia06p05959.

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8

Ray, S., A. Paul, and A. DasGupta. "Equatorial scintillations in relation to the development of ionization anomaly." Annales Geophysicae 24, no. 5 (2006): 1429–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-24-1429-2006.

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Abstract. The irregularities in the electron density distribution of the ionosphere over the equatorial region frequently disrupt space-based communication and navigation links by causing severe amplitude and phase scintillations of signals. Development of a specification and forecast system for scintillations is needed in view of the increased reliance on space-based communication and navigation systems, which are vulnerable to ionospheric scintillations. It has been suggested in recent years that a developed equatorial anomaly in the afternoon hours, with a steep gradient of the F-region ion

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9

Liu, J. Y., P. K. Rajesh, I. T. Lee, and T. C. Chow. "Airglow observations over the equatorial ionization anomaly zone in Taiwan." Annales Geophysicae 29, no. 5 (2011): 749–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-29-749-2011.

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Abstract. Airglow imaging at mid-latitude stations often show intensity modulations associated with medium scale travelling ionospheric disturbances (MSTID), while those carried out near the equatorial regions reveal depletions caused by equatorial plasma bubbles (EPB). Two all sky cameras are used to observe plasma depletions in the 630.0 nm emission over the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) region, Taiwan (23° N, 121° E; 13.5° N Magnetic) during 1998–2002 and 2006–2007. The results show EPB and MSTID depletions in different solar activity conditions. Several new features of the EPB deplet

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10

Jayachandran, P. T., P. Sri Ram, V. V. Somayajulu, and P. V. S. Rama Rao. "Effect of equatorial ionization anomaly on the occurrence of spread-F." Annales Geophysicae 15, no. 2 (1997): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-997-0255-3.

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Abstract. The unique geometry of the geomagnetic field lines over the equatorial ionosphere coupled with the E-W electric field causes the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) and equatorial spread-F (ESF). Ionosonde data obtained at a chain of four stations covering equator to anomaly crest region (0.3 to 33 °N dip) in the Indian sector are used to study the role of EIA and the associated processes on the occurrence of ESF. The study period pertains to the equinoctial months (March, April, September and October) of 1991. The ratios of critical frequency of F-layer (ƒ0F2) and electron densities

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11

Kulyamin, Dmitry V., and Pavel A. Ostanin. "Modelling of equatorial ionospheric anomaly in the INM RAS coupled thermosphere-ionosphere model." Russian Journal of Numerical Analysis and Mathematical Modelling 35, no. 1 (2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rnam-2020-0001.

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AbstractThe paper deals with the problem of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) modelling and its representation in the global dynamical models of Earth’s ionosphere and thermosphere. A new version of the coupled thermosphere-ionosphere global dynamical model which reproduce the equatorial anomaly considerably well is presented. Key processes responsible for the EIA formation are outlined and their representation in the model is indicated. It was shown that the developed coupled thermosphere-ionosphere model with additional accounting of vertical electromagnetic drift at the equator realis

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12

Pallam Raju, D., and R. Sridharan. "High resolution 2-D maps of OI 630.0 nm thermospheric dayglow from equatorial latitudes." Annales Geophysicae 16, no. 8 (1998): 997–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-998-0997-6.

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Abstract. The first-ever high resolution 2-D maps of OI 630.0 nm dayglow obtained from equatorial latitudes clearly reveal the movement as a large-scale feature of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA). These also show the presence of wave-like features classified as gravity waves presumably originating at the crest of the EIA, similar to the equatorial electrojet acting as a source of these waves. These results are presented and discussed.Key words. Atmospheric composition and structure (Airglow and aurora) · Ionosphere (Equatorial ionosphere; Instruments and techniques).

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13

Goncharenko, L. P., A. J. Coster, J. L. Chau, and C. E. Valladares. "Impact of sudden stratospheric warmings on equatorial ionization anomaly." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 115, A10 (2010): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010ja015400.

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14

Rama Rao, P. V. S., P. T. Jayachandran, and P. Sri Ram. "Ionospheric irregularities: The role of the equatorial ionization anomaly." Radio Science 32, no. 4 (1997): 1551–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97rs00665.

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15

Segda, Abdoul Kader, Salfo Kaboré, Aristide Gybre, and Frédéric Ouattara. "Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA) under the Solar Radiation Spectrum." Journal of Modern Physics 16, no. 05 (2025): 754–73. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2025.165041.

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16

Liu, Jing, Libo Liu, Biqiang Zhao, Jiuhou Lei, and Weixing Wan. "On the relationship between the postmidnight thermospheric equatorial mass anomaly and equatorial ionization anomaly under geomagnetic quiet conditions." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 116, A12 (2011): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011ja016958.

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17

Seba, Ephrem Beshir, Melessew Nigussie, and Mark B. Moldwin. "The relationship between equatorial ionization anomaly and nighttime equatorial spread F in East Africa." Advances in Space Research 62, no. 7 (2018): 1737–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2018.06.029.

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18

Horvath, Ildiko, and Brian C. Lovell. "Equatorial westward electrojet impacting equatorial ionization anomaly development during the 6 April 2000 superstorm." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 118, no. 11 (2013): 7398–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013ja019311.

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19

Balan, Nanan, LiBo Liu, and HuiJun Le. "A brief review of equatorial ionization anomaly and ionospheric irregularities." Earth and Planetary Physics 2, no. 4 (2018): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.26464/epp2018025.

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20

Mo, X. H., D. H. Zhang, J. Liu, et al. "Morphological Characteristics of Equatorial Ionization Anomaly Crest Over Nanning Region." Radio Science 53, no. 1 (2018): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017rs006386.

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21

LIU Libo and WAN Weixing. "MODELLING STUDY THE VARIATION OF THE EQUATORIAL ANOMALY IONIZATION TROUGH." Chinese Journal of Space Science 21, no. 4 (2001): 311. https://doi.org/10.11728/cjss2001.04.20010404.

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22

Kulyamin, Dmitry V., Pavel A. Ostanin, and Valentin P. Dymnikov. "INM-IM: INM RAS Earth ionosphere F region dynamical model." Russian Journal of Numerical Analysis and Mathematical Modelling 37, no. 6 (2022): 349–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rnam-2022-0028.

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Abstract A new INM RAS global dynamical model of Earth’s ionosphere F region (100–500 km), which takes into account plasma-chemical processes, ambipolar diffusion, and advective ion transport due to electromagnetic drifts and neutral wind is presented. The model includes parameterizations of polar electric fields induced by magnetospheric convection and simplified equatorial drifts considerations. The focus of the paper is directed on the description of specific methods developed and utilized in the ionospheric model. Key processes responsible for the formation of global ionospheric features a

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23

Li, G., B. Ning, W. Wan, and B. Zhao. "Observations of GPS ionospheric scintillations over Wuhan during geomagnetic storms." Annales Geophysicae 24, no. 6 (2006): 1581–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-24-1581-2006.

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Abstract. During the two geomagnetic storms which occurred on 1 October 2002 and 22 January 2004, the strong ionospheric scintillations of the GPS L1 band were observed at Wuhan station (30.6° N, 114.4° E, 45.8° Dip), which is situated near the northern crest of the equatorial ionosphere anomaly. We found that the intense scintillations were associated with the main phases of the storms and were co-located with the enhancement of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA); the co-existence of large- and small-scale irregularities at post-midnight was also found. The results may be relevant regard

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24

Mo, X. H., D. H. Zhang, L. P. Goncharenko, Y. Q. Hao, and Z. Xiao. "Quasi-16-day periodic meridional movement of the equatorial ionization anomaly." Annales Geophysicae 32, no. 2 (2014): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-121-2014.

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Abstract. Based on the daytime location of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) crest derived from GPS observations at low latitude over China during the 2005–2006 stratospheric sudden warming (SSW), a quasi-16-day periodic meridional movement of EIA crest with the maximum amplitude of about 2 degrees relative to the average location of EIA crest has been revealed. In addition, periodic variations that are in phase with the meridional EIA movement are also revealed in the equatorial electrojet (EEJ) and F2 layer peak height (hmF2) over Chinese ionosonde stations Haikou and Chongqing. The qu

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25

Stolle, C., C. Manoj, H. Lühr, S. Maus, and P. Alken. "Estimating the daytime Equatorial Ionization Anomaly strength from electric field proxies." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113, A9 (2008): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007ja012781.

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26

Balan, N., J. Souza, and G. J. Bailey. "Recent developments in the understanding of equatorial ionization anomaly: A review." Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 171 (June 2018): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2017.06.020.

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27

Balan, N., K. Shiokawa, Y. Otsuka, S. Watanabe, and G. J. Bailey. "Super plasma fountain and equatorial ionization anomaly during penetration electric field." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 114, A3 (2009): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008ja013768.

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28

Abdu, M. A., J. H. A. Sobral, E. R. de Paula, and I. S. Batista. "Magnetospheric disturbance effects on the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA) : an overview." Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics 53, no. 8 (1991): 757–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(91)90126-r.

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29

Jose, L., S. Ravindran, C. Vineeth, T. K. Pant, and S. Alex. "Investigation of the response time of the equatorial ionosphere in context of the equatorial electrojet and equatorial ionization anomaly." Annales Geophysicae 29, no. 7 (2011): 1267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-29-1267-2011.

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Abstract. Equatorial Electrojet (EEJ) and Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA) are two large-scale processes in the equatorial/low latitude ionosphere, driven primarily by the eastward electric field during daytime. In the present paper we investigate the correlation between the Integrated EEJ strength (IEEJ) and the EIA parameters like the total electron content at the northern crest, location of crest in Magnetic latitude and strength of the EIA for the Indian sector. A good correlation has been observed between the IEEJ and EIA when a time delay is introduced between IEEJ and EIA parameters.

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30

Feng, Jiandi, Yunbin Yuan, Ting Zhang, Zhihao Zhang, and Di Meng. "Analysis of Ionospheric Anomalies before the Tonga Volcanic Eruption on 15 January 2022." Remote Sensing 15, no. 19 (2023): 4879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15194879.

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In this paper, GNSS stations’ observational data, global ionospheric maps (GIM) and the electron density of FORMOSAT-7/COSMIC-2 occultation are used to study ionospheric anomalies before the submarine volcanic eruption of Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha’apai on 15 January 2022. (i) We detect the negative total electron content (TEC) anomalies by three GNSS stations on 5 January before the volcanic eruption after excluding the influence of solar and geomagnetic disturbances and lower atmospheric forcing. The GIMs also detect the negative anomaly in the global ionospheric TEC only near the epicenter of the

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31

Li, Guozhu, Baiqi Ning, Libo Liu, et al. "Correlative study of plasma bubbles, evening equatorial ionization anomaly, and equatorial prereversalE×Bdrifts at solar maximum." Radio Science 43, no. 4 (2008): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007rs003760.

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32

Chakraborty, S. K., and R. Hajra. "Electrojet control of ambient ionization near the crest of the equatorial anomaly in the Indian zone." Annales Geophysicae 27, no. 1 (2009): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-27-93-2009.

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Abstract. A long-term (1978–1990) database of total electron content (TEC) from a location (Calcutta: 22.58° N, 88.38° E geographic, dip: 32° N) near the northern crest of the equatorial ionization anomaly has extensively been studied to characterize the contribution of fountain effect in the maintenance of ambient ionization. The equatorial electrojet (EEJ) data obtained from ground magnetometer recording are used to assess the contribution of equatorial fountain. Analysis made with instantaneous values, day's maximum values and time-integrated values of EEJ strength exhibit more or less simi

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33

Bolaji, Olawale, Oluwafisayo Owolabi, Elijah Falayi, et al. "Observations of equatorial ionization anomaly over Africa and Middle East during a year of deep minimum." Annales Geophysicae 35, no. 1 (2017): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-123-2017.

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Abstract. In this work, we investigated the veracity of an ion continuity equation in controlling equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) morphology using total electron content (TEC) of 22 GPS receivers and three ground-based magnetometers (Magnetic Data Acquisition System, MAGDAS) over Africa and the Middle East (Africa–Middle East) during the quietest periods. Apart from further confirmation of the roles of equatorial electrojet (EEJ) and integrated equatorial electrojet (IEEJ) in determining hemispheric extent of EIA crest over higher latitudes, we found some additional roles played by thermos

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34

Pallam Raju, D., R. Sridharan, S. Gurubaran, and R. Raghavarao. "First results from ground-based daytime optical investigation of the development of the equatorial ionization anomaly." Annales Geophysicae 14, no. 2 (1996): 238–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-996-0238-9.

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Abstract. A meridional scanning OI 630.0-nm dayglow photometer was operated from Ahmedabad (17.2°N dip lat.) scanning a region towards the south in the upper atmosphere extending over ~5° in latitude from 10.2°N to 15.2°N dip latitude. From the spatial and temporal variabilities of the dayglow intensity in the scanning region we show for the first time, evidence for the passage of the crest of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) in the daytime by means of a ground-based optical technique. The relationship between the daytime eastward electric field over the dip equator in the same longitud

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35

Krall, J., J. D. Huba, G. Joyce, and T. Yokoyama. "Density enhancements associated with equatorial spread <I>F</I>." Annales Geophysicae 28, no. 2 (2010): 327–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-28-327-2010.

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Abstract. Forces governing the three-dimensional structure of equatorial spread-F (ESF) plumes are examined using the NRL SAMI3/ESF three-dimensional simulation code. As is the case with the equatorial ionization anomaly (IA), density crests within the plume occur where gravitational and diffusive forces are in balance. Large E×B drifts within the ESF plume place these crests on field lines with apex heights higher than those of the background IA crests. Large poleward field-aligned ion velocities within the plume result in large ion-neutral diffusive forces that support these ionization crest

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36

Sales, G. S., B. W. Reinisch, J. L. Scali, et al. "SpreadFand the structure of equatorial ionization depletions in the southern anomaly region." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 101, A12 (1996): 26819–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96ja01946.

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37

Yue, Xinan, William S. Schreiner, Ying-Hwa Kuo, and Jiuhou Lei. "Ionosphere equatorial ionization anomaly observed by GPS radio occultations during 2006–2014." Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 129 (July 2015): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2015.04.004.

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38

Manju, G., V. Sreeja, Sudha Ravindran, and Smitha V. Thampi. "Toward prediction of L band scintillations in the equatorial ionization anomaly region." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 116, A2 (2011): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010ja015893.

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39

Chen, C. H., J. Y. Liu, K. Yumoto, C. H. Lin, and T. W. Fang. "Equatorial ionization anomaly of the total electron content and equatorial electrojet of ground-based geomagnetic field strength." Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 70, no. 17 (2008): 2172–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2008.09.021.

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40

Bhuyan, P. K., P. K. Kakoty, and S. B. Singh. "Theoretical simulation of O<sup>+</sup> and H<sup>+</sup> densities in the Indian low latitude F-region and comparison with observations." Annales Geophysicae 20, no. 12 (2002): 1959–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-20-1959-2002.

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Abstract. The O+ and H+ ion density distributions in the Indian low latitude F-region, within ± 15° magnetic latitudes, are simulated using a time dependent model developed on the basis of solution of the plasma continuity equation. The simulated ion densities for solar minimum June and December solstices are then compared with ionosonde observations from the period 1959–1979 and measurements made by the Indian SROSS C2 satellite during 1995–1996 at an altitude of ~ 500 km. The simulated O+ density has a minimum around pre-sunrise hours and a maximum during noontime. H+ density is higher at ni

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41

Tulasi Ram, S., P. V. S. Rama Rao, D. S. V. V. D. Prasad, et al. "The combined effects of electrojet strength and the geomagnetic activity (<I>K<sub>p</sub></I>-index) on the post sunset height rise of the F-layer and its role in the generation of ESF during high and low solar activity periods." Annales Geophysicae 25, no. 9 (2007): 2007–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-25-2007-2007.

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Abstract. Several investigations have been carried out to identify the factors that are responsible for the day-to-day variability in the occurrence of equatorial spread-F (ESF). But the precise forecasting of ESF on a day-to-day basis is still far from reality. The nonlinear development and the sustenance of ESF/plasma bubbles is decided by the background ionospheric conditions, such as the base height of the F-layer (h'F), the electron density gradient (dN/dz), maximum ionization density (Nmax), geomagnetic activity and the neutral dynamics. There is increasing evidence in the literature dur

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42

Walker, G. O., J. H. K. Ma, and E. Golton. "The equatorial ionospheric anomaly in electron content from solar minimum to solar maximum for South East Asia." Annales Geophysicae 12, no. 2/3 (1994): 195–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-994-0195-0.

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Abstract. Median hourly, electron content-latitude profiles obtained in South East Asia under solar minimum and maximum conditions have been used to establish seasonal and solar differences in the diurnal variations of the ionospheric equatorial anomaly (EIA). The seasonal changes have been mainly accounted for from a consideration of the daytime meridional wind, affecting the EIA diffusion of ionization from the magnetic equator down the magnetic field lines towards the crests. Depending upon the seasonal location of the subsolar point in relation to the magnetic equator diffusion rates were

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43

Luo, Xiaowen, Di Wang, Jinling Wang, et al. "Study of the Spatiotemporal Characteristics of the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly Using Shipborne Multi-GNSS Data: A Case Analysis (120° E–150° E, Western Pacific Ocean, 2014–2015)." Remote Sensing 13, no. 15 (2021): 3051. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13153051.

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Ground-based GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) reference stations lack the capacity to provide data for ocean regions with sufficient spatial-temporal resolution, limiting the detailed study of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA). Thus, this study collected kinematic multi-GNSS data on the ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) during two research cruises across the equator in the Western Pacific Ocean in 2014 (31 October–8 November) and 2015 (29 March–6 April). The purpose of the study was to use sufficient spatial–temporal resolution data to conduct a detailed analysis of the d

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44

Dabas, R. S., R. M. Das, V. K. Vohra, and C. V. Devasia. "Space weather impact on the equatorial and low latitude F-region ionosphere over India." Annales Geophysicae 24, no. 1 (2006): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-24-97-2006.

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Abstract. For a detailed study of the space weather impact on the equatorial and low latitude F-region, the ionospheric response features are analysed during the periods of three recent and most severe magnetic storm events of the present solar cycle which occurred in October and November 2003, and November 2004. The F-layer base height (h'F), peak height (hmF2) and critical frequency (foF2) data, from Trivandrum, an equatorial station and Delhi, a low latitude location, are examined during the three magnetic storm periods. The results of the analysis clearly shows that the height of the F-reg

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45

Amaechi, P. O., E. O. Oyeyemi, and A. O. Akala. "Variability of the African equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) crests during the year 2013." Canadian Journal of Physics 97, no. 2 (2019): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2017-0985.

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This paper discusses the variability of the position and magnitude of the crests of African Equatorial Ionization Anomaly during noon and post sunset periods. Total electron content data covered the year 2013, and were obtained from a chain of global positioning system receivers in both hemispheres around 37°E longitude. Local magnetometer data were used to infer the direction and magnitude of the E × B drift, while the solar extreme ultraviolet proxy index was used as a measure of solar activity. It was found that the time of formation of both crests varied from 1400 to 1700 local time. Addit

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46

Kassa, T., B. Damtie, A. Bires, E. Yizengaw, and P. Cilliers. "Storm-time characteristics of the equatorial ionization anomaly in the East African sector." Advances in Space Research 56, no. 1 (2015): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2015.04.002.

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Talha, Madeeha, Nabeel Ahmed, Muneeza M. Ali, and Ghulam Murtaza. "Variability of NmF2 during solar minima at the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly crest region." Advances in Space Research 64, no. 11 (2019): 2321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2019.09.014.

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Kwak, Young-Sil, Hyosub Kil, Woo Kyoung Lee, and Tae-Yong Yang. "Variation of the Hemispheric Asymmetry of the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly with Solar Cycle." Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences 36, no. 3 (2019): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5140/jass.2019.36.3.159.

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Abstract:

In solstices during the solar minimum, the hemispheric difference of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) intensity (hereafter hemispheric asymmetry) is understood as being opposite in the morning and afternoon. This phenomenon is explained by the temporal variation of the combined effects of the fountain process and interhemispheric wind. However, the mechanism applied to the observations during the solar minimum has not yet been validated with observations made during other periods of the solar cycle. We investigate the variability of the hemispheric asymmetry with local time (LT), altitu

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Abaidoo, Samuel, Virginia Klausner, Claudia Maria Nicoli Candido, et al. "CIR-Driven Geomagnetic Storm and High-Intensity Long-Duration Continuous AE Activity (HILDCAA) Event: Effects on Brazilian Equatorial and Low-Latitude Ionosphere—Observations and Modeling." Atmosphere 16, no. 5 (2025): 499. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16050499.

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This paper investigates the effects of a Corotating Interaction Region (CIR)/High-Speed Stream (HSS)-driven geomagnetic storm from 13 to 23 October 2003, preceding the well-known Halloween storm. This moderate storm exhibited a prolonged recovery phase and persistent activity due to a High-Intensity Long-Duration Continuous AE Activity (HILDCAA) event. We focus on low-latitude ionospheric responses induced by Prompt Penetration Electric Fields (PPEFs) and Disturbance Dynamo Electric Fields (DDEFs). To assess these effects, we employed ground-based GNSS receivers, Digisonde data, and satellite

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Manju, G., T. K. Pant, C. V. Devasia, S. Ravindran, and R. Sridharan. "Electrodynamical response of the Indian low-mid latitude ionosphere to the very large solar flare of 28 October 2003 – a case study." Annales Geophysicae 27, no. 10 (2009): 3853–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-27-3853-2009.

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Abstract. The electrodynamic effects on the low-mid latitude ionospheric region have been investigated using GPS (global positioning system) data, ionosonde data and ΔH values, during the very large solar flare (X17.2/4B) of 28 October 2003. The results bring out the flare induced unusual behaviour of the equatorial ionosphere on this day just prior to sunset. The important observations are i) Large and prolonged Ne enhancements observed from ionosonde data just after the flare-related peak enhancement in EUV flux. The observed enhancement in Ne is due to the increase in ionization production

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