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Journal articles on the topic 'Equatorial spread F'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Becker-Guedes, F., Y. Sahai, P. R. Fagundes, et al. "Geomagnetic storm and equatorial spread-F." Annales Geophysicae 22, no. 9 (2004): 3231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-3231-2004.

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Abstract. In August 2000, a new ionospheric sounding station was established at Sao Jose dos Campos (23.2° S, 45.9° W; dip latitude 17.6° S), Brazil, by the University of Vale do Paraiba (UNIVAP). Another ionospheric sounding station was established at Palmas (10.2° S, 48.2° W; dip latitude 5.5° S), Brazil, in April 2002, by UNIVAP in collaboration with the Lutheran University Center of Palmas (CEULP), Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA). Both the stations are equipped with digital ionosonde of the type known as Canadian Advanced Digital Ionosonde (CADI). In order to study the effects of geo

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2

Chandra, H., G. D. Vyas, H. S. S. Sinha, S. Prakash, and R. N. Misra. "Equatorial spread-F campaign over SHAR." Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 59, no. 2 (1997): 191–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1364-6826(95)00199-9.

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3

Raghavarao, R., R. Suhasini, H. G. Mayr, W. R. Hoegy, and L. E. Wharton. "Equatorial spread-F (ESF) and vertical winds." Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 61, no. 8 (1999): 607–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1364-6826(99)00017-6.

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4

Laxmi, V. N., and V. K. Tripathi. "Radio wave heating and equatorial spread-F." Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics 49, no. 11-12 (1987): 1071–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(87)90089-4.

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5

Rodrigues, F. S., M. J. Nicolls, M. A. Milla, et al. "AMISR-14: Observations of equatorial spread F." Geophysical Research Letters 42, no. 13 (2015): 5100–5108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015gl064574.

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6

Wu, Ying, Jing-fang Wang, and Bai-xian Liang. "ON IRREGULARITIES OF EQUATORIAL SPREAD F (I)." Chinese Journal of Space Science 12, no. 1 (1992): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.11728/cjss1992.01.031.

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7

Anderson, David N., and Robert J. Redmon. "Forecasting scintillation activity and equatorial spread F." Space Weather 15, no. 3 (2017): 495–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016sw001554.

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8

Roh, Kyoung-Min, Hermann Luehr, Sang-Young Park, and Jung-Ho Cho. "The Effect of Equatorial Spread F on Relative Orbit Determination of GRACE Using Differenced GPS Observations." Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences 26, no. 4 (2009): 499–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.5140/jass.2009.26.4.499.

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9

HUANG CHAO-SONG and M.C.KELLEY. "NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF LARGE SCALE EQUATORIAL SPREAD F." Acta Physica Sinica 45, no. 11 (1996): 1930. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.45.1930.

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10

Kelley, Michael C., Jonathan J. Makela, Brent M. Ledvina, and Paul M. Kintner. "Observations of equatorial spread-F from Haleakala, Hawaii." Geophysical Research Letters 29, no. 20 (2002): 64–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002gl015509.

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11

Kelley, M. C. "Equatorial spread-F: recent results and outstanding problems." Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics 47, no. 8-10 (1985): 745–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(85)90051-0.

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12

Xiao, Zuo, and Hong Xie. "EQUATORIAL SPREAD-F INITIATED BY ACOUSTIC-GRAVITY WAVES." Chinese Journal of Space Science 14, no. 3 (1994): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.11728/cjss1994.03.183.

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13

Wu, Ying, Jing-fang Wang, and Bai-xian Liang. "ON THE IRREGULARITIES OF EQUATORIAL SPREAD F (Ⅱ)." Chinese Journal of Space Science 13, no. 3 (1993): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.11728/cjss1993.03.180.

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14

Raghavarao, R., M. Nageswararao, J. Hanumath Sastri, G. D. Vyas, and M. Sriramarao. "Role of equatorial ionization anomaly in the initiation of equatorial spread F." Journal of Geophysical Research 93, A6 (1988): 5959. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ja093ia06p05959.

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15

Sahai, Y., P. R. Fagundes, J. R. Abalde, et al. "Generation of large-scale equatorial F-region plasma depletions during lowrange spread-F season." Annales Geophysicae 22, no. 1 (2004): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-15-2004.

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Abstract. All-sky imaging observations of the F-region OI 630nm nightglow emission allow us to visualize large-scale equatorial plasma depletions, generally known as trans-equatorial plasma bubbles. Strong range type spread-F is the radio signature of these (magnetically) north-south aligned plasma depletions. An extensive database of the OI 630nm emission all-sky imaging observations has been obtained at Cachoeira Paulista (22.7°S, 45.0°W; dip latitude ∼16°S), Brazil, between the years 1987 and 2000. An analysis of these observations revealed that relatively few large-scale ionospheric plasma

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16

Cécile, J. F., P. Vila, and E. Blanc. "HF radar observations of equatorial spread-F over West Africa." Annales Geophysicae 14, no. 4 (1996): 411–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-996-0411-1.

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Abstract. New experimental data depicting equatorial spread-F were taken during an HF radar sounding campaign in Korhogo (Ivory Coast, 9°24N, 5°37W, dip 4°S). Range-time-intensity maps of the radar echoes have been analyzed to identify the signatures of density depletions and bottomside spread-F. Density depletions are well known features of equatorial spread-F, and are believed to emerge after the development of a Rayleigh-Taylor instability on the bottomside F-layer. A simple model is developed and used to simulate the flow of density depletions over the radar field of view. The simulation p

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17

Woodman, R. F. "Spread F – an old equatorial aeronomy problem finally resolved?" Annales Geophysicae 27, no. 5 (2009): 1915–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-27-1915-2009.

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Abstract. One of the oldest scientific topics in Equatorial Aeronomy is related to Spread-F. It includes all our efforts to understand the physical mechanisms responsible for the existence of ionospheric F-region irregularities, the spread of the traces in a night-time equatorial ionogram – hence its name – and all other manifestations of the same. It was observed for the first time as an abnormal ionogram in Huancayo, about 70 years ago. But only recently are we coming to understand the physical mechanisms responsible for its occurrence and its capricious day to day variability. Several addit

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18

Patra, A. K., P. B. Rao, V. K. Anandan, and A. R. Jain. "Radar observations of 2.8 m equatorial spread-F irregularities." Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 59, no. 13 (1997): 1633–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1364-6826(96)00162-9.

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19

Hysell, D. L. "Imaging coherent backscatter radar studies of equatorial spread F." Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 61, no. 9 (1999): 701–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1364-6826(99)00020-6.

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20

Tsunoda, Roland T. "On seeding equatorial spread F: Parallel or transverse transport?" Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 103 (October 2013): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2012.10.016.

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21

Pillat, Valdir Gil, Paulo Roberto Fagundes, and Lamartine Nogueira Frutuoso Guimarães. "Automatically identification of Equatorial Spread-F occurrence on ionograms." Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 135 (December 2015): 118–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2015.10.015.

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22

Martinis, Carlos, Jeffrey Baumgardner, Michael Mendillo, Shin-Yi Su, and Nestor Aponte. "Brightening of 630.0 nm equatorial spread-F airglow depletions." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 114, A6 (2009): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008ja013931.

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23

Aswathy, R. P., and G. Manju. "Hindcasting of Equatorial Spread F Using Seasonal Empirical Models." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 123, no. 2 (2018): 1515–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017ja025036.

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24

Sousasantos, Jonas, José Humberto Andrade Sobral, Esfhan Alam Kherani, Marcelo Magalhães Fares Saba, and Diovane Rodolfo de Campos. "Relationship between ionospheric plasma bubble occurrence and lightning strikes over the Amazon region." Annales Geophysicae 36, no. 2 (2018): 349–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-349-2018.

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Abstract. The vertical coupling between the troposphere and the ionosphere presents some remarkable features. Under intense tropospheric convection, gravity waves may be generated, and once they reach the ionosphere, these waves may seed instabilities and spread F and equatorial plasma bubble events may take place. Additionally, there is a close association between severe tropospheric convection and lightning strikes. In this work an investigation covering an equinox period (September–October) during the deep solar minimum (2009) presents the relation between lightning strike activity and spre

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25

Chakrabarti, N., and G. S. Lakhina. "Collisional Rayleigh-Taylor instability and shear-flow in equatorial Spread-F plasma." Annales Geophysicae 21, no. 5 (2003): 1153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-21-1153-2003.

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Abstract. Collisional Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) instability is considered in the bottom side of the equatorial F-region. By a novel nonmodal calculation it is shown that for an applied shear flow in equilibrium, the growth of the instability is considerably reduced. Finite but small amounts of diffusion enhances the stabilization process. The results may be relevant to the observations of long-lived irregularities at the bottom-side of the F-layer.Key words. Ionosphere (ionospheric irregularities, equatorial ionosphere, plasma waves and instabilities)

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26

Lan, Hoàng Thái, та Nguyễn Thu Trang. "Một số đặc điểm của Spread F xích đạo quan trắc tại Việt Nam". VIETNAM JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES 30, № 4 (2008): 368–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7187/31/4/11779.

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27

Sastri, J. H. "<i>Letter to the Editor</i>: Post-midnight onset of spread-F at Kodaikanal during the June solstice of solar minimum." Annales Geophysicae 17, no. 8 (1999): 1111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-999-1111-4.

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Abstract. At dip equatorial stations in the Indian zone, spread-F conditions are known to develop preferentially around midnight during the June solstice (northern summer) months of low solar activity, in association with a distinct increase in F layer height. It is currently held that this onset of spread-F far away from the sunset terminator is due to the generalised Rayleigh-Taylor instability mechanism, with the gravitational and cross-field instability factors (and hence F layer height) playing important roles. We have studied the quarter-hourly ionograms of Kodaikanal (10.2°N; 77.5°E; di

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28

Jayachandran, P. T., P. Sri Ram, V. V. Somayajulu, and P. V. S. Rama Rao. "Effect of equatorial ionization anomaly on the occurrence of spread-F." Annales Geophysicae 15, no. 2 (1997): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-997-0255-3.

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Abstract. The unique geometry of the geomagnetic field lines over the equatorial ionosphere coupled with the E-W electric field causes the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) and equatorial spread-F (ESF). Ionosonde data obtained at a chain of four stations covering equator to anomaly crest region (0.3 to 33 °N dip) in the Indian sector are used to study the role of EIA and the associated processes on the occurrence of ESF. The study period pertains to the equinoctial months (March, April, September and October) of 1991. The ratios of critical frequency of F-layer (ƒ0F2) and electron densities

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29

Reinisch, B. W., M. Abdu, I. Batista, et al. "Multistation digisonde observations of equatorial spread F in South America." Annales Geophysicae 22, no. 9 (2004): 3145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-3145-2004.

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Abstract. Directional ionogram and F-region drift observations were conducted at seven digisonde stations in South America during the COPEX campaign from October to December 2002. Five stations in Brazil, one in Argentina, and one in Peru, monitored the ionosphere across the continent to study the onset and development of F-region density depletions that cause equatorial spread F (ESF). New ionosonde techniques quantitatively describe the prereversal uplifting of the F layer at the magnetic equator and the eastward motion of the depletions over the stations. Three of the Brazilian stations wer

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30

Seba, Ephrem Beshir, Melessew Nigussie, and Mark B. Moldwin. "The relationship between equatorial ionization anomaly and nighttime equatorial spread F in East Africa." Advances in Space Research 62, no. 7 (2018): 1737–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2018.06.029.

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31

Abdu, M. A., E. Alam Kherani, I. S. Batista, E. R. de Paula, D. C. Fritts, and J. H. A. Sobral. "Gravity wave initiation of equatorial spread F/plasma bubble irregularities based on observational data from the SpreadFEx campaign." Annales Geophysicae 27, no. 7 (2009): 2607–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-27-2607-2009.

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Abstract. The data from ground based experiments conducted during the 2005 SpreadFEx campaign in Brazil are used, with the help of theoretical model calculations, to investigate the precursor conditions, and especially, the role of gravity waves, in the instability initiation leading to equatorial spread F development. Data from a digisonde and a 30 MHz coherent back-scatter radar operated at an equatorial site, Sao Luis (dip angle: 2.7°) and from a digisonde operated at another equatorial site (dip angle: −11.5°) are analyzed during selected days representative of differing precursor conditio

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32

Kumar, B. T. Vikram, P. Velayudhan Nair, and P. B. Rao. "HF doppler observations on the occurrence of equatorial spread-F." Journal of Earth System Science 94, no. 3 (1985): 261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02839203.

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33

RASTOGI, R. G., S. ALEX, and P. V. KOPARKAR. "Equatorial spread F and ionospheric electron content at low latitudes." Journal of geomagnetism and geoelectricity 41, no. 9 (1989): 753–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5636/jgg.41.753.

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34

Chen, Pei-Ren. "Equatorial plasma bubbles/range spread F irregularities and the QBO." Geophysical Research Letters 20, no. 21 (1993): 2351–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92gl01935.

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35

Jahn, J. M., J. LaBelle, and R. A. Treumann. "Evaluating the stationarity of equatorial spread-F time series data." Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 59, no. 4 (1997): 439–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1364-6826(96)00054-5.

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36

Hysell, D. L. "Imaging coherent scatter radar studies of bottomside equatorial spread F." Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 60, no. 11 (1998): 1109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1364-6826(98)00047-9.

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37

Chen, K. Y., H. C. Yeh, S. Y. Su, C. H. Liu, and Norden E. Huang. "Anatomy of plasma structures in an equatorial spread F event." Geophysical Research Letters 28, no. 16 (2001): 3107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000gl012805.

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38

Thammavongsy, P., P. Supnithi, W. Phakphisut, K. Hozumi, and T. Tsugawa. "Spread-F prediction model for the equatorial Chumphon station, Thailand." Advances in Space Research 65, no. 1 (2020): 152–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2019.09.040.

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39

Krall, J., J. D. Huba, and D. C. Fritts. "On the seeding of equatorial spread F by gravity waves." Geophysical Research Letters 40, no. 4 (2013): 661–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/grl.50144.

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40

Krall, J., J. D. Huba, G. Joyce, and S. T. Zalesak. "Three-dimensional simulation of equatorial spread-F with meridional wind effects." Annales Geophysicae 27, no. 5 (2009): 1821–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-27-1821-2009.

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Abstract. The NRL SAMI3 three-dimensional simulation code is used to examine the effect of meridional winds on the growth and suppression of equatorial spread F (ESF). The simulation geometry conforms to a dipole field geometry with field-line apex heights from 200 to 1600 km at the equator, but extends over only 4 degrees in longitude. The full SAMI3 ionosphere equations are included, providing ion dynamics both along and across the field. The potential is solved in two dimensions in the equatorial plane under a field-line equipotential approximation. By selectively including terms in the pot

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41

Uemoto, J., T. Maruyama, S. Saito, M. Ishii, and R. Yoshimura. "Relationships between pre-sunset electrojet strength, pre-reversal enhancement and equatorial spread-F onset." Annales Geophysicae 28, no. 2 (2010): 449–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-28-449-2010.

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Abstract. The virtual height of the bottom side F-region (h'F) and equatorial spread-F (ESF) onsets at Chumphon (10.7° N, 99.4° E; 3.3° N magnetic latitude) were compared with the behaviour of equatorial electrojet (EEJ) ground strength at Phuket (8.1° N, 98.3° E; 0.1° N magnetic latitude) during the period from November 2007 to October 2008. Increase in the F-layer height and ESF onsets during the evening hours were well connected with the EEJ ground strength before sunset, namely, both the height increase and ESF onsets were suppressed when the integrated EEJ ground strength for the period f

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42

Hysell, D. L., E. Kudeki, and J. L. Chau. "Possible ionospheric preconditioning by shear flow leading to equatorial spread <i>F</i>." Annales Geophysicae 23, no. 7 (2005): 2647–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-23-2647-2005.

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Abstract. Vertical shear in the zonal plasma drift speed is apparent in incoherent and coherent scatter radar observations of the bottomside F region ionosphere made at Jicamarca from about 1600–2200 LT. The relative importance of the factors controlling the shear, which include competition between the E and F region dynamos as well as vertical currents driven in the E and F regions at the dip equator, is presently unknown. Bottom-type scattering layers arise in strata where the neutral and plasma drifts differ widely, and periodic structuring of irregularities within the layers is telltale of

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43

Fritts, D. C., S. L. Vadas, D. M. Riggin, et al. "Gravity wave and tidal influences on equatorial spread F based on observations during the Spread F Experiment (SpreadFEx)." Annales Geophysicae 26, no. 11 (2008): 3235–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-26-3235-2008.

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Abstract. The Spread F Experiment, or SpreadFEx, was performed from September to November 2005 to define the potential role of neutral atmosphere dynamics, primarily gravity waves propagating upward from the lower atmosphere, in seeding equatorial spread F (ESF) and plasma bubbles extending to higher altitudes. A description of the SpreadFEx campaign motivations, goals, instrumentation, and structure, and an overview of the results presented in this special issue, are provided by Fritts et al. (2008a). The various analyses of neutral atmosphere and ionosphere dynamics and structure described i

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44

Subbarao, K. S. V., and B. V. Krishna Murthy. "Seasonal variations of equatorial spread-<i>F</i>." Annales Geophysicae 12, no. 1 (1994): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-994-0033-4.

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Abstract. The occurrence of spread-F at Trivandrum (8.5°N, 77°E, dip 0.5°N) has been investigated on a seasonal basis in sunspot maximum and minimum years in terms of the growth rate of irregularities by the generalized collisional Rayleigh-Taylor (GRT) instability mechanism which includes the gravitational and cross-field instability terms. The occurrence statistics of spread-F at Trivandrum have been obtained using quarter hourly ionograms. The nocturnal variations of the growth rate of irregularities by the GRT mechanism have been estimated for different seasons in sunspot maximum and minim

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45

Candido, Claudia M. N., Jiankui Shi, Inez S. Batista, et al. "Postmidnight equatorial plasma irregularities on the June solstice during low solar activity – a case study." Annales Geophysicae 37, no. 4 (2019): 657–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-657-2019.

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Abstract. We present a case study of unusual spread-F structures observed by ionosondes at two equatorial and low-latitude Brazilian stations – São Luís (SL: 44.2∘ W, 2.33∘ S; dip angle: −6.9∘) and Fortaleza (FZ: 38.45∘ W, 3.9∘ S; dip angle: −16∘). The irregularity structures observed from midnight to postmidnight hours of moderate solar activity (F10.7 < 97 sfu, where 1 sfu = 10−22 W m−2 s−1) have characteristics different from typical post-sunset equatorial spread F. The spread-F traces first appeared at or above the F-layer peak and gradually became well-formed mixed spread F. They also

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46

Krall, J., J. D. Huba, S. L. Ossakow, and G. Joyce. "Equatorial spread <I>F</I> fossil plumes." Annales Geophysicae 28, no. 11 (2010): 2059–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-28-2059-2010.

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Abstract. Behaviour of equatorial spread F (ESF) fossil plumes, i.e., ESF plumes that have stopped rising, is examined using the NRL SAMI3/ESF three-dimensional simulation code. We find that fossil bubbles, plasma density depletions associated with fossil plumes, can persist as high-altitude equatorial depletions even while being "blown" by zonal winds. Corresponding airglow-proxy images of fossil plumes, plots of electron density versus longitude and latitude at a constant altitude of 288 km, are shown to partially "fill in" in most cases, beginning with the highest altitude field lines withi

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47

Martinis, C., and M. Mendillo. "Equatorial spread F-related airglow depletions at Arecibo and conjugate observations." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 112, A10 (2007): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007ja012403.

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48

Hysell, D. L. "An overview and synthesis of plasma irregularities in equatorial spread F." Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 62, no. 12 (2000): 1037–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1364-6826(00)00095-x.

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49

Kudeki, Erhan, Ahmed Akgiray, Marco Milla, Jorge L. Chau, and David L. Hysell. "Equatorial spread-F initiation: Post-sunset vortex, thermospheric winds, gravity waves." Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 69, no. 17-18 (2007): 2416–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2007.04.012.

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50

Rastogi, R. G., H. Chandra, P. Janardhan, B. W. Reinisch, and Susanta Kumar Bisoi. "Post sunset equatorial spread-F at Kwajalein and interplanetary magnetic field." Advances in Space Research 60, no. 8 (2017): 1708–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2017.06.020.

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