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Journal articles on the topic 'Equatorial waves'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Grise, Kevin M., and David W. J. Thompson. "Equatorial Planetary Waves and Their Signature in Atmospheric Variability." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 69, no. 3 (2012): 857–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-11-0123.1.

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Abstract Equatorial planetary waves are a fundamental component of the tropical climate system. Previous studies have examined their structure in the climatological-mean circulation, their role in the climatological-mean momentum balance of the tropics, and their contribution to the climatological-mean upwelling across the tropical tropopause. In this study, the authors focus on the contribution of the equatorial planetary waves to variability in the tropical circulation about its climatological-mean state. The equatorial planetary waves that dominate the climatological mean exhibit considerab

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2

Zhang, K. "On equatorially trapped boundary inertial waves." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 248 (March 1993): 203–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112093000746.

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Solutions of the Poincaré equation describing equatorially trapped three-dimensional boundary travelling waves in rotating spherical systems are discussed. It is shown that the combined effects of Coriolis forces and spherical curvature enable the equatorial region to form an equatorial waveguide tube with characteristic latitudinal radius (2/m)1/2 and radial radius (1/m), where m is azimuthal wavenumber. Inertial waves with sufficiently simple structure along the axis of rotation and sufficiently small azimuthal wavelength must be trapped in the equatorial waveguide tube. The structure and fr

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3

Durland, Theodore S., Roger M. Samelson, Dudley B. Chelton, and Roland A. de Szoeke. "Modification of Long Equatorial Rossby Wave Phase Speeds by Zonal Currents." Journal of Physical Oceanography 41, no. 6 (2011): 1077–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jpo4503.1.

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Abstract Previously unaddressed aspects of how equatorial currents affect long Rossby wave phase speeds are investigated using solutions of the shallow-water equations linearized about quasi-realistic currents. Modification of the background potential vorticity (PV) gradient by curvature in the narrow equatorial currents is shown to play a role comparable to the Doppler shift emphasized by previous authors. The important variables are the meridional projections of mean-current features onto relevant aspects of the wave field. As previously shown, Doppler shifting of long Rossby waves is determ

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4

McGregor, Shayne, Neil J. Holbrook, and Scott B. Power. "Interdecadal Sea Surface Temperature Variability in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean. Part II: The Role of Equatorial/Off-Equatorial Wind Stresses in a Hybrid Coupled Model." Journal of Climate 21, no. 17 (2008): 4242–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2057.1.

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Abstract Many modeling studies have been carried out to investigate the role of oceanic Rossby waves linking the off-equatorial and equatorial Pacific Ocean. Although the equatorial ocean response to off-equatorial wind stress forcing alone tends to be relatively small, it is clear that off-equatorial oceanic Rossby waves affect equatorial Pacific Ocean variability on interannual through to interdecadal time scales. In the present study, a hybrid coupled model (HCM) of the equatorial Pacific (between 12.5°S and 12.5°N) was developed and is used to estimate the magnitude of equatorial region va

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5

Kinoshita, Takenari, and Kaoru Sato. "A Formulation of Three-Dimensional Residual Mean Flow and Wave Activity Flux Applicable to Equatorial Waves." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 71, no. 9 (2014): 3427–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-13-0161.1.

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Abstract The large-scale waves that are known to be trapped around the equator are called equatorial waves. The equatorial waves cause mean zonal wind acceleration related to quasi-biennial and semiannual oscillations. The interaction between equatorial waves and the mean wind has been studied by using the transformed Eulerian mean (TEM) equations in the meridional cross section. However, to examine the three-dimensional (3D) structure of the interaction, the 3D residual mean flow and wave activity flux for the equatorial waves are needed. The 3D residual mean flow is expressed as the sum of t

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6

Jouanno, Julien, Frédéric Marin, Yves du Penhoat, and Jean-Marc Molines. "Intraseasonal Modulation of the Surface Cooling in the Gulf of Guinea." Journal of Physical Oceanography 43, no. 2 (2013): 382–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-12-053.1.

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Abstract A regional numerical model of the tropical Atlantic Ocean and observations are analyzed to investigate the intraseasonal fluctuations of the sea surface temperature at the equator in the Gulf of Guinea. Results indicate that the seasonal cooling in this region is significantly shaped by short-duration cooling events caused by wind-forced equatorial waves: mixed Rossby–gravity waves within the 12–20-day period band, inertia–gravity waves with periods below 11 days, and equatorially trapped Kelvin waves with periods between 25 and 40 days. In these different ranges of frequencies, it is

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7

Back, Amanda, and Joseph A. Biello. "Effect of Overturning Circulation on Long Equatorial Waves: A Low-Frequency Cutoff." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 75, no. 5 (2018): 1721–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-17-0173.1.

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Zonally long tropical waves in the presence of a large-scale meridional and vertical overturning circulation are studied in an idealized model based on the intraseasonal multiscale moist dynamics (IMMD) theory. The model consists of a system of shallow-water equations describing barotropic and first baroclinic vertical modes coupled to one another by the zonally symmetric, time-independent background circulation. To isolate the effects of the meridional circulation alone, an idealized background flow is chosen to mimic the meridional and vertical components of the flow of the Hadley cell; the

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8

CHAO, Winston C. "Chimeric Equatorial Waves as a Better Descriptor for “Convectively-Coupled Equatorial Waves”." Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan 85, no. 4 (2007): 521–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.85.521.

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9

Zhou, Cheng, and John P. Boyd. "Cross-equatorial structures of equatorially trapped nonlinear Rossby waves." Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans 64 (November 2013): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2013.08.001.

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10

Grise, Kevin M., and David W. J. Thompson. "On the Signatures of Equatorial and Extratropical Wave Forcing in Tropical Tropopause Layer Temperatures." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 70, no. 4 (2013): 1084–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-12-0163.1.

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Abstract Temperatures in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) play an important role in stratosphere–troposphere exchange and in the formation and maintenance of thin cirrus clouds. Many previous studies have examined the contributions of extratropical and equatorial waves to the TTL using coarse-vertical-resolution satellite and reanalysis data. In this study, the authors provide new insight into the role of extratropical and equatorial waves in the TTL using high-vertical-resolution GPS radio occultation data. The results examine the influence of four different wave forcings on the TTL: extra

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11

Okello, Ochieng, Guirong Tan, Victor Ongoma, and Isaiah Nyandega. "Influence of convectively coupled equatorial Kelvin waves on March-May precipitation over East Africa." Geographica Pannonica 25, no. 1 (2021): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/gp25-31132.

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Convectively coupled equatorial Kelvin waves (CCEKWs) are those types of equatorially trapped disturbances that propagate eastward and are among the most common intra-seasonal oscillations in the tropics. There exists two-way feedback between the inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and these equatorially trapped disturbances. Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) was utilized as a proxy for deep convection. For CCEKWs, the modes are located over the West Atlantic, equatorial West Africa, and the Indian Ocean. The influence of other circulations and climate dynamics is studied for finding other

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12

Lewis, Neil T., Nicholas A. Lombardo, Peter L. Read, and Juan M. Lora. "Equatorial Waves and Superrotation in the Stratosphere of a Titan General Circulation Model." Planetary Science Journal 4, no. 8 (2023): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/psj/ace76f.

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Abstract We investigate the characteristics of equatorial waves associated with the maintenance of superrotation in the stratosphere of a Titan general circulation model. A variety of equatorial waves are present in the model atmosphere, including equatorial Kelvin waves, equatorial Rossby waves, and mixed Rossby–gravity waves. In the upper stratosphere, acceleration of superrotation is strongest around solstice and is due to interaction between equatorial Kelvin waves and Rossby-type waves in winter hemisphere midlatitudes. The existence of this “Rossby–Kelvin”-type wave appears to depend on

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13

Yang, Gui-Ying, Julia Slingo, and Brian Hoskins. "Convectively Coupled Equatorial Waves in High-Resolution Hadley Centre Climate Models." Journal of Climate 22, no. 8 (2009): 1897–919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2630.1.

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Abstract A methodology for diagnosing convectively coupled equatorial waves is applied to output from two high-resolution versions of atmospheric models, the Hadley Centre Atmospheric Model, version 3 (HadAM3), and the new Hadley Centre Global Atmospheric Model, version 1 (HadGAM1), which have fundamental differences in dynamical formulation. Variability, horizontal and vertical structures, and propagation characteristics of tropical convection and equatorial waves, along with their coupled behavior in the models, are examined and evaluated against a previous comprehensive study of observed co

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14

Aiyyer, Anantha, Ademe Mekonnen, and Carl J. Schreck. "Projection of Tropical Cyclones on Wavenumber–Frequency-Filtered Equatorial Waves." Journal of Climate 25, no. 10 (2012): 3653–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00451.1.

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Abstract The impact of localized convection associated with tropical cyclones (TCs) on activity ascribed to equatorial waves is estimated. An algorithm is used to remove outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) signal in the vicinity of observed tropical cyclones, and equatorial wave modes are extracted using the standard wavenumber–frequency decomposition method. The results suggest that climatological activity of convection-coupled equatorial waves is overestimated where TC tracks are densest. The greatest impact is found for equatorial Rossby (ER)- and tropical depression (TD)-type waves followed

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15

Delplace, Pierre, J. B. Marston, and Antoine Venaille. "Topological origin of equatorial waves." Science 358, no. 6366 (2017): 1075–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aan8819.

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16

Brossier, Fran�oise. "Mathematical modelization of equatorial waves." Acta Applicandae Mathematicae 5, no. 1 (1986): 37–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00049169.

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17

Dima, Ioana M., and John M. Wallace. "Structure of the Annual-Mean Equatorial Planetary Waves in the ERA-40 Reanalyses." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 64, no. 8 (2007): 2862–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3985.1.

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The three-dimensional structure of the annual-mean equatorial planetary waves in the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) is documented. The features in the free atmosphere are predominantly equatorially symmetric, driven by east–west heating gradients. The geopotential height and wind perturbations are strongest at or just below the 150-hPa level. Below the level of maximum amplitude, the circulations in the waves are thermally direct with latent heat release in deep convective clouds and radiative cooling in the intervening cloud-free regions. Within the overlying capping layer, the wave-related

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18

Ryu, Jung-Hee, M. Joan Alexander, and David A. Ortland. "Equatorial Waves in the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere Forced by Latent Heating Estimated from TRMM Rain Rates." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 68, no. 10 (2011): 2321–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jas3647.1.

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Abstract Equatorial atmospheric waves in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS), excited by latent heating, are investigated by using a global spectral model. The latent heating profiles are derived from the 3-hourly Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) rain rates, which include both convective- and stratiform-type profiles. The type of heating profile is determined based on an intensity of the surface rain rate. Latent heating profiles over stratiform rain regions, estimated from the TRMM Precipitation Radar (PR) product, are applied to derive the stratiform-type latent hea

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19

Yuan, Dongliang, and Weiqing Han. "Roles of Equatorial Waves and Western Boundary Reflection in the Seasonal Circulation of the Equatorial Indian Ocean." Journal of Physical Oceanography 36, no. 5 (2006): 930–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo2905.1.

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Abstract An ocean general circulation model (OGCM) is used to study the roles of equatorial waves and western boundary reflection in the seasonal circulation of the equatorial Indian Ocean. The western boundary reflection is defined as the total Kelvin waves leaving the western boundary, which include the reflection of the equatorial Rossby waves as well as the effects of alongshore winds, off-equatorial Rossby waves, and nonlinear processes near the western boundary. The evaluation of the reflection is based on a wave decomposition of the OGCM results and experiments with linear models. It is

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20

Yang, Gui-Ying, Brian J. Hoskins, and Julia M. Slingo. "Equatorial Waves in Opposite QBO Phases." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 68, no. 4 (2011): 839–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jas3514.1.

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Abstract A methodology for identifying equatorial waves is used to analyze the multilevel 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) data for two different years (1992 and 1993) to investigate the behavior of the equatorial waves under opposite phases of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO). A comprehensive view of 3D structures and of zonal and vertical propagation of equatorial Kelvin, westward-moving mixed Rossby–gravity (WMRG), and n = 1 Rossby (R1) waves in different QBO phases is presented. Consistent with expectation based on theory, upward-propagating Kelvin waves occur more frequently during th

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21

Dima, Ioana M., John M. Wallace, and Ian Kraucunas. "Tropical Zonal Momentum Balance in the NCEP Reanalyses." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 62, no. 7 (2005): 2499–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3486.1.

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Abstract The seasonal cycle of the zonal-mean zonal momentum balance in the Tropics is investigated using NCEP reanalysis data. It is found that the climatological stationary waves in the tropical upper troposphere, which are dominated by the equatorial Rossby wave response to tropical heating, produce an equatorward eddy flux of westerly momentum in the equatorial belt. The resulting westerly acceleration in the tropical upper troposphere is balanced by the advection of easterly momentum associated with the cross-equatorial mean meridional circulation. The eddy momentum fluxes and the cross-e

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22

Tang, T. Y., Y. J. Yang, and Miug-Chin Wu. "Effect of Equatorial Long Waves on the North Equatorial Countercurrent." Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences 3, no. 2 (1992): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3319/tao.1992.3.2.199(o).

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23

Boyd, John P. "Barotropic Equatorial Waves: The Nonuniformity of the Equatorial Beta-Plane." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 42, no. 18 (1985): 1965–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1985)042<1965:bewtno>2.0.co;2.

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24

Chen, Guanghua, and Chi-Yung Tam. "A New Perspective on the Excitation of Low-Tropospheric Mixed Rossby–Gravity Waves in Association with Energy Dispersion." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 69, no. 4 (2012): 1397–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-11-0331.1.

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Abstract This study investigates the synoptic-scale equatorial response to Rossby wave energy dispersion associated with off-equatorial wave activity sources and proposes a new mechanism for triggering low-level mixed Rossby–gravity (MRG) waves. A case study based on observations in boreal summer 2002 reveals that a vortex related to tropical cyclogenesis generated a coherent wave train through southeastward energy dispersion. The southeastward-propagating energy packet gave rise to the equatorial atmospheric response with a temporal scale similar to the wave train and with a structure consist

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25

Maury, P., and F. Lott. "On the presence of equatorial waves in the lower stratosphere of a general circulation model." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, no. 8 (2013): 22607–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-22607-2013.

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Abstract. To challenge the hypothesis that equatorial waves in the lower stratosphere are essentially forced by convection, we use the LMDz atmospheric model extended to the stratosphere and compare two versions having very different convection schemes but no quasi biennial oscillation (QBO). The two versions have realistic time mean precipitation climatologies but very different precipitation variabilities. Despite these differences, the equatorial stratospheric Kelvin waves at 50 hPa are almost identical in the two versions and quite realistic. The Rossby-gravity waves are also very close bu

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Rydbeck, Adam V., Tommy G. Jensen, and Matthew R. Igel. "Idealized Modeling of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Response to SST Forcing in the Western Indian Ocean." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 76, no. 7 (2019): 2023–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-18-0303.1.

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Abstract The atmospheric response to sea surface temperature (SST) variations forced by oceanic downwelling equatorial Rossby waves is investigated using an idealized convection-resolving model. Downwelling equatorial Rossby waves sharpen SST gradients in the western Indian Ocean. Changes in SST cause the atmosphere to hydrostatically adjust, subsequently modulating the low-level wind field. In an idealized cloud model, surface wind speeds, surface moisture fluxes, and low-level precipitable water maximize near regions of strongest SST gradients, not necessarily in regions of warmest SST. Simu

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27

Holmes, R. M., and L. N. Thomas. "Modulation of Tropical Instability Wave Intensity by Equatorial Kelvin Waves." Journal of Physical Oceanography 46, no. 9 (2016): 2623–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-16-0064.1.

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AbstractTropical instability waves (TIWs) and equatorial Kelvin waves are dominant sources of intraseasonal variability in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, and both play important roles in the heat and momentum budgets of the large-scale flow. While individually they have been well studied, little is known about how these two features interact, although satellite observations suggest that TIW propagation speed and amplitude are modulated by Kelvin waves. Here, the influence of Kelvin waves on TIW kinetic energy (TIWKE) is examined using an ensemble set of 1/4° ocean model simulations of the equat

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28

Yang, Gui-Ying, John Methven, Steve Woolnough, Kevin Hodges, and Brian Hoskins. "Linking African Easterly Wave Activity with Equatorial Waves and the Influence of Rossby Waves from the Southern Hemisphere." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 75, no. 6 (2018): 1783–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-17-0184.1.

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Abstract A connection is found between African easterly waves (AEWs), equatorial westward-moving mixed Rossby–gravity (WMRG) waves, and equivalent barotropic Rossby waves (RWs) from the Southern Hemisphere (SH). The amplitude and phase of equatorial waves is calculated by projection of broadband-filtered ERA-Interim data onto a horizontal structure basis obtained from equatorial wave theory. Mechanisms enabling interaction between the wave types are identified. AEWs are dominated by a vorticity wave that tilts eastward below the African easterly jet and westward above: the tilt necessary for b

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29

Yang, Gui-Ying, Brian Hoskins, and Julia Slingo. "Convectively Coupled Equatorial Waves. Part I: Horizontal and Vertical Structures." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 64, no. 10 (2007): 3406–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas4017.1.

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Abstract Multilevel 15-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-15) and satellite-observed brightness temperature (Tb) data for the period May–October 1992 are used to examine the horizontal and vertical structures of convectively coupled equatorial waves. Dynamical waves are isolated using a methodology developed previously. Composite structures of convectively coupled equatorial waves are obtained using linear regression/correlation between convection (Tb) and dynamical structures. It is found that the relationship depends on the ambient flow and the nature of the convective coupling, and varies between of

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30

Liu, Junjun, and Tapio Schneider. "Convective Generation of Equatorial Superrotation in Planetary Atmospheres." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 68, no. 11 (2011): 2742–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-10-05013.1.

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Abstract In rapidly rotating planetary atmospheres that are heated from below, equatorial superrotation can occur through convective generation of equatorial Rossby waves. If the heating from below is sufficiently strong that convection penetrates into the upper troposphere, then the convection generates equatorial Rossby waves, which can induce the equatorward angular momentum transport necessary for superrotation. This paper investigates the conditions under which the convective generation of equatorial Rossby waves and their angular momentum transport lead to superrotation. It also addresse

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31

Maury, P., and F. Lott. "On the presence of equatorial waves in the lower stratosphere of a general circulation model." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 4 (2014): 1869–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-1869-2014.

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Abstract. To challenge the hypothesis that equatorial waves in the lower stratosphere are essentially forced by convection, we use the LMDz atmospheric model extended to the stratosphere and compare two versions having very different convection schemes but no quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO). The two versions have realistic time mean precipitation climatologies but very different precipitation variabilities. Despite these differences, the equatorial stratospheric Kelvin waves at 50 hPa are almost identical in the two versions and quite realistic. The Rossby gravity waves are also very similar

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32

Schreck, Carl J., Lei Shi, James P. Kossin, and John J. Bates. "Identifying the MJO, Equatorial Waves, and Their Impacts Using 32 Years of HIRS Upper-Tropospheric Water Vapor." Journal of Climate 26, no. 4 (2013): 1418–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00034.1.

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Abstract The Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) and convectively coupled equatorial waves are the dominant modes of synoptic-to-subseasonal variability in the tropics. These systems have frequently been examined with proxies for convection such as outgoing longwave radiation (OLR). However, upper-tropospheric water vapor (UTWV) gives a more complete picture of tropical circulations because it is more sensitive to the drying and warming associated with subsidence. Previous studies examined tropical variability using relatively short (3–7 yr) UTWV datasets. Intersatellite calibration of data from t

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33

van der Linden, Roderick, Andreas H. Fink, Joaquim G. Pinto, Tan Phan-Van, and George N. Kiladis. "Modulation of Daily Rainfall in Southern Vietnam by the Madden–Julian Oscillation and Convectively Coupled Equatorial Waves." Journal of Climate 29, no. 16 (2016): 5801–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0911.1.

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Abstract Rainfall extremes have a large socioeconomic relevance for southern Vietnam. More than 30 million people live in this low-lying, flood-prone region in Southeast Asia. In this study the influence of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) and convectively coupled equatorial waves on the modulation of daily rainfall during the rainy season (May–October) is evaluated and quantified using an extensive station database and the gridded Asian Precipitation–Highly Resolved Observational Data Integration Toward Evaluation of Water Resources (APHRODITE) product for different phases of the equatoria

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Sousasantos, Jonas, José Humberto Andrade Sobral, Esfhan Alam Kherani, Marcelo Magalhães Fares Saba, and Diovane Rodolfo de Campos. "Relationship between ionospheric plasma bubble occurrence and lightning strikes over the Amazon region." Annales Geophysicae 36, no. 2 (2018): 349–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-349-2018.

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Abstract. The vertical coupling between the troposphere and the ionosphere presents some remarkable features. Under intense tropospheric convection, gravity waves may be generated, and once they reach the ionosphere, these waves may seed instabilities and spread F and equatorial plasma bubble events may take place. Additionally, there is a close association between severe tropospheric convection and lightning strikes. In this work an investigation covering an equinox period (September–October) during the deep solar minimum (2009) presents the relation between lightning strike activity and spre

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35

Abrashkin, Anatoly. "Wind generated equatorial Gerstner-type waves." Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A 39, no. 8 (2019): 4443–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/dcds.2019181.

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36

Haertel, Patrick T., and George N. Kiladis. "Dynamics of 2-Day Equatorial Waves." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 61, no. 22 (2004): 2707–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3352.1.

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Abstract The dynamics of the 2-day wave, a type of convectively coupled disturbance that frequents the equatorial western Pacific, is examined using observations and a linear primitive equation model. A statistical composite of the wave's kinematic and thermodynamic structure is presented. It is shown that 1) the wave's wind and temperature perturbations can be modeled as linear responses to convective heating and cooling, and 2) the bulk of the wave's dynamical and convective structure can be represented with two vertical modes. The observations and model results suggest that the 2-day wave i

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37

O'brien, James J., and Fred Parham. "Equatorial Kelvin Waves Do Not Vanish." Monthly Weather Review 120, no. 8 (1992): 1764–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1992)120<1764:ekwdnv>2.0.co;2.

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38

Constantin, A. "On the modelling of equatorial waves." Geophysical Research Letters 39, no. 5 (2012): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012gl051169.

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39

Boardsen, S. A., D. L. Gallagher, D. A. Gurnett, W. K. Peterson, and J. L. Green. "Funnel-shaped, low-frequency equatorial waves." Journal of Geophysical Research 97, A10 (1992): 14967. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92ja00827.

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40

Raupp, Carlos F. M., and Pedro L. Silva Dias. "Dynamics of resonantly interacting equatorial waves." Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography 58, no. 2 (2006): 263–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0870.2006.00151.x.

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41

Katz, Eli Joel. "Equatorial Kelvin waves in the Atlantic." Journal of Geophysical Research 92, no. C2 (1987): 1894. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jc092ic02p01894.

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42

Medvedev, S. B., and V. Zeitlin. "Weak turbulence of short equatorial waves." Physics Letters A 342, no. 3 (2005): 217–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2005.05.046.

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43

Henry, David, and Hung-Chu Hsu. "Instability of internal equatorial water waves." Journal of Differential Equations 258, no. 4 (2015): 1015–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jde.2014.08.019.

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Li, Xiao fan, and Han-Ru Cho. "Development and propagation of equatorial waves." Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 14, no. 3 (1997): 323–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00376-997-0053-6.

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Allison, Michael. "Planetary waves in Jupiter's equatorial atmosphere." Icarus 83, no. 2 (1990): 282–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(90)90069-l.

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Hsu, Hung-Chu. "An exact solution for equatorial waves." Monatshefte für Mathematik 176, no. 1 (2014): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00605-014-0618-2.

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Van Tuyl, Andrew H. "Nonlinearities in Low-Frequency Equatorial Waves." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 44, no. 17 (1987): 2478–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1987)044<2478:nilfew>2.0.co;2.

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McPhaden, M. J., and A. E. Gill. "Topographic Scattering of Equatorial Kelvin Waves." Journal of Physical Oceanography 17, no. 1 (1987): 82–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1987)017<0082:tsoekw>2.0.co;2.

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Chan, Ian H., and Theodore G. Shepherd. "Balance model for equatorial long waves." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 725 (May 14, 2013): 55–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2013.146.

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AbstractGeophysical fluid models often support both fast and slow motions. As the dynamics are often dominated by the slow motions, it is desirable to filter out the fast motions by constructing balance models. An example is the quasi-geostrophic (QG) model, which is used widely in meteorology and oceanography for theoretical studies, in addition to practical applications such as model initialization and data assimilation. Although the QG model works quite well in the mid-latitudes, its usefulness diminishes as one approaches the equator. Thus far, attempts to derive similar balance models for

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Schreck, Carl J. "Convectively Coupled Kelvin Waves and Tropical Cyclogenesis in a Semi-Lagrangian Framework." Monthly Weather Review 144, no. 11 (2016): 4131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-16-0237.1.

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Abstract This study examines how convectively coupled Kelvin waves interact with the semi-Lagrangian circulation of easterly waves to modulate tropical cyclogenesis. Recent studies have shown that fewer tropical cyclones form in the three days before passage of the Kelvin wave’s peak convection and more develop in the three days thereafter. Separately, other studies have identified the recirculation of moisture and vorticity within easterly waves using a semi-Lagrangian frame of reference. That framework is achieved by subtracting the easterly wave phase speed from the earth-relative winds. Th

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