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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Equilibrium structure'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Block, Philippe (Philippe Camille Vincent). "Equilibrium systems : studies in masonry structure." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/32096.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2005.<br>This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 38-40).<br>This thesis presents new interactive computational analysis tools for masonry structures based on limit state analysis. Thrust lines are used to clearly visualize the forces within the masonry and to predict possible collapse modes. The models are interactive and parametric to explore the relation between th

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2

Qian, Bin. "Laser sintered materials with Non-equilibrium structures." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för material- och miljökemi (MMK), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-101096.

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This thesis is focused on achieving materials with non-equilibrium structures fabricated by high-energy laser sintering. The chosen precursor materials have rigid and inert structures like high-melting point ceramics or metals. It was necessary to use real-time monitoring of temperature and spectrum profiles for selecting the optimal laser parameters for the laser sintering process. This monitoring was done by an off-axial setup that also controls the surface morphologies during the laser irradiation process. The laser focal spot receives very high temperatures and subsequent extreme cooling r

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3

Reilly, Anthony M. "Experimental equilibrium structures of solids and gases." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/3514.

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In the past sixty years, X-ray, neutron and electron dffraction have emerged as the structural techniques of choice in the solid state. However, despite many advances in theory and instrumentation, these diffraction methods are still reliant on a number of assumptions. Chief amongst these is that the atoms in the crystal vibrate in a harmonic fashion. This thesis is concerned with understanding the effects of anharmonic motion on crystal structure determination and developing new ways of moving beyond the harmonic approximation used in crystallography. A method has been developed, using molecu

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4

McNamee, Peter James. "The equilibrium structure and behavior of defoliating insect systems." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27439.

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Defoliating insect systems, defined for the purposes of this thesis as being composed of insects which defoliate forest trees and the species with which they interact, such as their host trees and their natural enemy complexes, exhibit a wide variety of population behaviors. Similarly, a number of theories and models have been proposed to explain these behaviors. These theories emphasize the importance of different ecological processes, often concentrate on the defoliator and overlook the importance of other components. Also, much of the current understanding of the dynamics of these systems

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5

Selling, Anna. "Equilibrium and structure studies of aqueous vanadophosphates and molybdovanadophosphates." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemiska institutionen, 1996. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-111109.

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6

Salonen, Anniina M. "Mixed micelles system : equilibrium and kinetics." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/865.

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Lipid-detergent systems are interesting to study, as the two amphiphiles have very different spontaneous curvature, however readily form mixed micelles in solution. These micelles can be shorter cylindrical micelles or long worm-like micelles. For such a system the size of the micelles varies strongly with solute conditions, being dependent on the total amount of amphiphile in solution, as well as, the lipid to detergent ratio in the micelles. Although the broad phase behaviour of such systems has been studied and is relatively well understood, there are still many open questions remaining. So

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7

Jones, Donald Thomas. "A study of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, linkage equilibrium, and population structure in Hispanics using seven genetic markers." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1997. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1478.

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8

Variankaval, Narayan. "Structure and thermodynamics of associating solutions : prediction of phase equilibria." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/8304.

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9

Iliev, Ilian Tzankov. "The equilibrium structure of cosmological halos and the effects of feedback on cosmological structure formation /." Digital version accessible at:, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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10

Billman, John Frederick. "Structure and phase behavior in microemulsions /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9825.

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11

Elofsson, Viktor. "Nanoscale structure forming processes : Metal thin films grown far-from-equilibrium." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Nanodesign, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-132895.

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Thin film growth from the vapor phase has for a long time intrigued researchers endeavouring to unravel and understand atomistic surface processes that govern film formation. Their motivation has not been purely scientific, but also driven by numerous applications where this understanding is paramount to knowledge-based design of novel film materials with tailored properties. Within the above framework, this thesis investigates growth of metal films on weakly bonding substrates, a combination of great relevance for applications concerning e.g., catalysis, graphene metallization and architectur

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12

Parejas, Jorge Luis Crisostomo. "Equilibrium states and their local product structure for partially hyperbolic diffeomorphisms." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/55/55135/tde-12012017-103104/.

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We address the problem of existence and uniqueness (or finiteness) of ergodic equilibrium states for a natural class of partially hyperbolic diffeomorphisms homotopic to Anosov. We propose to study the disintegration of equilibrium states along the central foliation as a tool to develop the theory of equilibrium states for partially hyperbolic dynamics. For a large class of low variational potentials we obtain existence and uniqueness of the equilibrium state and we also obtain a dichotomy between finiteness of ergodic equilibrium states and hyperbolicity of such measures. We also prove that t

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13

Bhattacharjee, Puranjoy. "Correlation Between Computed Equilibrium Secondary Structure Free Energy and siRNA Efficiency." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34643.

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We have explored correlations between the measured efficiency of the RNAi process and several computed signatures that characterize equilibrium secondary structure of the partic- ipating mRNA, siRNA, and their complexes. A previously published data set of 609 exper- imental points was used for the analysis. While virtually no correlation with the computed structural signatures are observed for individual data points, several clear trends emerge when the data is averaged over 10 bins of N â ¼ 60 data points per bin.<p> The strongest trend is a positive linear (r 2 = 0.87) correlation between ln

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14

Routledge, Robert Richard. "On the existence and structure of equilibrium in price-setting games." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/on-the-existence-and-structure-of-equilibrium-in-pricesetting-games(952d5301-dc9d-40cd-8e86-3feed89abb94).html.

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In this work the problematic issue of price determination in economic theory is re-examined. In the first chapter a state-of-the-art survey regarding the existence of equilibrium and the structure of the equilibrium set in price-setting games is provided. In chapter two a new core concept, the Bertrand core, is introduced and characterized. In chapter three a revealed preference perspective upon the Nash equilibria in price-setting games is provided. In chapter four, the issue of Bayesian equilibrium existence is addressed when traders have incomplete information regarding each others' types.

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15

Mor, Selene [Verfasser]. "Fundamental interactions governing the (non-)equilibrium electronic structure in low dimensions / Selene Mor." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1187243787/34.

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16

Heptner, Nils. "Dynamics and non-equilibrium structure of colloidal dumbbell-shaped particles in dense suspensions." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17518.

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Neben ihrer Bedeutung in industriellen Anwendungen dienen Kolloide als Modellsysteme in Experimenten und in der Theorie, um die Struktur und Dynamik von kondensierter Materie zu untersuchen. Kürzlich wurde experimentell gezeigt, dass eine kleine Anisotropie ausreicht, um die viskoelastische Antwort im Vergleich zu harten Kugeln drastisch zu ändern. Die mikroskopischen Ursachen hierfür sind bisher nicht verstanden. In dieser Arbeit werden daher Nichtgleichgewichts-Brownsche-Dynamik-Simulationen (NEBD) von harten kolloidalen Dumbbells in oszillatorischen Scherfeldern entwickelt und eingesetz

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17

Yu, Rongmin. "Supramolecules with dimolybdenum or chiral dirhodium units." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4794.

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This dissertation concerns the syntheses and characterization of supramolecules with quadruply bonded Mo2 4+ units, Mo2(DAniF)3 + (DAniF = N,N'-di-p-anisylformamidinate) or cis- Mo2(DAniF)2 2+, and chiral organometallic Rh2 4+ units, including racemic cis-Rh2(C6H4PPh2)2 2+ and pure enantiomers of cis-Rh2(C6H4PPh2)2 2+. Molecular pairs of dimolybdenum units in which Mo2(DAniF)3 + units are linked by cyclic diamidate anions or dioxolene anions have been investigated. Linkers impact the electronic communication between the dimetal units in various ways. The symmetry and the energy of the frontier

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18

Sakariya, Sohanraj Mishrimul. "Empirical tests of some equilibrium stochastic processes of the term structure of interest rates." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185533.

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In duration-based immunization models, the measure of duration is dependent on the assumed stochastic process of the term structure of interest rates. Most tests of immunization have been based on single factor duration models. However, specifications of term structure motions in earlier models permit the possibility of riskless arbitrage profits, as demonstrated by Ingersoll, Skelton and Weil (1978). This paper draws upon the work of Bierwag (1987b) and presents some discrete equilibrium two-state one-factor model of the return generating process. These models are based on processes that give

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19

Kwok, Colin, and 郭浩然. "A study of the quaternary structure of human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31245468.

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20

Höglund, Andreas. "Electronic Structure Calculations of Point Defects in Semiconductors." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Fysiska institutionen, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7926.

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In this thesis point defects in semiconductors are studied by electronic structure calculations. Results are presented for the stability and equilibrium concentrations of native defects in GaP, InP, InAs, and InSb, for the entire range of doping conditions and stoichiometry. The native defects are also studied on the (110) surfaces of InP, InAs, and InSb. Comparing the relative stability at the surface and in the bulk, it is concluded that the defects have a tendency to migrate to the surface. It is found that the cation vacancy is not stable, but decomposes into an anion antisite-anion vacanc

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21

Yu, Xuewei. "Interconnections between regional industrial structure and energy consumption patterns." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53853.

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The human society exerts its influence on the ecosystem through economic activities. While the robustness of an economy manifests through its industrial structure, human impact on nature is well represented by an economy's energy consumption patterns. Therefore, evaluating the industrial structure and unraveling its interconnection with energy consumption is crucial for achieving sustainable development. In this dissertation, I address the topic from several perspectives. First, I start with an exploratory analysis on the industrial structure itself, developing an easy measure, revealed compa

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22

Yushmanov, Pavel V. "NMR Studies of Colloidal Systems in and out of Equilibrium." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3898.

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23

Yen, Meng-Fen Yen. "Three Essays on International Trade, Market Structure, and Agricultural Cooperatives." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1502465536450035.

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24

Paisner, Kathryn A. 1983. "Crystal Engineering with Thioureas: A Structure-Based Inquiry." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/11583.

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xviii, 724 p. : ill. (some col.)<br>Structural trends applicable to crystal engineering were studied in three classes of thiourea-based compounds. The aim of the study was to identify, predict, and ultimately design reliable single-molecule structural features, which could then be used to engineer crystals with desirable properties. In one class of compounds, this goal was achieved: N-alkyl and N-aryl derivatives of N,N'-bis(3-thioureidopropyl)piperazine adopted an identical conformation in the solid state, which resulted in near-identical crystal packing. A second class of closely related com

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25

Odell, Anders. "Quantum transport in photoswitching molecules : An investigation based on ab initio calculations and Non Equilibrium Green Function theory." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Materials Science and Engineering, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4790.

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<p>Molecular electronics is envisioned as a possible next step in device miniaturization. It is usually taken to mean the design and manufacturing of electronic devices and applications where organic molecules work as the fundamental functioning unit. It involves the easurement and manipulation of electronic response and transport in molecules attached to conducting leads. Organic molecules have the advantages over conventional solid state electronics of inherent small sizes, endless chemical diversity and ambient temperature low cost manufacturing.</p><p> In this thesis we investigate the sw

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26

Cupani, Guido. "Non equilibrium dynamics of galaxy clusters." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/3065.

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2007/2008<br>The thesis is focused on the dynamics of galaxies in the outskirts of galaxy clusters, where the matter is affected by an overall infall motion towards the cluster centre. Starting from the classical results of the spherical collapse model, we determined new theoretical constraints for the mass profile of clusters as a function of the cosmological parameters. We investigated the importance of the turnaround radius (i.e. the radius where the infall motion counterbalances the Hubble expansion motion) as well as the possibility of directly extracting the mass profile from the infall

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27

Belkhiri, Madeny. "Plasma out of thermodynamical equilibrium : influence of the plasma environment on atomic structure and collisional cross sections." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112268/document.

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Dans les plasmas chauds denses, la distribution spatiale des électrons libres et des ions peut affecter fortement la structure atomique. Pour tenir compte de ces effets, nous avons implémenter un potentiel plasma fond´ sur le modèle d’un gaz d’électron uniforme et sur une approche de type Thomas-Fermi dans le Flexible Atomic Code (FAC). Ce code a été utilisé, pour obtenir les énergies, les fonctions d’onde, et les taux radiative modiﬁés par l’environnement plasma. Dans des ions hydrogénoides, les résultats numériques ont été comparés avec succès à un calcul analytique basé sur la théorie des p

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28

Mirabelli, Thomas G. "The effect of gravity on the evolution of pore and grain structure during liquid-phase sintering." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/20021.

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29

Wiktor, Julia. "Identification of equilibrium and irradiation-induced defects in nuclear ceramics : electronic structure calculations of defect properties and positron annihilation characteristics." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4050.

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Durant l'irradiation en réacteur la fission des atomes d'actinides entraine la création de grandes quantités de défauts, qui affecte les propriétés physiques et chimiques des matériaux dans le réacteur, en particulier les matériaux combustibles ou de structure. Une des méthodes non destructives pouvant être utilisées pour caractériser les défauts induits par irradiation, vides ou contenant les produits de fission, est la spectroscopie d'annihilation de positons (SAP). Cette technique expérimentale consiste à détecter le rayonnement généré lors de l'annihilation du paire électron-positon dans u

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30

Krinninger, Philip [Verfasser], and Matthias [Akademischer Betreuer] Schmidt. "Effective Equilibrium, Power Functional, and Interface Structure for Phase-Separating Active Brownian Particles / Philip Krinninger ; Betreuer: Matthias Schmidt." Bayreuth : Universität Bayreuth, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1177143070/34.

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31

Sennoga, Edward Batte. "Essays on Tax Evasion." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2007. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/econ_diss/18.

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Essay one develops and tests a revenue-maximizing tax structure model. This model represents one of the first attempts to evaluate and compare the responsiveness of various tax instruments to tax evasion within a tax revenue maximization framework. We use data from both the OECD and East African countries and estimation is via a seemingly unrelated regression model. The GDP share of agricultural income is used as an instrument to correct for the simultaneity between tax revenue shares and tax evasion. Our findings indicate that tax evasion increases the tax authority’s reliance on consumption

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32

Nascimento, Barreto Maria do. "Modulated structures." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670400.

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33

Moon, Byung-Gi. "The effect of local fiscal structure on the equilibrium income of central city residents : utilization of a dynamic urban model." The Ohio State University, 1998. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1264777547.

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34

Moon, Byung-Gi. "The effect of local fiscal structure on the equilibrium income of central city residents : utilization of a dynmaic urban model /." Connect to resource, 1998. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1264777547.

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35

Chian, Siau Chen. "Floatation of underground structures in liquefiable soils." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610082.

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36

Snyder, Chad R. "Effect of chain structure on the thermodynamics and kinetics of polymer crystallization." Diss., This resource online, 1995. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-155543/.

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37

Nemoto, Takahiro. "Phenomenological structure for large deviation principle in time-series statistics." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/199092.

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38

Heptner, Nils [Verfasser], Joachim [Gutachter] Dzubiella, Benjamin [Gutachter] Lindner, and Holger [Gutachter] Stark. "Dynamics and non-equilibrium structure of colloidal dumbbell-shaped particles in dense suspensions / Nils Heptner. Gutachter: Joachim Dzubiella ; Benjamin Lindner ; Holger Stark." Berlin : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1102992933/34.

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39

Hecht, Fabian [Verfasser], Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] [Gutachter] Bausch, and Friedrich [Gutachter] Simmel. "Static and dynamic structure formation by DNA coated colloids far from equilibrium / Fabian Hecht ; Gutachter: Andreas Bausch, Friedrich Simmel ; Betreuer: Andreas Bausch." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1131802438/34.

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40

Qin, Yanping. "Simulating Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Living Polymerization." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16200.

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The generalized Langevin equation (GLE) has been used to describe the dynamics of particles in a stationary environment. To better understand the dynamics of polymerization, the GLE has been generalized to the irreversible generalized Langevin equation (iGLE) so as to incorporate the non-stationary response of the solvent. This non-stationary response is manifested in the friction kernel and the behavior of the projected (stochastic) force. A particular polymerizing system, such as living polymerization, is specified both through the parameters of the friction kernel and the potential of mean

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41

Alcorn, Christopher G. "Improving Student Knowledge Through Experiential Learning - A Hands-On Statics Lab at Virginia Tech." Master's thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37134.

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Improving Student Knowledge through Experiential Learning â A Hands-On Statics Lab at Virginia Tech By: Christopher G. Alcorn It has been well documented that humans learn better through a combination of hearing, seeing, and hands-on experience than through hearing and seeing alone. Despite these findings, the majority of college instruction is through lecture. This research seeks to improve the quality of structural education for students in Building Construction, Architecture, and Engineering by allowing them to test theoretical structural concepts in a hands-on, lab environment

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PELLICIARI, MATTEO. "Analisi di strutture reticolari in elasticità finita con applicazione a materiali nanostrutturali." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11380/1245938.

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Le strutture reticolari con non linearità geometriche e materiali vengono spesso analizzate mediante approcci numerici. Soluzioni dell’equilibrio in forma chiusa si trovano solamente per casi semplici di riferimento e sotto l’ipotesi di materiale elastico lineare. Tale ipotesi non è consistente con l’effettivo comportamento di solidi reali soggetti a grandi deformazioni. Pertanto, il lavoro di tesi riporta una formulazione analitica interamente non lineare per il problema dell’equilibrio e stabilità di strutture reticolari. Le aste della struttura reticolare sono riguardate come solidi iperel

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Jensen, Lauren Blackburn. "Mechanism Governing the Cellular Susceptibility to Secretory Phospholipase A2." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2004. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/1137.

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Secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) is an important part of apoptosis and disposal of damaged and dying cells. However, healthy cells are not susceptible to attack by sPLA2. Recent studies have focused on membrane properties necessary to induce susceptibility in both artificial and biological membranes. Hydrolysis of phospholipids by sPLA2 requires at least two preliminary steps: first, adsorption of the enzyme to the cellular membrane, and second, movement of a phospholipid into the active site of the enzyme. We determined the effects of susceptibility on each of the two steps and determined t

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44

Vilquin, Alexandre. "Structure des ondes de choc dans les gaz granulaires." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0349/document.

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Dans des milieux tels que les gaz, les plasmas et les milieux granulaires, un objet se déplaçant à des vitessessupersoniques, compresse et chauffe le fluide devant lui, formant ainsi une onde de choc. La zone hors-équilibreappelée front d’onde, où ont lieu de brusques variations de température, pression et densité, présente unestructure particulière, avec notamment des distributions des vitesses des particules fortement non-gaussienneset difficiles à visualiser. Dans une avancée importante en 1951, Mott-Smith décrit le front d’onde comme lasuperposition des deux états que sont le gaz supersoni

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45

Ramesh, Vasanth Kumar. "A game theoretic framework for dynamic task scheduling in distributed heterogeneous computing systems." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0001115.

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Корнющенко, Ганна Сергіївна, Анна Сергеевна Корнющенко, Hanna Serhiivna Korniushchenko та ін. "Ефекти самоорганізації при квазірівноважній стаціонарній конденсації". Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2015. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/40779.

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Одним з методів отримання наноструктур, в яких ключове місце у структуроутворенні займає явище самоорганізації, є квазірівноважна стаціонарна конденсація. Вона полягає у осадженні іонно- розпиленої речовини при наднизькому пересиченні в модифікованій системі магнетронного розпилювача і процеси конденсації характеризуються проявами дисипативної самоорганізації малого пересичення та консервативної самоорганізації структур на підкладці.

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47

Yu, Wumin. "Interfacial Structure of Bilayer Compensation Films Prepared by Direct Coating Process." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1353304726.

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48

David, Gabriel. "Structure et dynamique du cytoplasme auto-organisé : exemple par la ségrégation du génome bactérien." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTS098.

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Les organismes cellulaires apparaissent organisés. Les bactéries utilisent des compartiments sans membrane pour confiner les réactions chimiques dans l'espace et le temps. Il existe un paradigme général de l'auto-organisation de l'espace intracellulaire qui distingue les auto-assemblages, structures moléculaires assemblées par des mécanismes passifs de transition de phase, et les structures dissipatives, engendrés par exemple par des processus de réaction-diffusion. Si les auto-assemblages correspondent à l'évolution vers l'équilibre thermodynamique, les structures dissipatives sont des manife

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49

Jussiau, Etienne. "Dynamique des systèmes quantiques ouverts : un niveau quantique discret fortement couplé à un continuum avec une structure de bandes." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAY032.

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Suivant les progrès technologiques de la révolution industrielle, la thermodynamique classique a été développée au XIXème siècle dans le but de comprendre la conversion de la chaleur en travail intervenant dans les machines thermiques nouvellement élaborées. Les travaux de Boltzmann apportèrent une autre révolution conceptuelle avec la physique statistique. Il démontra l’origine microscopique des lois de la thermodynamique, celles-ci ne décrivant en fait que le comportement macroscopique de systèmes pour lesquels la thermalisation locale est plus rapide que toutes les autres échelles de temps.

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Hu, Qiaohai (Joice). "Essays on Supply Chain Competition and Coordination of Operations with Finance." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1123531538.

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