Relevant bibliographies by topics / Equilibrium swelling

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers
  5. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Equilibrium swelling'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Equilibrium swelling"

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Oberth, Adolf E. "Equilibrium Swelling of Polyurethane Elastomers." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 63, no. 1 (March 1, 1990): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538242.

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Abstract Equilibrium swelling of randomly crosslinked elastomers is in satisfactory agreement with a model that considers them to be aggregates of equivalent spheres whose diameter is proportional to Mc1/2. Solvation expands these spheres, the extent of expansion being proportional to the diameter and the strength of the solvent-polymer interaction, but is independent of the number of effective chains per volume unit of the elastomer. A potential mechanistic explanation assumes that the solvent molecules form a weak complex with the elements of the polymeric chain, which forces the segments out of their equilibrium position, thus creating a force that opposes further solvation. Both forces have a very short range and are effective only in the individual segment that has formed the polymer-solvent complex. The magnitude of the extension of the whole chain will be proportional to the number of chain segments undergoing solvation, which leads to the mathematical relationship that forms the basis of Equation (6). Since the swollen volume is many times the volume of the network rubber, it is clear that only a (comparatively) small fraction of the solvent molecules will interact directly with the polymer, many of which will just fill the space created by the expanding network. In weak solvents, or at very high levels of crosslinking, where the swelling volumes are small, the extent of swelling is likely to depend on the polymer content, and the presented mechanism does not apply.
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English, Anthony E., Salvador Mafé, José A. Manzanares, Xiahong Yu, Alexander Yu Grosberg, and Toyoichi Tanaka. "Equilibrium swelling properties of polyampholytic hydrogels." Journal of Chemical Physics 104, no. 21 (June 1996): 8713–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.471560.

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Bell, Cristi L., and Nikolaos A. Peppas. "Equilibrium and dynamic swelling of polyacrylates." Polymer Engineering & Science 36, no. 14 (July 1996): 1856–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.10581.

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Liu, Jie, and Ke Yong Tang. "Effects of SiO2 and In Situ Crosslinking on the Swelling and Thermal Properties of Poly(vinyl Alcohol)/SiO2 Hybrid Films." Advanced Materials Research 266 (June 2011): 180–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.266.180.

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Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/SiO2 hybrid films were prepared through hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) in the presence of PVA solution, followed by the in-situ crosslinking with formaldehyde (HCHO) in acidic circumstance. The swelling and thermal gravimetric (TG) analysis was employed to evaluate the influence of SiO2 and crosslinking on the properties of the hybrid films. The results indicate that SiO2 affects effectively the swelling property and thermal stability of the hybrid films because of both the filling and crosslinking effects of SiO2. With increasing the crosslinking time, the swelling ratio at equilibrium of the hybrid films decreases. The swelling ratio at equilibrium of the hybrid films is sensitive to the SiO2 content, which is similar to the swelling ratio at equilibrium (65~75%) for PVA and PVA/SiO2 hybrid films with enough crosslinking time (12h). Compared to the film without in-situ crosslinking, the crosslinked PVA/SiO2 film showed a lower swelling ratio at equilibrium and an increased diffusion coefficient at the initial stage of swelling.
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Ekanayake, Jagath C., and David J. Painter. "Gravitational Equilibrium Moisture Profiles in Swelling Soils." Water Resources Research 31, no. 10 (October 1995): 2497–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95wr01652.

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Sommer, Jens-Uwe, Ron Dockhorn, Petra B. Welzel, Uwe Freudenberg, and Carsten Werner. "Swelling Equilibrium of a Binary Polymer Gel." Macromolecules 44, no. 4 (February 22, 2011): 981–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma1019363.

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Drozdov, A. D., and J. deClaville Christiansen. "Equilibrium swelling of thermo-responsive copolymer microgels." RSC Advances 10, no. 70 (2020): 42718–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra08619c.

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A model is developed for equilibrium swelling of thermo-responsive copolymer gels and is applied to predict the effect of molar fraction of comonomers on the volume phase transition temperature of macroscopic gels and microgels.
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Brannon-Peppas, Lisa, and Nikolaos A. Peppas. "Equilibrium swelling behavior of pH-sensitive hydrogels." Chemical Engineering Science 46, no. 3 (1991): 715–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(91)80177-z.

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Klepko, V. V., and Yu B. Mel'nichenko. "Kinetics and equilibrium swelling of gelatine gels." Polymer 36, no. 26 (1995): 5057–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(96)81636-3.

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Drozdov, A. D. "Equilibrium swelling of core–shell composite microgels." Meccanica 50, no. 6 (January 22, 2015): 1579–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11012-015-0107-2.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Equilibrium swelling"

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James, A. P. "Equilibrium and swelling properties of ion-sensitive holograms." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.605028.

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Polymer gels could be used as chemical and biological sensors should the technology to measure their volume change in response to analytes be fully developed. Optical approaches based on thin films, synthetic opals, inverse opals and holographic sensors offer the opportunity to allow colorimetric analysis of polymer gel swelling. The diffraction from a holographic sensor with primary amine functionalities was found to be narrow band in wavelength, 15 nm, and angle, 0.7°, and the presence of side-lobes on the spectra were explained in terms of coupled wave theory. During pH-jump induced volume change the diffraction spectra from the holographic sensor developed crenulations which were dependent on hologram thickness and observation angle but largely independent of buffer strength. Through analysis of the kinetics and spectra an integrated model based on Crick’s solution for diffusion into a thin film could explain both the sigmoidal kinetics observed, and the spectral crenulations. The model described the initial rapid progress of an ionisation front moving through the gel, followed by the slow diffusion of analyte in a longer second phase. A panel of polymers containing primary amines and the carbonate ionophore trifluoroacetylbenzoate (TFAB) in poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate). (pHEMA) and polyacrylamide (pAAm) copolymers was produced. Their response in relation to temperature, ionic strength, sulfate and aqueous carbon dioxide was examined. It was found that temperature responsive was a good indication of response to analytes. Which may, in-part, be due to the dominance of polymer-solvent mixing terms in determining response at high ionic strength. pHEMA holograms were insensitive to the identity and valency of the ions and pAAm was responsive to these conditions as determined by the relative “salting-out” potential of the ions. However, almost in contradiction to this trend, the influence of ionic strength was ten times lower on pAAm relative to pHEMA. The sensitivity to specific ions and the relative insensitivity of pAAm holograms suggest that pHEMA may have more potential as a basis for holographic sensors.
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Ekanayake, Jagath C. "Soil water movement through swelling soils." Lincoln University, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1761.

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The present work is a contribution to description and understanding of the distribution and movement of water in swelling soils. In order to investigate the moisture distribution in swelling soils a detailed knowledge of volume change properties, flow characteristics and total potential of water in the soil is essential. Therefore, a possible volume change mechanism is first described by dividing the swelling soils into four categories and volume change of a swelling soil is measured under different overburden pressures. The measured and calculated (from volume change data) overburden potential components are used to check the validity of the derivation of a load factor, ∝. Moisture diffusivity in swelling soil under different overburden pressures is measured using Gardner's (1956) outflow method. Behaviour of equilibrium moisture profiles in swelling soils is theoretically explained, solving the differential equation by considering the physical variation of individual soil properties with moisture content and overburden pressure. Using the measured volume change data and moisture potentials under various overburden pressures, the behaviour of possible moisture profiles are described at equilibrium and under steady vertical flows in swelling soils. It is shown that high overburden pressures lead to soil water behaviour quite different from any previously reported.
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Hassan, Mohamed K. I. "Novel Elastomers, Characterization Techniques, and Improvements in the Mechanical Properties of Some Thermoplastic Biodegradable Polymers and Their Nanocomposites." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1086633832.

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Hernández, Clara. "Equilibria and kinetics of organic modifier sorption and swelling by Amberlite XAD-2." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0023/NQ39539.pdf.

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Munshi, Shushan Z. "Equilibrium swelling and drying kinetics of surfactant lyotropic liquid crystals." 2005. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=997894961&sid=17&Fmt=2&clientId=39334&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Thesis (M.S.)--State University of New York at Buffalo, 2005.
Title from PDF title page (viewed on Mar. 16, 2006) Available through UMI ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Thesis adviser: Alexandridis, Paschalis. Includes bibliographical references.
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Wan, Alan Wing-Lon. "Compaction and strength characteristics of sand-clay buffer material formed at swelling pressure-water content equilibrium." 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/9523.

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Wentzel, Maximilian. "Process optimization of thermal modification of Chilean Eucalyptus nitens plantation wood." Doctoral thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-002E-E5A0-2.

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Book chapters on the topic "Equilibrium swelling"

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Queslel, J. P., and J. E. Mark. "Swelling equilibrium studies of elastomeric network structures." In Advances in Polymer Science, 229–47. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-15482-5_10.

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Miki, Hirohisa, Shin Yagihara, Sada-atsu Mukai, and Masyuki Tokita. "Swelling Equilibrium of a Gel in Binary Mixed Solvents." In Gels: Structures, Properties, and Functions, 101–5. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00865-8_14.

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Gu, Zhiyong, and Paschalis Alexandridis. "Equilibrium and Kinetics of Drying and Swelling of Poloxamer Hydrogels." In ACS Symposium Series, 120–34. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2006-0924.ch008.

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Nasser, R. O., M. Vázquez da Silva, J. M. P. Q. Delgado, Maria P. Gonçalves, and C. T. Andrade. "Dynamic and Equilibrium Swelling of Biodegradable Starch-Based Superabsorbent Polymers." In Diffusion in Solids and Liquids III, 126–31. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-51-5.126.

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Ninni, Luciana, Viktor Ermatchkov, Hans Hasse, and Gerd Maurer. "Influence of Salt and pH on the Swelling Equilibrium of Ionizable N-IPAAm Based Hydrogels: Experimental Results and Modeling." In Intelligent Hydrogels, 163–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01683-2_13.

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Siegel, Ronald A., Bruce A. Firestone, Jose Cornejo Bravo, and Barry Schwarz. "Hydrophobic Weak Polybasic Gels: Factors Controlling Swelling Equilibria." In Polymer Gels, 309–17. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5892-3_23.

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Siegel, Ronald A. "Hydrophobic weak polyelectrolyte gels: Studies of swelling equilibria and kinetics." In Responsive Gels: Volume Transitions I, 233–67. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-56791-7_6.

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"Swelling Prediction of equilibrium swelling of filled elastomers undergoing deformations." In Constitutive Models for Rubber IX, 151–56. CRC Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b18701-29.

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Blatz, J., and G. Siemens. "Numerical modelling of shallow foundations on swelling clay soil using the swelling equilibrium limit." In Unsaturated Soils. Advances in Geo-Engineering, 855–60. Taylor & Francis, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203884430.ch118.

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Brannon-Peppas, L., and N. A. Peppas. "The Equilibrium Swelling Behavior of Porous and Non-Porous Hydrogels." In Absorbent Polymer Technology, 67–102. Elsevier, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-88654-5.50009-1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Equilibrium swelling"

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Ekanayake, Jagath C., and Mark S. Abshire. "Equilibrium Moisture Profiles and Ground Heave in Swelling Soils." In Fourth International Conference on Unsaturated Soils. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40802(189)23.

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Bhadra, Jolly, Pramod K. Nampoothiri, Kamlesh J. Suthar, and D. Roy Mahapatra. "Effect of Core-Shell Structure of Hydrogel Beads on the Threshold Concentration of Water for Swelling and its pH Sensitivity." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-39583.

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In this paper we investigate the effect of core-shell structure of Sodium Alginate based hydrogel beads and their size on certain activation threshold concentration of water for applications in swelling and pH sensing. This type of hydrogel experiences diffusive pressure due to transport of certain free charges across its interface with a solvent or electrolyte. This process is essentially a dynamic equilibrium of the electric force field, stress in the polymeric network with cage like structure and molecular diffusion including phase transformation due to pressure imbalance between the hydrogel and its surroundings. The effect of pH of the solvant on the swelling rate of these beads has been studied experimentally. A mathematical model of the swelling process has been developed by considering Nernst–Planck equation representing the migration of mobile ions and H+ ions, Poisson equation representing the equilibrium of the electric field and mechanical field equation representing swelling of the gel. An attempt has been made to predict the experimentally observed phenomena using these numerical simulations. It is observed experimentally that certain minimum concentration called activation threshold concentration of the water molecules must be present in the hydrogel in order to activate the swelling process. For the required activation threshold concentration of water in the beads, the pH induced change in the rate of swelling is also investigated. This effect is analyzed for various different core-shell structures of the beads.
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Alekseev, Pavel N., Alexander A. Proshkin, and Alexander L. Shimkevich. "On Nanoceramic Fuel for Perspective Nuclear Reactors." In 16th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone16-48177.

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In developing methods for designing reactor materials with reference to nuclear fuel, a task for micro-structural suppressing the processes of swelling, corrosion, and forming macroscopic defects (phase inclusions, pores, gaseous bubbles, cracks) in the fuel is formulated. For managing the defective structure of materials under irradiation, it is offered to choose their composition that fuel oxide ceramics have consisted of steady-state fractal tetrahedral clusters as the dense part of amorphous matrix (the nano-ceramic structure). In this connection, the search of multi-component systems providing this stable state can become a perspective direction for designing fuel with small swelling and corrosion factor. Such the materials will have high density of equilibrium vacancies that effectively absorb solid and gaseous fission products, and reduce the fuel swelling factor, physical, chemical, and thermal properties.
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Voigt, Andreas, Uwe Marschner, and Andreas Richter. "Multiphysics Equivalent Circuit of a Thermally Controlled Hydrogel-Micro Valve." In ASME 2015 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2015-8996.

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Hydrogels consist of a network of cross-linked polymers that swell when put into water. For temperature-sensitive smart hydrogels the equilibrium hydrogel size depends on the temperature of the liquid. These hydrogels are used to build temperature-controlled fluidic valves. Here we present an equivalent circuit model of such a hydrogel valve. The transient behavior is based on the model by Tanaka with three additional assumptions: 1. Only the fundamental mode of the deformation field, i.e. the slowest-decaying exponential temporal behavior, is relevant. 2. There are distinct equilibrium sizes for the swollen and the de-swollen state. 3. As observed in experiment, the swollen gel and the de-swollen gel have different elastic moduli, which affect the time constants of swelling vs. de-swelling. The resulting network model includes three physical subsystems: the thermal subsystem, the polymeric subsystem and the fluidic subsystem. The thermal subsystem considers the temperature of the heater, of the adhesive and of the hydrogel. It is assumed that adhesive, housing and hydrogel act as heat capacities in combination with heat resistors. The modeled polymeric subsystem causes in addition time delays for swelling and de-swelling of first order with different delay constants. The fluidic subsystem basically includes the fluidic channel between hydrogel and housing with time varying cross section, which is modeled as controlled source. All subsystems are described and coupled within one single circuit. Thus the transient behavior of the hydrogel can be calculated using a circuit simulator. Simulation results for an assumed hydrogel setup are presented.
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Chahine, Nadeen O., Christopher C. B. Wang, Clark T. Hung, and Gerard A. Ateshian. "Determination of Poisson’s Ratios of Bovine Articular Cartilage in Tension and Compression Using Osmotic and Mechanical Loading." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-32622.

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The existence of osmotic pressure inside cartilage gives the tissue a propensity to swell. This swelling pressure is balanced by the tensile stresses generated within the solid matrix at free-swelling [1, 2]. Recent studies have shown that cartilage exhibits significant strain-softening when compressed relative to its free-swelling state [3–5]. Such strain-softening behavior has been physically interpreted within the context of osmotic swelling pressure and tension-compression nonlinearity [4, 9]. This has provided the rationale for extracting both the tensile and compressive Young’s moduli from uniaxial compression tests on the same specimen [4, 5]. The goal of the current study is to optically determine another important elastic property, i.e. the equilibrium Poisson’s ratio of young bovine articular cartilage when uniaxially compressed along its three characteristic directions: parallel and perpendicular to the split-line direction (1- and 2-direction, respectively), and in a direction normal to the articular surface (3-direction). Furthermore, the external bath concentration effects on the Poisson’s ratios will be explored at various strain levels.
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Kobayashi, Ichizo, Hitoshi Owada, and Tomoko Ishii. "Hydraulic/Mechanical Modeling of Smectitic Materials for HMC Analytical Evaluation of the Long Term Performance of TRU Geological Repository." In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59090.

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Aiming at evaluation of the long term performance of transuranic (TRU) geological repositories, the hydraulic/mechanical/chemical (HMC) analysis method has been studied. In this phase of research (four years) the hydraulic/mechanical modeling of smectitic materials for HMC analyses has been studied. In this paper, new experimental methods for investigation of the hydraulic/mechanical behavior of smectitic materials were developed. For hydraulic modeling, the measurement method of the specific surface area of compacted smectitic materials was developed using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results of the method were applied to the Kozeny-Carman law. Since the specific surface area represents the microstructure of smectitic materials such as the degree of swelling, it was found that the Kozeny-Carman law using measured specific surface area of compacted smectitic materials was useful in evaluating the hydraulic performance of smectitic materials. Moreover, since the Kozeny-Carman law can take the alteration of content of pore water into consideration by not only a coefficient of viscosity but also by changes in specific surface area, the Kozeny-Carman law will be more suitable to chemical and mechanical couple analyses than the ordinary Darcy’s law. For the mechanical modeling, the procedure of one dimensional exhausting compression test was developed. The tests gave the dry density and compression stress relation in the state of full-saturation of smectitic materials with varying water content. The relations between the dry density and compression stress in the state of fully-saturation were termed fully saturation lines. The group of isograms of degree of saturation and water content were also given with this test. It was found that the fully-saturation line is consistent with swelling deformation-pressure relation in the equilibrium state. The results indicated that the swelling deformation-pressure relation does not depend on the saturation manner, such as the injecting of water or exhausting of air due to compression. There will be, therefore, the possibility that the swelling deformation-pressure relation will be state functions and independent on the stress history. The fully-saturation line was compared with the equilibrium swelling pressure and dry density relation calculated from chemical potential by Sato (2008). Both were consistent with each other. It was found that the swelling behavior of smectitic materials can be treated as a state function in the mechanical analysis.
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Huang, Desheng, Yunlong Li, and Daoyong Yang. "Phase Behaviour and Physical Properties of Dimethyl Ether DME/CO2/Water/Heavy Oil Systems under Reservoir Conditions." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206171-ms.

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Abstract In this paper, techniques have been developed to quantify phase behaviour and physical properties including phase boundaries, swelling factors, and phase volumes for reservoir fluids containing polar components from both experimental and theoretical aspects. Experimentally, a total of five pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) experiments including three sets of DME/CO2/heavy oil systems and two sets of DME/CO2/water/heavy oil systems have been carried out to measure saturation pressures, phase volumes, and swelling factors by using a versatile PVT setup. Theoretically, the modified Peng-Robinson equation of state (PR EOS) incorporated with the Huron-Vidal mixing rule and the Péneloux volume-translation strategy is employed as the thermodynamic model to perform phase equilibrium calculations. It is observed that the experimentally measured saturation pressures of DME/CO2/water/heavy oil mixtures are higher than those of DME/CO2/heavy oil mixtures at the same temperature and same molar ratio of solvents and heavy oil, owing to the fact that more water molecules can be evaporated into vapour phase. The binary interaction parameters (BIPs) between DME/heavy oil and CO2/DME pair, which are obtained by matching the measured saturation pressures of DME/CO2/heavy oil mixtures, work well for DME/CO2/heavy oil mixtures in the presence and absence of water. In addition, a swelling effect of heavy oil can be enhanced by adding the DME and CO2 mixtures compared to only DME or CO2. The new model developed in this work is capable of accurately reproducing the experimentally measured multiphase boundaries, swelling factors, phase volumes with a root-mean-squared relative error (RMSRE) of 4.68%, 0.71%, and 9.35%, respectively, indicating that it can provide fundamental data for simulating, designing, and optimizing the hybrid solvent-thermal recovery processes for heavy oil reservoirs.
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Klisch, Stephen M., Anna Asanbaeva, Sevan R. Oungoulian, Eugene J. M. A. Thonar, Koichi Masuda, Andrew Davol, and Robert L. Sah. "A Cartilage Growth Mixture Model With Collagen Remodeling: Validation Protocols." In ASME 2007 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2007-175548.

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The attainment of specific design goals related to tissue structure and function is likely critical to the development of a consistently successful strategy for articular cartilage (AC) repair. The long-term goal of this research is to develop a cartilage growth mixture (CGM) model that may be used with experimental approaches to improve AC repair strategies. The CGM employs a “stress balance” hypothesis: at equilibrium, the crosslinked collagen (COL) network restrains the proteoglycan (PG) swelling pressure generated by fixed charge density. The specific objectives are to: 1) refine a previous CGM model [1] to include COL remodeling; 2) develop analytical protocols for model validation that are based on experimental data from select in vitro growth protocols; and 3) test CGM model hypotheses.
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Chan, Christine, Shannon Chang, and Hani E. Naguib. "A Parametric Study and Characterization of Porous, Non-Permeable, and Conductive PEGDA-HEMA Hydrogels." In ASME 2010 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2010-3739.

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This study involved the development and characterization of novel porous, non-permeable, and conductive hydrogels. The hydrogels were fabricated with HEMA and crosslinked with PEGDA through a complete parametric study of the synthesis parameters which included water content and crosslinking content. The hydrogels were fabricated using UV photopolymerization and in situ polymerization of PPy, and characterization was conducted with respect to their physical, thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties. The physical properties were analyzed with respect to their swelling ratio and equilibrium water content. The thermal properties were analyzed based on the decomposition temperature and residue weight. The mechanical properties examined the elastic modulus of the hydrogels, and the electrical properties investigated the conductivity of the hydrogels. The relationships observed between the processing, structure, and resulting properties provide the basis for further development and application of these porous, non-permeable, and conductive hydrogels.
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Manikonda, Kaushik, Abu Rashid Hasan, Nazmul H. Rahmani, Omer Kaldirim, Chinemerem Edmond Obi, Jerome J. Schubert, and Mohammad Azizur Rahman. "A Gas Kick Model that Uses the Thermodynamic Approach to Account for Gas Solubility in Synthetic-based Mud." In SPE/IADC Middle East Drilling Technology Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/202152-ms.

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Abstract This paper presents a rigorous, mechanistic model for simulating a gas kick, that uses the thermodynamic approach to account for gas solubility. This thermodynamic solubility model uses the pressure and temperature data from the kick simulations and estimates the mole fraction of various gas components in the liquid phase. We validated these gas solubility results using Aspen HYSYS, a commercial chemical process simulation software. The thermodynamic solubility model presented in this paper assumes a pure-methane kick and applies the concepts of phase-equilibrium and fugacity to estimate the amount of dissolved gas in the drilling fluid. Application of fugacity equilibrium between the gas and liquid phases, in conjunction with the Peng-Robinson equation, gives the liquid phase mole fraction of methane. The analytical kick model uses the Hasan-Kabir two-phase flow modeling approach to describes the changes in pressure during kick migration, at various points in the annulus. Since the expansion of the gas bubbles depends on the variation in pressure, these studies also lead to pit gain estimates. A comparison between our model results and HYSYS values for methane liquid-phase mole fraction showed a maximum 8% deviation with complete agreement on bubble point (Pb) pressure and location estimates. Similarly, our model calculated the solution gas-oil ratio (Rs), with a maximum divergence of 3% from HYSYS estimates. From the comparison studies with other empirical Bo & Rs correlations, we note that the estimates of our model agreed best with those of O’Bryan’s (O'Bryan 1988) correlations. Many numerical kick simulators exist today, but they are notoriously time-consuming, limiting their on-field utility. Our kick simulator’s simplicity makes it potentially useful for on-field well control decisions. Most of these existing numerical simulators ignore the effects of kick solubility in synthetic-based muds. In the few models that do not ignore solubility, the approach to accounting for gas solubility and mud swelling is empirical, limiting their usage under conditions beyond the range of the source data used in developing these correlations. The mud swelling calculation approach we developed does not have these pressure and temperature range limitations.
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Reports on the topic "Equilibrium swelling"

1

Green, P. Equilibrium swelling of elastomeric materials in solvent environments. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7171214.

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2

Baker, J. P., D. R. Stephens, H. W. Blanch, and J. M. Prausnitz. Swelling equilibria for temperature-sensitive ampholytic hydrogels. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10163918.

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3

Baker, J. P., H. W. Blanch, and J. M. Prausnitz. Swelling equilibria for cationic 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA)-based hydrogels. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10187189.

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