Journal articles: 'Equine / horse'

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Schuurman, Nora. "Conceptions of Equine Welfare in Finnish Horse Magazines." Society & Animals 23, no. 3 (July 14, 2015): 250–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341268.

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Keeping equines for leisure purposes has become increasingly popular. Along with the wider concern for animal welfare, the question of equine welfare has attracted increasing attention. The purpose of this article is to ask what is understood by equine welfare and how it is perceived in contemporary Finnish equine industry and culture. The main focus is on the conceptions of equine welfare used in justifying certain practices in caring for or handling horses. The data consist of articles from a Finnish horse magazine published in the year 2008. According to the data, conceptions of equine welfare within the equine industry and culture are somewhat contradictory. The contradictions appear between the uses of the animal for various types of work and the risks inherent in the work itself, and in the role of nature either in promoting equine welfare or as a risk for the animal’s health. The various conceptions of equine welfare are united by an empathetic tendency to interpret and understand the horse as a sentient and, often, an intentional subject.

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Bodecek, S., P. Jahn, O. Dobesova, and E. Vavrouchova. " Equine cyathostomosis: case reports." Veterinární Medicína 55, No. 4 (May 19, 2010): 187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/88/2010-vetmed.

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Twelve clinical cases of cyathostomosis in horses treated at the Equine Clinic University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences in Brno, the Czech Republic, between the years 1999 and 2008 are described in this report. Six cases (50%) were hospitalized in the period from 2007 to 2008. Eleven of them were hospitalized in the period from December to March. Only one case was admitted in June, but the clinical signs had appeared for the first time in January. All horses described in these cases were younger than six years of age. Diarrhoea as a predominant clinical sign was present in four horses and colic in four horses. One horse showed both colic and diarrhoea whilst three horses had weight loss and subcutaneous oedema. Metabolic acidosis was found in three horses, eight patients had leucocytosis. Hypoproteinemia was found in four horses, hypoalbuminemia in seven horses, hypokalemia in three horses and increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in five horses. Seven horses recovered, one horse died and four horses were euthanized.

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Randle, H. "Equine behavioural science: perspectives on problems." BSAP Occasional Publication 35 (2006): 109–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00042622.

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It is crucial to emphasise the importance of a sound scientific underpinning in the tackling of equine problems and regulation of those who treat equines. It is becoming increasingly common for two types of ‘practitioner’ to be consulted by owners of horses experiencing some kind of behavioural problem, namely Horse Whisperers (HWs) and Horse Behaviour Advisors (HBAs).Throughout this paper HWs are considered to be those who can ‘communicate with an equine, in a para–normal, gifted manner’, whilst HBAs are considered to be those who ‘advise on horse behaviour, especially problem behaviour’. The commonly used term ‘Horse Behaviourist’ has deliberately not been used as it is technically incorrect. Anyone with a rudimentary knowledge of psychology and learning theory will know that behaviourists are proponents of ‘behaviourism’ – a particular way of explaining learning. It is not a generic term referring to the study of animal behaviour – that is ‘ethology’. Worryingly today the term ‘ethology’ is being employed as a marketing tool.

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Gambini, Andrés, and Marc Maserati. "A journey through horse cloning." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 30, no. 1 (2018): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd17374.

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Interest in equine somatic cell nuclear transfer technology has increased significantly since the first equid clones were produced in 2003. This is demonstrated by the multiple commercial equine cloning companies having produced numerous cloned equids to date; worldwide, more than 370 cloned horses have been produced in at least six different countries. Equine cloning can be performed using several different approaches, each with different rates of success. In this review we cover the history and applications of equine cloning and summarise the major scientific advances in the development of this technology in horses. We explain the advantages and disadvantages of different procedures to produce cloned equine embryos and describe the current status of equine clone commercialisation, along with observations of differences in regional breed association registration regulations.

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Taylor, William Timothy Treal, Jamsranjav Bayarsaikhan, Tumurbaatar Tuvshinjargal, Scott Bender, Monica Tromp, Julia Clark, K. Bryce Lowry, et al. "Origins of equine dentistry." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 29 (July 2, 2018): E6707—E6715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1721189115.

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From the American West to the steppes of Eurasia, the domestic horse transformed human societies, providing rapid transport, communication, and military power, and serving as an important subsistence animal. Because of the importance of oral equipment for horse riding, dentistry is an essential component of modern horse care. In the open grasslands of northeast Asia, horses remain the primary form of transport for many herders. Although free-range grazing on gritty forage mitigates many equine dental issues, contemporary Mongolian horsemen nonetheless practice some forms of dentistry, including the removal of problematic deciduous teeth and the vestigial first premolar (“wolf tooth”). Here, we present archaezoological data from equine skeletal remains spanning the past 3,200 y, indicating that nomadic dental practices have great antiquity. Anthropogenic modifications to malerupted deciduous central incisors in young horses from the Late Bronze Age demonstrate their attempted removal, coinciding with the local innovation or adoption of horseback riding and the florescence of Mongolian pastoral society. Horse specimens from this period show no evidence of first premolar removal, which we first identify in specimens dating to ca. 750 BCE. The onset of premolar extraction parallels the archaeological appearance of jointed bronze and iron bits, suggesting that this technological shift prompted innovations in dentistry that improved horse health and horse control. These discoveries provide the earliest directly dated evidence for veterinary dentistry, and suggest that innovations in equine care by nomadic peoples ca. 1150 BCE enabled the use of horses for increasingly sophisticated mounted riding and warfare.

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Iversson, Lygia Busch, Roberto Aguilar M. S. Silva, Amélia P. A. Travassos da Rosa, and Vera Lúcia R. S. Barros. "Circulation of Eastern equine encephalitis, Western equine encephalitis, Ilhéus, Maguari and Tacaiuma viruses in equines of the Brazilian Pantanal, South America." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 35, no. 4 (August 1993): 355–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46651993000400009.

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Neutralizing antibodies to EEE (6.7%), WEE (1.2%), ILH (26.6%), MAG (28.2%) and TCM (15.7%) viruses were found in sera of 432 equines of the Brazilian Pantanal, area where undiagnosed horse deaths are frequently observed. A 4-fold rise in CF titer to EEE virus was detected in acute and convalescent sera of an encephalitis horse sacrified in 1992. Antibodies to EEE, ILH, MAG and TCM viruses were detected in horses less than 2 years old indicating recent circulation of these viruses in the Pantanal. The evidence of recent equine encephalitis associated with rising CF titer to EEE warrants a more intensive study with attempts to isolate virus from horses with clinical manifestations of encephalitis.

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Bax, J., and G. P. F. Lane. "Equine forages and grassland management." BSAP Occasional Publication 32 (2004): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x0004132x.

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There are about 900,000 horses kept in the UK for leisure and a further 65,000 kept professionally (British Horse Society, 2003). Altogether about 800,000 ha are utilised for grazing and feeding horses, making the equine industry the second largest in the UK land based sector, after agriculture. The purpose of this paper is to review the present information on the management of grassland for horse grazing and for conserved forage, to identify some current issues and to postulate some areas for future research and development.Maximizing the contribution made by grazing to the nutrition of the horse is a reasonable goal if economy is the main priority. Even if this is not the case, horses have a need to satisfy their natural instinct to graze. The deterioration of poorly managed grassland associated with equine enterprises is well documented (Odberg and Francis–Smith, 1976, and Judd et al., 2001). Horse grazing differs from grazing by cattle and sheep, in particular in the way that they select species and in the spatial pattern of their grazing.

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Zielonka, Jörg, Ignacio G. Bravo, Daniela Marino, Elea Conrad, Mario Perković, Marion Battenberg, Klaus Cichutek, and Carsten Münk. "Restriction of Equine Infectious Anemia Virus by Equine APOBEC3 Cytidine Deaminases." Journal of Virology 83, no. 15 (May 20, 2009): 7547–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00015-09.

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ABSTRACT The mammalian APOBEC3 (A3) proteins comprise a multigene family of cytidine deaminases that act as potent inhibitors of retroviruses and retrotransposons. The A3 locus on the chromosome 28 of the horse genome contains multiple A3 genes: two copies of A3Z1, five copies of A3Z2, and a single copy of A3Z3, indicating a complex evolution of multiple gene duplications. We have cloned and analyzed for expression the different equine A3 genes and examined as well the subcellular distribution of the corresponding proteins. Additionally, we have tested the functional antiretroviral activity of the equine and of several of the human and nonprimate A3 proteins against the Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), the Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), and the Adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV-2). Hematopoietic cells of horses express at least five different A3s: A3Z1b, A3Z2a-Z2b, A3Z2c-Z2d, A3Z2e, and A3Z3, whereas circulating macrophages, the natural target of EIAV, express only part of the A3 repertoire. The five A3Z2 tandem copies arose after three consecutive, recent duplication events in the horse lineage, after the split between Equidae and Carnivora. The duplicated genes show different antiviral activities against different viruses: equine A3Z3 and A3Z2c-Z2d are potent inhibitors of EIAV while equine A3Z1b, A3Z2a-Z2b, A3Z2e showed only weak anti-EIAV activity. Equine A3Z1b and A3Z3 restricted AAV and all equine A3s, except A3Z1b, inhibited SIV. We hypothesize that the horse A3 genes are undergoing a process of subfunctionalization in their respective viral specificities, which might provide the evolutionary advantage for keeping five copies of the original gene.

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Biava, Janaina S., Mariane Angélica Finger, Leila Ullmann, Alexander Biondo, Christian Leutenegger, and Ivan Barros Filho. "PSVII-37 First molecular detection of Equine Herpesvirus type 2 (EHV-2) and type 5 (EHV-5) in upper respiratory liquids of healthy training horses from southern Brazil." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 314–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.636.

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Abstract Multiple pathogens may cause and sustain respiratory infection in horses, either alone or as co-infection, leading to disruption and interruption of training, racing and other competitions. Molecular approaches have successfully provided opportunity for pathogen involvement and characterization, particularly from samples of horse upper respiratory tract. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to molecularly assess bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples from 10 healthy training horses at the Jockey Club of Parana State, southern Brazil. Virus-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays were applied as panel for concomitant detection of Equine Adenovirus, Equine Influenza Virus, Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 (EHV-1), Type 2 (EHV-2), Type 4 (EHV-4), and Type 5 (EHV-5), Equine Rhinitis A Virus, Equine Rhinitis B Virus, and Streptococcus equi subsp. equi. Amplicons from positive samples were amplified and sequenced to confirm the virus identification. Results have confirmed the first molecular detection of EHV-2 and EHV-5 in healthy training horses of Brazil, with an overall 3/10 (30%) EHV positivity. Two horses were positive for at least one EHV, and one was positive for both EHV-2 and EHV-5. No horse presented clinical signs of respiratory disease at the time or following samplings. These findings may provide new insights on the epidemiological situation of EHV-2 and EHV-5 in Brazil, highlighting the importance of molecular detection and active surveillance in clinically healthy horses, which may act as spreading infection source for younger equines.

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Mayaki, A. M., and A. O. Talabi. "Knowledge, attitude and practice of equine vaccination among horse owners in Kano, Northern Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 42, no. 2 (December 30, 2015): 282–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v42i2.2688.

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Equine infectious diseases continue to be one of the most important threats to the overall health of domesticated horses and proper vaccination is one the most important preventive measure against such infectious diseases. This study assessed the knowledge, attitude and practice of equine vaccination among horse owners. Forty horse owners completed the questionnaire and all the respondents were male with an average mean age of 41.9years and 50% were degree holders. A positive attitude 14(35%) toward equine vaccination was recorded. 10% had training on horse management and 19(47.5%) were aware of equine vaccination. Statistically significant associations were observed between practice of vaccination and awareness of equine vaccination and having vaccination programme. However no statistical association was observed between practice of vaccination and attending training on horse management. The common vaccinable diseases encountered as reported were tetanus (28/40), influenza (17/40), and AHS (6/40) with 37.5% and 2.5% of the respondents agreed that tetanus and AHS respectively are the most common cause of horse death. The diseases commonly vaccinated against were tetanus (22.5%) and influenza (5%). The use of veterinary practice is very low as 54.6% of the respondents do either vaccinate their horses by themselves or used their groom. Their knowledge of equine vaccination is generally poor particularly with tetanus vaccination, as majority cannot differentiate the usage of tetanus antitoxin and toxoid. In conclusion, we believe that the poor knowledge showed by the horse owners reflects inadequate information about the important of equine vaccination. It is therefore important for horse owners to understand good vaccination programme is a critical aspect of good managerial practices. More so there is need to work with their local veterinarians in developing vaccination programmes for the common diseases seen in the area.

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PORTAS, M., F. S. BOINAS, J. OLIVEIRA E. SOUSA, and P. RAWLINGS. "African horse sickness in Portugal: a successful eradication programme." Epidemiology and Infection 123, no. 2 (October 1999): 337–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268899002897.

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African horse sickness (AHS) was diagnosed for the first time in southern Portugal in autumn 1989, following outbreaks in Spain. AHS virus presence was confirmed by virus isolation and serotyping. An eradication campaign with four sanitary zones was set up by Central Veterinary Services in close collaboration with private organizations. Vaccination began on 6 October. In February 1990, vaccination was extended to all Portuguese equines (170000 animals). There were 137 outbreaks on 104 farms: 206 of the equidae present died (16%) or were slaughtered (14%); 81·5% were horses, 10·7% were donkeys and 7·8% were mules. Clinical AHS occurred more frequently in horses than donkeys and mules. In the vaccinated population, 82 animals (62·2% horses and 37·8% mules and donkeys), died or were slaughtered due to suspected or confirmed AHS. One year after ending vaccination, December 1991, Portugal was declared free of AHS. Cost of eradication was US$1955513 (US$11·5/Portuguese equine).

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Mendonça, Tiago, Cécile Bienboire-Frosini, Fanny Menuge, Julien Leclercq, Céline Lafont-Lecuelle, Sana Arroub, and Patrick Pageat. "The Impact of Equine-Assisted Therapy on Equine Behavioral and Physiological Responses." Animals 9, no. 7 (July 1, 2019): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9070409.

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Equine-assisted therapies (EATs) have been widely used in the treatment of patients with mental or physical conditions. However, studies on the influence of equine-assisted therapy (EAT) on equine welfare are very recent, and the need for further research is often highlighted. The aim of this study was to investigate whether EAT creates negative or positive emotions in horses, and the influence of patients’ expectations (one group of patients had physical and psychological expectations and one group of patients had only psychological expectations) on horses’ emotional responses. Fifty-eight pairs (patient–horse) were involved in this study. Behaviors and heart rate variability (HRV) data were collected during a resting phase, a preparation phase in which the patients brushed and saddled the horse, and a working phase. Behaviors and HRV were compared between phases and among the groups of patients. Our results suggested that the EAT in this study was neither a negative nor a positive event. EATs with patients who had both physical and psychological expectations were more challenging for horses than those with patients who had only psychological expectations. Further research should focus on providing horses with positive stimulation and reinforcement to understand whether a positive association with EAT can be achieved.

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Marlefzena, Marlefzena, Sri Murtini, and Joko Pamungkas. "KAJIAN EQUINE INFECTIOUS ANEMIA PADA KUDA IMPOR DI BANDAR UDARA INTERNASIONAL SOEKARNO-HATTA." Jurnal Sain Veteriner 36, no. 1 (October 15, 2018): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jsv.26916.

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Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) disease is caused by EIA Virus (EIAV) from genus Lentivirus, subfamily Orthoretrovirinae, family retroviridae. This virus causes a persistent infection and potentially fatal in Equidae. There is no scientific literature yet for this disease in Indonesia. In order to determine this disease in our country, it is necessary continuing laboratory detection in imported Equidae and conducted further surveillance in Equidae throughout Indonesia. This research is aimed (1) to detect of any antibodi titre of EIAV in imported horse, (2) To get information about the relationship between laboratory result with the secondary datas of origin country. The EIAV antibody detected by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (indirect ELISA). The secondary datas were collected from Health Certificate of origin country, World Animal Health Information System (WAHIS) Interface OIE and literatures. Total of 133 blood samples were collected from imported horse, ex-imported horse and lokal breed horse. The result showed that all of imported horse, ex-imported horse and lokal breed horse were negative antibody against EIAV. The initial information on Equine Infectious Anemia indicated that health requirement in imported horse has fulfilled, so that imported horse was free from EIAV.

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Altan, Eda, Yanpeng Li, Gilberto Sabino-Santos Jr, Vorthon Sawaswong, Samantha Barnum, Nicola Pusterla, Xutao Deng, and Eric Delwart. "Viruses in Horses with Neurologic and Respiratory Diseases." Viruses 11, no. 10 (October 14, 2019): 942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11100942.

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Metagenomics was used to identify viral sequences in the plasma and CSF (cerobrospinal fluid) of 13 horses with unexplained neurological signs and in the plasma and respiratory swabs of 14 horses with unexplained respiratory signs. Equine hepacivirus and two copiparvoviruses (horse parvovirus-CSF and a novel parvovirus) were detected in plasma from neurological cases. Plasma from horses with respiratory signs contained the same two copiparvoviruses plus equine pegivirus D and respiratory swabs contained equine herpes virus 2 and 5. Based on genetic distances the novel copiparvovirus qualified as a member of a new parvovirus species we named Eqcopivirus. These samples plus another 41 plasma samples from healthy horses were tested by real-time PCRs for multiple equine parvoviruses and hepacivirus. Over half the samples tested were positive for one to three viruses with eqcopivirus DNA detected in 20.5%, equine hepacivirus RNA and equine parvovirus-H DNA in 16% each, and horse parvovirus-CSF DNA in 12% of horses. Comparing viral prevalence in plasma none of the now three genetically characterized equine parvoviruses (all in the copiparvovirus genus) was significantly associated with neurological and respiratory signs in this limited sampling.

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Fenner, Kate, Sarah Matlock, Jane Williams, Bethany Wilson, Andrew McLean, James Serpell, and Paul McGreevy. "Validation of the Equine Behaviour Assessment and Research Questionnaire (E-BARQ): A New Survey Instrument for Exploring and Monitoring the Domestic Equine Triad." Animals 10, no. 11 (October 28, 2020): 1982. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10111982.

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The Equine Behaviour Assessment and Research Questionnaire (E-BARQ) was developed to obtain quantitative data on the domestic equine triad: training, management and behaviour. It can be taken repeatedly, thus collecting longitudinal data to enable evaluation of how changes in a horse’s training and management are reflected in that horse’s behaviour over time and how these changes can impact horse welfare in the longer term. Questionnaire validation and reliability were tested by determining (a) whether an owner’s subjective ratings of their horse’s problematic behaviours or undesirable temperament traits were reflected in the questionnaire scores obtained for that horse (construct validity), (b) whether two respondents, equally familiar with a particular horse, reported comparable scores for that horse through the questionnaire (inter-rater reliability), and (c) whether the same respondent, scoring the same horse after a known interval of time, recorded similar responses (intra-rater reliability). Construct validity testing of 1923 responses showed significant alignment between owners’ reported experience of focal horses’ behaviour and those horses’ E-BARQ scores, with scores varying from 1.13 to 1.34 for ridden horse behaviour (all p < 0.001) and from 1.06 to 1.43 for non-ridden horse behaviour (all p < 0.001). Inter-rater reliability testing of ten horse–rider pairs revealed that 203 of the 215 question items were significantly aligned (p < 0.001) when tested by two independent raters. Of the remaining 19 items, four had fair alignment (ĸ = 0.174–0.316; p = 0.281) and ten items, largely related to whether the horse shows behavioural signs related to anxiety when taken away from home, did not align (ĸ = 0; p = 1). Intra-rater reliability tests showed that the responses significantly aligned on all 215 question items tested (p < 0.001). The results of these tests confirmed the construct validity and reliability of E-BARQ as a standardised behavioural assessment tool for horses.

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Knight, C. G., J. S. Munday, J. Peters, and M. Dunowska. "Equine Penile Squamous Cell Carcinomas Are Associated With the Presence of Equine Papillomavirus Type 2 DNA Sequences." Veterinary Pathology 48, no. 6 (January 31, 2011): 1190–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985810396516.

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Forty cases of equine penile disease were screened with polymerase chain reaction for the presence of papillomaviral DNA. Cases consisted of 20 squamous cell carcinomas (average age of horse, 23.9 years) and 20 non–squamous cell carcinoma diseases (average age of horse, 13.3 years). All horses but one originated from the Northeastern United States. Breeds were not recorded. As based on MY09/MY11 consensus primers, DNA sequences from equine papillomavirus type 2 were amplified from 9 of 20 horses (45%) with penile squamous cell carcinoma and only 1 of 20 horses (5%) with non–squamous cell carcinoma penile disease. Equine papillomavirus type 2 DNA was the only papillomaviral DNA amplified from any of the 40 horses. Tissues from the 10 horses in which papillomaviral DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction were also screened with in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. The presence of papillomavirus was demonstrated in a subset of these by in situ hybridization (6 of 10) and immunohistochemistry (1 of 10). This report describes a possible association between equine penile squamous cell carcinomas and equine papillomavirus type 2. This study is also the first report of equine papillomavirus type 2 infection in North American horses.

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Vanderwall, Dirk K., Gordon L. Woods, Janet F. Roser, Donald H. Schlafer, Debra C. Sellon, David F. Tester, and Kenneth L. White. "Equine cloning: applications and outcomes." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 18, no. 2 (2006): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd05130.

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Cloning is one of several new assisted reproductive techniques being developed for clinical use in the equine industry. Potential uses of equine cloning include: (1) the preservation of genetics from individual animals that would otherwise not be able to reproduce, such as geldings; (2) the preservation of genetic material of endangered and/or exotic species, such as the Mongolian wild horse (Przewalski’s horse); and (3) because of the companion animal role that horses fill for some individuals, it is likely that some horse owners will have individual animals cloned for emotional fulfillment. Although equine cloning has been successful, like other species, it remains a very inefficient process (<3% success). In most species, the inefficiency of cloning results from a high incidence of embryonic, fetal and/or placental developmental abnormalities that contribute to extremely high rates of embryonic loss, abortion and stillbirths throughout gestation and compromised neonatal health after birth. The present review describes some of the ultrasonographic, endocrinological and histopathological characteristics of successful (produced viable offspring) and unsuccessful (resulted in pregnancy failure) cloned equine (mule and horse) pregnancies we have produced. A total of 21 cloned mule pregnancies were established using fetal fibroblast cells, whereas a total of seven cloned horse pregnancies were established using adult cumulus cells. Three of the cloned mule conceptuses were carried to term, resulting in the birth of three healthy clones. This information adds to an accumulating body of knowledge about the outcome of cloned equine pregnancies, which will help to establish when, and perhaps why, many cloned equine pregnancies fail.

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Matthijnssens, Jelle, Samuel Miño, Hajnalka Papp, Christiaan Potgieter, Luis Novo, Elisabeth Heylen, Mark Zeller, et al. "Complete molecular genome analyses of equine rotavirus A strains from different continents reveal several novel genotypes and a largely conserved genotype constellation." Journal of General Virology 93, no. 4 (April 1, 2012): 866–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.039255-0.

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In this study, the complete genome sequences of seven equine group A rotavirus (RVA) strains (RVA/Horse-tc/GBR/L338/1991/G13P[18], RVA/Horse-wt/IRL/03V04954/2003/G3P[12] and RVA/Horse-wt/IRL/04V2024/2004/G14P[12] from Europe; RVA/Horse-wt/ARG/E30/1993/G3P[12], RVA/Horse-wt/ARG/E403/2006/G14P[12] and RVA/Horse-wt/ARG/E4040/2008/G14P[12] from Argentina; and RVA/Horse-wt/ZAF/EqRV-SA1/2006/G14P[12] from South Africa) were determined. Multiple novel genotypes were identified and genotype numbers were assigned by the Rotavirus Classification Working Group: R9 (VP1), C9 (VP2), N9 (NSP2), T12 (NSP3), E14 (NSP4), and H7 and H11 (NSP5). The genotype constellation of L338 was unique: G13-P[18]-I6-R9-C9-M6-A6-N9-T12-E14-H11. The six remaining equine RVA strains showed a largely conserved genotype constellation: G3/G14-P[12]-I2/I6-R2-C2-M3-A10-N2-T3-E2/E12-H7, which is highly divergent from other known non-equine RVA genotype constellations. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the sequences of these equine RVA strains are related distantly to non-equine RVA strains, and that at least three lineages exist within equine RVA strains. A small number of reassortment events were observed. Interestingly, the three RVA strains from Argentina possessed the E12 genotype, whereas the three RVA strains from Ireland and South Africa possessed the E2 genotype. The unusual E12 genotype has until now only been described in Argentina among RVA strains collected from guanaco, cattle and horses, suggesting geographical isolation of this NSP4 genotype. This conserved genetic configuration of equine RVA strains could be useful for future vaccine development or improvement of currently used equine RVA vaccines.

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VESTAL, MALLORY K., JAYSON L. LUSK, STEVEN R. COOPER, and CLEMENT E. WARD. "WHAT ARE THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE EQUINE SLAUGHTER BAN ON HORSE PRICES?" Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 47, no. 1 (February 2015): 27–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aae.2014.3.

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AbstractAs a result of several judicial rulings, processing of horses for human consumption came to a halt in 2007. This article determines the change in horse prices resulting from elimination of horse-processing facilities. As expected, lower-valued horses were more affected by the ban than higher-valued horses. The analysis suggests the slaughter ban reduced horse prices, on average, by about 13% and resulted in a loss in producer surplus to sellers of approximately 14% at the sale we analyzed. We also show horse prices are affected by a myriad of factors including breed, gender, age, coat color, and sale catalog description.

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Oladunni, Fatai S., Saheed Oluwasina Oseni, Luis Martinez-Sobrido, and Thomas M. Chambers. "Equine Influenza Virus and Vaccines." Viruses 13, no. 8 (August 20, 2021): 1657. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13081657.

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Equine influenza virus (EIV) is a constantly evolving viral pathogen that is responsible for yearly outbreaks of respiratory disease in horses termed equine influenza (EI). There is currently no evidence of circulation of the original H7N7 strain of EIV worldwide; however, the EIV H3N8 strain, which was first isolated in the early 1960s, remains a major threat to most of the world’s horse populations. It can also infect dogs. The ability of EIV to constantly accumulate mutations in its antibody-binding sites enables it to evade host protective immunity, making it a successful viral pathogen. Clinical and virological protection against EIV is achieved by stimulation of strong cellular and humoral immunity in vaccinated horses. However, despite EI vaccine updates over the years, EIV remains relevant, because the protective effects of vaccines decay and permit subclinical infections that facilitate transmission into susceptible populations. In this review, we describe how the evolution of EIV drives repeated EI outbreaks even in horse populations with supposedly high vaccination coverage. Next, we discuss the approaches employed to develop efficacious EI vaccines for commercial use and the existing system for recommendations on updating vaccines based on available clinical and virological data to improve protective immunity in vaccinated horse populations. Understanding how EIV biology can be better harnessed to improve EI vaccines is central to controlling EI.

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Stadler, P., K. Pauritsch, and C. Ballat. "Carpaltunnelsyndrom in the horse. Part 2: 10 horses." Pferdeheilkunde Equine Medicine 17, no. 2 (2001): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21836/pem20010205.

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Bailey, E. "Reaping the benefits of an equine genome map." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2005 (2005): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200011522.

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Genetics has not been a usual academic pursuit in the study of horses. Nutrition, exercise physiology and veterinary topics related to infectious diseases or mechanical defects are more traditional scientific pursuits. Genetics has been left to the realm of horse breeders. Indeed, horse breeders are historically credited with being the leading practitioners of the art and certainly have the longest pedigree records including the Weatherby Studbook and the oral tradition of Arabian horse breeding.On the other hand, modern animal breeder need not yield ground in the area of genetics to horse breeders. Rightfully, our quantitative geneticists can point to the remarkable genetic gains and genetic predictions that have been made with Dairy cattle and since the 1940s,... without benefit of molecular biology!

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Heird, Jim. "270 Horses and the horse industry, texas and beyond." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.204.

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Abstract A familiar Texas quote is, “Everything is bigger in Texas.” That’s certainly true about many parts of its equine industry. But, even though its population is large, many of the issues facing the Texas Horse Industry are no different than those of the rest of the U.S horse industry. Texas ranks highest in the total number of horses of all the states. According to the Texas Equine Industry Study of 2015, Texas has 840,000 horses in the state that generate almost $6 billion dollars in statewide economic output. The industry supports 52,000 jobs. Horse racing alone supports 11,400 jobs. Like most states, recreation riding/ownership leads the industry’s uses. In Texas, this segment alone accounts for $1.9 billion in revenues. The primary issues facing Texas’ and the U.S industries are equine welfare in all aspects of the industry, a decline in participation, waning youth interest and participation, a public without livestock experience, the economy, unwanted horses and leadership for the future.

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Saepullah, Muharam, Indrawati Sendow, Atik Ratnawati, and NLP Indi Dharmayanti. "Anticipation of the entry and spread of Equine Infectious Anemia in Horses in Indonesia." Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences 29, no. 1 (October 10, 2019): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/wartazoa.v29i1.1917.

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Horse is an attractive commodity in the world of horse matches, both for horse racing and equistrian. Recently, Asian countries including Indonesia have conducted international horse races. Horse traffic from several countries is unavoidable. This movement can lead to the entry of new diseases or the transmission of imported horses from local horses. At present, data on horse disease in Indonesia has not been widely reported, including Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA). This paper discusses EIA disease in horses about the etiology, characterization, spread of disease, its status in Indonesia and its treatment. EIA is a chronic disease characterized by high fever and thrombocytopenia. One of the factors that spread EIA infection, namely through traffic or horse movements. The highest risk factors for the spread of EIA disease are in the equestrian sector, followed by horse as a hobby, horse show or fattening horses for consumption. Wet environmental factors have higher risk to infection than dry areas. Applying the proper quarantine system, monitoring horse disease through surveillance, and implementing biosecurity at farms, location of events and at veterinary clinics, need to be done so that the entry of EIA disease can be anticipated as early as possible. This paper is expected to be useful and can be used as input for policy makers in the horse imports and movement.

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Yamanaka, Takashi, Takashi Kondo, and Tomio Matsumura. "Equine Influenza: Prevention and Control." Journal of Disaster Research 7, no. 3 (April 1, 2012): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2012.p0281.

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Equine influenza (EI) is a highly contagious selflimiting respiratory disease in horses that is caused by equine influenza virus (EIV) infection. EIV is presented by horses worldwide and has a huge financial impact on the horse industry in many countries. Although an outbreak of EI can be controlled by prior immunization by using vaccination, the efficacy of the vaccine is influenced by antigenic differences between epidemic strains and vaccine strains. Thus, to keep the vaccine effective, the vaccine strains should be reviewed periodically on the basis of global surveillance, such as the epidemiological report issued annually in the bulletin of the World Organization for Animal Health. Once an outbreak occurs, sanitary management, including the restriction of horse movement, should be conducted to eliminate the source of the causative virus and protect susceptible horses. The rapid identification of EIV in respiratory tract secretions enables the prompt administration of sanitary management. Although commercially available rapid antigen detection tests should be improved in terms of sensitivity, one of the tests (ESPLINE Flu A+B) worked as a convenient method for the rapid diagnosis and screening of a number of horses for EI during the 2007 outbreak in Japan, in addition to laboratory tests such as virus isolation. A more sensitive test must be developed that can be performed easily without special equipment or technical expertise.

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Gehtmane-Hofmane, Ilona. "The Unique Characteristics of the Horses for Humans Learning Purposes in Equine Assisted Learning Practice." International Journal of Smart Education and Urban Society 10, no. 3 (July 2019): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijseus.2019070104.

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This article aims to encourage scientific discussion about one of the aspects of equine-assisted learning practice, the unique characteristics of the horse owing to how it is used in intervention programmes for human learning purposes. Equine-assisted learning is an innovative learning approach where human learning and development takes place through guided interactions between humans and horses. Although scientific interest towards human-horse interactions is becoming increasingly popular, evidence-based research has examined the relationship between humans and horses, and how such bonds may contribute to human learning and development is limited and lacks empirical support. This report provides a review of theoretical and empirical literature regarding the unique characteristics of the horse to find answers to the following - why are horses involved in intervention programmes for human learning purposes. As the result of the research, five main characteristics of the horse were put forward for critical discussion.

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Singer, J. W., N. Bobsin, W. J. Bamka, and D. Kluchinshi. "Horse pasturemanagement." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 19, no. 9 (September 1999): 540–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0737-0806(99)80235-4.

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Weese, J. Scott. "Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in horses and horse personnel." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice 20, no. 3 (December 2004): 601–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cveq.2004.07.009.

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Health, Sebastian E. "Preparing horse farms, horses and their owners for disasters." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 15, no. 4 (April 1995): 206–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0737-0806(06)81861-7.

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King, Christine, and Richard A. Mansmann. "Preventing laminitis in horses: Dietary strategies for horse owners." Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice 3, no. 1 (March 2004): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ctep.2004.07.010.

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Wernery, Ulrich, Sunitha Joseph, Rekha Raghavan, Bimbi Dyer, and Sara Spendrup. "African Horse Sickness Fever in Vaccinated Horses: Short Communication." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 88 (May 2020): 102967. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2020.102967.

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Nemecek, Petr, Lee Cabell, and Miroslav Janura. "Horse and Rider Interaction During Simulated Horse Jumping." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 70 (November 2018): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2018.07.001.

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Wang, Qingbin, and Yang Zou. "China’s Equine Industries in a Transitional Economy: Development, Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities." Sustainability 12, no. 12 (June 24, 2020): 5135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12125135.

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China had the most horses in the world from 1961 to 2004 but, since the market-oriented economic transition started in the late 1970s, its horse population has declined significantly and steadily, from 11.50 million in 1978 to only 3.47 million in 2018. While there are minimal studies on China’s equine industries in the literature, this paper reviews the development of China’s equine industries since 1949, identifies major factors contributing to the steady decline in its horse population since 1978, and discusses the challenges and opportunities for the development of China’s equine industries. Empirical results suggest that the changes in China’s horse population since 1949 have been closely associated with its agricultural and rural development and policies, and the key factors contributing to the declining horse population since 1978 include agricultural mechanization, a steady decrease of the agricultural sector’s share in the GDP, urbanization, improvement in rural transportation with more motor vehicles, and decreased land availability for and the lack of economic returns from horses. Together, such factors may continue to reduce China’s horse population, but, on the other hand, the rapid development in the tourism, recreation, and sport sectors may provide potential growth opportunities. Moreover, China’s horse population is likely to be more concentrated in Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Tibet, and the western Sichuan province, which have relatively low population density and high proportion of ethnic population with the tradition of horses in their cultural, religious, sport, and economic activities. At the same time, equestrian events and activities are expected to continue to increase at significant rates in and around large Chinese cities.

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Jocelyn, Natasha. "Kidney disease in the horse." Equine Health 2020, no. 51 (January 2, 2020): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/eqhe.2020.51.20.

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Harris, P. "Nutritional supplements in support of equine welfare." BSAP Occasional Publication 35 (2006): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00042609.

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In the wild, the horse would spend most of the day roaming and foraging in an externally variable environment as part of a herd. As non-ruminant herbivores they are well suited to a high fibre, low starch diet. They rarely fast voluntarily for more than 2 –4 hrs at a time and would naturally forage for 16-18hrs a day. Modern horse management often brings the horse into a small enclosed, isolated environment and limits the feeding occasions. What and when they are able to eat, is now predominantly determined by ourselves and we therefore have to take responsibility for the effects of our choice of management practices on their health and welfare. It is becoming increasingly apparent that some of these practices may not be optimal for the welfare of horses (Davidson and Harris 2003).Animal welfare has been defined ecologically as the good fit of an animal to its environment (Kronfeld et al 1998).

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Abraham, D., and L. C. Dumbell. "Fit and fat; a horse carer’s perspective." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2009 (April 2009): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200028453.

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Obesity in horses and ponies, is according to many equine related charities (Blue Cross, BHS) becoming an increasing welfare problem. Recent studies have linked equine obesity and insulin resistance with development of debilitating laminitis (Vick et al., 2007). Poor nutritional management and sedentary lifestyles are to blame for the growing proportion of obese horses (Buff et al., 2005). The horse carer is responsible for the health and welfare of the horse and as such should monitor the weight, condition and exercise regime to ensure appropriate fitness levels to maintain health and performance. Indeed, Johnson (2002) reports that certain management practices tend to promote the development of obesity in mature horses as they enter their teenage years. Horse owners must therefore consider management practices throughout the horse’s life, as the provision of starch-rich and fat-supplemented rations to healthy horses that are relatively inactive may promote the development of obesity increasing the risk of laminitis (Johnson, 2002). The aims of this research were to ascertain the condition score and fitness levels of horses and ponies when diagnosed with laminitis, as reported by the horse carer and to gain insight into how these factors may influence the health and welfare of the domestic horse.

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Li, Z., Q. J. Pan, and S. Porr. "Horse care and management in horse clubs in China." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 76 (May 2019): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2019.03.121.

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Melvin, Kelly, Liesel G. Schneider, Jennie L. Ivey, and Peter D. Krawczel. "135 Public perceptions of equine processing and welfare." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_2 (November 1, 2020): 4–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz397.010.

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Abstract Equine welfare and processing are a major topic of interest, often debated by industry professionals and the public alike. These debates often focus on the welfare of equines during the different aspects of processing and the impacts related to the processing legislation passed in 2007. Our objective was to determine if one’s definition of welfare, industry connection, or their classification of equines was associated with their perceptions of equine processing and related impacts. Over a 6-wk period, a survey was distributed via email and social media outlets to U.S. residents over the age of 18 (n = 1,334). Participants responded to questions including demographic information, connection to the industry, equine classification, and indicated the changes they expected occurred due to the 2007 processing legislation. Furthermore, participants selected sources from which they commonly obtain information regarding animal welfare issues. Statistical significance was set at α=0.05. Multinomial logistic regression in SAS (SAS Institute, Cary, NC; PROC LOGISTIC) was used to determine factors associated with participants’ likelihood to respond “increase,” “decrease,” or “no impact” to each area in which the 2007 legislation could have impacted the industry. When asked if there was an impact on the number of horses processed, connection to the industry (P = 0.03), welfare definition (P < 0.0001) and classification of horses (P = 0.009) were associated with responses. Respondents with light connection, when compared to moderate connection, were 10 times more likely (OR=10.9; 95% Cl: 1.03, 111.1) to say there was an increase in horse processing, versus no impact, in response to the 2007 legislation. Understanding interactions between industry connection, welfare definition, classification of equids relative to current industry issues may prove beneficial to bridge an educational gap and provide clarity to important welfare concerns.

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Melvin, Kelly, Liesel G. Schneider, Jennie L. Ivey, and Peter D. Krawczel. "134 Public perceptions of equine processing and welfare." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_2 (November 1, 2020): 12–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz397.027.

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Abstract Equine welfare and processing are a major topic of interest, often debated by industry professionals and the public alike. These debates often focus on the welfare of equines during the different aspects of processing and the impacts related to the processing legislation passed in 2007. Our objective was to determine if one’s definition of welfare, industry connection, or their classification of equines was associated with their perceptions of equine processing and related impacts. Over a 6 week period, a survey was distributed via email and social media outlets to United States residents over the age of 18 (n=1,334). Participants responded to questions including demographic information, connection to the industry, equine classification, and indicated the changes they expected occurred due to the 2007 processing legislation. Furthermore, participants selected sources from which they commonly obtain information regarding animal welfare issues. Statistical significance was set at α=0.05. Multinomial logistic regression in SAS (SAS Institute, Cary, NC; PROC LOGISTIC) was used to determine factors associated with participants’ likelihood to respond “increase”, “decrease”, or “no impact” to each area in which the 2007 legislation could have impacted the industry. When asked if there was an impact on the number of horses processed, connection to the industry (P=0.03), welfare definition (P< 0.0001) and classification of horses (P=0.009) were associated with responses. Respondents with light connection, when compared to moderate connection, were 10 times more likely (OR=10.9; 95% Cl: 1.03, 111.1) to say there was an increase in horse processing, versus no impact, in response to the 2007 legislation. Understanding interactions between industry connection, welfare definition, classification of equids relative to current industry issues may prove beneficial to bridge an educational gap and provide clarity to important welfare concerns.

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French, Dennis D. "Respiratory Disease in Show Horses: A Review for Horse Owners." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 14, no. 5 (May 1994): 279–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0737-0806(06)81959-3.

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41

Swanson, T. J., M. A. Gunkelman, L. L. Hulsman Hanna, E. L. Berg, and C. J. Hammer. "Wish I Had a Horse Camp: Introducing youth to horses." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 76 (May 2019): 111–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2019.03.167.

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McKenzie, Jessica, Kate Fenner, Michelle Hyde, Ashley Anzulewicz, Bibiana Burattini, Nicole Romness, Bethany Wilson, and Paul McGreevy. "Equine Responses to Acceleration and Deceleration Cues May Reflect Their Exposure to Multiple Riders." Animals 11, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11010066.

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It is logical to assume that horses with multiple riders encounter variation in application of training cues. When training cues are inconsistent, we expect to see a decrease in trained responses or an increase in conflict behaviours. This study investigated the relationship between the number of people that regularly ride or handle a horse and the horse’s response to operant cues. Data on 1819 equids were obtained from the Equine Behavior Assessment and Research Questionnaire (E-BARQ), an online global survey of horse owners and caregivers. Three mutually independent indices (acceleration, deceleration, and responsiveness) were derived from a parallel analysis of E-BARQ items related to acceleration and deceleration cues. These indices were then subjected to multivariable modelling against a range of dependent variables including horse and human demographics, horse management, and the number of riders or handlers. The number of riders or handlers was a significant predictor for two out of three indices. As the number of riders or handlers increased, horses were more difficult to accelerate (regression coefficient = 0.0148 ± 0.0071; p = 0.0366) and less difficult to decelerate (regression coefficient = −0.017 ± 0.008; p = 0.030) than those with fewer riders or handlers. These findings suggest that horses’ responses to rein tension cues are more persistent than their responses to leg pressure or whip cues. Alternatively, horses with these responses may be actively selected for multiple rider roles. Longitudinal studies of this sort should reveal how the number of riders or handlers affects horse behaviour and could lead to safer and more humane equestrian practices.

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43

Witherow, Briony. "Nutritional considerations in the performance horse." Equine Health 2019, no. 47 (May 2, 2019): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/eqhe.2019.47.7.

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Abbott, Gabrielle, Kathi Jogan, Erin L. Oberhaus, Jason Apple, and Charles Rosenkrans. "19 Comparing stress indicators of horses used for therapy in riding activities and groundwork activities." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_2 (November 1, 2020): 36–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz397.083.

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Abstract Equine therapy is used to assist people suffering from various physical and mental disabilities. Equine-assisted activities and therapies (EAAT) include therapeutic riding and hippotherapy. Our objective was to determine the effects of EAAT on horse heart rate, respiration rate, temperature, and serum cortisol. Horses (n = 7) were assigned to activity type (groundwork or riding) in a Latin square design in which all horses performed both activities twice. Heart rate, respiration rate, rectal temperature, and serum cortisol concentrations were determined at 15 minutes before, and 15, 45, and 75 minutes after activity was initiated. Pearson correlations revealed that cortisol was not correlated (r < 0.12; P > 0.22) with heart rate, respiration rate, or rectal temperature. Heart rate was correlated (P < 0.05) with respiration rate (r = 0.77) and body temperature (r = 0.2); and body temperature was correlated with respiration rate (r = 0.21; P < 0.05). Analysis of variance was performed with horse within date as the experimental unit, main effects of activity type, horse, date, experimental time, and interactions. Serum concentrations of cortisol (varied from 2.8 to 89.7 ng/mL) and body temperature (37.4 ± 0.06) were affected (P < 0.01) by an interaction between experimental time and horse. Heart rate (61 ± 2.1) and respiration rate (30 ± 1.4) were affected (P < 0.01) by interactions between experimental time and horse; and experimental time and activity type. Our results demonstrate that equine athletes serving in EAAT programs have altered physiological responses depending on the horse, type of activity, and length of time performing the task. Based on our results, cortisol concentrations are not the best indicator of a horse’s response to EAAT work, and we recommend that trainers monitor horses’ heart and respiration rates as an indicator of horse well-being while working with patients.

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Abbott, Gabrielle, Kathi Jogan, Erin L. Oberhaus, Jason Apple, and Charles Rosenkrans. "18 Comparing stress indicators of horses used for therapy in riding activities and groundwork activities." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_2 (November 1, 2020): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz397.195.

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Abstract Equine therapy is used to assist people suffering from various physical and mental disabilities. Equine-assisted activities and therapies (EAAT) include therapeutic riding and hippotherapy. Our objective was to determine the effects of EAAT on horse heart rate, respiration rate, temperature, and serum cortisol. Horses (n = 7) were assigned to activity type (groundwork or riding) in a Latin square design in which all horses performed both activities twice. Heart rate, respiration rate, rectal temperature, and serum cortisol concentrations were determined at 15 minutes before, and 15, 45, and 75 minutes after activity was initiated. Pearson correlations revealed that cortisol was not correlated (r < 0.12; P > 0.22) with heart rate, respiration rate, or rectal temperature. Heart rate was correlated (P < 0.05) with respiration rate (r = 0.77) and body temperature (r = 0.2); and body temperature was correlated with respiration rate (r = 0.21; P < 0.05). Analysis of variance was performed with horse within date as the experimental unit, main effects of activity type, horse, date, experimental time, and interactions. Serum concentrations of cortisol (varied from 2.8 to 89.7 ng/mL) and body temperature (37.4 ± 0.06) were affected (P < 0.01) by an interaction between experimental time and horse. Heart rate (61 ± 2.1) and respiration rate (30 ± 1.4) were affected (P < 0.01) by interactions between experimental time and horse; and experimental time and activity type. Our results demonstrate that equine athletes serving in EAAT programs have altered physiological responses depending on the horse, type of activity, and length of time performing the task. Based on our results, cortisol concentrations are not the best indicator of a horse’s response to EAAT work, and we recommend that trainers monitor horses’ heart and respiration rates as an indicator of horse well-being while working with patients.

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46

Moore, Bonnie Rush. "The coughing horse." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 17, no. 3 (March 1997): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0737-0806(97)80290-0.

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Miller, R. M. "The free horse." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 18, no. 3 (March 1998): 143–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0737-0806(98)80343-2.

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Beauchesne, Jacques. "Simplifying horse feeding." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 22, no. 11 (November 2002): 512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0737-0806(02)70182-2.

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Williams, Neil M., George Allen, and David Powell. "Horse transportation conference." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 23, no. 10 (October 2003): 435–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/jevs.2003.132.

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Phipps, L. P. "Potomac horse fever." Equine Veterinary Education 6, no. 6 (December 1994): 321–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3292.1994.tb01164.x.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Equine / horse'

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