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1
Smith, Luisa J. "Evidence-based medicine in equine clinical practice." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2006. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5004/.
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The principles of Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) have been well documented in the medical literature, with many examples of the successful application of these principles to the clinical environment. Despite this widespread acceptance of these principles throughout the medical profession, there has been resistance to adopt such an approach in the veterinary profession. To date, there are. few examples in the literature of the application of the principles of evidence-based medicine to either clinical or scientific research. The aim of this study was to design a series of investigations of equine diseases, and implement them at three private equine hospitals. A variety of study designs were used, providing different classes of evidence when using the classification system proposed by Yusuf et al. (1998). The main focus of this investigation was to ascertain whether it was possible to apply the ethos of EBM to the veterinary profession, and provide good quality research and evidence form private practice. It was found that 85.6% of horses (95% c.l. 81.3 to 89.3) treated for septic arthritis were successfully discharged from the hospital, with 65% of these horses (95% C.l. 57.9 to 71.6) able to return to their previous level of athletic function. When considering those horses treated for septic digital tenosynovitis, 87.8% survived to be discharged from the hospital. However, the prognosis for future soundness was poorer than that achieved following resolution of septic arthritis, with only 50% of horses treated for septic digital tenosynovitis able to return to their previous level of athletic function. Racing Thoroughbreds, both neonates and mature horses, were identified as an important subset of the population. It was found that the occurrence of septic arthritis in neonatal Thoroughbreds significantly reduced the likelihood of those foals going on to make at least one start on a racecourse, with those foals being 3.5 times less likely to start on a racecourse when compared to their siblings. In contrast, when considering mature Thoroughbred racehorses it was found that the occurrence of septic arthritis did not affect the likelihood that they would make at least one start on a racecourse when compared to their siblings, or be able to achieve an Official Rating awarded by the British Horseracing Board's handicappers equal to, or higher than, either the highest rating achieved prior to the onset of sepsis in cases in which horses had raced previously, or equal to the highest rating achieved by their siblings. In a controlled, randomised trial it was found that 31.6% (95% c.l. 17.5 to 48.7) of horses wearing a belly band following an exploratory laparotomy developed incisional complications, compared with 76.6% (95% c.I. 62.0 to 87.7) of horses where no belly band was used. If a belly band was used following an exploratory laparotomy, the risk of developing post-operative incisional complications was reduced by 45% compared to those cases where no belly band was used. Following a clinical audit of elective surgical procedures at three private equine hospitals, there was found to be a higher rate of post-operative complications, when compared to results reported in both the medical and small animal veterinary literature. It was concluded that it was possible to apply the ethos of EBM to the veterinary profession, and provide good quality research and evidence from research performed in private practice. However, in order to be able to achieve sufficient case numbers to provide answers that are directly relevant to practice-based clinical situations, multi-centre studies are likely to be the best way forward.
2
Terron, Canedo Nuria. "miRNAs in equine sarcoids : identification and profiling of miRNAs in equine fibroblasts and BPV-1 transformed equine fibroblasts." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2017. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8130/.
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Bracher, Verena D. "Equine endometritis." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.306379.
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Siedek, Elizabeth. "Equine dendritic cells and immunity to equine Herpesvirus Type 1." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.286187.
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Watkins, Susan Beryl. "Equine blood rheology." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303177.
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Brehm, Walter. "Tagungsband: [Pferd, 7th International Conference on Equine Reproductiove Medicine, Hufbeschlagskunde]." Universität Leipzig, 2012. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A33183.
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Brehm, Walter. "Tagungsband: [Pferd, 9th International Conference on Equine Reproductive Medicine, Hufkunde]." Lehmanns Media, 2016. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A33415.
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Goncalves, Mario Nuno Penha. "Equine interferon-gamma and associated cytokines." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2000. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1064/.
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Cytokines are small proteins or glycoproteins that mediate cellular growth and differentiation and regulate immune responses. Upon encounter with antigen, CD4+ T cells are able to influence the character of the immune response elicited through the expression of distinct types of cytokines. Thl cytokines, especially IFN-γ but also TNF-β and IL-2, constitute one such pattern of expression, promoting cell mediated immune responses. In a broader sense, interleukin-12 and interleukin-18 can also be classified as type I cytokines in as much as they are able to shift the CD4+ cytokine expression pattern to a Thl phenotype and specifically stimulate IFN-γ production not only by T helper cells, but also by cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells. The purpose of the present project was to develop equine Thl cytokines, making them available for dissecting the equine immune system, particularly in what concerns to defence mechanisms against infectious micro-organisms. Following the trend in human medicine, the cytokines produced will be useful for the development of new therapeuticals and prophylactics to be used in the control and prevention of infectious diseases of the horse. For this effect we have initiated studies on equine interferon-gamma and related cytokines and obtained the following results. Equine interferon-gamma was cloned and produced in a variety of heterologous protein-expression systems. The biological activity of recombinant equine interferon-gamma was assessed in vitro. Polyclonal serum preparations against equine interferon-gamma, obtained by immunization with recombinant protein, were recovered and characterised. Also described is the cloning of the interferon-gamma inducing cytokines equine interleukin-12 and equine interleukin-18. The potential use of the cloned equine cytokine genes as vaccine adjuvants was evaluated by DNA co-administration with plasmids encoding the equine influenza virus antigens haemagglutinin and nucleoprotein, followed by viral challenge.
9
Sternberg, Susanna. "Studies on equine Actinobacillus spp /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 1999. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/1999/91-576-5904-4.pdf.
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Helmbrecht, Howard Thecla M. "Equine Assisted Activities and Therapies: The Measuring of Equine Temperament." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2185.
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The field of equine assisted activities and therapies (EAAT) is growing in popularity as an alternative healing approach. However, there is a paucity of peer-reviewed research on the horses who serve as equal partners in EAAT. The purpose of this quantitative study was to discover the impact of equine-facilitated therapeutic activities on the temperament of horses, and to determine how to select a better human-to-horse therapeutic match when providing EAAT services. The theoretical framework for this research drew from Romanes' theory of animal intelligence, which predicts that temperament would change as a result of prolonged participation in specific work (EAAT in this case) that would cause the horse to reflect its associate's temperament. The study explored whether horses used in EAAT programs exhibit unique traits, whether the use of horses in an equine-human development program with clients diagnosed with health disorders affects the temperament of the horses over time, and whether a relationship exists between EAAT horses and positive therapeutic outcomes for clients. Sixty-four horse handlers in EAAT and 75 in control programs completed the Horse Personality Questionnaire (HPQ) designed to assess horse temperament. Temperament traits were then compared between EAAT and control horses, for horses participating at EAAT programs for different durations of time, and for horses that were more effective in treatment. Significant differences in temperament traits were present between horses in EAAT and control programs, as revealed by t-tests. The results identified traits of the most effective EAAT horses. This study contributes to social change by providing EAAT with a comprehensive horse temperament assessment that can inform efforts to unify and extend the field.
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Kennedy, Rebekah Storm. "Microbiological and immunological aspects of equine periodontal disease." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2017. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8064/.
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Periodontal disease is a common and painful condition in the horse. Although awareness of the condition is growing amongst the veterinary profession and horse owners, the presence of the disease is often overlooked and treatment can be difficult. Despite this, there have been few recent studies of the aetiopathogenesis of the condition. Certain species of bacteria may act as periodontal pathogens, stimulating a destructive inflammatory response in periodontal tissues and this has been well recognised as being important to the aetiopathogenesis of the disease in man. However few equine studies on this aspect of the disease have been carried out. The main aims of this study were: - 1) to identify the bacteria associated with a healthy oral cavity and periodontitis in horses using culture dependent and independent methods; 2) to assess the differences in bacterial populations between the healthy and periodontitis groups and identify putative pathogens; 3) to quantify the expression patterns of TLRs 2, 4 and 9, the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNFα, anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines IL-4, IL-6/ IL-12, IFNɣ/ IL-17, within gingival tissue from each sample group; 4) to use matched data to establish if associations exist between the presence and quantity of bacterial species present and TLR expression and 5) to determine activation of TLRs 2, 4 and 9 by putative pathogens using specific in- vitro TLR assays. Swabs were taken from the gingival sulcus of 42 orally healthy horses and plaque samples were taken from the periodontal pockets of 61 horses with periodontal disease. The location and grade of the lesion was noted and an equine dental chart completed for each case. Bacteria were identified using high throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing, QPCR, whole genome sequencing and conventional culture followed by 16S gene sequencing. Gingival biopsies were taken from 13 orally healthy horses and 20 horses with periodontitis and gene expression of TLR 2, TLR 4, TLR 9, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17, TNFα and IFNɣ was measured. THP-1X Blue, MyD88 THP-1X Blue, HEK hTLR 2 Blue and HEK hTLR 4 Blue human cell lines were co-cultured with putative periodontal pathogens and their response measured via level of secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase. Clinical, microbiological and immunological data underwent cross-matching analysis. Microbial populations showed 89% dissimilarly between oral health and periodontitis with a less diverse population present in diseased equine periodontal pockets. The most discriminative bacteria between health and disease identified at genus level were Fusobacteria and Acinetobacter in health and Pseudomonas and Prevotella in periodontitis. The most abundant genera were Gemella (36.5%), Pseudomonas (14%) and Acinetobacter (8%) in orally healthy samples and Pseudomonas (25%), Prevotella (14%) and Acinetobacter (9.4%) in periodontitis samples. Whole genome sequencing revealed the presence of 75 species of Prevotella in the equine oral cavity and a significantly higher number of reads corresponding to Prevotella bivia, Prevotella dentalis, Prevotella denticola, Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella melaninogenica, Prevotella nigrescens were noted in diseased samples. Significant increases in expression of TLR 4 mRNA, TLR 9 mRNA and, in particular TLR 2, mRNA were noted in diseased equine gingival tissue in addition to increased pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression. Presence of P. intermedia was significantly positively correlated with expression of TLR 2 in equine periodontitis. In addition, the presence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans was positively associated with disease severity and expression of TLR 4 mRNA in the horse. Co-culture of periodontal pathogens with human cell lines revealed that the innate immune response to the presence of these bacteria is mainly mediated through TLR 2 activation. The use of both culture dependent and culture independent methods to investigate the equine oral microbiome has provided significant breadth and depth of information on the microbiology of equine periodontal disease. Microbial populations are significantly different as expected and bacteria belonging to the Prevotella genus have been strongly implicated in the aetiopathogenesis of the condition. The innate immune response produced in periodontally diseased equine gingival tissue has been characterised for the first time in the horse.
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Kerbyson, Nicola Claire. "The prevalence and diagnosis of equine colonic mucosal pathology." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2017. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/38934/.
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Baxi, Mohit K. "Molecular studies of equine herpesvirus 1 latency." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390272.
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Ganabadi, Shanthi. "Neurogenic components in equine and canine arthritis." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.337147.
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Bowden, Adelle. "Maximising the impact of evidence-based medicine on equine health and welfare." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/52194/.
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Evidence-based veterinary medicine (EVM) has the potential to improve welfare of equine patients in primary care practice by ensuring that decision making at the point of care is underpinned by credible research. Patient focussed care requires consideration of a combination of evidence, veterinary judgement, experience and owner associated variables to ensure the best possible outcomes for the animal, whilst maximising the impact of EVM on equine health and welfare. A holistic approach to development and implementation of EVM, that involves horse owners, other equine stakeholders and veterinary surgeons, will ensure that all parties involved in decision making on behalf of equine patients are engaged in evidence-based decisions. The central aim of the thesis was to determine how advances in evidence-based veterinary medicine had the potential to achieve the greatest impact on equine health and welfare. The objectives were to: • Review methods of implementing evidence-based medicine in clinical practice and determine their suitability for veterinary medicine. • Describe the prevalence and outcome of conditions seen for ‘out of hours’ primary assessment in equine practice. • Investigate horse owner perception, understanding and approach to the most common emergency conditions. • Identify paucities in the knowledge and resources available to equine owners and highlight the information required to implement and facilitate evidence-based decision making. • Use an evidence-based approach to develop and disseminate an educational resource for horse owners to improve understanding of an emergency condition and equine welfare associated with that specific disease. The first section of the thesis aimed to identify a common emergency condition with a major welfare impact, which would become a focus for research in subsequent studies. A combination of methods were used in these chapters including a retrospective case study of ‘out of hours’ case records from two practices over a three year period, and a mixed methods online survey of opinions and experiences of equine yard owners. In the retrospective case study, colic (abdominal pain) was the most common condition seen as an ‘out of hours’ emergency at both veterinary practices, accounting for approximately a third of the ‘out of hours’ caseload. The three most common reasons for ‘out of hours’ visits for both practices were colic (35%), wounds (20%) and lameness (11%). The majority of cases seen ‘out of hours’ required a single treatment for resolution of the presenting problem (58%), whilst 26% needed multiple treatments. An online survey consisting of open and closed questions was distributed to UK livery yard owners. The survey investigated participants’ demographics and experiences, their opinion of the most common emergency conditions in the horse, and decision-making in emergency situations. Descriptive analysis of data included frequency ranking and categorisation of free text responses. There were 104 survey participants. The majority had kept horses for more than ten years (97%), and had previous experience of emergency conditions (99%), predominantly of colic (96%) and wounds (92%). Participants considered that the most common emergency conditions were colic (98%), wounds (49%) and fractures (22%), and the most concerning conditions were colic (94%), lameness (36%) and wounds (21%). Factors important in emergency decision making were: degree of pain, likelihood of condition resolving, and severity of disease. The results of these studies provided the impetus for using colic as the focus for the next phases of work within this thesis. The second section of the thesis investigated veterinary practitioners’ and horse owners’ approaches to horses with abdominal pain, with the aim of identifying where knowledge or resources were good or were variable or lacking. The subset of horses with abdominal pain from the ‘out of hours’ retrospective case series were explored to describe how these animals presented to veterinary surgeons, how they were diagnosed, treated and the outcomes. The clinical signs associated with a ‘critical’ outcome of colic were determined using univariate logistic regression. In the retrospective case series, 941 cases presented with signs of abdominal pain; 23.9% (n=225/941) cases were categorised as ‘critical’, and 18% (n=168/941) were euthanased. Fifteen variables from the case presentation significantly correlated with a critical case (p < 0.01) and were therefore incorporated into the multivariate model. The final multivariable model included three variables significantly associated with the likelihood of a case being classified as ‘critical’: increased heart rate (p < 0.01), abnormal mucous membrane colour (p < 0.01) and absence of borborygmi in at least one quadrant (p < 0.01). These were considered to be essential clinical parameters associated with the differentiation of critical cases of colic, and therefore should be included in the veterinary assessment of the condition. To investigate horse owners’ opinions and experiences, a mixed methods survey was distributed to investigate owner knowledge, experience and approaches to colic through open and closed questions and clinical scenarios. The survey also aimed to highlight knowledge and resource gaps that may affect the welfare and outcomes of horses with abdominal pain. The horse owner survey identified that owners had variable and often limited knowledge of colic and were frequently poor at recognising some of the clinical and behavioural manifestations of the condition. This study also identified the need for an all-encompassing educational resource for horse owners underpinned by scientific evidence in an accessible and functional format. Developing evidence-based resources for veterinary practitioners and horse owners was beyond the scope of what could be achieved within this thesis. Educational colic resources for horse owners (‘REACT’) were collaboratively developed and disseminated by Nottingham Equine Colic Project (including the author of the thesis) and The British Horse Society. Current evidence and literature on methods of incorporating evidence into clinical decision making were reviewed within the thesis, specifically accounting for the difficulties faced in veterinary medicine. Future work is needed to develop evidence-based resources on colic for veterinary surgeons to ensure that scientifically underpinned decisions are made at the point of care. The work contained within this thesis highlighted the importance of the owner in the recognition of disease and instigation of veterinary intervention. It is crucial that both equine owners and veterinary surgeons are considered in equal measure when investigating decision making on behalf of a horse. Owners are the gatekeepers of animal care and welfare and therefore there is a requirement that they are included in research and the development of educational material. Veterinary directed studies are commonplace, however the benefits of such research are questionable if the horse owner does not present their animal for veterinary attention. The legacy of this study will likely be the inclusion of horse owners in the development of evidence-based educational campaigns.
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Serrão, Mariana Rafael Pedro. "Patologia e clínica de equinos." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/18045.
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O presente relatório de conclusão do curso de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de Évora, refere-se ao período de estágio curricular obrigatório que decorreu na Clínica Equifort, em Fortaleza, Brasil, na área Patologia e Clínica de Equinos. Numa primeira fase é feita uma descrição das atividades desenvolvidas onde se apresenta a casuística acompanhada durante o estágio, que inclui atividades em diversas áreas como medicina desportiva, clínica médica, clínica reprodutiva, clínica cirúrgica e clínica hospitalar. Numa segunda fase desenvolve-se uma monografia onde se caracterizam as lesões radiográficas de membros anteriores de cavalos de desporto, e por fim são apresentados cinco casos clínicos; ABSTRACT:
EQUINE PATHOLOGY AND CLINICAL
The present report refers to curricular internship, integrated on the master degree in veterinary medicine at the University of Évora, that took place at the Clinic Equifort in Fortaleza, Brazil, in the área of Equine Pathology and Clinical. Initially a description of the activities accompanied during the internship is given which includes activities in areas such as sports medicine, internal medicine, reprodution and surgery. In a second part a monograph is developd with the characterization of radiographic injuries in forelimbs of sport’s horses, and finally five clinical cases are presented.
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Frederico, Canisso Igor. "Studies on Equine Placentitis." UKnowledge, 2014. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gluck_etds/21.
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Two types of placentitis were studied: ascending and nocardioform placentitis. Although the first diagnosis of nocardioform placentitis was made three decades ago, little is known about the disease, due to the lack of an experimental model. In attempt to develop a research model, Crossiela equi was inoculated through intrauterine, intravenous, intrapharyngeal, and oral routes, but none of the routes resulted in nocardioform placentitis. This may indicate that unidentified factors may play a role in disease pathogenesis and that simple presence of bacteria is not sufficient to induce nocardioform placentitis. The second and major component of this dissertation involved the identification of diagnostic markers for placentitis. Because ascending bacterial placentitis is readily and predictably induced using existing experimental models, this model was used to identify diagnostic markers for placentitis in maternal plasma and fetal fluids. Three potential biomarkers were examined: acute phase inflammatory proteins, steroid hormones produced by the fetoplacental unit, and protein composition of the fetal fluids. Of the three acute phase proteins investigated, serum amyloid A and haptoglobin but not fibrinogen increased in association with experimentally induced ascending placentitis. Androgens and progestins appear to be poor markers for placentitis. Serum estradiol 17β concentrations were reduced in mares with experimentally induced placentitis and appear to be a good marker for placentitis in mares. Different methods were used to study the protein composition of the fetal fluids. Alpha-fetoprotein was characterized as a major protein present in the equine fetal fluids, and this protein was elevated in plasma of mares with placentitis. In another study, using a high-throughput proteomic technique several new proteins were characterized in the amniotic and allantoic fluids of mares carrying normal pregnancies, and several previously uncharacterized proteins were detected in the allantoic fluid of mares with placentitis. Three secreting proteins were elevated in allantoic fluid of mares with experimentally induced ascending placentitis.
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Finlay, Margaret. "Equine sarcoids and bovine papillomavirus : unravelling the viral pathogenesis." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2011. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2702/.
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The equine sarcoid is the most commonly detected skin tumour in equidae worldwide and has been reported in horses, donkeys, mules and zebra. Sarcoids can be defined as locally aggressive, fibroblastic, benign tumours of the equine skin and although they do not metastasise, they exhibit variable clinical presentations ranging from small alopecic areas to rapidly growing, ulcerated fleshy masses. Clinical behaviour may also vary, from aggressive infiltrative growth to spontaneous regression. Diverse treatment modalities have been reported, and these have been used separately, or have been combined, with variable efficacy. No single therapeutic approach has been found to be universally successful. Although rarely life-threatening, equine sarcoids can have important welfare and economic implications. There is a large body of evidence now supporting the hypothesis that bovine papilloma virus (BPV) is the aetiological agent of equine sarcoids and our understanding of the general pathophysiology of the disease continues to progress; however, several fundamental aspects of the disease remain unclear. In the first chapter, the clinical aspects of the disease are discussed and evidence to support a viral aetiology is presented, along with background information regarding papilloma virus infections in the natural host. An epidemiological overview of the disease that considers the most current theories and understanding of equine sarcoids is also given. Chapter II describes the materials and methods used in the course of carrying out the investigations detailed in Chapters III, IV and V. The aim of Chapter III was to investigate the potential role of flies as vectors in transmission of equine sarcoids between infected and susceptible animals. We found that BPV-1 DNA can be detected in flies trapped from areas where animals with BPV-1 infected sarcoids are housed. This study provides evidence to support the hypothesis that flies may therefore be significant in disease transmission. Such evidence will be of benefit in formulating management control strategies for fly control measures that will reduce the incidence and spread of equine sarcoids. The work described in Chapter IV was carried out to investigate the hypothesis that the development of the sarcoid tumour arises primarily through inhibition of apoptotic pathways by viral gene products. Assessment of DNA-damage-induced apoptosis in BPV transformed equine fibroblasts revealed that sarcoid derived cells and BPV-1 transfected fibroblasts are less resistant to apoptosis than normal, BPV-negative control equine fibroblasts, but are more likely to recover from DNA damage and continue to grow and divide. Further research was directed towards identifying the viral genes responsible for conferring resistance to apoptosis through siRNA knock-down and monitoring expression of endogenous cellular proteins known to be involved in apoptotic pathways. Using an siRNA targeted to a particular viral protein, we were able to reduce the ability of the BPV transformed cells to survive after DNA damage. Potentially, this information can now be used to develop novel therapeutic strategies. The final chapter describes the results of a study in to the expression of the p53 protein in sarcoids in vivo and in BPV transformed cells in vitro in tissue culture. In vivo, analysis of 51 equine sarcoid lesions showed that 48% of tumours are associated with nuclear p53 protein expression and that high levels of p53 were associated with clinically aggressive tumour types (fibroblastic). Interestingly, we observed high levels of cytoplasmic p53 staining with no nuclear staining in one tumour in vivo. In vitro, p53 mRNA levels were assessed in BPV transformed and BPV negative fibroblasts. The half-life of the p53 protein, the cellular location and functionality were also investigated in vitro. The results showed that BPV transformed equine fibroblast cells also exhibit increased nuclear p53 protein expression and one cell line (EqS04b) showed a cytoplasmic staining pattern similar to that observed in vitro. However, the abnormal level and location of the p53 does not appear to affect the transactivational functionality of p53 since p21 expression was induced by exposing the cells to UVB irradiation.
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Rodrigues, Patrícia Rosa Ramos. "Clínica e cirurgia de equinos." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/26367.
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O presente relatório tem como objetivo descrever as atividades realizadas no âmbito do estágio curricular do Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de Évora. Este, foi realizado em dois locais distintos, sendo a primeira parte em regime ambulatório sob orientação do Dr. Bruno Miranda na zona da Grande Lisboa, Ribatejo e Alentejo, e a segunda em regime hospitalar na Clínica Veterinária Militar de Equinos, em Mafra.
Está dividido em duas partes. Na primeira é feita uma análise casuística da clínica mé-dica e cirúrgica desenvolvida em ambos os locais de estágio. Na segunda, é feita uma monogra-fia sobre casos de osteoartrite severa da extremidade distal, com enfoque na abordagem tera-pêutica médica e cirúrgica. Cada umas destas abordagens têm associado a descrição de um caso clínico, acompanhado durante o período de estágio: Abstract:
Equine Clinical and Surgery
This report aims to describe the activities undertaken in the curricular internship of the master's degree in Veterinary Medicine of the University of Évora. This was performed in two distinct places, the first in ambulatory regimen under the guidance of Dr. Bruno Miranda in the area of Lisbon, Ribatejo and Alentejo cities, and the second was in hospital in the Clínica Veter-inária Militar de Equinos, in Mafra.
This essay is divided in two parts. In the first one, it’s made a casuistic analysis of the medical and surgical clinic developed in both places where the curricular internship was per-formed. In the second one, it is presented a monograph about cases of severe osteoarthritis of the distal limb, focusing on the medical and surgical therapeutic approach. Each of these thera-peutic approaches has associated the description of a clinical case, authenticated during the in-ternship period.
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Kelly, Louise. "The role of cytokines in equine joint diseases." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386803.
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Baker, Simon James. "The equine stomach : intragastic pH & gastric emptying." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363043.
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Gaubatz, Breanna M. "EQUINE PROTOZOAL MYELOENCEPHALITIS: INVESTIGATION OF GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY AND ASSESSMENT OF AN EQUINE INFECTION METHOD." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gluck_etds/8.
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Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) is a progressive neurological disease of horses caused by Sarcocystis neurona. Two projects were conducted to identify factors involved in the development of EPM. The first study explored a possible genetic susceptibility to EPM by attempting a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue from 24 definitively-positive EPM horses. DNA extracted from tissues older than 14 months was inadequate for SNP analysis on the Illumina Equine SNP50 BeadChip probably due to degradation and formalin cross-linking. Results were inconclusive as analysis was not possible with the small sample set. The second study evaluated an artificial infection method in creating a reliable equine EPM model. Five horses were injected intravenously at 4 time points with autologous blood incubated with 1,000,000S. neurona merozoites. Challenged horses progressively developed mild to moderate clinical signs and had detectable S. neurona serum antibodies on day 42 post challenge. Horses appeared to have produced a Th1 immune response and cleared the infection by the conclusion of the study on day 89. No histopathological evidence of S. neurona infection was found within central nervous system tissue. This artificial infection method was not effective in replicating the severe clinical EPM seen in natural infections.
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Cochrane, Christine Ann. "An investigation into equine wound healing and sarcoid formation." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309890.
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Forhead, Alison Jane. "Equine hyperlipaemia : endocrine and metabolic basis of risk factors." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333560.
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Rickards, Karen Jane. "Neutrophil phosphodiesterase inhibition in equine chronic obstructive pulmonary disease." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251618.
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McKelvie, Joanne. "The role of T-lymphocytes in equine sweet itch." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.300246.
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Tewari, Deepanker. "Immune response to equine herpesvirus-1 and it's glycoproteins." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360562.
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Cullinane, Anne A. "Characterization of the genome of equine herpesvirus 1 subtype 2." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.280852.
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MacEachern, Karen Elaine. "A study of equine pulmonary blood vessel function in vitro." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360283.
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Porter, J. H. "A structural and antigenic analysis of equine herpesvirus type 1." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384540.
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Frean, Stephen Philip. "Effects of anti-arthritic drugs on equine articular tissue metabolism." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263731.
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Jarvis, Gavin Edward. "Endotoxaemia : the in vitro activation of equine platelets by endotoxin." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266364.
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Georgopoulos, Stamatis Panagiotis. "An investigation of equine injuries in Thoroughbred flat racing in North America." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2017. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8326/.
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The aim of this research work was to investigate and quantify the risk of fatal and fracture injury for Thoroughbreds participating in flat racing in the US and Canada so that horses at particular risk can be identified and the risk of fatal injury reduced. Risk factors associated with fatalities and fractures were identified and predictive models for both fatalities and fractures were developed and their performance was evaluated. Our analysis was based on 188,269 Thoroughbreds that raced on 89 racecourses reporting injuries to the Equine Injury Database (EID) in the US and Canada from 1st January 2009 to 31st December 2015. This included 2,493,957 race starts and 4,592,162 exercise starts. The race starts reported to the EID represented the starts for 90.0% of all official Thoroughbred racing events in the United States and Canada during the 7-year observation period. The annual average risk of fatal and fracture equine injuries for the period 2009 - 2015 was estimated and a description of the different injury types that resulted in fatalities and fractures was given, based on the cases recorded in the EID. Possible risk factors were pre-screened using univariable logistic regression models; risk factors with an association indicated by p < 0.20 were then included in a stepwise logistic regression selection process. A forward bidirectional elimination approach using Akaike's Information Criterion was utilised for the stepwise selection. We identified more than 20 risk factors that were found to be significantly associated with fatal injury (p < 0.05) and more than 20 risk factors associated with fracture injury, across the final multi-variable models. The risk factors identified are related to the horse’s previous racing history, the trainer, the race, the horse's expected performance and the horse's racing history. Five different algorithms were used to develop predictive models based on the data available from the period 2009 - 2014 for both fatal and fracture injuries. Firstly, we used Multivariable Logistic Regression, commonly used in risk factor analysis. Secondly, Improved Balanced Random Forests were developed, a machine learning algorithm based on a modification of the random forests algorithm. Because fatal injuries are extremely rare events, less than 2 instances per 1000 starts on average, balanced samples were used to develop the Random Forest model to deal with the class-imbalance problem. Furthermore, we trained an Artificial Neural Network with a single layer and two networks with deep architecture, a Deep Belief Network and a Stacked Denoising Autoencoder. As artificial neural networks and deep learning models have been successfully used to solve complex problems in a diverse field of domains we wanted to explore the possibility of using them to successfully predict equine injuries. The performance of each classifier was evaluated by calculating the Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUC), using the data available from 2015 for validation. AUC results ranged from 0.62 to 0.64 for the best performing algorithm and similar predictive results were obtained from the wide array of different models created. This is the first study to make use of the extensive information contained in the EID to identify risk factors associated with equine fatal and fracture injuries in the US and Canada for this period. To our knowledge, this is the largest retrospective observational study investigating the risk of equine fatal and fracture injuries during flat racing in the literature. This is also the first study to train logistic regression and machine learning models to predict equine injuries using such an extensive amount of data and a full year of horse racing events for prediction and evaluation. We believe the results could help identify horses at high risk of (fatal) injury on entering a race and inform the design and implementation of preventive measures aimed at minimising the number of Thoroughbreds sustaining fatal injuries during racing in North America.
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Chauché, Caroline Marie. "Molecular evolution of equine influenza virus non-structural protein 1." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2018. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8877/.
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Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are common infections of certain avian reservoir species, and they periodically transfer to mammalian hosts. These cross-species jumps are usually associated with sporadic outbreaks, and on rare occasions lead to the establishment of a lineage in the new host species. The immune pressure exerted by the new host on the emergent virus forces it to evolve and adopt strategies to evade immunity in order to survive in nature. Understanding the biological mechanisms that allow successful inter-species transmission and adaptation to mammals is crucial to develop the theoretical tools required to predict and/or control emergence of new viruses in humans and animals. H3N8 equine influenza virus (EIV) represents an interesting model to study the dynamic of within-host variation of an avian-origin IAV. Indeed, this virus has emerged from birds in 1963 and has circulated in horse populations for more than fifty years despite the availability of vaccines. Evidence of evolution of EIV virulence factor non-structural protein 1 (NS1) also exists. NS1 is the main viral antagonist of the host interferon (IFN) response, and it relies on different strategies for overcoming these responses, which varies depending on the viral strain. While some NS1 proteins effectively block the induction of IFN and IFN stimulated genes (ISGs), others block general gene expression at a post-transcriptional level, and therefore reduce the synthesis of IFN and ISGs indirectly. Importantly, little is known about the contribution of these NS1 functions to EIV infection phenotype and adaptation to horses. In this work, we characterised NS1 proteins spanning the entire EIV lineage and showed that NS1s from different time periods after EIV emergence counteract the IFN response using different and mutually exclusive mechanisms. While EIVs circulating in the early 1960s blocked general gene expression by a NS1-mediated blockade of the cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor 30 (CPSF30), NS1s from contemporary EIVs specifically inhibit the induction of ISGs by interfering with the JAK/STAT pathway. These contrasting anti-IFN strategies are associated with two mutations that appeared sequentially during EIV evolution, E186K substitution and C-terminal truncation. These changes in NS1 allowed contemporary EIVs to replicate in the presence of high levels of IFN. The results shown here with EIV indicate that the interplay between virus evolution and immune evasion plays a key role in IAV mammalian adaptation.
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WOODWARD, ELIZABETH MORAN. "BREEDING INDUCED ENDOMETRITIS IN THE MARE: THE LOCAL INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE." UKnowledge, 2012. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gluck_etds/5.
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Uterine inflammation after breeding is considered necessary for the clearance of excess semen and debris from the uterus. A subpopulation of mares fails to clear the inflammation in a timely fashion, and develops a persistent breeding induced endometritis (PBIE). Experiments were preformed to evaluate correlations of PBIE to endometrial quality and age. Mares of advanced age and poor endometrial quality had a higher incidence of PBIE. In addition, mares fluctuated in susceptibility to PBIE from one season to the next. The uterine inflammatory gene expression in susceptible and resistant mares within the first 24 hours after breeding was investigated. The peak endometrial cytokine gene expression occurred 6 hours after insemination, and susceptible mares were found to have a reduced response of the inflammatory modulating cytokines during this time. Intrauterine accumulation of the inflammatory byproduct nitric oxide (NO) was investigated in resistant and susceptible mares within the first 24 hours after breeding. Susceptible mares had an increase in NO accumulation over time, whereas NO accumulation in resistant mares remained relatively constant. The effects of immunomodulators on uterine inflammatory response and nitric oxide accumulation in susceptible mares was investigated. Immunomodulators decreased expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β and nitric oxide accumulation. In conclusion, endometrial quality and age are indicators of susceptibility to PBIE, and susceptibly can change from year to year. Six hours after breeding is a critical time for the development of PBIE, and susceptible and resistant mares have differential endometrial inflammatory gene expression, with susceptible mares appearing to have a defect in the inflammatory modulating immune response. Finally, treatment with immune modulators alters the IL1β gene expression and intrauterine nitric oxide accumulation, which may help to explain how they act to reduce inflammation during PBIE.
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Smith, Roger K. W. "The nature and role of non-collagenous proteins in equine tendon." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284405.
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Adam, Emma N. "DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSION IN EQUINE CARTILAGINOUS TISSUES AND INDUCED CHONDROCYTES." UKnowledge, 2016. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gluck_etds/25.
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Degenerative joint disease, or osteoarthritis, is a major cause of lameness and morbidity in horses, humans, and dogs. There are no truly satisfactory cures for this widespread problem and current treatments all have limitations or unwanted side effects.
New cell-based strategies to repair joint surface lesions have generated a high level of interest, but have yet to achieve the full restoration of articular cartilage structure and function. Currently used therapy cells include autologous chondrocytes and adult mesenchymal cells such as bone marrow derived cells and adipose derived cells. Unfortunately, the resultant repair tissue is biomechanically inferior fibrocartilage. A critical gap in knowledge in this regard is a limited understanding of the specific cellular phenotype of normal, robust articular chondrocytes.
This thesis examines the global mRNA transcriptome of equine articular cartilage to test the hypothesis that adult articular chondrocytes have a unique gene expression profile. In the first part of the study, RNA-sequencing was used to compare the mRNA transcriptome of normal adult articular cartilage with five other cartilaginous tissues. From these comparisons, locus level gene expression and alternative splicing patterns have been identified that clearly distinguish articular cartilage. In the second part of the study, fetal (interzone, cartilage anlagen chondrocytes, dermal fibroblasts) and adult (bone marrow derived, adipose derived, articular chondrocytes, dermal fibroblasts) primary cells were grown in culture and stimulated to differentiate into chondrocytes. The chondrogenic differentiation potential as assessed by matrix proteoglycan and the expression of cartilage biomarker genes was highly variable among cell types. Together, these results advance our understanding of the specific phenotype of articular chondrocytes and the potential of prospective therapeutic progenitor cells to differentiate into articular chondrocytes. This new knowledge will improve efforts to optimize cell-based therapies for osteoarthritis and the repair of joint cartilage lesions.
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Clegg, Peter David. "Matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 and their inhibitors in equine joint disease." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263792.
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Oliveira, Carolina de Carvalho Figueiredo Cruz. "Clínica e cirurgia de equinos." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/19594.
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O presente relatório de estágio, elaborado como etapa final do curso de Mestrado Integrado de Medicina Veterinária na Universidade de Évora, refere-se ao estágio curricular realizado na Clínica Equicare – Serviços Médico-Veterinários Lda., em Coimbra, Portugal, no âmbito da clínica e cirurgia de equinos. Este encontra-se dividido em três partes, onde, numa primeira fase se realiza uma descrição da casuística observada durante os seis meses de estágio, inseridas nas áreas de controlo e clínica reprodutiva, medicina preventiva e identificação equina, clínica médica e clínica cirúrgica. De seguida, realiza-se uma monografia sobre a doença degenerativa articular da extremidade distal de equinos e, por fim, uma apresentação de quatro casos clínicos onde se detetava a presença da mesma; EQUINE CLINICS AND SURGERY
ABSTRACT:
The present report was carried out as the final step of the Master of Science degree in Veterinary Medicine at the University of Évora and refers to the curricular externship held at the Equicare Clinic in Coimbra, Portugal, performed in Equine Clinics and Surgery. The report is divided in three parts, where initially takes place a casuistic analysis of the followed activities and clinical cases during the six month period of the externship, set in the areas of reproductive clinics, preventive medicine and equine identification, internal medicine and surgery. Afterwords a literature review about Degenerative Joint Disease of the distal limb in horses is performed and, finally, four clinical cases, about this same disease, are presented.
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Sanders, Jennifer Shea Gillette Robert L. "Effect of two bandage protocols on equine fetlock kinematics." Auburn, Ala, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1643.
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Mundy, Lauren Nicole. "Characterization of gravitational filtration to enrich selective equine bone marrow elements." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1406675577.
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Devine, Elizabeth P. "Pharmacokinetics of intramuscular morphine in the horse." Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13864.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Clinical Sciences
Warren L. Beard
Pharmacokinetics of Intramuscular Morphine in the Horse Elizabeth Devine, DVM; Butch KuKanich, DVM, PhD, DACVCP; Warren Beard, DVM, MS, DACVS Objective - To determine the pharmacokinetics of morphine after intramuscular administration in a clinical population of horses Design – Prospective, clinical study Animals – Pilot study included 2 normal horses and the clinical study included 75 horses Procedures – Morphine was administered at 0.1mg/kg, IM and 2-3 blood samples were obtained from each horse at various times from 0-9 hours after administration. Plasma morphine concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Results – Data was analyzed using a naïve pooled pharmacokinetic model. The half-life for the elimination phase was approximately 1.5 hours, the volume of distribution (per bioavailability) was approximately 4.5 L/kg and the clearance (per bioavailability) was approximately 35 mL/kg/min. The peak plasma concentration was 21.6 ng/mL and occurred approximately 4 minutes after administration. Plasma concentrations of morphine were below the limit of quantification by 7 hours in 74 horses. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance – The relatively short half-life of morphine indicates the need for frequent dosing to maintain targeted plasma concentrations. Adverse effects were uncommon in this study and morphine was well tolerated at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg, IM. Morphine may be a useful adjunctive therapy in painful horses, but the variable plasma concentrations suggest the dose and dosing interval may need to be adjusted to the individual patient’s response.
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McMrurray, Joanne. "Patologia e clínica de equinos." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/18773.
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O presente relatório é baseado no estágio curricular em clínica de equinos, realizado entre 1 de Setembro de 2015 e 29 de Fevereiro de 2016, com a orientação da Dra. Maria Teresa Félix da Cruz Falcão. É composto por três partes: casuística, monografia e apresentação de dois casos clínicos. A primeira parte descreve a casuística que se acompanhou durante o estágio, na área de patologia e clínica de equinos. A monografia aborda o tema de intoxicação por amitraz em equinos. A última parte consiste na descrição de dois casos clínicos de intoxicação por amitraz que foram acompanhados durante o estágio curricular; ABSTRACT:
Externship report – Equine pathology and medicine
The following report is based on my externship between the 1st of Setember of 2015 and the 29th of February of 2016, orientated by Dr. Maria Teresa Félix da Cruz Falcão in equine clinics. It is composed of three parts: casuistics, monography and the presentation of two clinical cases. The first part describes the casuistics that were encountered during the externship, in equine pathology and medicine. The monography discusses the theme of amitraz intoxication in horses. The last part is composed of a description and discussion of two clinical cases of amitraz intoxication, accompanied during the externship.
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Janes, Jennifer Gail. "THE ROLES OF ORTHOPAEDIC PATHOLOGY AND GENETIC DETERMINANTS IN EQUINE CERVICAL STENOTIC MYELOPATHY." UKnowledge, 2014. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gluck_etds/16.
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Cervical stenotic myelopathy (CSM) is an important musculoskeletal and neurologic disease of the horse. Clinical disease occurs due to malformations of the vertebrae in the neck causing stenosis of the cervical vertebral canal and subsequent spinal cord compression. The disease is multifactorial in nature, therefore a clearer understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of CSM will allow for improved management and therapeutic practices. This thesis examines issues of equine CSM diagnosis, skeletal tissue pathology, and inherited genetic determinants utilizing advances in biomedical imaging technologies and equine genomics. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data provided a more complete assessment of the cervical column through image acquisition in multiple planes. First, MRI was compared to standing cervical radiographs for detection of stenosis. Using canal area or the cord canal area ratio, MRI more accurately predicted sites of compression in CSM cases. Secondly, articular process skeletal pathology localized on MRI was found to be more frequent and severe in CSM horses compared to controls. In addition, lesions were generalized throughout the cervical column and not limited to the spinal cord compression sites. A subset of lesions identified on MRI was evaluated using micro-CT and histopathology. Osteochondrosis, osseous cyst-like structures, fibrous tissue replacement of bone, and osteosclerosis were observed. These lesions support likely developmental aberrations of vertebral bone and cartilage maturation with secondary biomechanical influences. Bone cyst-like structures are a novel finding in this disease. Finally, the long-standing question of the contribution of genetic determinants to CSM was investigated using a genome wide association study (GWAS). Multiple significant loci were identified supporting the influence of a complex genetic trait in clinical disease. A simple Mendelian trait controlled by one gene is unlikely given the detection of variants across multiple chromosomes. Major contributions from this research include documentation of articular process bone and cartilage pathology in horses with CSM, support for abnormal cervical vertebrae development being an important contributing factor in the etiology and/or pathogenesis of equine CSM, and evidence that multiple genetic loci contribute to the CSM disease phenotype.
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Lila, Mohd Azmi Mohd. "The immune response to equine herpesvirus type-1 (EHV-1) in a murine laboratory model." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319879.
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Pucket, Jonathan D. "Comparison of efficacy and duration of topical anesthetics on corneal sensitivity in clinically normal horses." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13615.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Clinical Sciences
Amy Rankin
Objective- The purpose was to compare the efficacy and duration of 0.5% proparacaine, 0.5% bupivacaine, 2% lidocaine, and 2% mepivacaine on corneal sensitivity in clinically normal horses. Animals- 68 clinically normal horses Procedures- In group 1, 60 horses from the Kansas State University horse unit were assigned to receive one topical anesthetic in a completely randomized design. In group 2, 8 privately owned horses were sequentially treated with each of the topical anesthetics in random order with a one week washout period between drugs. Corneal sensitivity was assessed by corneal touch threshold (CTT) measurements which were taken with a Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometer before anesthetic application (T0), 1 minute after (T1), every 5 minutes until 60 minutes (T5-T60), and then every 10 minutes until 90 minutes (T70-T90) after application. General linear mixed models were fitted to CTT in each design in order to assess the effects of topical anesthetics over time, accounting for repeated observations within individual horses. Results- Corneal sensitivity, as determined by CTT measurements, decreased immediately following application of the topical anesthetic, with persisting effects until T35 for proparacaine and mepivacaine, T45 for lidocaine, and T60 for bupivacaine. Maximal CTT reduction was achieved following application of bupivacaine or proparacaine, while mepivacaine was least effective. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance- All topical anesthetics reduced corneal sensitivity, though maximal anesthesia and effect of duration differed between drugs. For brief corneal anesthesia, 0.5% proparacaine or 2% lidocaine appeared adequate, while 0.5% bupivacaine may be most appropriate for procedures requiring longer periods of corneal anesthesia.
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Armentrout, Amanda Rae. "A comparative study of full hindlimb flexion in horses: 5 versus 60 seconds." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/8844.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Clinical Sciences
Warren L. Beard
The flexion test is routinely used in lameness and pre-purchase examinations. There is no accepted standard for duration of flexion or evidence that interpretation of results would differ with different durations of flexion. We hypothesized there would be no difference in interpretation of full hindlimb flexion for 5 or 60 seconds. Video recordings of lameness examinations of 34 client owned horses were performed that included: baseline lameness, upper hindlimb flexion for 60 seconds, and flexion of the same leg for 5 seconds. Videos were edited to blind reviewers to the hypothesis being tested. The baseline lameness video from each horse was paired with each flexion to make 2 pairs of videos for each case. Twenty video pairs were repeated to assess intra-observer repeatability. Fifteen experienced clinicians reviewed the videos and graded the response to flexion as either positive or negative. Potential associations between the duration of flexion and the likelihood of a positive flexion test were evaluated using generalized linear mixed models. A kappa value was calculated to assess the degree of intra-observer agreement on the repeated videos. Full hindlimb flexion of 60 seconds was more likely to be called positive than flexion of 5 seconds (p<0.0001), with the likelihood of the same interpretation 74% of the time. The first flexion performed was more likely to be called positive than subsequent flexions (p=0.029). Intra-assessor agreement averaged 75% with κ=0.49. Full hindlimb flexion of a horse for 5 seconds did not yield the same result as 60 seconds.
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Clutterbuck, Abigail Louise. "Nutritional targeting of inflammatory pathways and catabolic mediators involved in equine osteoarthritis." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13534/.
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Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease of synovial joints with an inflammatory component, which affects humans and companion animals, including horses. Current pharmacotherapy for OA is associated with deleterious side effects. Therefore, plant-derived products with anti-inflammatory properties may provide safer natural alternatives. The project aimed to use in vitro models of equine cartilage to test the hypothesis that plant-derived extracts would reduce inflammation and degradation in an explant model of early OA. The anti-inflammatory polyphenol, curcumin, significantly reduced interleukin-1 beta (lL-1β)-stimulated glycosaminoglycan, matrix metalloproteinase-3 and prostaglandin E[subscript]2 release in the explant model. Using a cocktail of plant extracts illustrated how different effects were observed depending on the solvent used to dissolve the raw material. Chondrocyte monolayers were used to determine that counteraction of IL-1β- stimulated effects in the explant model occurred at non-cytotoxic concentrations. The explant model was adapted for proteomic studies of the cartilage secretome. Several proteins involved in matrix function and degradation were identified. This adaptation may further our understanding of the processes in the early OA explant model and may facilitate studying the effects of anti-inflammatory compounds on the secretome. A concurrent field trial showed that the plant extract cocktail did not significantly improve mobility in horses with chronic hindlimb stiffness. However, it illustrated the need for practical, more objective markers to help select animals of similar disease status and determine effects in the joints. Therefore, the proteomic study highlighted the potential for in vitro models to support field trials by identifying in vivo biomarkers for diagnosing early OA and assessing therapeutic responses. In conclusion, in vitro models of equine cartilage have considerable potential for assessing the ability of plant extracts to target inflammatory pathways and catabolic mediators in OA. The data presented suggests that nutritional intervention using plant-derived extracts with putative anti-inflammatory properties may support equine joint health.
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Magalhães, Teresa Diogo Marques. "The use of Manuka honey as treatment of wounds in horses." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/18996.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina VeterináriaAntimicrobial compounds are essentially important in reducing the global burden of infectious diseases. However, as resistant pathogens develop and spread, the effectiveness of the antibiotics is diminished. This type of bacterial resistance to the antimicrobial agents poses a very serious threat to public health, and for all kinds of antibiotics, including the major lastresort drugs, the frequencies of resistance are increasing worldwide. In addition to the generic properties of honey, Manuka honey has a non-peroxide antimicrobial activity largely attributed to methylglyoxal. Evidence that Manuka honey can also modulate the initial inflammatory response, through activation of toll-like receptor 4 on monocytes to enhance production of cytokines important in tissue repair and regeneration, have arisen. Distal limb wounds in horses usually heal by second intention because primary or delayed primary closure cannot be accomplished. In most cases these wounds have gross contamination and moderate to severe tissue loss that would make closure difficult due to a greater wound retraction, slower rates and earlier cessation of wound contraction. They must heal completely through the process of contraction, granulation, and epithelialization. The aim of applying topical medication to wounds left to heal by second intention is to manipulate the wound environment. As a topical preparation, Manuka honey has been shown to modulate the earlyperiod of second-intention wound healing in the horse, but this precise mechanism of action is still unclear, and has also been shown to control the contamination of the wound environment. The objective of this study is to show the actual evidences of the use of Manuka honey in the process of wound healing in Veterinary medicine, more specifically in horses by presenting a brief review of literature with inclusion and exclusion criteria, and by presenting three cases where Manuka honey treatment had a beneficial role and great outcomes, which provides evidence that it is an alternative treatment worth having in mind when dealing with wounds in horses.
RESUMO - O uso de mel de Manuka no tratamento de feridas em cavalos - Os antibióticos são extremamente importantes na redução das doenças infeciosas que atualmente existem a nível mundial. No entanto, à medida que emergem as bactérias resistentes, a eficácia dos antibióticos torna-se mais limitada. A resistência bacteriana aos compostos antimicrobianos, representa uma ameaça muito séria à saúde pública uma vez que continua a aumentar exponencialmente em todo o Mundo. Para além das propriedades gerais do mel, o mel de Manuka tem uma atividade antimicrobiana diferente, na qual a sua atividade não surge devido a ter na sua composição o peróxido de hidrogénio mas sim devido maioritariamente à presença do metilglioxal. A qualidade e quantidade de evidência de que o mel de Manuka também tem capacidade de modular a resposta inflamatória inicial, através da ativação do TRL- 4 nos monócitos fazendo com que haja um aumento da produção de citoquinas importantes na reparação e regeneração tecidular, tem crescido. As feridas do membro distal em cavalos cicatrizam geralmente por segunda intenção, pois a oclusão por primeira intenção não é possível devido a um variado leque de fatores. Na maioria dos casos, estas feridas apresentam um nível elevado de contaminação, uma perda de tecido avaliada de moderada a grave, uma grande taxa de retração do tecido, tempos de contração da pele mais lentos e interrupção antecipada da contração da ferida. O objetivo de aplicar medicação tópica nas feridas é a manipulação do ambiente da mesma. O mel de Manuka quando utilizado topicamente demonstra que é capaz de modular as primeiras fases de cicatrização das feridas que fecham por segunda intenção em equinos, assim como é capaz de atuar no controlo da contaminação que caracteriza estas feridas. Neste trabalho, foi realizada uma revisão sistemática da literatura, com o objetivo de demonstrar as evidências que existem, assim como a sua qualidade quando se fala no uso do mel de Manuka no processo de cicatrização de feridas em medicina veterinária, mais especificamente em equinos, apresentando critérios de inclusão e exclusão. São também reportados três casos clínicos, onde o tratamento com mel de Manuka teve um papel importante e resultados benéficos de forma a validar e fornecer evidências de que é um tratamento alternativo que vale a pena ter em mente quando se lida com feridas em cavalos.
N/A
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Dalarme, Melissa Silva Leme. "Fatores de risco associados ? interrup??o no treinamento de eq?inos de corrida da ra?a Puro Sangue Ingl?s." Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2007. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/tede/751.
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Previous issue date: 2007-02-23Funda??o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
A retrospective study was carried out with the objective to identify risk factors and the incidence of training failure among Thoroughbred racehorses. Two hundred fifteen Thoroughbreds had been evaluated, in the period of January 2001 to December 2003, at Rio de Janeiro-RJ. All the horses had been displayed to the same conditions of handling, feeding and athletical training. The veterinary evaluation of the horses was carried through daily and the clinical notations, protocol training beyond the campaign of the horses, had been registered individually being later enclosed in the management veterinarian software. The complementary examinations had been image diagnosis, laboratorial clinical analysis and, when necessary, the microbiological examination. The clinical causes or for veterinary intervention of interruption in the training of the equines had been categorized the relative data to the causes of interruptions of horses training had been submitted initially to the descriptive analysis. The independent variables had been evaluated individually in relation to the association with interruptions of training using contingency tables and Chi-Square test. A total of 351 cases of training failure was recorded, 54,7% due lameness, 11,1% due to respiratory infections, 16,5% due to hemoparasitosis and 17,7% due to other causes. The rate for fillies was always lower than for colts. Incidence of lameness among horses increased to the beginning of more intensive training. The incidence of respiratory infections never exceeded 18% and was higher in the group of 2-years-old. It can be concluded that the lameness was the most important of the causes of training failure among Thoroughbred racehorses and its incidence with age is directly proportional to the increase of the training intensity.
O estudo retrospectivo foi realizado com o objetivo de identificar fatores de risco e a incid?ncia de interrup??o no treinamento de eq?inos de corrida da ra?a Puro Sangue Ingl?s. Foram avaliados 215 eq?inos no per?odo de janeiro de 2001 a dezembro de 2003, no Rio de Janeiro. Todos os eq?inos foram expostos ?s mesmas condi??es de manejo, alimenta??o e treinamento atl?tico. A avalia??o veterin?ria dos eq?inos foi realizada diariamente e as anota??es cl?nicas, monitoramento do treinamento, al?m da campanha dos eq?inos, foram registradas individualmente sendo posteriormente inclu?das no software de gerenciamento veterin?rio. Os exames complementares utilizados foram o diagn?stico por imagem, an?lise cl?nica laboratorial e, quando necess?rio, o exame microbiol?gico. As causas cl?nicas ou por interven??o veterin?ria de interrup??o no treinamento dos eq?inos foram categorizadas Os dados relativos ?s causas das interrup??es no treinamento dos cavalos foram submetidos inicialmente ? an?lise estat?stica descritiva. As vari?veis independentes foram avaliadas individualmente em rela??o ? associa??o com interrup??es no treinamento usando tabelas de conting?ncia e o teste do Qui-Quadrado. Foram observados 351 casos de falhas no treinamento, 54% devido ?s claudica??es, 16,5% devido ?s hemoparasitoses, 11,1% devido ?s altera??es respirat?rias e 17,7% devido a outras causas. A ocorr?ncia nas f?meas foi sempre inferior ? dos machos. A incid?ncia de claudica??es entre os eq?inos aumentou com o in?cio do treinamento mais intenso e, a incid?ncia de altera??es respirat?rias n?o excedeu 18% e foi maior no grupo de dois anos de idade. Pode-se concluir que as claudica??es s?o as mais importantes das causas de interrup??o no treinamento de eq?inos de corrida da ra?a Puro Sangue Ingl?s e sua incid?ncia com idade ? diretamente proporcional ao aumento da intensidade de treinamento.