Journal articles: 'Equine veterinary science'

1

Hollis, A. R., and M. P. Starkey. "MicroRNAs in equine veterinary science." Equine Veterinary Journal 50, no. 6 (May 12, 2018): 721–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evj.12954.

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Forsyth, Johanna. "Equine allergy testing." Equine Health 2019, no. 49 (September 2, 2019): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/eqhe.2019.49.38.

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Sanz, Macarena G. "Science‐in‐brief: Equine microbiomics makes its way into equine veterinary medicine." Equine Veterinary Journal 54, no. 2 (February 8, 2022): 453–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evj.13548.

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Anderson, James Ross. "Science‐in‐brief: Proteomics and metabolomics in equine veterinary science." Equine Veterinary Journal 54, no. 2 (February 8, 2022): 449–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evj.13550.

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Jones, William E. "New image for the Journal of Equine Veterinary Science." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 23, no. 1 (January 2003): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0737-0806(03)70076-8.

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Pratt-Phillips, S. E., and K. S. Wilhelm. "Expectations of veterinary school costs and salary, in a group of pre-veterinary equine science students." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 52 (May 2017): 119–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2017.03.200.

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Gronqvist, Gabriella, Chris Rogers, Erica Gee, Audrey Martinez, and Charlotte Bolwell. "Veterinary and Equine Science Students’ Interpretation of Horse Behaviour." Animals 7, no. 12 (August 15, 2017): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani7080063.

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White, Jo, Kayna Prescott, and Suzanne Rogers. "Applying the science of behaviour change to the management of strangles." UK-Vet Equine 5, no. 3 (May 2, 2021): 110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/ukve.2021.5.3.110.

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The Strangles Symposium in 2019 gathered equine stakeholders from across the industry to discuss the management and prevention of strangles in the UK. The understanding of Streptococcus equi is increasing as is the ability to identify and treat the disease. There is real potential to reduce the incidence of the disease, as highlighted through the guidance produced by experts in 2021. It has been recognised that the preventative measures identified require the behaviour of people across the equine industry to alter. The science of human behaviour change can support the veterinary profession in applying effective, evidence-based interventions to optimise the success of these changes. Pinpointing what behaviours are or are not being performed, and researching what is motivating these behaviours, is key to forming strategies within veterinary practice and at UK policy level, to ensure a targeted and consistent approach is available for people within the equine sector.

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Pusterla, Nicola, Kaitlyn James, Samantha Barnum, and Eric Delwart. "Investigation of Three Newly Identified Equine Parvoviruses in Blood and Nasal Fluid Samples of Clinically Healthy Horses and Horses with Acute Onset of Respiratory Disease." Animals 11, no. 10 (October 19, 2021): 3006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11103006.

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Three newly identified equine parvoviruses (equine parvovirus hepatitis (EqPV-H), equine parvovirus CSF (EqPV-CSF) and equine copivirus (Eqcopivirus)) have recently been discovered in horses with respiratory signs. However, the clinical impact of these three equine parvoviruses has yet to be determined. Nasal fluid samples and blood from 667 equids with acute onset of fever and respiratory signs submitted to a diagnostic laboratory were analyzed for the presence of common equine respiratory pathogens (equine influenza virus, equine herpesvirus-1/-4, equine rhinitis A and B virus, S. equi subspecies equi) as well as EqPV-H, EqPV-CSF and Eqcopivirus by qPCR. An additional 87 clinically healthy horses served as controls. One hundred and seventeen sick horses tested qPCR-positive for at least one of the three parvoviruses. Co-infections with common respiratory pathogens and parvoviruses were seen in 39 sick equids. All 87 clinically healthy horses tested qPCR-negative for all tested common respiratory pathogens and 10 healthy horses tested qPCR-positive for one of the equine parvoviruses. When the frequency of detection for EqPV-H, EqPV-CSF and Eqcopivirus of equids with respiratory signs was compared to that of clinically healthy horses, the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05), suggesting that the three recently identified equine parvoviruses do not contribute to the clinical picture of equids with respiratory disease.

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Nora, Fernanda Grazielle da Silva Azevedo. "Equine biomechanical models for three-dimensional kinematics analysis: literature review/ Modelos biomecânicos equinos para análise de cinemática tridimensional: revisão de literatura." Brazilian Journal of Development 7, no. 11 (November 21, 2021): 106802–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.34117/bjdv7n11-357.

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Three-dimensional analysis in horses has been widely used in the past years due to technological advancement. With the objective of conducting a literature review of the applicability of existing evidence in horses of a biomechanical model focusing on three-dimensional kinematics and its production in Veterinary Medicine, we searched in the databases: ScienceDirect, SciELO and PubMed. To access them, using as key-words: "Three-dimensional kinematic model in equines", "equine kinematic analysis", "biomechanics of equine locomotion", "equine kinematic model". Selection criteria were papers published between: paper published between 1990 and 2020, in English, with free electronic access and in which characteristics of a three-dimensional kinematic model in horses were mentioned. Most studies were experimental, and population included both healthy horses and pathological ones. Three-dimensional kinematic model was used mainly to understand the analysed movement and using as model the full body. There is scientific evidence on the use of biomechanical models for three-dimensional kinematic analysis in horses published in the period studied, used by professionals in veterinary medicine. The objectives of using the model were specific to the type of movement or pathology of the horse and consistent with the characteristics of the studies.

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Schuurman, Nora. "Conceptions of Equine Welfare in Finnish Horse Magazines." Society & Animals 23, no. 3 (July 14, 2015): 250–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341268.

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Keeping equines for leisure purposes has become increasingly popular. Along with the wider concern for animal welfare, the question of equine welfare has attracted increasing attention. The purpose of this article is to ask what is understood by equine welfare and how it is perceived in contemporary Finnish equine industry and culture. The main focus is on the conceptions of equine welfare used in justifying certain practices in caring for or handling horses. The data consist of articles from a Finnish horse magazine published in the year 2008. According to the data, conceptions of equine welfare within the equine industry and culture are somewhat contradictory. The contradictions appear between the uses of the animal for various types of work and the risks inherent in the work itself, and in the role of nature either in promoting equine welfare or as a risk for the animal’s health. The various conceptions of equine welfare are united by an empathetic tendency to interpret and understand the horse as a sentient and, often, an intentional subject.

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SILVER, I. A., L. B. JEFFCOTT, and P. D. ROSSDALE. "Fifty years of the British Equine Veterinary Association as a facilitator of progress in equine clinical science." Equine Veterinary Journal 43, no. 5 (May 27, 2011): 618–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00379.x.

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Cuneo, Pia F. "Beauty and the Beast: Art and Science in Early Modern European Equine Imagery'." Journal of Early Modern History 4, no. 3-4 (2000): 269–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006500x00024.

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AbstractThis article analyses artists' manuals and veterinary texts in order to understand some of the assumptions attending the production of art and the practice of science in early modern Europe. These sources, several of which have remained largely unstudied, share a similar focus on the horse: how artists can best render them and how horse-owners and stable-masters can best care for them. The article considers these sources within their artistic, scientific and hippological contexts, but pays special attention to how the discursive practices of art and science overlap. The artists' manuals promote mathematically oriented techniques and aesthetics, while the illustration to the veterinary texts are fundamentally informed by artistic and iconographic traditions. Art and science thus mutually elucidate each other while simultaneously highlighting the social and economic importance of the horse in early modern history.

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Collins, J. K., S. Kari, S. L. Ralston, D. G. Bennett, J. L. Traub-Dargatz, and A. O. McKinnon. "Equine viral arteritis at a veterinary teaching hospital." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 4, no. 5-6 (June 1987): 389–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-5877(87)90025-0.

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Greet, Tim. "The Art and the Science of Equine Surgery." Veterinary Record 172, no. 17 (April 26, 2013): 442–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.f2555.

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Rosa, Brielle. "Equine Drug Transporters: A Mini-Review and Veterinary Perspective." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 11 (November 8, 2020): 1064. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12111064.

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Xenobiotic transport proteins play an important role in determining drug disposition and pharmacokinetics. Our understanding of the role of these important proteins in humans and pre-clinical animal species has increased substantially over the past few decades, and has had an important impact on human medicine; however, veterinary medicine has not benefitted from the same quantity of research into drug transporters in species of veterinary interest. Differences in transporter expression cause difficulties in extrapolation of drug pharmacokinetic parameters between species, and lack of knowledge of species-specific transporter distribution and function can lead to drug–drug interactions and adverse effects. Horses are one species in which little is known about drug transport and transporter protein expression. The purpose of this mini-review is to stimulate interest in equine drug transport proteins and comparative transporter physiology.

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Long, Mariessa, Christian Dürnberger, Florien Jenner, Zsófia Kelemen, Ulrike Auer, and Herwig Grimm. "Quality of Life within Horse Welfare Assessment Tools: Informing Decisions for Chronically Ill and Geriatric Horses." Animals 12, no. 14 (July 17, 2022): 1822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12141822.

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Equine Quality of Life (QoL) is an important concern in decision making in veterinary medicine and is especially relevant for chronically ill or geriatric horses towards the end of their lives. To our knowledge, there is no currently available QoL assessment tool for chronically ill or geriatric horses that assesses equine QoL defined as the horse’s evaluation of their life. However, tools exist to assess equine welfare in different contexts. Hence, the aims of this study were to analyse how equine welfare, QoL, well-being and happiness assessment tools label, define and operationalise the concepts and to discuss the tools’ suitability to assess equine QoL in the context of end-of-life decisions for chronically ill or geriatric horses. Fourteen articles were found through a systematic literature search, describing ten equine welfare assessment tools and one approach to integrating equine QoL in veterinary practice that suggests QoL assessment parameters. We discuss that some welfare assessment tools have the potential to support the development of a QoL assessment tool informing decisions towards the end of horses’ lives if they are adjusted to focus on the horses’ experiences, to provide an integration into an overall QoL grade and are tailored to chronically ill or geriatric horses.

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Christley, R. M., and E. Perkins. "Researching hard to reach areas of knowledge: Qualitative research in veterinary science." Equine Veterinary Journal 42, no. 4 (April 15, 2010): 285–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00074.x.

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Malalana, Fernando, Amira Stylianides, and Catherine McGowan. "Equine recurrent uveitis: Human and equine perspectives." Veterinary Journal 206, no. 1 (October 2015): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.06.017.

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Lawton, Kaila O. Y., Rick M. Arthur, Benjamin C. Moeller, Samantha Barnum, and Nicola Pusterla. "Investigation of the Role of Healthy and Sick Equids in the COVID-19 Pandemic through Serological and Molecular Testing." Animals 12, no. 5 (February 28, 2022): 614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12050614.

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More and more studies are reporting on the natural transmission of SARS-CoV-2 between humans with COVID-19 and their companion animals (dogs and cats). While horses are apparently susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection based on the homology between the human and the equine ACE-2 receptor, no clinical or subclinical infection has yet been reported in the equine species. To investigate the possible clinical role of SARS-CoV-2 in equids, nasal secretions from 667 horses with acute onset of fever and respiratory signs were tested for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 by qPCR. The samples were collected from January to December of 2020 and submitted to a commercial molecular diagnostic laboratory for the detection of common respiratory pathogens (equine influenza virus, equine herpesvirus-1/-4, equine rhinitis A and B virus, Streptococcus equi subspecies equi). An additional 633 serum samples were tested for antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 using an ELISA targeting the receptor-binding domain of the spike protein. The serum samples were collected from a cohort of 587 healthy racing Thoroughbreds in California after track personnel tested qPCR-positive for SARS-CoV-2. While 241/667 (36%) equids with fever and respiratory signs tested qPCR-positive for at least one of the common respiratory pathogens, not a single horse tested qPCR-positive for SARS-CoV-2. Amongst the racing Thoroughbreds, 35/587 (5.9%) horses had detectable antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. Similar to dogs and cats, horses do not seem to develop clinical SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, horses can act as incidental hosts and experience silent infection following spillover from humans with COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2-infected humans should avoid close contact with equids during the time of their illness.

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Holmes, Tim Q., and Ashleigh F. Brown. "Champing at the Bit for Improvements: A Review of Equine Welfare in Equestrian Sports in the United Kingdom." Animals 12, no. 9 (May 5, 2022): 1186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12091186.

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Equestrian sports, including racing (e.g., flat, steeple-chasing, harness or donkey derby); show-jumping; cross-country; dressage; polo; polocrosse; endurance; carriage driving; vaulting and hunting; are hugely popular in the UK, and they involve a significant number of people, both as participants and spectators, and tens of thousands of equids. In this paper, we discuss animal welfare as a complex and disputed issue, clarifying what the term means and how it can be measured. We review many aspects of welfare risk to equids used for sport, addressing issues encountered throughout their lives, including housing, feeding, veterinary intervention, shoeing, handling, training, breeding and equipment. This is followed by a unique exploration of the institutions and social processes influencing equine welfare. The institutional components comprise the rules of competition, the equids, attributes of the stakeholders and the space where participants strive to achieve a common purpose. We endeavour to untangle the most significant elements that create barriers or provide opportunities for equine welfare improvement. We expose the challenges faced by a broad range of stakeholders with differing ethics, attitudes and values. Evidently, there are many welfare risks to which equids used in sports continue to be exposed. It is also evident that significant improvements have occurred in recent times, but there remains a barrier to reducing the risks to an acceptable level. We conclude with recommendations regarding a process for change, involvement of stakeholders and management of knowledge to improve equine welfare that involves identifying and prioritising the risk factors and ultimately leading to interventions, further research and/or education.

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Torcivia, Catherine, and Sue McDonnell. "Equine Discomfort Ethogram." Animals 11, no. 2 (February 23, 2021): 580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11020580.

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In recent years, there has been a growing interest in and need for a comprehensive ethogram of discomfort behavior of horses, particularly for use in recognizing physical discomfort in domestically managed horses. A clear understanding of the physical discomfort behavior of horses among caretakers, trainers, and professional health care personnel is important to animal welfare and caretaker safety. This is particularly relevant to pain management for hospitalized equine patients. Various pain scale rubrics have been published, typically incorporating only a few classically cited pain behaviors that, in many cases, are specific to a particular body system, anatomic location, or disease condition. A consistent challenge in using these rubrics in practice, and especially in research, is difficulty interpreting behaviors listed in various rubrics. The objective of this equine discomfort ethogram is to describe a relatively comprehensive catalog of behaviors associated with discomfort of various degrees and sources, with the goal of improving understanding and clarity of communication regarding equine discomfort and pain. An inventory of discomfort-related behaviors observed in horses has been compiled over 35 years of equine behavior research and clinical consulting to medical and surgical services at the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine’s equine hospital. This research and clinical work included systematic evaluation of thousands of hours of video-recordings, including many hundreds of normal, healthy horses, as well as hospitalized patients with various complaints and/or known medical, neurologic, or orthopedic conditions. Each of 73 ethogram entries is named, defined, and accompanied by a line drawing illustration. Links to online video recorded examples are provided, illustrating each behavior in one or more hospitalized equine patients. This ethogram, unambiguously describing equine discomfort behaviors, should advance welfare of horses by improving recognition of physical discomfort, whether for pain management of hospitalized horses or in routine husbandry.

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White, Jo, and Ruth Sims. "Improving Equine Welfare through Human Habit Formation." Animals 11, no. 8 (July 21, 2021): 2156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11082156.

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This paper explores the potential for interventions to develop pro-animal welfare habitual behaviours (PAWHBs) in people to improve the lives of animals. Human behavioural research indicates that opportunities exist to deliver lasting change through developing positive habitual behaviours. The routine nature of many equine care and management practices lends itself to habit formation and maintenance. This proof-of-concept paper aims to evaluate a theory-based intervention of developing and maintaining a PAWHB in people caring for equines. Qualitative research methods were used. A 30 day PAWHB intervention (PAWHBInt) of providing enrichment to an equine by scratching them in a consistent context linked to an existing routine behaviour was undertaken. Participants (n = 9) then engaged in semi-structured interviews that were analysed using thematic analysis, where the participants self-reported the outcomes they observed during the intervention. The study findings suggest that the PAWHBInt had a positive impact on human behaviour and habit formation. The research helps to address the dearth of evidence regarding the application of habit theory to equine welfare interventions and emphasised linking a desired new behaviour to an existing routine behaviour when developing PAWHBs. The research also highlights the role of mutual benefit for human and equine, and emotion in providing feedback and potential reward, supporting the link to the cue-routine-reward principle of habit theory.

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Chapman-Waterhouse, Emily, Ayona Silva-Fletcher, and Kim David Whittlestone. "Examining the Use of Web-Based Reusable Learning Objects by Animal and Veterinary Nursing Students." International Journal of Web-Based Learning and Teaching Technologies 11, no. 3 (July 2016): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijwltt.2016070103.

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This intervention study examined the interaction of animal- and veterinary nursing students with reusable learning objects (RLO) in the context of preparing for summative assessment. Data was collected from 199 undergraduates using quantitative and qualitative methods. Students accessed RLO via personal devices in order to reinforce taught sessions. Interviewees reported that the RLO helped them meet the requirements of the curriculum. Quantitative data supported two valid points; the lack of engagement of students when given a free-choice and reluctance for self-assessment. The practical significance of the qualitative outcomes lies with how first year undergraduates on animal and veterinary nursing-related courses use RLO designed to address equine management and health topics, where the students have mixed equine experience.

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Collatos, C., and L. K. Pearson. "Science in brief: Clinical highlights from the American Association of Equine Practitioners' 58th Annual Convention and Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 43." Equine Veterinary Journal 45, no. 3 (April 9, 2013): 261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evj.12067.

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Dwyer, A. "Science-in-brief: Clinical highlights from the American Association of Equine Practitioners 59th Annual Convention and Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 45." Equine Veterinary Journal 46, no. 3 (April 10, 2014): 259–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evj.12239.

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Reed, Sarah A. "382 Essential Skills for Future Equine Sports Rehabilitation Careers." Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_3 (September 21, 2022): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac247.344.

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Abstract The field of equine sports medicine and rehabilitation is rapidly expanding with increasing career opportunities for individuals (non-veterinarians) in equine rehabilitation facilities. However, throughout the United States, there are limited educational opportunities for undergraduate students to prepare for this career. The objective of this study was to determine what practical skills and theoretical knowledge are deemed most useful for employment by professionals in this industry. To meet this objective, an Qualtrics survey was distributed through email and social media to veterinarians, veterinary professionals, rehabilitation service providers, and horse owners. In addition to demographics, the survey asked respondents to list practical skills and theoretical knowledge that are essential for professionals in the equine rehabilitation industry. The majority of the 117 respondents (84%) were located in the United States, with the remainder from Canada (5%), the United Kingdom (5%) and several other countries. Eighteen percent of respondents were veterinarians, 26% owned or managed rehabilitation facilities, 8.5% were veterinary technicians, and the remainder were horse owners, rehabilitation service providers, and others. Horse handling skills (19%) and communication skills (18%) were the most commonly listed practical skills deemed essential for rehabilitation professionals. Of the theoretical skills, evaluation of lameness (29.5%), anatomy (31%), and fundamentals of equine reconditioning programs (32%) were deemed similarly important for rehabilitation professionals. Together, these data indicate that an educational program in equine sports rehabilitation should include fundamental knowledge in lameness evaluation and rehabilitation methods as well as significant hands-on opportunities with rehabilitating horses and communicating about rehabilitation methods and progress with clients.

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Randle, Hayley, and Natalie Waran. "Equitation Science in Practice: how collaboration, communication and change can improve equine welfare." Journal of Veterinary Behavior 29 (January 2019): viii—x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2018.12.014.

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Tirosh-Levy, Sharon, and Amir Steinman. "Equine Encephalosis Virus." Animals 12, no. 3 (January 29, 2022): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12030337.

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Equine encephalosis (EE) is an arthropod-borne, noncontagious, febrile disease of horses. It is caused by EE virus (EEV), an Orbivirus of the Reoviridae family transmitted by Culicoides. Within the EEV serogroup, seven serotypes (EEV-1–7) have been identified to date. This virus was first isolated from a horse in South Africa in 1967 and until 2008 was believed to be restricted to southern Africa. In 2008–2009, isolation of EEV in an outbreak reported from Israel demonstrated the emergence of this pathogen into new niches. Indeed, testing in retrospect sera samples revealed that EEV had already been circulating outside of South Africa since 2001. Although EEV normally does not cause severe clinical disease, it should be considered important since it may indicate the possible spread of other related, much more pathogenic viruses, such as African horse sickness virus (AHSV). The spread of EEV from South Africa to central Africa, the Middle East and India is an example of the possible emergence of new pathogens in new niches, as was seen in the case of West Nile virus, and should be a reminder not to limit the differential list when facing a possible outbreak or a cluster of clinical cases. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding EEV structure, pathogenesis, clinical significance, and epidemiology.

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BARCLAY, A. J., and D. J. PATON. "Hendra (Equine Morbillivirus)." Veterinary Journal 160, no. 3 (November 2000): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/tvjl.2000.0508.

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Russell, Leslie. "Decoding Equine Emotions." Society & Animals 11, no. 3 (2003): 265–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853003322773050.

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Harris, Patricia. "Veterinary science and the Internet: Tangible help for a better understanding of equine atypical myopathy." Veterinary Journal 180, no. 1 (April 2009): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.05.023.

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Gundermann, Christian. "Equine/Human Lyme Embodiments." Humanimalia 10, no. 2 (February 7, 2019): 150–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.52537/humanimalia.9505.

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Lyme Disease continues to be a complex phenomenon, medically, culturally, epistemologically. Based on a theoretical framework steeped in feminist science studies and post-human onto-epistemologies, I suggest that conventional biomedicine has failed not only practically as far as helping patients suffering from Lyme and other "emergent diseases," but also conceptually as it applies the determinist monocausal infectious disease model to Lyme. Several recent essays on autoimmunity have developed tools based on both science studies and deconstruction that pinpoint the conceptual shortcoming of dominant immunology, which presumes a stable and antagonistic ontology of immune self and pathogenic other. The authors suggest to replace this ontology with an ecology of entangled becomings. My argument is developed by weaving together the human-centered Lyme conundrum with that of horses because Lyme seems better understood by veterinarians than human physicians. While I critically examine an important official study on equine borreliosis, conducted by Cornell University's Veterinary College, which is characterized by the typical reductionist and mechanistic approach, I nevertheless concede that it has yielded a better testing system than what is available in the human context. But ultimately, I end up making the case for an energy-medicine approach to healing rather than a biomedical "cure" through the case study of my horse Caspio, who suffers from the chronic stage of the illness, and whom I have rehabilitated over the course of nearly a decade. His etiology simultaneously blends into my own, as I move from self- to cross-species case history in this hybrid piece. Leaning on the notion of entangled ecologies developed in recent literature, which proposes to think of immune-system related illnesses as dynamic relations of becoming together, I conclude with the notion of balance —mental, immunological, and biomechanical— which I have striven to achieve with Caspio through acupuncture and the art of classical training: learning to live well with the embodiment of (at times debilitating) symptoms, rather than engaging in pharmacological warfare.

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DEEPAK, DEEPAK, D. JHAMB, S. S. NIRWAN, R. JUNEJA, J. SINGH, M. GAUR, and T. R. TALLURI. "Comprehensive study on dynamics of early embryonic development in Marwari mares." Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 92, no. 3 (March 15, 2022): 297–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v92i3.122257.

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Horse is a seasonal breeder with reproductive activity being associated with long days, i.e. occurring in spring and early summer. Early equine pregnancy shares many features with that of more intensively assessed domestic animals species, but there are also characteristic differences. In mares, early diagnosis of pregnancy can be done due to the spherical shape. The ultrasonic visualization of conceptus is possible from day 9 of equine pregnancy. In spite of numerous, substantial advances in equine reproduction, many stages of embryonic and foetal morphological development are poorly understood, with no apparent single source of comprehensive information. Hence, in the present study we aimed at studying the dynamics of early embryonic developments in equines, particularly for Marwari breed of horses. The results from the current study revealed that, embryonic vesicles (EV) were first observed on 11th day, fixation occurred after 16.25Â±0.25 days of ovulation, EV lost spherical shape on 15.83Â±0.38 days, became oval on 17â€“18th days and irregular on 19â€“20th days. Heartbeat, detection of allantoic sac, start of foetal ascent, start of foetal descend and end of foetal descend were detected on 23.91Â±0.41, 23.58Â±0.35, 38.66Â±0.28, 40.66Â±0.33 and 47.33Â±0.28 days, respectively. In conclusion, early detection of embryonic vesicles and continuous changes observed in conceptus structure indicate positive pregnancy, viability of embryo and are much beneficial in preventing economical loss of equine owner and stable farm.

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Marr, Celia M. "The Horserace Betting Levy Board: 50 years of advances in equine veterinary science, education and practice." Equine Veterinary Journal 43, no. 2 (February 24, 2011): 123–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00368.x.

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Pacchiarotti, Giulia, Roberto Nardini, and Maria Teresa Scicluna. "Equine Hepacivirus: A Systematic Review and a Meta-Analysis of Serological and Biomolecular Prevalence and a Phylogenetic Update." Animals 12, no. 19 (September 20, 2022): 2486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12192486.

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Viral hepatitis has recently assumed relevance for equine veterinary medicine since a variety of new viruses have been discovered. Equine Hepacivirus (EqHV) is an RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family that can cause subclinical hepatitis in horses, occasionally evolving into a chronic disease. EqHV, to date, is considered the closest known relative of human HCV. EqHV has been reported worldwide therefore assessing its features is relevant, considering both the wide use of blood products and transfusions in veterinary therapies and its similitude to HCV. The present review resumes the actual knowledge on EqHV epidemiology, risk factors and immunology, together with potential diagnostics and good practices for prevention. Moreover, adhering to PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews a meta-analysis of serological and biomolecular prevalence and an updated phylogenetic description is presented as a benchmark for further studies.

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Haussler, Kevin K., Amie L. Hesbach, Laura Romano, Lesley Goff, and Anna Bergh. "A Systematic Review of Musculoskeletal Mobilization and Manipulation Techniques Used in Veterinary Medicine." Animals 11, no. 10 (September 24, 2021): 2787. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11102787.

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Mobilization and manipulation techniques are often used in small animal and equine practice; however, questions remain concerning indications, dosing and efficacy. A bibliographic search was performed to identify peer-reviewed publications from 1980 to 2020 that evaluated the clinical effects of musculoskeletal mobilization and manipulation techniques in dogs, cats and horses. The search strategy identified 883 papers for review. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. The clinical indications, dosages, outcome parameters, and reported efficacy within each publication were recorded and categorized for comparison with scientific quality assessed according to a standardized grading system. Fourteen articles were included in this systematic review of which 13 were equine and one was a canine study. Seven of these were cohort studies and seven were randomized controlled clinical trials. The canine study involved carpal immobilization-remobilization and all equine studies focused on the effects of passive mobilization (n = 5) or manipulation (n = 8) of the axial skeleton. Study quality was low (n = 4), moderate (n = 7), and high (n = 3) and included a wide array of outcome parameters with varying levels of efficacy and duration of therapeutic effects, which prevented further meta-analysis. Therefore, it was difficult to draw firm conclusions despite all studies reporting positive effects. Optimal technique indications and dosages need to be determined to improve the standardization of these treatment options.

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Fenton, Jesse, Mary Beth Gordon, Erin B. Perry, Zach Dombek, Micheal Jerina, and Robert D. Jacobs. "200 A Scoring System for Equine Dental Health." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_3 (October 8, 2021): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab235.194.

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Abstract Scoring systems have been implemented in veterinary practice to indicate the severity of pathologies, such as lameness and gastric ulceration. The need for a scoring system of equine dentition in relation to digestive health has been identified. A scoring system would allow veterinarians, owners, and researchers to more accurately assess dental health and the resulting impact it may have on chewing ability. A proposed system, the Equine Dental Scoring System (EDSS), was developed via collaboration of a team of veterinarians and equine nutritionists familiar with equine dental abnormalities. The EDSS was designed to assign higher scores corresponding to increasing severity of dental abnormalities that would impede proper chewing. The proposed scoring system ranges from 0 to 5 as follows: 0) no sharp enamel points, soft tissue damage, or malocclusion, (1) sharp enamel points, but no soft tissue damage or malocclusion, (2) sharp enamel points and soft tissue damage, but no malocclusion, (3) mild malocclusion with all aligned teeth meeting level (ex. ramps, hooks), (4) moderate malocclusion with all teeth meeting but not level (ex. wave, smile, diagonal, frown), (5) major malocclusion with one or more teeth not meeting or inhibited temporomandibular joint movement (ex. step, shear, retained cap), and/or infection, and/or pain while chewing. The EDSS was validated by assessing agreement via the Cohen’s kappa statistic between four trained professionals scoring ten images of horse dentition. Both the weighted (к = 0.62) and unweighted (к = 0.73) kappa statistics indicated substantial agreement between scorers, signifying reliable repeatability of the EDSS. Presenting dental health in the form of a score would indicate severity of dental pathologies and allow for quantitative and statistical evaluation of dental health in nutrition research and veterinary medicine.

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Sukmawinata, Eddy, Wataru Sato, Ryoko Uemura, Takuya Kanda, Kanichi Kusano, Yoshinori Kambayashi, Takashi Sato, Yuhiro Ishikawa, Ryohei Toya, and Masuo Sueyoshi. "Corrigendum to “Antimicrobial-Resistant Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis Isolated From Healthy Thoroughbred Racehorses in Japan” [Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 94 (2020) 103232]." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 99 (April 2021): 103391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103391.

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Miller, S. M., and K. E. Spargo. "Science-in-brief: Clinical highlights from 50th Congress of the South African Equine Veterinary Association 2017." Equine Veterinary Journal 49, no. 3 (April 6, 2017): 266–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evj.12678.

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Gee, Erica K., Chris W. Rogers, and Charlotte F. Bolwell. "Commercial equine production in New Zealand. 1. Reproduction and breeding." Animal Production Science 60, no. 18 (2020): 2145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an16728.

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The Thoroughbred and Standardbred studbooks are the largest in New Zealand, where the production of horses is pasture based. Each racing studbook is closed, and both have well structured systems in place for recording breeding data. There are significant pressures on the Thoroughbred and Standardbred breeding industries with declining broodmare numbers, and increasingly large book sizes for popular stallions. The breeding season for Thoroughbreds is very short, with disparity between the official breeding season and the physiologic breeding season for mares. These issues are confounded by variable gestation lengths of mares, making it difficult for mares to maintain yearly foaling patterns. However, the reproductive efficiency of Thoroughbred mares is improving, mainly due to veterinary and stud management practices such as those to ensure that dry mares are cycling at the start of the breeding season, foaling mares are bred on foal heat, and that mares are kept in good body condition at breeding. There is also a bias towards breeding younger mares with high fertility in preference to older mares, unless they have desired genetics or successful offspring. Careful management of popular Thoroughbred stallions ensures that large books of mares can be covered by natural service. In contrast, Standardbred stallions are collected every-other-day using an artificial vagina, allowing the breeding of mares at distant locations by artificial insemination, using chilled or frozen semen. Breeding horses kept at pasture under New Zealand conditions requires excellent stud management and veterinary management to achieve good outcomes.

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Steinman, Amir, Oran Erster, and Sharon Tirosh-Levy. "Virus Infection in Equine." Animals 12, no. 8 (April 8, 2022): 957. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12080957.

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De Boer, H. "Equine nutrition and feeding." Livestock Production Science 17 (January 1987): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-6226(87)90075-3.

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Fedorka, Carleigh E., Hossam El-Sheikh Ali, and Mats H. T. Troedsson. "Galectinology of Equine Pregnancy." Animals 13, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13010129.

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Galectins are a family of proteins that bind to glycans, acting in a cytokine-like manner throughout the body. In the majority of mammalians, galectins have been found to be involved in pregnancy maintenance, but few studies have evaluated this in the horse. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the expression of various galectins in pregnant and nonpregnant mares. Next-generation RNA sequencing was performed on the chorioallantois and endometrium of healthy pregnant mares at 120, 180, 300, and 330 days of gestation (n = 4/stage), as well as 45-day chorioallantois (n = 4), postpartum chorioallantois (n = 3), and diestrus endometrium (n = 3). In the endometrium, galectin-1 and galectin-13 were found in the highest expression in the nonpregnant mare, with decreasing levels of expression noted throughout gestation. In contrast, galectin-8 and galectin-12 were found to be the lowest in the nonpregnant mare and reached the highest expression levels in mid-gestation before declining as parturition neared. In the chorioallantois, galectin-1, galectin-3, and galectin-3BP were found to have heightened expression levels at 45 d of gestation, with lesser expression levels noted throughout gestation. In contrast, galectin-9, galectin-12, and galectin-13 experienced the highest expression levels in the late-term chorioallantois (300 d/330 d), with lesser expression noted in early- to mid-gestation. Of note, galectin-1, galectin-3BP, galectin-9, galectin-12, and galectin-13 all experienced the lowest expression levels in the postpartum placenta, with heightened expression noted during gestation. In conclusion, galectins appear to be involved in equine pregnancy, and this is dependent on both the tissue within the feto-maternal interface and the specific galectin involved.

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Barrandeguy, Maria, and Etienne Thiry. "Equine coital exanthema and its potential economic implications for the equine industry." Veterinary Journal 191, no. 1 (January 2012): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.01.016.

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Cullinane, A. A. "Updating equine influenza strains in a combined equine influenza and herpesvirus vaccine." Veterinary Journal 167, no. 2 (March 2004): 118–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1090-0233(03)00034-0.

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MacKay, Jill Rowan Deans, Jessie Paterson, Victoria Sandilands, Natalie K. Waran, Bryony Lancaster, and Kirsty Hughes. "Lessons Learned from Teaching Multiple Massive Open Online Courses in Veterinary Education." Journal of Perspectives in Applied Academic Practice 6, no. 2 (October 10, 2018): 22–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14297/jpaap.v6i2.353.

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Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) are a rapidly expanding avenue of diversification for higher education institutes. MOOC development is varied, individual course teams may have near complete creative control over the content, style, format and aims of their course, or be led by MOOC-specific teams within their institution. A single institute therefore may offer a wide variety of courses from short introductory level discussions to learning outcomes pitched at the postgraduate level. In this study, we examined the performance of four relatively long-running MOOCs offered by Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies at the University of Edinburgh: EdiVet Do You Have What It Takes to Be A Veterinarian; Animal Behaviour and Welfare; Chicken Behaviour and Welfare; and Equine Nutrition. Comparisons were made between the format and style of courses, their learning outcomes, and performance metrics such as completion rate, user satisfaction and benefit to institute. Retention was a challenge for all session-based MOOCs, with Chickens being most successful at retaining 50% of its potential audience until the start of Week 3. The average retention rate across all lectures and sessions was 38.5% (±14.08). All courses showed a notable female learner bias far above the Coursera average of 39% (Range Chickens: 58.1% ±3.1, Equine: 79.3% ¬±1.69). The majority of learners were North American or European (Range, Animals: 64.0±0.6, Equine 84.0%±3.0%). Across all courses, over 25% of learners had already achieved a Master’s degree or higher. A qualitative analysis of 188 learner stories revealed an overwhelmingly positive experience, highlighting the quality of resources, a perceived friendly relationship with the course instructors and referencing perceived barriers to education in face to face models. In conclusion, high quality digital resources embedded in well-designed courses can be a powerful tool to widen access to science education, however the MOOC platform does not necessarily reach a wide global audience, and may still struggle to widen participation in higher education, and alternative platforms are worth considering.

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Stobierski, Mary Grace, Kimberly Signs, Emily Dinh, Thomas M. Cooley, Julie Melotti, Michele Schalow, Jon S. Patterson, Steven R. Bolin, and Edward D. Walker. "Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis in Michigan: Historical Review of Equine, Human, and Wildlife Involvement, Epidemiology, Vector Associations, and Factors Contributing to Endemicity." Journal of Medical Entomology 59, no. 1 (November 4, 2021): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjab153.

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Abstract Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) is a mosquito-borne viral disease that is an emerging public health concern in the state of Michigan. Although Michigan has one of the highest incidence rates of EEE in the United States, much of the information known about cases in humans, equines, and other animals residing in Michigan is unpublished. This article summarizes such information and explores spatial trends in the historic distribution of EEE in Michigan. Outbreaks in Michigan have occurred over an 80-yr interval, involving only horses in 1942–1943 and 1973–1976, and then episodically from 1980 to 2020, and involving horses, humans, and wild and domestic animals. An estimated 1,036 equine cases (confirmed and suspected) and 36 confirmed human cases have occurred, including 10 in 2019 (6 deaths) and 4 in 2020 (2 deaths). Human cases ranged in age from 1 to 81 yr; 70% were male, and fatality rate of 34.3%. Equine and human cases occurred from July to October, peaked in August, and cluster in space in southwestern and southeastern lower Michigan. Cases occurred in glacial outwash and ice-contact landscapes in glacial interlobate zones. EEE virus (EEEV) was recovered from Culiseta melanura, Coquillettidia perturbans, five species of Aedes, and other mosquito species near horse and human case sites. Virus isolations or presence of neutralizing antibodies in several passerine species of birds suggest broad EEEV–bird associations. White-tailed deer and other wildlife were also affected. Geographic spread to northern areas of the state suggests expansion of this disease system into new and unsuspected foci.

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Song, Yunmei, Candace M. Day, Franklin Afinjuomo, Jin-Quan E. Tan, Stephen W. Page, and Sanjay Garg. "Advanced Strategies of Drug Delivery via Oral, Topical, and Parenteral Administration Routes: Where do Equine Medications Stand?" Pharmaceutics 15, no. 1 (January 4, 2023): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15010186.

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While the global market for veterinary products has been expanding rapidly, there is still a lack of specialist knowledge of equine pharmaceutics. In many cases, the basic structure of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and integumentary system of the horse shares similarities with those of humans. Generally, the dosage form developed for humans can be repurposed to deliver equine medications; however, due to physiological variation, the therapeutic outcomes can be unpredictable. This is an area that requires more research, as there is a clear deficiency in literature precedence on drug delivery specifically for horses. Through a careful evaluation of equine anatomy and physiology, novel drug delivery systems (NDDSs) can be developed to adequately address many of the medical ailments of the horse. In addition to this, there are key considerations when delivering oral, topical, and parenteral drugs to horses, deriving from age and species variation. More importantly, NDDSs can enhance the duration of action of active drugs in animals, significantly improving owner compliance; and ultimately, enhancing the convenience of product administration. To address the knowledge gap in equine pharmaceutical formulations, this paper begins with a summary of the anatomy and physiology of the equine gastrointestinal, integumentary, and circulatory systems. A detailed discussion of potential dosage-form related issues affecting horses, and how they can be overcome by employing NDDSs is presented.

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Jørgensen, Elin, Thomas Bjarnsholt, and Stine Jacobsen. "Biofilm and Equine Limb Wounds." Animals 11, no. 10 (September 27, 2021): 2825. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11102825.

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In chronic wounds in humans, biofilm formation and wound chronicity are linked, as biofilms contribute to chronic inflammation and delayed healing. Biofilms are aggregates of bacteria, and living as biofilms is the default mode of bacterial life; within these aggregates, the bacteria are protected from both antimicrobial substances and the immune response of the host. In horses, delayed healing is more commonly seen in limb wounds than body wounds. Chronic inflammation and hypoxia are the main characteristics of delayed wound healing in equine limbs, and biofilms might also contribute to this healing pattern in horses. However, biofilm formation in equine wounds has been studied to a very limited degree. Biofilms have been detected in equine traumatic wounds, and recent experimental models have shown that biofilms protract the healing of equine limb wounds. Detection of biofilms within wounds necessitates advanced techniques that are not available in routine diagnostic yet. However, infections with biofilm should be suspected in equine limb wounds not healing as expected, as they are in human wounds. Treatment should be based on repeated debridement and application of topical antimicrobial therapy.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Equine veterinary science'

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