Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Équité verticale et horizontale'
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Maurice, Marie Merline. "Représentations des iniquités d’accès aux interventions d’autonomisation économique des femmes. Une étude de cas en milieu rural haïtien." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/38475.
Full textZwiebel, Jimmy. "Etude de l'impact orographique sur la structure microphysique horizontale et verticale des précipitations." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF22642/document.
Full textDuring Fall 2012, a complementary observational network has been deployed in the Cévennes region (South of France) for the Special Observation Period (SOP) of the HyMeX project. This network has been specifically designed to study the structure and heterogeneity of precipitations and, in particulat, the impact of orography on this structure. Firstly, the analysis of the Drop Size Distribution (DSD) at the ground et along a vertical profile from ground observations allow us to describe precisely the rainfall structure along a topographical gradient. In order to understand the influence of a relief on this structure, we focus our study on the microphysical process associated with the structure of precipitations. To do so, we define three rainfall regime et study the vertical evolution of the DSD along the topographical gradient. Variations in number and size of the DSD can be associated with different microphysical or dynamical process. Finally, we estimate the capacity of a bulk atmospheric model such as WRF to represent the rainfall structure and associated mechanisms above a mountainous area
Tessier, Laurent. "Variabilité horizontale et verticale de la dégradation de l'atrazine et du 2,4-D dans le sol." Lyon 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LYO10062.
Full textLesne, Laurence. "Inclinaison horizontale du corps en décubitus dorsal et verticale subjective : direction du regard et référence égocentrée." Grenoble 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006GRE29056.
Full textThis study approaches the role of the gaze and the egocentric reference (Z) in the subjective vertical perception (VS) in supine position. This paradigm consists in placing a subject fiat back, modifying the body direction in the horizontal plane and making estimate the SV in rolling. Three assumptions explain this result: (a) the subject projects subjective Z in the vertical plane in order to pair it with its VS, (b) he projects its VS in pitching, result of a gravito-idiotropic combination, (c) the error in rolling is caused by the gaze deviation creates by the supine position. The experimental study of these 3 assumptions leads to give a fundamental role at the gaze direction in the SV estimate in supine position especially by the interdependence of Z axis and gaze axis. So, a re-interpretation of body tilt effects like dissociation between egocentric space and oculocentric space brings a new explanation to the dichotomy Aubert-effect vs Müller-effect. To finish, results show a subjectivo-cephalo-dependent egocentric adjustment procedure. This points to a left egocentric cephalo-centered deviation caused by an implicit left deviation of gaze related to the usual direction of space ocular scanning. Thus, egocentric space bias would be only the manifestation of the deviation of oculocentric space related to the oculomotor process, and body tilt effects would originate in only one mis-knowledge of the dissociation of oculocentric and egocentric space
Boudjenane, Nasr-Eddine. "Ecoulement des mélanges liquides-solides en conduites horizontale et verticale perte de charge et réduction de frottement /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376032370.
Full textBOUDJENANE, NASR EDDINE. "Ecoulement des melanges liquides-solides en conduites horizontale et verticale : perte de charge et reduction de frottement." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987STR13148.
Full textChoffel, Quentin. "La différenciation des masses d'eau à l'intérieur de l'étang : stratification verticale, zonation horizontale, bilan thermique et centre thermique." Thesis, Orléans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ORLE1167.
Full textPonds are at the heart of environmental issues in terms of quality and quantity of water resources. Temperature is an effective indicator in these measurements because of its reactivity and the ability to diffuse the most downstream. The pond is often considered as a black box in studies and the knowledge of its thermal functioning should be the first element in its quantification. In this study, the inclusion of volumes in the thermal analysis of the 1,137,181 original hourly thermal data, through the heat budget, allows to measure and quantify the whole behavior of the ponds, distinct from that of the lakes. The heat budget is a synthetic indicator of all the factors that bring and extract calories from the environment and can be used in its primary objective to measure calorific exchanges within the water body and between the water body and the river environment. The spatial heterogeneity in the zonal aspect of the pond is influenced by the effect of the driving force of the wind or the surrounding environment, the presence of shade or hydrological inputs. A new indicator, the heat center, has been created, taking into account three-dimensional variations in the heat balance, stratification and stability of several areas of the pond in order to quantify the dissociation of water masses within the water body. The integration of thermal zoning opens up new management opportunities to reduce the thermal impact of the pond downstream or to promote the development of certain heat-sensitive fish species. From meteorological data it is possible to anticipate areas of heat expansion whose differences can be significant, measured at more than 3°C on a very small pond related to the shading effect, or at more than 10°C between two sectors of a large multi-block pond under the influence of winds
Fournès, Florian. "Etude du système Xer au travers de la transmission verticale et horizontale de l'information génétique chez les bactéries." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30143/document.
Full textThe genetic information of bacteria is generally carried by circular replicons: chromosomes and plasmids. One of the serious disadvantages of circular replicons is their high sensitivity to rearrangements caused by homologous recombination. An odd number of crossing-over, during or after the replication of these replicons, results in the formation of dimeric molecules. These dimers correspond to a covalent fusion between the two copies of the replicon. If they are not resolved, the dimers will not segregate properly at the time of cell division. The resolution of multimeric forms of circular plasmids and chromosomes is mediated by an efficient and highly controlled site-specific recombination mechanism: the Xer system. The mechanisms of resolution of the chromosome and plasmid dimers are different. In addition, even if the chromosome dimer resolution system is controlled in time and space, in many bacteria it is hijacked by mobile genetic elements called IMEXs (Integrative Mobile Elements Exploiting Xer). The Xer system is then involved in the vertical and horizontal transfer of genes, illustrating how the same molecular machine can intervene in several biological processes. For this, different external actors will play a key role in controlling a central Xer machine and thus bring a variety of mechanisms, each dedicated to a specific biological process. In order to better understand the differential controls of the Xer system, I focused on mobile genetic elements. By studying the intra-chromosomal stability of IMEXs and the resolution of large plasmids dimers, I was able to show that FtsK is involved in the stabilization of the acquired mobile genetic elements
Zini, Pascale. "Etude informatique des résultats de la chirurgie horizontale et verticale simultanée pour les trabismes convergents : à propos de 297 cas." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987CLF11043.
Full textMoulouel, Hakim. "Caractérisation cartographique d'une différenciation verticale et horizontale de la déformation : application à la couverture sédimentaire de la plate-forme ardennaise." Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10044.
Full textThe Western Ardennes Paleozoic massif forms the primordial exposure of the Variscan deformation front in Northern France. It includes folded and thrusted units composed of non metamorphic to epi-metamorphic rocks of mostly Devonian-Carboniferous age. Along a Western Ardennes transect imaged by the M146 seismic profile, the thrust front is characterized by a major crustal scale south-dipping thrust zone whose emergence corresponds to the c1assical "Midi" thrust zone. The latter induces the thrusting of the Ardennes-Avesnois fold-and-thrust belt onto the dismembered molassic Namurian-Westphalian coal-bearing foreland basin and its Brabant-type substratum. The main Ardennes basal thrust accommodates a significant part of the motion occuring during a late out-ofsequence event. South of this main thrust, Avesnois area display second order thrust-related folds with a general ENE-WSW trend and a NNW vergence. These structures involve a strongly heterogeneous Iithological sequence. The induced rheological contrasts strongly control the deformation style. New cartographic and structural studies, mainly carried out in the Famennian sequences, allowed us to precise the geometry and kinematics of the fold-thrust structures. As a whole, these data indicate (1) that the thick Incompetent Famennian layers acted as a distributed complex décollement-zone decoupling shortening between the Mid-Devonian and Dinantian layers, (2) that the geometrical folding model demonstrated above early synsedimentary discontinuities corresponds to disharmonic fold types. the folding in the post-Lower Famennian levels occurred by flank rotation around fixed hinge zones. For the lower-Famennian incompetent levels, shortening is accommodated by the presence of several fold hinges in folds hinge zone and by buckling. (3) that the foreland-directed thrust related folds were lately deformed by backwards thrusting, highlighting the overall difficulty of the forward propagation of the thrust front onto the Brabant foreland
Lopez, Ponton Erika. "Réglementation et choix organisationnel. Le cas du transport maritime et intermodal en Europe et aux Etats-Unis." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00165177.
Full textDeux propositions sont soutenues. Premièrement, la faible part du transport intermodal en Europe s'explique par l'inefficacité du choix de la gouvernance pour encadrer les échanges entre opérateurs intermodaux et armateurs. Cette proposition se fonde sur l'avancée de la théorie des coûts de transaction selon laquelle la gouvernance doit s'aligner sur les caractéristiques des transactions dans un souci d'efficacité, donc de minimisation des coûts de production et de transaction (Williamson 1985).
Deuxièmement, l'environnement réglementaire est une contrainte pour le développement du transport intermodal offert par les armateurs. Cette proposition repose sur les apports de North (1990) et de Williamson (1993) selon lesquels les règles du jeu ont une influence sur le choix organisationnel des agents.
Les résultats de cette thèse identifient la coopération verticale et horizontale comme la gouvernance permettant de maîtriser les problèmes techniques du transport intermodal et de protéger les investissements nécessaires au développement de ce service en Europe. Le cas américain est illustrateur dans la mesure où le déclin du ferroviaire des années 80 a été surmonté grâce aux changements réglementaires et organisationnels.
Lemoine, David. "Modèles génériques et méthodes de résolution pour la planification tactique mono-site et multi-site." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00731297.
Full textOurry, Morgane. "Contribution à l'analyse des interactions tripartites entre Brassica napus, Delia radicum et leur microbiote." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NSARA032.
Full textMicroorganisms have a strong influence on plant-insect interactions. We have studied the interaction between oilseed rape (Brassica napus), the cabbage root fly (Delia radicum) and their associated microbial communities. Soil microbial diversity was manipulated with the dilution to extinction approach to assess its effect on plant chemistry and insect life history traits. Diversity variation influenced the fly emergence rate and oviposition, but not plant chemistry. Conversely, herbivory by D. radicum strongly modified root chemistry and both root and rhizosphere microbial communities. We proposed a scenario that in the presence of herbivory, plants would produce defensive compounds but also would recruit, with attractive chemical compounds, soil microorganismsthat may maintain plant defenses. Bacterial communities of adult flies, free of their facultative symbiont Wolbachia, were studied using an antibiotic. We showed that tetracycline decreased fly bacterial diversity, without making them sterile, modified community composition, and that effect lasted over several generations. Lastly, studying bacterial transmission in D. radicum showed two species shared between females and eggs, and two others between larvae and both roots and rhizosphere. This study showed that having a better understanding of plant-insect interactions and how strongly microorganisms can influence their own host or other interacting organisms is a crucial step that could promote microbial applications in a context of insect biological control
Boulay, Bernard. "Reconnaissance de postures pour l'interprétation d'activité humaine." Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00311741.
Full textKhenniche, Samia. "Contribution à l'étude de la dynamique coopérative intra-organisationnelle : analyse croisée des coopérations transversales, verticales et horizontales : cas d'expérimentation." Phd thesis, Conservatoire national des arts et metiers - CNAM, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00624384.
Full textChi, Ho-Chun. "La réforme des administrations centrales à Taïwan et en France : agences et autorités indépendantes." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01D074.
Full textThe fast development of modern society and communication, as well as the emergence of globalization, bring on the diversification and complexity of public affairs. New missions require that administrations or civil servants become flexible and open to meet the needs of the people, but, because of the authentic framework, the State and hierarchical administrations are not able to easily change the rigid structure and procedure in the administration. On the one hand, the State has provided public services for the people through continuous intervention in the free market. In the original, public services have had the aim of promoting the general interest, some politicians and civil servants have illegally satisfied the private interest through their powers; on the other hand, the efficiency of public services is worse than that of private companies. Administration is used to ignoring the importance of cost-benefit analysis. Even if an administration carries out its task in the name of the general interest, citizens do not allow it to waste state resources.The design of the public organization’s institution outside the hierarchical administration can refer to the theory of new public governance. In order to ensure the boundary between legislative power and executive power, the separation of powers claims to take into consideration legitimacy and reasonableness. Finally, the accountability mechanism is embodied in the demand for democracy and political responsibility. Taking account of the potential corruptions and the decrease the conflict of interest, the emergence of the independent administrative organization arrived for maintaining the fair competition and avoiding the corruption in the United States at the end of the 19th century. France established the first independent administrative authority, the Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés (CNIL) in 1978. Up to now, there are 26 independent administrative authorities. The legislative power extends the functions of those who are likely to regulate competition, promote relations between administrations and citizens, and protect fundamental rights. Compared with the independent administrative authority in France, the Taiwanese legislation has been cautious about creating the independent administrative organization. In his view, it evades the control of the senior administration and easily causes the flight within the government. The legislative Yuan inaugurated the first independent administrative commission, the Fair Competition Commission (FCC) in 1992. (...)
Durand, Jean-Baptiste. "Traitement cortical de l'espace visuel tridimentionnel dans l'aire visuelle primaire du singe vigile." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00125420.
Full textPar des enregistrements extra-cellulaires réalisés chez le singe vigile, nous montrons que la disparité horizontale est codée de façon préférentielle dans la représentation fovéale du champ visuel du cortex visuel primaire (aire V1). En périphérie, les interactions fortes entre disparités horizontales et verticales et leur lien étroit avec la sélectivité à l'orientation (en accord avec le modèle d'énergie binoculaire) suggèrent leur implication dans la construction du percept stéréoscopique dans les zones excentrées du champ visuel. De plus les modulations de l'activité visuelle des neurones par la direction du regard que nous observons dans l'aire V1 également, nous permettent de conclure que le cortex visuel primaire participe aux mécanismes neuronaux de reconstruction de l'espace tridimensionnel.
Khenniche, Samia. "Contribution à l’étude de la dynamique coopérative intra-organisationnelle : analyse croisée des coopérations transversales, verticales et horizontales : cas d'expérimentation." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CNAM0745/document.
Full textCooperation has always been a fundamental issue of research on social organizations, whether human or animal. Thus, studies about cooperation are transversal to many disciplines: anthropology, sociology, psychology, economics, and management. Forms, reasons, motivations or barriers to joint actions of individuals are observed. The fields covered are as diverse as family, school, state, local or enterprise. Management is particularly interested in the latter, in its broadest sense, that of economic and social unit. This research is intended as a contribution to the study of this complex and fundamental phenomenon: cooperation between members of an organization. With the first part, we try to understand how cooperation appears and evolves within organizations. To do this, we answer the following questions: How to study cooperation in organizations? What cooperation? Why and how to cooperate? Cooperate with whom? Through the development and analysis of a database verbatim, and the study of intervention-research, cooperation is defined as a process by which actors move from their individual actions to collective action. Their practices, complex, protean are governed by two logics of action : the one based on the calculation, the other one on the identity. Cooperative practices are organized around three dimensions of organization : horizontal, transversal and vertical. The second part presents the results of the study variables of cooperation in their dynamics; it helps to clarify their links, to observe their development over time and indifferent types of organizational structure. This perspective is made possible by the longitudinal study of three organizations. It is central to this second part. We begin by studying the hierarchy in organizations. Two reasons motivate our choice. On the one hand, this study responds to questions raised in the previous section on the influence of the hierarchy in the dynamic cooperative. On the other hand, the three organizations in which the dynamics were observed are structured hierarchically. We then discuss the interactions between the different variables of cooperation, particularly between the horizontal, transversal and vertical dimensions, and identify levels for the development of cooperative practices. The study of these levels is then deepened and enriched with managerial implications
Michaud, Caroline. "Dynamique des symbioses mutualistes hôtes-microbiotes : mode et efficacité de transmission des symbiotes dans les populations du termite xylophage Reticulitermes grassei." Thesis, Tours, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOUR4027.
Full textMany animals including humans live in symbiotic interaction with gut microorganisms contributing to essential functions (nutrition, immunity). The ‘vertical’ way of transmission of symbionts (i.e., from parents to offspring) must stabilise these symbioses, notably by strengthening partner fidelity. However, the efficiency of vertical transmission has rarely been studied, especially in the case where hosts harbour a complex microbial community (or ‘microbiota’) composed by many microbial taxa interacting between them and with the host.The objective of this work was to study the mode and efficiency of transmission of gut microorganisms (protists and bacteria) helping the wood-feeding termite Reticulitermes grassei to digest ingested wood (lignocellulose fibres). Our results revealed contrasted situations between microorganisms. While protists are efficiently vertically transmitted, the majority of bacterial taxa is not only vertically transmitted but seems to be acquired by the environment
Nieto, Monica. "L'horizon et la colonne, réflexions sur la relation intérieur-extérieur chez Le Corbusier." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13009.
Full textThis work explores the interior-exterior relationships as defined by Le Corbusier, questioning the way in which he incorporates the idea of spatial interpenetration - a major postulate of modern architecture -. By studying sketches, photographs, and notes taken during his Voyage d’Orient, as well as certain architectural notions put forward in his emblematic theoretical works from the 1920’s, we will discover in Le Corbusier a thought that goes beyond the architectural object, revealing a special interest towards the place and the horizontal-vertical dialectics. Some architectural devices like the colonnade and the column will be seen through the master’s point of view –when placed at the transition between the inside and the outside-to bear a mediating role between man and his environment, using the right angel as a measuring tool. This research intends to contribute to the understanding of Le Corbusier’s architectural thoughts, in particular with regards to the relation between architecture and landscape as a phenomenal experience.