Journal articles: 'Equity Model'

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The Advisory Board, &NA;. "The equity model." Journal of Ambulatory Care Management 17, no. 4 (October 1994): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004479-199410000-00008.

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Kumaraswamy, Sumathi, and Ibrahim Al Ezee. "Performance evaluation of Saudi equity mutual funds: Fama decomposition model." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 15, no. 4 (November 16, 2018): 158–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.15(4).2018.13.

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This paper is in pursuit of analyzing and elongating prior research on the performance evaluation of mutual funds by a comparative analysis with three categories of 82 Saudi equity funds during 2011 to 2016 using Fama’s decomposition model. The paper also made an attempt to explore the relationship with the risk reward ratio to the relative performance measure in predicting the future performance of the Saudi equity fund returns. The empirical results show that Saudi local equity funds perform better followed by Arabian and international/global equity funds in terms of expected signs and diagnostic tests.

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Qu, Hongru, Yi Yang, and Yidi Wang. "Global Equity Measurement Model." BCP Business & Management 22 (July 15, 2022): 245–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v22i.1236.

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In this paper, we calculate the weight of each index through the entropy weight method and perform a regression analysis to obtain the WRSR value representing the comprehensive strength index (CSI). In addition, based on the salary distribution model, we use the linear asteroid mineral investment model to look forward to the future development trend. Finally, we use the gray prediction model GM(1,1) to predict the proportion of each condition in the next 10 years, and the future change with time is obtained by polynomial fitting.

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de Oliveira, Marta Olivia Rovedder, Cleo Schmitt Silveira, and Fernando Bins Luce. "Brand equity estimation model." Journal of Business Research 68, no. 12 (December 2015): 2560–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.06.025.

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Weis, Ernest I., Harris A. Berman, and David N. Mesches. "The equity model: Three commentaries." Journal of Ambulatory Care Management 17, no. 4 (October 1994): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004479-199410000-00009.

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M. Hull, Robert. "Capital Structure Model (CSM): correction, constraints, and applications." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 15, no. 1 (March 14, 2018): 245–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.15(1).2018.21.

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This paper extends the Capital Structure Model (CSM) research by performing the following tasks. First, a correction is offered on the corporate tax rate adjustment found in the break-through concept of the levered equity growth rate (gL) given by Hull (2010). This correction is important because gL links the plowback-payout and debt-equity choices and so its accuracy is paramount. Second, this paper introduces a retained earnings (RE) constraint missing from the CSM growth research when a firm finances with internal equity. The RE constraint governs the plowback-payout and debt-equity choices through the interdependent relation between RE and interest payments (I). Third, a by-product of the RE constraint is a second constraint that governs a no-growth situation so that I does not exceed the available cash flows. Fourth, with the gL correction and two constraints in place, updated applications of prior research and new applications are provided. These applications reveal lower gain to leverage (GL) values than previously reported with more symmetry around the optimal debt-to-equity ratio (ODE) while minimizing steep drop-offs in firm value. For larger plowback ratios, the optimal debt level choice can change. The new constraints serve to point out the need for further research to incorporate external financing within the CSM framework.

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Pandey, Asheesh, Sanjay Sehgal, Amiya Kumar Mohapatra, and Pradeepta Kumar Samanta. "Equity market anomalies in major European economies." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 18, no. 2 (June 10, 2021): 245–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.18(2).2021.20.

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This paper investigates five leading equity market anomalies – size, value, momentum, profitability, and asset growth, for four Western European markets, namely, Germany, France, Italy and Spain, from January 2002 to March 2018. The study tests whether these anomalies reverse under different macro-economic uncertainty conditions, and evaluates if strategies based on time diversification can be formed using these equity market anomalies. Market anomalies were tested using four major asset pricing models – the Capital Asset Pricing Model, the Fama-French three-factor model, the Carhart model, and the Fama-French five-factor model. Macro-economic uncertainty was tested using two proxies, namely VIX and default premiums. Time diversified strategies were examined by estimating Sharpe ratios of combined portfolios formed by combining winner univariate portfolios. Value effect in Germany, Size effect in France and Profitability effect in Italy and Spain provide the highest unadjusted returns on long side strategies. No significant reversal of these anomalies was found under different macroeconomic uncertainties. Asset pricing tests show that CAPM works well for Spain and Italy, while Carhart’s model explains returns in Germany. The Fama-French five factor model does not seem to be a good descriptor of asset pricing for data. No suitable model for explaining asset returns is identified for France. Finally, it is observed that some of the equity market anomalies seem to be countercyclical and therefore provide time diversification opportunities. The study has implications for academicians, investors, and policy makers by providing insights for developing profitable investment strategies and highlighting the efficacy of alternative models as performance benchmarks.

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Hysom, Stuart J., and M. Hamit Fişek. "Situational determinants of reward allocation: The equity–equality equilibrium model." Social Science Research 40, no. 4 (July 2011): 1263–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2011.02.002.

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Khan, Ammar Ali. "The Linkage among Customer Equity Drivers: Building Customer Value Equity Model." IBT Journal of Business Studies 14, no. 2 (2018): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.46745/ilma.jbs.2018.14.02.03.

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This study examines the relationship among customer equity drivers and develops the customer value equity model. Many companies are facing the problem of how to use the customer equity and which of its drivers should be focused first. By exploiting the relationship among customer equity drivers, a customer value equity model is developed and tested in the fast food sector. Data was collected from three hundred consumers of national and multinational fast food restaurants in Peshawar. The findings of the study revealed that there is a significant relationship among the customer equity drivers such that brand equity of a fast food restaurant is significantly related with customer value equity as well as customer relationship equity. Similarly, customer relationship equity is significantly related with customer value equity. Hence, the study empirically validates the model of customer equity drivers which provides a sound base at least in its initial stage for marketing managers to develop and manage the value equity of their brand. The study findings present important theoretical and practical implications along with future research directions.

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Raut, Umesh Ramchandra, Prafulla Arjun Pawar, Pedro Quelhas Brito, and Gyanendra Singh Sisodia. "Mediating model of brand equity and its application." Spanish Journal of Marketing - ESIC 23, no. 2 (September 9, 2019): 295–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sjme-04-2019-0021.

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Purpose This paper aims to examine the mediating role of brand satisfaction and brand trust in brand equity antecedents and outcomes through an empirical investigation of brand equity elements. Design/methodology/approach A survey was conducted in Pune and Mumbai, two prominent cities of India. A structured questionnaire focussed on garnering responses on measuring brand equity antecedents and outcomes was circulated to the cell phone users. The questionnaire aimed to assess the role of two additional variables, namely, brand satisfaction and brand trust, in the existing and the conceptual model of brand equity (Keller, 2001). Based on the data analysis, a structural equations path and the mediating model were developed. Findings The findings of this study show that the new brand equity model is highly relevant in predicting brand equity as compared to the existing brand equity model (Keller, 2001). The brand equity mediation model clearly elucidates the role of brand trust and brand satisfaction. Research limitations/implications With reference to a theoretical contribution, the study broadens the existing hypothetical model of brand equity. The findings of this research provide a strategic and analytical model for brand managers to build brand relationships among their consumers. Originality/value The present study challenges the existing model of brand equity (Keller, 2001) and further makes an effort to fill in the gaps in the existing theoretical model of brand equity.

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M, Teuku Ghalib, and Yuliarto Nugroho B. "Challenges Equity Crowdfunding Company Business Model." International Journal of Economics and Management Studies 7, no. 12 (December 25, 2020): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/23939125/ijems-v7i12p121.

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LeBaron, Dean. "A Universal Model of Equity Styles." Journal of Portfolio Management 21, no. 1 (October 31, 1994): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jpm.1994.409491.

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하홍열. "Brand Equity Model and Marketing Stimuli." Seoul Journal of Business 17, no. 2 (December 2011): 31–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.35152/snusjb.2011.17.2.002.

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OZGEN, PELİN. "A New Model for Customer Equity." Journal of Business Research - Turk 9, no. 4 (December 30, 2017): 589–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.20491/isarder.2017.348.

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Rey, David, Christophe Rapine, Vinayak V. Dixit, and S. Travis Waller. "Equity-Oriented Aircraft Collision Avoidance Model." IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 16, no. 1 (February 2015): 172–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tits.2014.2329012.

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Kenny, K., and B. Belling. "Home Equity Conversion: A Counseling Model." Gerontologist 27, no. 1 (February 1, 1987): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/27.1.9.

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Caldwell, William E. "Equity in Principal Salaries—A Model." NASSP Bulletin 70, no. 488 (March 1986): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019263658607048813.

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Teodorović, Milivoj, and Jovan Popesku. "Country brand equity model: Sustainability perspective." Marketing 47, no. 2 (2016): 111–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/markt1602111t.

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Apéria, Tony, and Christian Persson. "THE SUSTAINABLE BRAND EQUITY MODEL. A RETAIL STUDY MEASURING SUSTAINABLE BRAND EQUITY." Global Fashion Management Conference 2018 (July 30, 2018): 1239–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15444/gmc2018.10.05.02.

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Łukasik, Przemysław Konrad, and Bruno Schivinski. "Antecedents of Consumer-Based Store Brand Equity – Conceptual Model." Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H, Oeconomia 51, no. 2 (August 17, 2017): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/h.2017.51.2.169.

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Romero, Jaime, and María J. Yagüe. "Marketing assets: Relating brand equity and customer equity." Intangible Capital 12, no. 2 (March 17, 2016): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3926/ic.727.

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Purpose: Brand equity and customer equity are inextricably linked. Some authors propose that marketing activities build these intangible assets simultaneously. In contrast, others suggest that brand equity is an antecedent of customer equity. In this research, we aim to shed light about the relationship between brand equity and customer equity, by empirically testing these two alternative explanations. Design/methodology/approach: We propose four research models that reflect these two alternatives explanations regarding the link between brand equity and customer equity. In order to estimate these models we employ Structural Equations Modelling. We measure model variables using data collected through a survey to marketing managers of services companies that operate in Spain. We compare these four research models in terms of explanatory power and goodness of fit. Findings: Our results indicate that the models that correspond to the simultaneity approach have a higher explanatory power and goodness of fit than the models that suggest that brand equity is an antecedent of customer equity, thus supporting that these intangible assets are built by marketing activities at the same time. Research limitations/implications: Our results recommend caution when interpreting previous research about the effects of brand (customer) equity, as they might indeed correspond to customer (brand) management. Similarly, future research focusing on customer and brand management need to take into account both managerial areas in their studies. Practical implications: From a practitioners’ point of view, our findings suggest adopting a brand-customer portfolio approach to enhance company profitability. Similarly, we derive implications for firm valuation processes, which incorporate brand equity and customer equity in their calculations. Originality/value: We empirically study the relationship between brand equity and customer equity, while previous research has analyzed this topic only at a theoretical level. Clarifying this link enriches our comprehension about how companies build these marketing intangible assets and increases the accuracy of firm valuation processes.

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Shuv-Ami, Avichai. "A new market brand equity model (MBE)." EuroMed Journal of Business 11, no. 3 (September 5, 2016): 322–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/emjb-05-2015-0025.

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Purpose The current study conceptualizes and empirically tests a new model of market brand equity (MBE). This model, that not just provides an understanding of customer mindsets toward the brand, as most empirical models do, but also measures the marketing benefits of such mindsets. The present study offers two models. One is comprehensive and theoretical while the other is an empirical model. The empirical model is a practical model drawn from the more comprehensive and conceptualized model. The hypothesized empirical MBE model is tested using structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis followed by a formula that offers a method to calculate and rank competitive brands in the market place. The purpose of this paper is to conclude with a discussion of the implications of the model. Design/methodology/approach The findings of the present research are based on a representative sample of 964 cellular phone users selected randomly from an Israeli internet panel were analyzed. The questions related to the dimensions of the brand equity needed a more intimate relationship of the customers with the brand. Thus, those questions were asked only with regard to the brand that the respondents were mainly using. These questions were concerned with brand knowledge, brand commitment and brand overall attitude. The other questions that the respondents answered were about three other brands on the market. All dimensions, except purchase barriers, were measured on a ten-point scale. Findings SEM analysis was used to test the hypothesized MBE model as well as alternative models. The results, which supported the hypothesized model, indicated that knowledge has a strong positive effect on image, personality and attitude. Image has a positive effect on attitude, but that of personality was insignificant. Attitude, image and personality have a positive effect on commitment. Commitment affects recommendation strongly and positively. Both commitment and recommendation have a positive and significant effect on potential market share. Research limitations/implications The limitations of the current research are that it was not measured over time and that only one product category has been tested. In addition to dealing with these limitations, future research may also add additional marketing performance outcome variables such as the ability to obtain premium prices and to exercise brand power in relation to channels of distribution. Practical implications The model presented in this paper provides the marketer with the ability to compare, from a competitive perspective, the relative average in the market place of customer mindset, customer performance and marketing performance. The analysis also reveals whether to invest in strengthening customer mindset or in capturing a greater market share. When the brand leader is far from its followers, an additional analysis may be required and it may be necessary to increase the sensitivity of the analysis by examining separately (without the leading brand) the relative differences between the follower brands. Moreover, the measurement questions should be adjusted to fit different product categories. For example, in testing the MBE in the service industry, “product performance,” which is a component of brand commitment, should be measured by the “quality of service.” But the way of using the model will not change. Another example for future research may be found in sport marketing, such as among football or basketball clubs. In such instances, performance – winning or losing – or even the quality of the players on the team may be considered. It is suggested here that the MBE’s measurement of fast-moving products vs slow moving ones. However, in such cases the model would probably show a significant difference in involvement with the brands of fast-moving products displaying much lower customers’ involvement then brands of slow-moving products. Originality/value The empirical model suggested in this study is a new and practical market-based brand equity that uses commitment as the main construct, building brand equity to represent the performance outcome of the customer mindset used in the models noted above. The current study also offers a new practical and useful formula for calculating and ranking MBE.

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Romero, Jaime, and Maria Jesús Yagüe. "Relating Brand Equity and Customer Equity: An Exploratory Study." International Journal of Market Research 57, no. 4 (July 2015): 631–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2501/ijmr-2015-050.

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Brand equity and customer equity, respectively, constitute the value provided by brand and customer portfolios to companies. These are metrics of marketing performance in the long term, as well as key factors in firm valuation processes. However, their relation has not been empirically analysed to date. This study explores the connection between brand equity and customer equity. We employ a simultaneous equations model in which brand equity and customer equity depend on each other and also on marketing expenditures. We find that these metrics partially overlap, particularly in some industries. Hence, our results highlight the importance of implementing models that consider the interaction between them in order to obtain reliable measurements of the overall productivity of marketing actions. Additionally, our results suggest that the value of brands and customer portfolios should be jointly measured so as to obtain trustworthy assessments of firm value.

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Korbel, Jiří, and Petr Blaheta. "Valuation of equity capital markets using FED model." Český finanční a účetní časopis 2011, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 68–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.18267/j.cfuc.98.

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P, Vaijayanthi, and Shreenivasan Ka. "MEASURING BRAND EQUITY OF COSMECEUTICALS – A CASE USING CONSUMER BASED BRAND EQUITY MODEL." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 6 (June 1, 2017): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i6.11921.

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Objective: This study intends to operationalize brand equity and form a standard measure of it that could be used across cosmeceutical products to measure brand equity. It attempts to provide an indication of a set of items that can contribute to brand equity.Methods: A survey instrument containing the said brand equity concept was administered to a sample pool of 200 select beauticians and consumers of a leading Indian Cosmeceutical brand identified using stratified random sampling method, from among the universe of the users of the product in Tiruchirappalli district, Tamil Nadu.Results: The results obtained confirm that the dimensions, viz., brand awareness, perceived quality, brand loyalty, brand association, and brand image were found to significantly contribute to brand equity in cosmeceutical products. The regression confirms that perceived quality and brand associations are not causal drivers but are only indirect drivers of brand equity. Further, the dimension perceived quality was very strongly related with both brand loyalty and brand image, and brand loyalty was very strongly related with brand association among the beauticians segment of the sample. In the case of the brand equity dimensions among consumers, the brand association was very strongly related with brand awareness, perceived quality, and perceived quality was very strongly associated with the brand image.Conclusion: The outcomes of the study confirm that cognitive components of perceived quality and brand association were less contributing to brand equity and the affective component of brand loyalty had stronger underpinning on brand equity construction and hence play an important role in brand management. The brand equity structure gives a very good clarification of brand equity drivers and also their relationships, to formulate a cause and effect model. The model can form a basis for more action-based tactical and operational marketing strategies.

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Sung-Tai Hong, 김선숙, 박성영, and Woonbong Na. "A study on the development of Service Brand Equity Model: Focused on the comparison Service Brand Equity Model to SERVQUAL Model." Journal of Consumption Culture 16, no. 3 (September 2013): 189–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.17053/jcc.2013.16.3.009.

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Liu, Zhongwen, and Yifei Chen. "Valuation Method of Equity Incentives of Listed Companies Based on the Black-Scholes Model." International Journal of Information Systems in the Service Sector 12, no. 2 (April 2020): 36–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijisss.2020040103.

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This article applies the classic Black-Scholes model (i.e. B-S model) and turnover rate adapted B-S model (revised B-S model) to equity incentive valuation of listed companies. Unlike other studies on equity incentive valuation which generally adopt historical volatility, this article applies the GARCH model to equity incentive valuation. The volatility of stock price is estimated by the GARCH model to improve the accuracy of equity incentive valuation. The turnover rate has an important impact on the equity incentive valuation of listed companies. Considering the turnover rate can improve the accuracy of the equity incentive valuation and reduce the error of equity incentive valuation. Through the case study of the equity incentive valuation of Infinova, the practicality of the equity incentive valuation method is further verified.

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Elliott, Craig, Shruti Desai, and Robert Brown. "Identity‐conscious supervision: A model for equity." New Directions for Student Services 2021, no. 175 (September 2021): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ss.20396.

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Crescitelli, Edson, and Júlio Bastos Figueiredo. "Brand equity evolution: a system dynamics model." BAR - Brazilian Administration Review 6, no. 2 (June 2009): 101–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1807-76922009000200003.

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Stamicar, Robert, and Christopher Finger. "Incorporating equity derivatives into the CreditGrades model." Journal of Credit Risk 2, no. 1 (2006): 3–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21314/jcr.2006.032.

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Shani, Tushar, Tinish Gupta, Nitish a, and Ankit Parashar. "RETURN ON EQUITY ANALYSIS USING DUPONT MODEL." International Journal of Advanced Research 5, no. 8 (August 31, 2017): 1504–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/5210.

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Hite, Diane. "A Random Utility Model of Environmental Equity." Growth and Change 31, no. 1 (January 2000): 40–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0017-4815.00118.

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Pástor, Ľuboš, and Robert F. Stambaugh. "Costs of Equity Capital and Model Mispricing." Journal of Finance 54, no. 1 (February 1999): 67–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0022-1082.00099.

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Jeon, Joo-Eon, and Ha-Ryong Kim. "The Path Model of Ingredient Brand Equity." Journal of Marketing Studies 24, no. 3 (September 30, 2016): 211–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21191/jms.24.3.11.

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Wang, Chao-Hung, Li-Chang Hsu, and Shyh-Rong Fang. "Constructing a relationship-based brand equity model." Service Business 3, no. 3 (January 23, 2009): 275–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11628-008-0062-2.

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Burmann, Christoph, Marc Jost-Benz, and Nicola Riley. "Towards an identity-based brand equity model." Journal of Business Research 62, no. 3 (March 2009): 390–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2008.06.009.

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Wang, Grace, and Boaz Shulruf. "Admission Model and Equity in Higher Education." Asia-Pacific Education Researcher 22, no. 1 (September 1, 2012): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40299-012-0002-8.

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Mirowsky, John. "Depression and Marital Power: An Equity Model." American Journal of Sociology 91, no. 3 (November 1985): 557–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/228314.

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Feng, Cheng-Min, and Jennifer Yuh-Jen Wu. "Highway Investment Planning Model for Equity Issues." Journal of Urban Planning and Development 129, no. 3 (September 2003): 161–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9488(2003)129:3(161).

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Wu, Ting-Pin, and Son Nan Chen. "Equity swaps in a LIBOR market model." Journal of Futures Markets 27, no. 9 (2007): 893–920. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fut.20270.

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FOUNTAIN, CHERYL, and BETTE J. SOLDWEDEL. "Establishing Standards for Equity: A Suggested Model." Journal of Employment Counseling 29, no. 4 (December 1992): 157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1920.1992.tb00953.x.

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Winit, Warat, and Sooksan Kantabutra. "Enhancing the Prospect of Corporate Sustainability via Brand Equity: A Stakeholder Model." Sustainability 14, no. 9 (April 21, 2022): 4998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14094998.

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Given that brand equity is increasingly recognized as a measure of corporate sustainability, in the present study, we examine the relationships among stakeholder benefits, stakeholder trust and brand equity. Derived from a sample of 433 stakeholders from 115 companies in Thailand, the findings indicate that functional benefits improve brand equity indirectly and directly via stakeholder trust and psychological benefits. On the other hand, psychological benefits improve brand equity indirectly and directly via stakeholder trust. Psychological benefits create more direct, positive effects on brand equity than functional benefits. The effects of functional benefits on brand equity are enhanced through psychological benefits. Directions for future studies and practical implications are also discussed.

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CHANG, BI-JUAN, JOW-RAN CHANG, and MAO-WEI HUNG. "SEARCHING FOR LANDMINES IN EQUITY MARKETS." Annals of Financial Economics 09, no. 02 (September 2014): 1440004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010495214400041.

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Distressed firms in equity markets are like landmines in the battlefields due to their undetectability and devastating effects. This paper is concerned with distressed firms forecasting by the distance-to-default (DTD) and rare event logit (REL) models via public available data. Comparing these two models by cumulative accuracy profiles (CAP) and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, we conclude that the REL model performs better than the DTD model. The data contains US-listed firms on the S&P 500 for the period January 1986 to December 2012, including 2138 companies and 271,912 firm months, with 444 distressed firms. We set the dynamic thresholds as the last 6% of firms based on the historical cross-section distress rates. Upon Bayesian posterior probability examination, the REL model shows about 40–60% affinity with S&P Domestic Long Term Issuer Credit Rating records on average, and the rate increases to 70% in some situations. We conclude that the REL model can be a good warning indicator of distress in firms at least three years ahead.

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Khan, Hayat, and Abdullahi D. Ahmed. "Examining models of social preferences and a generalized model of inequity aversion: An analysis and application." Corporate Ownership and Control 12, no. 1 (2014): 211–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv12i1c1p6.

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This paper argues that a generalized model of social preferences must simultaneously pass two tests; the Variety test (explain outcomes under variety, the V-test) and the Sen’s Weak Equity Axiom test (the S-test). It is shown that none of the models proposed to date unconditionally passes these tests. The paper extends the Fehr and Schmidt model of inequality aversion to a generalized model of inequity aversion which passes the two tests and parsimoniously explains interior outcomes in the dictator game and dynamics of outcomes in other games. This is done through introducing equity-bias in the Fehr and Schmidt model. The paper postulates that a player’s idea of equitable distribution is state-dependent, where the state is determined by psychological and structural parameters. The state could be fair, superior or inferior. Individuals in a fair state have zero equity-bias and split the pie evenly; those in a superior (inferior) state have positive (negative) equity-bias and accept more (less) than fair distributions as equitable

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Shuv-Ami, Avichai. "Brand equity for football club organizations." International Journal of Organizational Analysis 24, no. 4 (September 5, 2016): 706–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoa-11-2015-0947.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to offer a “brand equity model” that will help football organizations to manage their appeal. Design/methodology/approach The proposed model utilizes structural equation modelling analysis to test the hypothesized marketing brand equity (MBE) model. The empirical part of the research stems from a large survey of 1,300 Israeli football fans. Findings As expected, knowledge about the team, the team’s image and its perceived personality significantly predicted positive attitudes toward the team. This in turn predicted commitment, which predicted recommendation, which predicted intentions. The linear regression to extract the seven parameters weights was highly significant (F = 163.5, p < 0.001) and explained 52 per cent (R2 = 0.518) of the depended variable “price premium”. Research limitations/implications The new MBE model suggested here provides a relative index of brand equity for football club organizations that enables them to competitively compare the marketing equity of their club to that of their rivals. The MBE model also shows that commitment is a central component in the football club’s brand equity model. The current MBE model is the only model that provides a weight for each of the components. Each respective weight represents the internal contribution of each component to the final brand equity index. These weights indicate where an effort should be made to improve the equity of the brand. Practical implications Football teams may also need to focus on the constructs underlying the commitment (Shuv-Ami, 2012) of fans to their football club organization, that is, the team performance and satisfaction stemming from the fans’ experience with their team and the feelings of loyalty and involvement that represent the degree of fan engagement with the team. Although football teams do what they can to improve performance, much can be done in marketing to improve the other constructs and, thus, fan commitment. Improving the experience of fans, both on and off the field, regardless of whether the team is winning or losing, builds fan engagement. Originality/value The current research suggests two new brand equity models for football club organizations. One is a comprehensive theoretical model that combines and expands current conceptual brand equity models (Keller, 1993, 2008; Aaker, 1991, 1996; Keller and Lehmann, 2006); the other is an empirical model that makes it practical to measure the marketing strength or the brand equity of football clubs. The new empirical MBE suggested here provides a relative index of brand equity for football club organization that enable them to compare competitively the marketing equity of their club to that of their rivals. The MBE model also shows, for the first time, that commitment is a central component in the football club brand equity model. The current MBE is the only model that provides a weight for each of its component.

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C. Knoeppel, Robert, Patricia F. First, Matthew R. Della Sala, and Chinasa A. Ordu. "Finance equity, student achievement, and justice." Journal of Educational Administration 52, no. 6 (August 26, 2014): 812–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jea-02-2013-0019.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the connections between state education finance distribution models and student achievement. To date, lawsuits challenging the constitutionality of state finance systems have been heard in 45 states; the judicial interpretation of the requirement to provide equality of educational opportunity has led to changes in finance distribution models as well as the implementation of accountability policy. Design/methodology/approach – The study included district level finance and achievement data from five states. Researchers reviewed the relevant judicial interpretation of the finance system, the accountability policy, and the finance distribution system. Next, researchers calculated the equity of both the finance distribution model and measures of student achievement. Finally, an equity ratio was developed and calculated to discern the degree to which state distribution models resulted in equitable measures of student achievement. Findings – Findings reveal that no state has both an equitable system of finance and equitable measures of student achievement. The way that states define proficiency significantly impacts the percentage of students that reach proficiency. This impacts the provision of equality of opportunity. Originality/value – Traditionally, the measurement of equity has only been applied to finance distribution systems. The authors of this paper have applied these concepts to measures of student achievement and aligned the two concepts with the equity ratio. Since states are charged with providing sufficient resources to enable students to reach proficiency, an understanding of the interaction between resources and achievement is a critical tool in analyzing the provision of equal opportunity.

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Kim, Sookhyun, Yuri Lee, Aran Jang, Yangim Lee, and Claire Lacoste Kapstein. "Global nation product equity depending on a level of cultural diffusion." Journal of Product & Brand Management 24, no. 3 (May 18, 2015): 276–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbm-04-2014-0560.

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Purpose – This paper aims to propose the global nation product equity model (GNPE) to measure global consumers’ equity of a product that a country produces, especially a nation’s cultural products (i.e. culducts). The model also examines the significant difference of GNPE depending on a cultural diffusion level. GNPE model proposes that depending on the level of people’s recognition/acceptance/preference of a culture from another country (i.e. cultural diffusion level), the equity of a product from that country could be different in different countries. As variables that affect GNPE, global nation product equity in general, global nation product equity of a product category and nation cultural equity are included in the model. Design/methodology/approach – To test the model, this study developed Hallyu (Korean cultural diffusion)-related Korean culducts and measured global consumers’ equity for the Korean culducts. In all, 351 surveys were collected from China, France, England and the USA. Findings – The results show the significantly different equities and relationships among equities depending on the level of Hallyu diffusion in each country. Therefore, Korea is suggested to focus on different equities in different countries. Originality/value – This research proposed a new model that extends the previous brand equity models to non-branded products (i.e. cultural products). This model proposed new variables that affect equity of a product mentioned above and suggests different equities to improve in different countries depending on their level of cultural diffusion. Also, this cross-cultural study suggests a direction of culduct design, distribution and promotion strategies in the global market.

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Vukasović, Tina. "Applying Model of Brand Equity in Higher Education Marketing Context." Business Systems Research Journal 13, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 156–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bsrj-2022-0010.

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Abstract Background: The idea of brands is currently swiftly transferring from the market for goods to the market for services, giving rise to the service brand. Globalisation, the accelerated and increased development of service activities, and more rivalry in the provider’s market have all contributed to this. Objectives: The primary goal of this study is to empirically test the conceptual model in higher education to create a comparative study based on different contextual dimensions and better understand brand equity in higher education. Methods/Approach: A quantitative research method was applied. Using a questionnaire, which was sent to students by e-mail, the data were collected. The sample chosen targeted 250 actual (university students) in Slovenia. Results: Consumer traits and concepts related to the brand equity’s awareness dimension have no discernible influence on consumers’ perceptions of brand equity. Promotional actions intended to increase brand equity by increasing awareness were ineffective and had a favourable effect on the brand equity of the symbolic qualities. All service characteristics were discovered to be important. Price, excellent quality, and benefits all had a large and positive impact on brand equity. In conclusion, all financial factors had a substantial and favourable effect on brand equity. Conclusions: The research’s findings showed that the customer-based brand equity model might be used to create a competitive advantage in the higher education sector and to direct marketing efforts.

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Gao, Qianzi, Ruohan Wang, Zhiying Xie, and Ye Yuan. "Equity Incentive and Operational Risk: An Analysis Based on Fixed Effects Model." BCP Business & Management 27 (September 6, 2022): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v27i.1955.

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Different people think that the impact of equity incentive system on business risk is different.In this paper, the impact of equity incentive on corporate risk is investigated. Based on descriptive statistical analysis, correlation coefficient matrix, univariate analysis and basic regression analysis, it is found that equity incentive is positively correlated with the company operation risk. Moreover, after a series of robustness tests, the relationship is still significant, including surrogate indicators, fixed effects and adding missing variables. Furthermore, we find that equity incentive has a greater impact on business risk when the proportion of investors holding shares is low. Nevertheless, it has no impact when the proportion of investors holding shares is high. These results support the view that equity incentive can improve the company operation risk, which shed light for the implementation of equity incentive in China's listed companies.

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FERGUSSON, K. "EXPLICIT FORMULAE FOR PARAMETERS OF STOCHASTIC MODELS OF A DISCOUNTED EQUITY INDEX USING MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATION WITH APPLICATIONS." Annals of Financial Economics 12, no. 02 (June 2017): 1750010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010495217500105.

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A discounted equity index is computed as the ratio of an equity index to the accumulated savings account denominated in the same currency. In this way, discounting provides a natural way of separating the modeling of the short rate from the market price of risk component of the equity index. In this vein, we investigate the applicability of maximum likelihood estimation to stochastic models of a discounted equity index, providing explicit formulae for parameter estimates. We restrict our consideration to two important index models, namely the Black–Scholes model and the minimal market model of Platen, each having an explicit formula for the transition density function. Explicit formulae for estimates of the model parameters and their standard errors are derived and are used in fitting the two models to US data. Further, we demonstrate the effect of the model choice on the no-arbitrage assumption employed in risk neutral pricing.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Equity Model'

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