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1
Pan, Zhong Liang, and Ling Chen. "A New Verification Method of Digital Circuits Based on Cone-Oriented Partitioning and Decision Diagrams." Applied Mechanics and Materials 29-32 (August 2010): 1040–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.29-32.1040.
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The formal verification is able to check whether the implementation of a circuit design is functionally equivalent to an earlier version described at the same level of abstraction, it can show the correctness of a circuit design. A new circuit verification method based on cone-oriented circuit partitioning and decision diagrams is presented in this paper. First of all, the structure level of every signal line in a circuit is computed. Secondly, the circuit is partitioned into a lot of cone structures. The multiple-valued decision diagram corresponding to every cone structure is generated. The verification procedure is to compare the equivalence of the multiple-valued decision diagrams of two types of cone structures. Experimental results on a lot of benchmark circuits show the method presented in this paper can effectively perform the equivalence checking of circuits.
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Aminu, M., M. Abana, S. W. Pallam, and P. K. Ainah. "Nonintrusive Method for Induction Motor Equivalent Circuit Parameter Estimation using Chicken Swarm Optimization (CSO) Algorithm." Nigerian Journal of Technological Development 18, no. 1 (2021): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njtd.v18i1.4.
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This paper presents a nonintrusive method for estimating the parameters of an Induction Motor (IM) without the need for the conventional no-load and locked rotor tests. The method is based on a relatively new swarm-based algorithm called the Chicken Swarm Optimization (CSO). Two different equivalent circuits implementations have been considered for the parameter estimation scheme (one with parallel and the other with series magnetization circuit). The proposed parameter estimation method was validated experimentally on a standard 7.5 kW induction motor and the results were compared to those obtained using the IEEE Std. 112 reduced voltage impedance test method 3. The proposed CSO optimization method gave accurate estimates of the IM equivalent circuit parameters with maximum absolute errors of 5.4618% and 0.9285% for the parallel and series equivalent circuits representations respectively when compared to the IEEE Std. 112 results. However, standard deviation results in terms of the magnetization branch parameters, suggest that the series equivalent circuit model gives more repeatable results when compared to the parallel equivalent circuit.
 Keywords: Induction motor, Chicken Swarm Optimization, parameter estimation, equivalent circuit, objective function
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Tuethong, Piyapon, Peerawut Yutthagowith, and Anantawat Kunakorn. "Effective Simulation Approach for Lightning Impulse Voltage Tests of Reactor and Transformer Windings." Energies 13, no. 20 (2020): 5399. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13205399.
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In this paper, an effective simulation method for lightning impulse voltage tests of reactor and transformer windings is presented. The method is started from the determination of the realized equivalent circuit of the considered winding in the wide frequency range from 10 Hz to 10 MHz. From the determined equivalent circuit and with the use of the circuit simulator, the circuit parameters in the impulse generator circuit are adjusted to obtain the waveform parameters according to the standard requirement. The realized equivalent circuits of windings for impulse voltage tests have been identified. The identification approach starts from equivalent circuit determination based on a vector fitting algorithm. However, the vector fitting algorithm with the equivalent circuit extraction is not guaranteed to obtain the realized equivalent circuit. From the equivalent circuit, it is possible that there are some negative parameters of resistance, inductance, and capacitance. Using such circuit parameters from the vector fitting approach as the beginning circuit parameters, a genetic algorithm is employed for searching equivalent circuit parameters with the constraints of positive values. The realized equivalent circuits of the windings can be determined. The validity of the combined algorithm is confirmed by comparison of the simulated results by the determined circuit model and the experimental results, and good agreement is observed. The proposed approach is very useful in lightning impulse tests on the reactor and transformer windings.
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Liu, Tao, Le Xu, Yao He, et al. "A Novel Simulation Method for Analyzing Diode Electrical Characteristics Based on Neural Networks." Electronics 10, no. 19 (2021): 2337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10192337.
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Based on the equivalent circuit model and physical model, a new method for analyzing diode electrical characteristics based on a neural network model is proposed in this paper. Although the equivalent circuit model is widely used, it cannot effectively reflect the working state of diode circuits under the conditions of large injection and high frequency. The analysis method based on physical models developed in recent years can effectively resolve the above shortcomings, but it faces the problem of a low simulation efficiency. Therefore, the physical model method based on neural network acceleration is used to improve the traditional, equivalent circuit model. The results obtained from the equivalent circuit model and the physical model are analyzed using the finite-difference time-domain method. The diode model based on a neural network is fitted with training data obtained from the results of the physical model, then it is summarized into a voltage–current equation and used to improve the traditional, equivalent circuit method. In this way, the improved equivalent circuit method can be used to analyze the working state of a diode circuit under large injection and high frequency conditions. The effectiveness of the proposed model is verified by some examples.
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Jang, Jejin, Jaehyuk Choi, Donghun Lee, and Hyungsoo Mok. "Estimation Method of an Electrical Equivalent Circuit for Sonar Transducer Impedance Characteristic of Multiple Resonance." Sensors 23, no. 14 (2023): 6636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23146636.
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Improving the operational efficiency and optimizing the design of sound navigation and ranging (sonar) systems require accurate electrical equivalent models within the operating frequency range. The power conversion system within the sonar system increases power efficiency through impedance-matching circuits. Impedance matching is used to enhance the power transmission efficiency of the sonar system. Therefore, to increase the efficiency of the sonar system, an electrical-matching circuit is employed, and this necessitates an accurate equivalent circuit for the sonar transducer within the operating frequency range. In conventional equivalent circuit derivation methods, errors occur because they utilize the same number of RLC branches as the resonant frequency of the sonar transducer, based on its physical properties. Hence, this paper proposes an algorithm for deriving an equivalent circuit independent of resonance by employing multiple electrical components and particle swarm optimization (PSO). A comparative verification was also performed between the proposed and existing approaches using the Butterworth–van Dyke (BVD) model, which is a method for deriving electrical equivalent circuits.
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Policastro, Steven A., Rachel M. Anderson, Carlos M. Hangarter, Attilio Arcari, and Erick B. Iezzi. "Incorporating Physics-Based Models into Equivalent Circuit Analysis of EIS Data from Organic Coatings." Coatings 13, no. 7 (2023): 1285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13071285.
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Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a widely used method for monitoring coatings because it can be done in situ and causes little damage to the coating. However, interpreting the impedance data from coatings in order to determine the state of the coating and its protective abilities is challenging. A modified version of the rapid electrochemical assessment of paint (REAP) equivalent circuit is developed here, along with a method to calculate the impedance of a circuit using matrix algebra. This new equivalent circuit and the calculation method are used to analyze EIS data obtained from a two-layer commercial organic coating system immersed in NaCl solutions with different concentrations and at different temperatures. The matrix calculation method is validated by comparing results obtained from commercial analysis software to this method for two different equivalent circuits, and the parameter values are nearly equal. Physics-based models of the equivalent circuit elements are derived and used to obtain both initial estimates for the regressions and physics-based constraints on the model parameters. These models are integrated into the regression procedure, and the corrected Akaike information criterion (AICc) is used to compare fits between the new circuit and classic equivalent circuits. The AICc values indicate the new circuit results in better fits than classic equivalent circuits used for coatings analysis.
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Lines, Christopher R., Willem A. Cronjé, and Brian Wigdorowitz. "Extended 2D magnetic equivalent circuit method." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 29, no. 6 (2010): 1435–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03321641011078508.
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YAN, ZHAN-YUAN, JIN-YING MA, and XIAO-HONG ZHANG. "QUANTIZATION OF MESOSCOPIC QUARTZ PIEZOELECTRIC CRYSTAL EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT." Modern Physics Letters B 25, no. 11 (2011): 847–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984911026139.
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In the framework of an advanced quantum theory for mesoscopic electric circuits in accord with the discreteness of electric charges, a mesoscopic quartz piezoelectric crystal equivalent circuit is quantized. To resolve the finite difference Schrödinger equation, an improved parameter perturbative method is proposed when WKB and perturbative method are inapplicable. With this method, the energy spectrum and wavefunctions of the system are obtained and used to calculate current quantum fluctuation as an application. The new method would be helpful to the application of the mesoscopic circuits quantum theory. Besides, the detail characters of energy spectrum and wavefunctions in the system would be helpful to the design of integrate circuit.
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Атамась, Артем Іванович, Ірина Андріївна Сліпухіна, Ігор Станіславович Чернецький, and Юрій Сергійович Шиховцев. "IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT METHOD IN INSTRUMENTAL DIGITAL DIDACTICS." Information Technologies and Learning Tools 82, no. 2 (2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33407/itlt.v82i2.4069.
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Instrumental digital didactics is based on the use of various digital means of obtaining, processing, and interpreting empirical data in accordance with the logic of scientific method and engineering design. Appropriate teaching techniques reflect the STEM approach to teaching natural science and engineering subjects. The use of the equivalent circuit created on the NI Multisim platform to investigate the characteristics of electric circuits’ components creates favorable didactic conditions. The methodological approaches proposed by the authors are demonstrated by the examples of determining the parameters of technologically advanced devices - photoelectric converter (for example, determining its maximum power point, as well as Fill Factor) and supercapacitor (for example, designating changes in charging and discharging characteristics depending on the type of construction). In such educational projects the parameters of the circuit components obtained by the equivalent circuit method are compared with the specifications of commercial devices available on the market. This approach, on the one hand, demonstrates statistical errors of results to the students, and on the other hand, it is a source of sufficient data for constructing an equivalent circuit of devices without prior experimental research. It is shown that the use of equivalent circuits in a computer simulation environment to replace real electronic and electrical devices, measuring systems and equipment with their virtual counterparts expands the didactic possibilities. Techniques based on the versatile use of digital didactic tools are being actively developed and implemented in the MANLab STEM-laboratory of the National Centre “Junior Academy of Sciences of Ukraine”.
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Kim, Sanghyun, Won-Sang Yoon, Jongsik Lim, and Sang-Min Han. "Accurate Microwave Circuit Co-Simulation Method Based on Simplified Equivalent Circuit Modeling." Micromachines 14, no. 10 (2023): 1847. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14101847.
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A new co-simulation method is proposed for active devices and electromagnetic resonant circuits at microwave frequency range. For the measured and extracted device parameters, three steps of equivalent circuit models are processed of the general, simplified, and EM RLC models. To overcome the limited lumped element simulation in an electromagnetic simulator, the simplified equivalent circuit model is established by mathematical computation. The co-simulation procedures are described and experimentally verified for commercial diodes. The application circuit is designed and implemented using the proposed co-simulation method. The experimental results verify that design using the proposed co-simulated method presented excellent agreement for a wideband frequency range of 0–4 GHz, compared with that using a conventional design method. The proposed co-simulation method can be applied to any commercial EM simulation tools without active model error.
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Wei, Xue Ye, Bin Guo, De Yue Li, and Gzhong Yang. "A Modeling Method and I-V Characteristics for PV Array." Applied Mechanics and Materials 713-715 (January 2015): 1202–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.713-715.1202.
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The output characteristics of a PV array vary nonlinearly when the number of solar cells interconnected in series and parallel changes. The model and its parameters for a single solar cell are analyzed firstly. Then the models and there parameters for series, parallel circuits and series-parallel PV array are proposed respectively using circuit theory and observational method. Especial, the parameters of the equivalent circuits for PV arrays are characterized by a equation. A simulations are implemented to verify the three types of theoretical models and there parameters.Keywords: Solar cell; Model; PV array; I-V curve; Equivalent circuit
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Pavlov, G. V., A. V. Obrubov, I. L. Vinnychenko, and A. O. Makhnov. "CALCULATION OF THE RESONANT CONVERTERS CONTROL CHARACTERISTICS BY THE SUPERPOSITION METHOD." Tekhnichna Elektrodynamika 2024, no. 4 (2024): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/techned2024.04.024.
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The work presents the calculations of the control characteristics of the full-bridge resonant converter with a series resonant LLC circuit and frequency control by two methods - the first harmonic method and the superposition method. The theoretical results were verified by the analytical-structural modeling method. The power circuit of the resonant converter for the analysis of electromagnetic processes is replaced by a linear T-shaped circuit with two series resonant RLC-circuits and equivalent generators of rectangular voltages, which simulate a transistor inverter and a diode rectifier in the quasi-continuous current mode. Analytical-structural modeling method consists in partly analytical and partly structural ways of building a numerical model of the resonant converter in the form of the simulation model in the MATLAB-Simulink environment. Linear structural links of the model are created on the basis of integral equations of circles. Non-linear links are created based on the non-linear functions and causal relationships. The structural model based on these links takes into account the nonlinearity of the elements of the power circuit of the resonant converter and is based on simpler mathematical expressions compared to the equivalent mathematical model of the resonant converter. The structural model corresponds to the idea of the resonant converter in the form of the resonant circuit with independent equivalent voltage generators and allows to adjust the magnetic coupling coefficient between the transformer windings and simulate processes with arbitrary control functions of equivalent generators. The peculiarity of the use of the superposition method for calculating the static characteristics of the resonant converter is the need to match the voltage phases of the equivalent generators of the equivalent circuit during the changes of the operating frequency or relative load voltage. The dependence of the input voltage of the rectifier, which is simulated by the second equivalent generator, on the processes of the power circuit of the real resonant converter, determines the conditions for matching (adjusting) the phases of the equivalent generators. References 30, figures 5.
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Yan, Zhan Yuan, Pan Zhao, and Shi Liang Xu. "Quantization of Mesoscopic Quartz Piezoelectric Crystal Equivalent Circuit." Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (October 2011): 3958–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.3958.
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By using the advanced quantum theory of mesoscopic circuits, a mesoscopic quartz piezoelectric crystal equivalent circuit is quantized. The energy spectrum and wave functions of the system are obtained with perturbative method and the current quantum fluctuation are calculated as an application. The detail characters of energy spectrum and wave functions in the system would be helpful to the design of integrate circuit.
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Shimotani, Toshihito, Yuki Sato, and Hajime Igarashi. "Direct synthesis of equivalent circuits from reduced FE models using proper orthogonal decomposition." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 35, no. 6 (2016): 2035–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-03-2016-0088.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to propose a fast synthesis method of the equivalent circuits of electromagnetic devices using model order reduction. Finite element method (FEM) has been widely used to design electromagnetic devices. For FE analysis of these devices connected to control and deriving circuits, FE equations coupled with the circuit equations have to be solved for many times in their design processes. If the FE models are replaced by equivalent circuit models, computational time could be drastically reduced. Design/methodology/approach In the proposed method, a reduced FE model is obtained using proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) in which the size of FE equation is effectively reduced so that the computational time for FE analysis is shortened. Then, the equivalent circuits are directly synthesized from the admittance function of the reduced system. Findings Accuracy and computational efficiency of the proposed method are compared with those of another POD-based method in which the equivalent circuits are synthesized from fitting of frequency characteristics using optimization algorithm. There are no significant differences in the accuracy of both methods, while the speedup ratio of the former method is found larger than that for the latter method for the same sampling points. Originality/value The equivalent circuits of electric machines and devices have been synthesized on the basis of physical insight of engineers. This paper proposes a novel method by which the equivalent circuits are automatically synthesized from FE model of the electric machines and devices using POD.
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Gong, Zhaohan, Yajun Zheng, Shuhan Yao, Xinhu Liu, Ningdong Hu, and Hongping Hu. "Equivalent Circuit of a Stacked Piezoelectric Cymbal Vibrator." Micromachines 15, no. 10 (2024): 1205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi15101205.
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In order to provide a convenient and fast calculation method, the equivalent circuit of a novel stacked piezoelectric cymbal vibrator is studied. The equivalent circuit model of the piezoelectric stack is derived by combining the equivalent circuit models of the thin piezoelectric disk and electrode. The equivalent circuit of the cymbal structure is then derived. The equivalent circuit model of the stacked piezoelectric cymbal vibrator is further proposed. The output axial displacements and output forces of the cymbal vibrator under different excitation voltages are investigated using the equivalent circuit model. The effectiveness of the equivalent circuit has been verified by comparing it with the finite element method. Furthermore, the equivalent circuit method has a much faster calculation speed than the finite element method.
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Yang, Ningning, Cheng Xu, Chaojun Wu, Rong Jia, and Chongxin Liu. "Dynamic Behaviors and the Equivalent Realization of a Novel Fractional-Order Memristor-Based Chaotic Circuit." Complexity 2018 (December 2, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9467435.
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This paper proposed a novel fractional-order memristor-based chaotic circuit. A memristive diode bridge cascaded with a fractional-order RL filter constitutes the generalized fractional-order memristor. The mathematical model of the proposed fractional-order chaotic circuit is established by extending the nonlinear capacitor and inductor in the memristive chaotic circuit to the fractional order. Detailed theoretical analysis and numerical simulations are carried out on the dynamic behavior of the proposed circuit by investigating the stability of equilibrium points and the influence of circuit parameters on bifurcations. The results show that the order of the fractional-order circuit has a great influence on the dynamical behavior of the system. The system may exhibit complicated nonlinear dynamic behavior such as bifurcation and chaos with the change of the order. The equivalent circuits of the fractional-order inductor and capacitor are also given in the paper, and the parameters of the equivalent circuits are solved by an undetermined coefficient method. Circuit simulations of the equivalent fractional-order memristive chaotic circuit are carried out in order to validate the correctness of numerical simulations and the practicability of using the integer-order equivalent circuit to substitute the fractional-order element.
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Kostic, Miloje. "Equivalent circuit improvement method for induction motor efficiency." Facta universitatis - series: Electronics and Energetics 25, no. 1 (2012): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuee1201031k.
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The parameters of the equivalent ?-circuit, which is proposed for this improvement method, may be derived by data from the no-load test and locked-rotor test at reduced frequency, but direct calculations, i.e. simpler than parameters of the conventional T - circuit. And as for the simpler ?-circuit, the operating characteristics (losses, output power, efficiency and power factor) are calculated with no loss of accuracy. The accuracy of the proposed procedure was verified on the basis of results of comparative calculations for motor given in the literature.
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Zucca, Mauro, Melika Hassanzadeh, Davide Signorino, and Umberto Pogliano. "Uncertainty Evaluation of a Supercapacitor Equivalent Circuit Parameters." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 74 (February 21, 2025): 1502509. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3544362.
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The accurate simulation of the behavior of a supercapacitor (SC) and its control in an electronic system cannot be achieved by a simple one-branch circuit. A correct simulation requires the use of more complex equivalent circuits, with at least two or three branches. These equivalent circuits guarantee a good reproduction of the device’s behavior. The effectiveness of an equivalent circuit is linked to the limits of the circuit parameter identification, which is commonly achieved by means of the voltage and current measurement of charge and self-discharge cycles. The uncertainty in the identification of these circuit parameters is dependent on the accuracy of the measurement instrumentation and on the repeatability of the SC. A cycle for larger SCs, also considering the time needed by the software algorithm for the parameter identification. Therefore, having a large set of cycles including the determination of the parameters is a time-consuming procedure. In this study, an efficient method for the repeatability and uncertainty assessment of the equivalent circuit parameters is proposed; this approach relies on a limitedset of experimental data and on a single parameter identification process. The analysis presented in this article highlights howthe limited repeatability of the device is an important source of uncertainty for the identification of the equivalent circuit parameters, but it is not the main one for all parameters.
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Hsieh, Min-Fu, I.-Hsien Lin, and David G. Dorrell. "An Analytical Method Combining Equivalent Circuit and Magnetic Circuit for BDFRG." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 50, no. 11 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2014.2325563.
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Song, In-Soo, Byoung-Wook Jo, and Ki-Chan Kim. "Analysis of an IPMSM Hybrid Magnetic Equivalent Circuit." Energies 14, no. 16 (2021): 5011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14165011.
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The most common type of electric vehicle traction motor is the interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM). For IPMSM designs, engineers make use of the magnetic equivalent circuit method, which is a lumped constant circuit method, and the finite element method, which is a distributed constant circuit method. The magnetic equivalent circuit method is useful for simple design through fast and intuitive parameters, but it cannot derive the distribution of the magnetic field. The finite element method can derive an accurate magnetic field distribution, but it takes a long time and is difficult to use for analysis of intuitive design parameters. In this study, the magnetic equivalent circuit method and Carter’s coefficient were combined for rotor structure design and accurate identification and analysis of circuit constants. In this paper, this design method is called the hybrid magnetic equivalent circuit method. Intuitive design parameters are derived through this hybrid magnetic equivalent circuit method. The air gap flux density distribution according to rotor shape, no-load-induced voltage, and cogging torque was analyzed and compared to results of the finite element method. The proposed method was found to achieve a short solving time and acceptably accurate results.
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Machczynski, Wojciech, Krzysztof Budnik, and Jan Szymenderski. "Assessment of d.c. traction stray currents effects on nearby pipelines." COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering 35, no. 4 (2016): 1468–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-12-2015-0477.
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Purpose – dc electrified traction systems are a potential source of stray currents. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the harmful effects (electrolytic corrosion) that an electrified railway has on nearby earth return circuits (e.g. pipelines). Design/methodology/approach – The electric circuit approach, based on the earth return circuit theory, to model stray currents interference on extended structures is presented. An exact method of calculation is applicable to any dc railway system in which tracks can be represented by a single earth-return circuit (equivalent rail) with current energization. In the approximate method, the equivalent rail with current energization is modeled as a large multinode electrical equivalent circuit with lumped parameters. The circuit is a chain of basic circuits, which are equivalents of homogenous sections of the rail. The electrode kinetics (polarization phenomenon) is taken into account in the model developed. Findings – Formulas in partially closed forms are derived applicable to the analysis of currents and potentials along a pipeline laid in the proximity with railway tracks. The attempt is undertaken, to incorporate the electrode kinetics into the simulation model in which the polarization phenomenon (Tafel equation) is modeled by a non-linear voltage source with source voltage being iteratively calculated. The polarization potential along the affected pipeline can be determined. Originality/value – The pipeline electrochemical response (polarization behavior – non-linear phenomenon on the interface metal-soil electrolyte) to the dc stray currents interference is innovative incorporated into the simulation model with lumped parameters using the iterative process.
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Valiullin, K. R., and S. I. Tushev. "Combined mathematical model of heating an asynchronous motor." Vestnik IGEU, no. 6 (December 28, 2023): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17588/2072-2672.2023.6.050-056.
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Existing thermal models of asynchronous motors either require a large number of calculations and source data or have poor accuracy. Thus, it is relevant to develop methods of thermal calculation of electric motors that have adequate accuracy with a small number of calculations. To design a mathematical model of heating an asynchronous motor, methods of mathematical simulation, and the method of equivalent thermal circuits are used to calculate the temperature rise of motor parts. The authors have proposed a combined mathematical model to calculate the temperature of an asynchronous motor. It combines the method of equivalent thermal circuit and the method of calculating the temperature rise of the rotor, which allows reducing the number of nodes of the thermal circuit without increasing the simulation error. An algorithm of parallel calculation of the thermal state of the fixed part of the electric machine and the rotor has been developed. The results obtained allow us to conclude that the developed model can be used to calculate the thermal state of motors. The calculation error of the combined model is lower than when calculating using the equivalent thermal circuit method. The obtained algorithms can be improved and integrated into the general equivalent thermal circuit. It will allow us to use the proposed method to calculate the motors with a phase-wound rotor.
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Hu, Daoyu, Jianwen Zhang, Feng Gu, and Zhuyong Li. "Modeling and verification of the equivalent circuit for high temperature superconducting partial-core transformer with ReBCO-coated conductors." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 37, no. 3 (2018): 1228–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-05-2017-0188.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to propose a modeling method of the equivalent circuit for a new type of high-temperature superconducting partial-core transformer (HTS-PCT) made of ReBCO-coated conductors. Design/methodology/approach The modeling process is based on the “Steinmetz” equivalent circuit. The impedance components in the circuit are obtained by the calculations of the core losses and AC losses of the HTS windings by using theoretical methods. An iterative computation is also used to decide the equivalent resistances of the AC losses of the primary and secondary HTS windings. The reactance components in the circuit are calculated from the energy stored in the magnetic fields by finite element method. The validation of the modeling method is verified by experimental results Findings The modeling method of the equivalent circuit of HTS-PCT is valid, and an equivalent circuit for HTS-PCT is presented. Practical implications The equivalent circuit of HTS-PCT could be obtained by the suggested modeling method. Then, it is easy to analyze the characteristics of the HTS-PCT by its equivalent circuit. Moreover, the modeling method could also be useful for the design of a specific HTS-PCT. Originality/value The study proposes a modeling method of the HTS-PCT made of the second-generation HTS tapes, i.e. ReBCO-coated conductors.
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Golebiowski, Marek. "Calculation of eddy current and hysteresis losses during transient states in laminated magnetic circuits." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 36, no. 3 (2017): 665–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-09-2016-0409.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop the method of taking the eddy current losses in the laminated magnetic circuits into account during implicit transient calculations. The nonlinear magnetization characteristic of iron and the hysteresis losses can also be considered in the simulations done with the developed method. Design/methodology/approach The paper presents complex equivalent magnetic permeability derived from the presumed angular frequency in a laminated magnetic circuit. On this basis, the synthesis of a magnetic permeability as a function of the Laplace variable “s” is presented. After transformation of the variable “s” to a variable “z” of the Z transformation, it is possible to conduct discrete time calculation of transient states of magnetic circuits including the eddy current losses. An iterative process is developed to take the saturation of the magnetic circuit in these calculations into account. As regards hysteresis losses, the scalar model of magnetic hysteresis by Juhani Tellinen was implemented. The new method is validated by calculations of a two-coil transformer. Findings It is important to take into account the losses in sheet metal directly in the implicit transient calculations. This possibility is provided by the presented method based on the synthesis of the equivalent magnetic permeability μ^(s). The presented method was proved to be correct and efficient. The calculated sheet metal losses were compared with the results presented in literature. Good conformance of results was attained. Practical implications The method enables calculation of eddy current and hysteresis losses in laminated magnetic circuits during calculations of transient states. It does not need, unlike the previous methods, previously provided information (“a priori”) about the content of higher harmonics in waveforms. The method takes into account mutual dependence of transient waveforms of currents in the analysed system and losses of laminated magnetic circuit, expressed by eddy currents and hysteresis losses. Its implementation comes down to using in calculations a filter of the IIR type and corresponds to its calculation complexity. The author plans to use the presented method in the finite elements method transient calculations. Originality/value A new approach is a synthesis of the equivalent magnetic permeability in Laplace domain, which creates an equivalent RC circuit for permeability. Analytic equations for parameters of this equivalent circuit are original. A method for considering nonlinear magnetization characteristic and hysteresis losses was presented. In calculations of transient states of systems with magnetic circuits, one can use the developed equivalent circuit of magnetic permeability in a form of the IIR filter. Operator magnetic permeability includes fractional derivative of Laplace’s variable “vs”. Therefore, the equivalent IIR filter includes “history” of the processes that take place in the laminated magnetic circuit to the current, calculated time moment. This “history” in terms of its content is limited only by the degree of the applied IIR filter. It enables to calculate “step by step”, without previous (“a priori”) knowledge about harmonic components of the whole waveforms. It was necessary in the previously used methods, when determining parameters of magnetic permeability. The method proposed in the paper allows for calculations with taking into account direct dependence of an electric part of the system on its magnetic part.
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Cheremisinov, D. I., and L. D. Cheremisinova. "Canonization of graphs during transistor circuits decompilation." Informatics 19, no. 3 (2022): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.37661/1816-0301-2022-19-3-25-39.
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Objectives. The objective of the work is to develop the means for recognition (extraction) of high-level structures in circuits on transistor level. This allows to obtain a representation on logical level, equivalent to original flat description on transistor level. Obtaining such a representation significantly reduces the time to perform VLSI topology check, but also provides the basis for reengineering of integrated circuits and reverse engineering for detecting unauthorized attachments.Methods. Graph based methods and software tools are proposed for recognizing topologically equivalent transistor circuits, which makes it possible to divide the set of subcircuits into topologically equivalent classes. The problem is reduced to checking the isomorphism of labeled graphs defining circuits on transistor level by canonizing them and comparing canonical labeling. The original flat and resulting two-level transistor circuits are presented in SPICE format.Results. The proposed methods are implemented in C++ as a part of a transistor circuit decompilation program for the case without predetermined cell library. The proposed method of canonization of labeled graphs is used: to recognize topologically equivalent subcircuits among functionally equivalent subcircuits that implement logical elements; to split the set of subcircuits not recognized as logical elements into classes of topologically equivalent ones; to verify the results of extraction of the hierarchical circuit at the transistor-logic level relative to the flat circuit at the transistor level.Conclusion. The decompilation program has been tested on practical transistor-level circuits. Experiments indicate that this tool is fast enough to process the circuits with more than one hundred thousand transistors in a few minutes on a personal computer.
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Wang, Xing Wu, Zhao Yan Zhang, and Yong Jun Lin. "Research on Identification of Induction Motor Parameters Based on Nameplate Data." Applied Mechanics and Materials 721 (December 2014): 517–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.721.517.
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A new method for identification of motor equivalent circuit parameters is proposed based on motor nameplate and particle swarm optimization (PSO). That is effective solution to the present problems of motor equivalent circuit parameters identification method. An accurate motor equivalent circuit is built by introducing an equivalent stray-loss resistance, mechanical loss, and slip loss of ring brushes contact for wound motor. The identification accuracy of motor equivalent circuit parameters is improved. An identification optimization model of equivalent circuit is established based on motor nameplate parameters and motor equivalent circuit’s calculating parameters. With PSO for solving optimization model is achieved a higher probability optimization goals. Finally, a group of equivalent circuit parameters to achieve the objective function value is randomly selected. The motor electrical parameters is calculated at different speeds with the equivalent circuit identified parameters and compared with the measured values. Experimental results demonstrate the proposed parameter identification method based on motor nameplate parameters and combining PSO optimization method is effective.
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Qian, Jing, Yun Zeng, Li Xiang Zhang, and Tian Mao Xu. "Analysis on Equivalence between Transfer Function and Equivalent Circuit Simulation in General Hamiltonian Modeling." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 4896–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.4896.
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Take generator system included AVR (automatic voltage regulator) and PSS (power system stabilizer) as an example, Using the time simulation method, Study the equivalence between the transfer function model and the equivalent circuit simulation, and establish the corresponding relations between the circuit structures, internal parameters and transfer function parameters, based on the energy of equivalent circuit, the Hamiltonian function of transfer function is derived indirectly, and the Hamiltonian model is established. The study in this paper provides a new way to establish generalized Hamiltonian model for linear system based on transfer function.
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Wurpts, Wiebold, Jens Twiefel, and Francois Brouet. "Equivalent Circuit Parametrization Utilizing FE Model Order Reduction and its Application to Piezoelectric Generators and Actuators." Energy Harvesting and Systems 4, no. 3 (2017): 115–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ehs-2017-0002.
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Abstract Equivalent circuits are often the first choice for the modeling of piezoelectric systems, as they allow for the consideration of the complete electro-mechanical system with one or even more modes. The parameters of the equivalent circuit model are identified by a measured or simulated frequency response. In this contribution a method for a direct modal condensation of the equivalent parameters for arbitrary FE structures and loads is described and discussed. First the proposed method is demonstrated for a continuous piezoelectric rod and then applied to discrete finite element models. The derived equivalent circuit has an identical appearance to the classical solution, but additionally allows arbitrarily load conditions. Furthermore, the structure of the derived equivalent circuit depends on whether short- or open-circuited modes are used for the modal expansion. The influence of truncated modes is discussed utilizing residual terms, leading to a better understanding of the circuit parameters. Additionally the model based approaches in the third part an experimental parameter identification procedure for many modes is presented as well. The influence of the load and the quality of the model order reduction are discussed for piezoelectric rods. The methods are demonstrated for a base excited energy harvesting system an ultrasonic grubber.
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Li, Szu-Ju, Chi-Hon Ho, and Yao-Tsung Tsai. "Kronig–Penney model simulation with equivalent circuit method." International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 20, no. 3 (2007): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnm.636.
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Shim, Hayeong, Kyungseop Kim, Heeseon Seo, and Yongrae Roh. "Equivalent Circuit to Analyze the Transmitting Characteristics of a Cymbal Array." Sensors 22, no. 22 (2022): 8743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22228743.
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A cymbal transducer has a simple structure consisting of a piezoceramic disk and metallic caps and has broadband characteristics when built as an array. The finite element method (FEM) is generally used to analyze the characteristics of acoustic transducers. However, the FEM requires a longer analysis time as the model becomes larger, which makes it limited and less efficient for analyzing the cymbal array. In this study, a new equivalent circuit with higher efficiency and accuracy, comparable to that of the FEM, was proposed to analyze the performance of cymbal arrays. The equivalent circuit for the array was constructed by connecting the equivalent circuits of individual cymbal transducers in parallel with a radiation impedance matrix that included both the self- and mutual radiation characteristics of the array. The validity of the new equivalent circuit was verified by measuring the transmitting voltage response of a cymbal array specimen and comparing it with that calculated using the circuit. The comparison confirmed the efficiency of the equivalent circuit in analyzing the characteristics of the cymbal array. The proposed equivalent circuit can facilitate the design of a large array of cymbal transducers.
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Pyo, Seonghun, and Yongrae Roh. "Equivalent circuit for analyzing the transmitting characteristics of multimode Tonpilz transducer." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, no. 6 (2022): 3594–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0011515.
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Multimode Tonpilz transducers operate at longitudinal and flexural vibration modes simultaneously. Consequently, they have wider bandwidths than conventional single-mode transducers. Generally, the performance of Tonpilz transducers is analyzed using the finite element method (FEM), whereas the equivalent circuit method (ECM) has proven to be a fast and efficient alternative to the FEM. However, the ECM for analyzing the acoustic characteristics of multimode Tonpilz transducers has not yet been developed. To address this issue, an equivalent circuit for the multimode Tonpilz transducer is developed herein. The proposed ECM encompasses the flexural characteristics of the Tonpilz head mass, which is impossible with conventional equivalent circuits. Furthermore, a prototype of the multimode Tonpilz transducer was fabricated to verify the validity of the developed ECM. Additionally, the accuracy and compliance of the ECM were confirmed by comparing the measured performance of the transducer with that from the equivalent circuit analysis.
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Wu, Haitao, and Zhou Shang. "Research on Parameter Extraction Method of Photovoltaic Module Based on Improved Hybrid Algorithm." International Journal of Photoenergy 2020 (January 13, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6873847.
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Correct extraction of the equivalent circuit model parameters of photovoltaic modules is of great significance for power prediction, fault diagnosis, and system optimization of photovoltaic power generation systems. Although there are many methods developed to extract the equivalent circuit model parameters of the photovoltaic module, it is still challenging to ensure the stability and operational efficiency of the extract method. In order to effectively extract the parameters of photovoltaic modules, this paper proposes a hybrid algorithm combining analytical methods and differential evolution algorithms for the extraction parameters of PV module. Firstly, the analytical method is applied to simplify the equivalent circuit model and improve the efficiency of the algorithm. Then, the adaptive algorithm is used to adjust the parameters of the differential evolution algorithm. Through the algorithm proposed in this paper, the parameters of the equivalent circuit model of the photovoltaic module can be extracted by the open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, and maximum power point current and voltage provided by the manufacturer. The proposed method is applied to the extraction of the parameters of the dual-diode equivalent circuit model of different types of photovoltaic modules. The reliability and computational efficiency of the proposed algorithm are verified by comparison and analysis.
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Isern, E., and J. Figueras. "IDDQ Detectable Bridges in Combinational CMOS Circuits." VLSI Design 5, no. 3 (1997): 241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1997/93809.
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Undetectable stuck-at faults in combinational circuits are related to the existence of logic redundancy (s-redundancy). Similarly, logically equivalent nodes may cause some bridging faults to become undetectable by IDDQ testing. An efficient method for the identification and removal of such functionally equivalent nodes (f-redundant nodes) in combinational circuits is presented. OBDD graphs are used to identify the functional equivalence of candidate to f-redundancy nodes. An f-redundancy removal algorithm based on circuit transformations to improve bridging fault testability, is also proposed. The efficiency of the identification and removal of f-redundancy has been evaluated on a set of benchmark circuits.
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Kovacevic-Badstuebner, Ivana, Daniele Romano, Giulio Antonini, Jonas Ekman, and Ulrike Grossner. "Broadband Circuit-Oriented Electromagnetic Modeling for Power Electronics: 3-D PEEC Solver vs. RLCG-Solver." Energies 14, no. 10 (2021): 2835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14102835.
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Broadband electromagnetic (EM) modeling increases in importance for virtual prototyping of advanced power electronics systems (PES), enabling a more accurate prediction of fast switching converter operation and its impact on energy conversion efficiency and EM interference. With the aim to predict and reduce an adverse impact of parasitics on the dynamic performance of fast switching power semiconductor devices, the circuit-oriented EM modeling based on the extraction of equivalent lumped R-L-C-G circuits is frequently selected over the Finite Element Method (FEM)-based EM modeling, mainly due to its lower computational complexity. With requirements for more accurate virtual prototyping of fast-switching PES, the modeling accuracy of the equivalent-RLCG-circuit-based EM modeling has to be re-evaluated. In the literature, the equivalent-RLCG-circuit-based EM techniques are frequently misinterpreted as the quasi-static (QS) 3-D Partial Element Equivalent Circuit (PEEC) method, and the observed inaccuracies of modeling HF effects are attributed to the QS field assumption. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis on the differences between the QS 3-D PEEC-based and the equivalent-RLCG-circuit-based EM modeling for simulating the dynamics of fast switching power devices. Using two modeling examples of fast switching power MOSFETs, a 3-D PEEC solver developed in-house and the well-known equivalent-RLCG-circuit-based EM modeling tool, ANSYS Q3D, are compared to the full-wave 3-D FEM-based EM tool, ANSYS HFSS. It is shown that the QS 3-D PEEC method can model the fast switching transients more accurately than Q3D. Accordingly, the accuracy of equivalent-RLCG-circuit-based modeling approaches in the HF range is rather related to the approximations made on modeling electric-field induced effects than to the QS field assumption.
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Liu, Pengyu, Lele Wang, Guoxing Song, Xiangyi Meng, and Yiheng Cheng. "An Online Monitoring Method for Lithium Iron Phosphate Batteries Based on Matlab Model." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2976, no. 1 (2025): 012006. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2976/1/012006.
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Abstract This article will mainly introduce a real-time monitoring method based on the equivalent circuit model of the battery. In this way, we can estimate the equivalent capacitance value and equivalent internal resistance value in the equivalent circuit of the battery, and then compare them with their nominal values to better monitor and judge the working status of the battery. This method has the advantage of being easy to apply to online and real-time systems, and based on voltage and current sensors for protection and control, the system has high accuracy and practicality. The system is independent of changes in load, so this article will take lithium iron phosphate batteries as an example to conduct circuit simulation experiments on the capacitance and equivalent resistance values of the battery’s equivalent circuit in the step-down conversion circuit using the Simulink model. By comparing the calculation results with the simulation results, the state monitoring method was validated, and the feasibility of the method was judged based on its actual error value.
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Sun, Qiu Dong, Zheng Guo Liu, Wen Xin Ma, and Jiang Wei Huang. "The Equivalent Proving of Two Typical Vector Composing PM Circuits and their Characteristic Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 298 (July 2011): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.298.193.
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PM, Vector Composing, Armstrong PM, QAM-based PM, Equivalent Analysis Abstract. Both the Armstrong phase modulation (PM) and QAM-based PM are typical vector composing circuits in the course “Radio Frequency Circuits”. Due to having innate defects of nonlinear phase distortion and parasitical AM, the characteristics of Armstrong PM are not good unless the modulation exponent is small enough. Therefore, the Armstrong PM is an approximate circuit. The QAM- based PM is a quite different circuit from the Armstrong PM, and its defects are not given in general teaching material. The equivalence of two circuits is proved in this paper by mathematical method. So, the QAM-based PM has same pros and cons with Armstrong PM and can be replaced with the latter completely.
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Suslov, V.M., and V.A. Bosneaga. "Method of Parameters Determination for Multi-Winding Transformer Equivalent Circuit in the Form of Multi-Beam Star." Problemele Energeticii Regionale 2(37) (August 15, 2018): 13–19. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1343402.
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For the case of transformer with a number of windings four or more, the number of pair short-circuit impedances are more than the number of beams of the corresponding star, which makes it impossible to obtain a sufficiently correct equivalent scheme in the form of a multi-beam star without electromagnetic coupling between the elements of the beams. The scope of this paper is the elaboration of the technique for determining the elements of the equivalent circuit for the replacement of a multi-winding transformer in the form of multi-beam star with mutual electromagnetic coupling between the elements of the beams, with one magnetization branch. The scope of the article is achieved by application of the formula that connects the pair short-circuit impedance of the two windings with their total own and mutual impedance. Using the matrix pseudo-inversion procedure, a technique was developed for finding the own and mutual impedances, constituting the star's beams. The new results consist in the fact that this equivalent scheme is universal and did not depend on the specific mutual arrangement of the windings. Besides, it is possible to determine the parameters of the proposed multi-beam equivalent circuit in exact accordance with the values of the pair short-circuits impedances of the transformer and is a logical continuation of the conventional equivalent scheme of three-winding transformer. In addition, the proposed algorithm ensures the positive values of the own inductive resistances of the beams (windings).
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Okhrimenko, Viacheslav, Maya Zbіtnieva, Marina Glebova, and Bohdan Lutsenko. "Method of Cylindrical Linear Induction Motor Equivalent Circuit Parameters Determination and Performance Calculation Algorithm." Lighting Engineering & Power Engineering 61, no. 1 (2022): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2079-424x.2022.61.1.02.
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Cylindrical linear induction motors (LIM) are currently used in many industrial applications. Task of modeling of electrical machine is of great importance for optimization of processes of design and manufacture of engines with optimal technical characteristics. Traditional approach of construction of mathematical models of asynchronous machines based on classical theory of electrical machines, in comparison with methods of field theory and numerical methods, is much simpler. Structurally cylindrical LIM are distinguished by the absence of transverse edge effects, which contributes to the use of the methods of the classical theory of electrical machines for construction of their mathematical models. In this paper proposes an analytical method of calculation of parameters of equivalent circuit and operating characteristics of cylindrical LIM. In work engine was studied, movable part of which is made in the form of solid steel bar with a copper coating. Equivalent circuits of linear induction motors of various designs (one-sided, two-sided, cruciform, cylindrical) are considered, and assessment of the possibility of their application for research motor is made. Work of cylindrical LIM on industrial mechanisms is characterized by relatively small value of working stroke. For such engines, it is difficult to carry out standard tests, in particular idle stroke test, in order to obtain data for calculation of parameters of the equivalent circuit. The paper proposes a method of experimental determination of parameters of the equivalent circuit. Stator active resistance is measured at direct current, and stator reactance is measured using out-of-rotor method. The remaining parameters of equivalent circuit are calculated according to short circuit experience and engine work mode without load (is taken as an idle stroke experience). It is shown that exact G-shaped equivalent circuit, when calculation of parameters of which active and reactive components of correction factor and active resistance of magnetization branch are taken into account, provides acceptable accuracy in determination of values of equivalent circuit parameters. Algorithm of calculation of work characteristics of cylindrical LAM based on equivalent circuit data is presented. Comparison of calculated and experimental data showed satisfactory results, error is not more than 7%. A new model for decomposition of the total power losses, which includes four components is proposed. Each of the components of the proposed model has a certain physical meaning due to the nature of electromagnetic processes in a three-phase four-wire system. Definitions to describe each of the proposed components are formulated. It is shown that each of supplementary components of the total loss power is proportional to the minimum possible loss power and to the square of the RMS value of the power, which is caused by its occurrence in three-phase four-wire power supply system, and it is inversely proportional to the mean square of the net power loss. The synthesized Matlab-model for verification of the four-component structure of power losses showed a high degree of its adequacy. The proposed model allows us to rethink the description of power losses in three-phase AC circuits and can be used in specialized measuring instruments for electrical networks monitoring. Using the information obtained in the monitoring process, it is possible to plan technical measures to reduce losses of electrical energy in the power supply system, as well as to estimate the capital costs of these measures.
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Bing, Sen, Khengdauliu Chawang, and J. C. Chiao. "A Self-Tuned Method for Impedance-Matching of Planar-Loop Resonators in Conformable Wearables." Electronics 11, no. 17 (2022): 2784. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11172784.
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Loop structure has been used as a single resonator and in meta-materials. Variations from the loop structures such as split-ring resonators have been utilized as sensing elements in integrated devices for wearable applications or in array configurations for free-space resonance. Previously, impedance formula and equivalent circuit models have been developed for a single loop made of a conductor wire with a negligible wire diameter in the free space. Despite the features of being planar and small, however, the quality factors of single-loop resonators or antennas have not been sufficiently high to use them efficiently for sensing or power transfer. To investigate the limitation, we first experimentally examined the formula and equivalent circuits for a single loop made of planar metal sheets, along with finite element simulations. The loop performance factor was varied to validate the formula and equivalent circuits. Then a tuning element was utilized in the planar loop to improve resonance by providing distributed impedance-matching to the loop. The proposed tuning method was demonstrated with simulations and measurements. A new equivalent circuit model for the tuned loop resonator was established. Quality factors at resonance show significant improvement and the tuning can be done for a specific resonance order without changing the loop radius. It was also shown that the tuning method provided more robust performance for the resonator. The tuning mechanism is suitable for miniature planar device architectures in sensing applications, particularly for implants and wearables that have constraints in dimensions and form factors. The equivalent circuit model can also be applied for meta-materials in arrayed configurations.
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Lee, Kibae, Hyun Hee Yim, Yoonsang Jeong, Jongkil Lee, and Chong Hyun Lee. "Compact Impedance Matching Circuit for Wideband Power Transfer in Janus Helmholtz Transducers." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 13, no. 5 (2025): 898. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13050898.
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The Janus Helmholtz transducer (JHT) is known for high transmission voltage response (TVR) over a wide bandwidth by its dual-resonance characteristics. It is usually required to design matching circuits for wideband power transmission of JHT. However, conventional matching circuit designs can neither easily cover wide bandwidth nor deliver maximum active power to load. To address this limitation, we propose a novel impedance matching circuit design method to maximize overall power transfer efficiency. The method is based on objective functions of both input and load power factors. The proposed method achieves better active power transfer to load than methods using commonly used input power factor alone. To prove feasibility of the proposed method, we consider equivalent circuit models of cable and JHT and adopt a compact matching circuit of resonant components and a coupling capacitor. By considering three JHTs, two power driving systems, and two frequency bands, we show that the proposed method can achieve a significant improvement in active power transfer to load. By conducting experiments of equivalent JHT circuit, cable, and matching circuit, we also show that input power factor increases by 73.2%, while active power delivered to load increases by 2.03 mW with 1 Vrms input voltage.
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Zhongliang, Pan, Chen Ling, and Chen Yihui. "Determining Equivalent Signal Lines by Weight Value Assignment for Logic Verification of Digital Circuits." Open Electrical & Electronic Engineering Journal 8, no. 1 (2014): 104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874129001408010104.
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The VLSI technology has led to the increased complexity in hardward design, therefore the verification for the correctness of circuit operations has become an exrtremely important task. The verification procedure can be reduced by means of the equivalent signal lines in the circuits. In this paper, a new method is presented for determining the equivalent signal lines, the method utilizes the weight value assignment of signal lines in circuits. First of all, the method makes use of the topological information of circuits to perform forward weight value assignments, assign weight values to the signal lines from the primary inputs to primary outputs. Afterwards, carry out the backward weight value assignment, assign weight values to the signal lines from the primary outputs to primary inputs. Secondly, carry out the random pattern simulation to further check the equivalence of signal lines. A lot of experimental results show that the verification of digital circuits can be carried out effectively by using the method proposed in this paper, the time being needed for the verification procedure can be cut down by utilizing the equivalent signal lines.
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Lu, Guang Ming, Wei Zhang, Jian Feng Yan, et al. "Comparative Analysis of the Calculation Results of Online Short-Circuit Current Based on PSASP and Fault Wave Recording." Advanced Materials Research 1070-1072 (December 2014): 897–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1070-1072.897.
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In daily operation process,the results of online short-circuit current calculation and fault wave recording is different, the differences between the two results affected the dispatcher’s decision. In-depth analysis of the calculation process and finding the possible causes of the differences should be done. The on-line PSASP short-circuit current calculation based on power flow and scheme was studied. The boundary conditions and calculation models of two methods were studied, the influence of the modeling scope and equivalent circuits to the short-circuit current was also studied. Fault wave recording calculated short-circuit current through forward calculation, the middle to both sides calculation and backward calculation, and the differences of the three calculation mode were also analyzed. Through the above analysis and comparison, online data equivalent to 220kV high voltage side of the transformer greatly impacts short-circuit current, but effective value calculation method of fault wave recording has a little impact on the short-circuit current, mainly in the following reasons, the first one is that non-dispatching power plant is equivalent to a load, the second one is that several different types of load is equivalent to a load using one load model, the third one is that all devices connecting to low voltage side of the 220kV transformers are equivalent to 220kV. Conclusions of the analysis can provide the basis for the practical work of online short-circuit current calculation.
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LAI, Y. M., C. K. TSE, and P. MEHTA. "A COMPUTER METHOD FOR THE FORMULATION OF AVERAGED MODELS FOR DC/DC POWER CONVERTER CIRCUITS." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 05, no. 03 (1995): 373–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126695000230.
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A computer method for deriving averaged circuit models for a class of power converter circuits is proposed. The proposed method is applicable to any dc/dc converter circuit whose switching frequency is much greater than the natural frequency of each constituent circuit topology. The method starts with decomposing the original circuit into two multiport sub-circuits. One contains the "fast" part, called the Minimum Separable Switching Configuration (MISSCO), and the other contains the remaining "slow" part of the circuit. A hybrid matrix that relates the port voltages and currents of the MISSCO to these constant sources is determined for each switching cycle. By applying one-cycle averaging operation to the hybrid matrices, the low frequency averaged model of the MISSCO is derived. This averaged model can then be combined with the rest of the circuit to form a complete equivalent circuit. For brevity we demonstrate the method in this paper for DC/DC converter circuits in the absence of parasitics. To illustrate the proposed method, the Ćuk converter is considered and its averaged model is derived for the discontinuous inductor-current mode of operation.
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Qiu, Cheng, Pengcheng Zhu, and Lihua Wei. "A Beam Search Framework for Quantum Circuit Mapping." Entropy 27, no. 3 (2025): 232. https://doi.org/10.3390/e27030232.
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In the era of noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) computing, the limited connectivity between qubits is one of the common physical limitations faced by current quantum computing devices. Quantum circuit mapping methods transform quantum circuits into equivalent circuits that satisfy physical connectivity constraints by remapping logical qubits, making them executable. The optimization problem of quantum circuit mapping has NP-hard computational complexity, and existing heuristic mapping algorithms still have significant potential for optimization in terms of the number of quantum gates generated. To reduce the number of SWAP gates inserted during mapping, the solution space of the mapping problem is represented as a tree structure, and the mapping process is equivalent to traversing this tree structure. To effectively and efficiently complete the search process, a beam search framework (BSF) is proposed for solving quantum circuit mapping. By iteratively selecting, expanding, and making decisions, high-quality target circuits are generated. Experimental results show that this method can significantly reduce the number of inserted SWAP gates on medium to large circuits, achieving an average reduction of 44% compared to baseline methods, and is applicable to circuits of various sizes and complexities.
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Li, Guo, Ming Lei, Huan Xu, Shuyang Han, Yan Zeng, and Yujiao Li. "A novel theoretical analysis method for the longitudinal cascaded piezoelectric transducer based on equivalent circuit." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2822, no. 1 (2024): 012090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2822/1/012090.
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Abstract High power ultrasonic transducers are widely used in the fields of ultrasonic cleaning, ultrasonic welding and therapeutic ultrasound. To further improve the ultrasonic intensity and power of piezoelectric transducers for power ultrasound applications, the cascaded piezoelectric transducer have received tons of attention. The electromechanical equivalent circuit, as a classical transducer analysis method, translates the structural and mechanical parameters into the corresponding circuit parameters and helps us to better understand and analyze the performance characteristics of the transducer, which is of great significance for the design and optimization of the transducer. In this paper, a new theoretical analysis method based on the equivalent circuit is proposed for cascaded piezoelectric transducer. In this method, the equivalent circuit of each component of the longitudinal piezoelectric transducer is cascaded, and equivalent circuit is analyzed using the Kirchhoff’s law to obtain the frequency resonance equation of the piezoelectric transducer. This analysis method avoids the complex equivalent transformation of the equivalent circuit including multiple excitation sources and also obtains the vibration velocity of the piezoelectric transducer radiation surfaces, more information on the vibration characteristics of the transducer was gained from the theoretical aspect. Finally, the theoretical analysis results are compared with the finite element simulation analysis and the traditional analysis results for verification.
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Wang, Shunli, Carlos Fernandez, Xiaohan Liu, Jie Su, and Yanxin Xie. "The parameter identification method study of the splice equivalent circuit model for the aerial lithium-ion battery pack." Measurement and Control 51, no. 5-6 (2018): 125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020294018770930.
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According to the special condition expression of the aerial lithium-ion battery pack, a novel targeted equivalent model (Splice–Equivalent Circuit Model) is proposed and constructed. The Splice–Equivalent Circuit Model achieves the accurate mathematical expression of the special operating conditions and the working process for the lithium-ion battery pack, which is realized by using the equivalent simulation of different internal effects in the charging and discharging process of the battery pack. The theoretical study and analysis of the working principle is investigated to express the working characteristics of the aerial lithium-ion battery pack together with the experimental analysis. Then, the equivalent circuit model of the aerial lithium-ion battery pack is carried out on the composite construction methods. The experimental studies are carried out in order to identify the parameters of the improved Splice–Equivalent Circuit Model, obtaining respectable identification results of battery equivalent model parameters.
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Lee, Ji-Hun, Hoon-Ki Lee, Young-Geun Lee, et al. "Design and Analysis Considering Magnet Usage of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Using Analytical Method." Electronics 11, no. 2 (2022): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11020205.
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In this study, the characteristic analysis of a permanent magnet synchronous generator was performed using the analytical method, and the validity of the analytical method was compared with that of the finite element method (FEM). For the initial design, the rotor size was selected using the torque per rotor volume method, and the stator size was selected according to the saturation of the stator iron core. In addition, fast Fourier transform analysis was performed to determine the appropriate magnet thickness point, and it was confirmed that the open circuit and armature reaction magnetic flux densities were consistent with the FEM analysis results. Based on the analytical method, the generator circuit constants (phase resistance, back EMF, and inductance) were derived to construct an equivalent circuit. By applying the equivalent circuit method to the derived circuit constants, the accuracy of the equivalent circuit method was confirmed by comparing the FEM and experimental results.
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Barkalov, Oleksandr O., Larisa A. Titarenko, Yaroslav Ye Vizor та Oleksandr V. Matvienko. "Synthesis of Сircuit of Сombined Automation with Reducing Area of Nano-PLA". Control Systems and Computers, № 4 (288) (вересень 2020): 05–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/csc.2020.04.005.
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A method is proposed targeting reducing the area of combined automation circuits implemented with nano-PLAs. The method is based on optimal state assignment for Moore automation taking into account the existence of pseudo equivalent states. The proposed method allows reducing the area of nano-PLA required for implementing the circuit, as compared to a trivial two-level circuit. In this case, a part of the circuit implements the functions of Moore FSM. The results of research are given, as well as an example of synthesis.
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Annenkov, E. O., E. V. Zubova, A. S. Seleznev, and D. S. Fedosov. "Effectiveness of the method of two measurements in determining the parameters of equivalent circuits of electrical network elements for the highest harmon-ic components of currents and voltages." iPolytech Journal 26, no. 3 (2022): 401–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/1814-3520-2022-3-401-414.
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The feasibility of applying the method of two measurements in determining the parameters of equivalent circuits of electrical network elements for the highest harmonic components is analyzed. Experiments were carried out using a MATLAB Simulink model of the common coupling point that includes a distorting load in the form of a three-phase rectifier, a nondistorting linear load and a generalized power system without distortion sources. The parameters of an equivalent circuit in the form of active bipoles, consisting of current distortion and conductivity sources, were determined using the method of two measurements of mode parameters. Modes with variations in the active and reactive power of the studied distorting load and loads in the external electrical network were considered. The results of determining the equivalent circuit parameters under 20% and more variations in the power loading were established to be unstable (400% dispersion of actual values). Therefore, these parameter values appear to be unreliable due to their dependence on the value of external load power. At the same time, the simulation of random variations in loading parameters within 10% of the initial value allowed the parameters of an equivalent circuit to be correctly determined. It was shown that the equivalent circuit of a nondistorting linear load consists solely of conductivity, while the equivalent circuit of a distorting load can contain non-zero conductivity on the considered harmonic component. Thus, according to the performed study, the method of two measurements produces the results acceptable in terms of accuracy (deviation from actual values of less than 1%) not at a single significant variation in the mode parameters, but during a continuous monitoring of small natural variations in the parameters of the electric power system. The results obtained can be used when solving the problem of online assessing the effect of loads on the quality of electricity, since the initial data for this problem include the equivalent circuit parameters.
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Wang, Yong, Jiazi Li, and Li-Xin Ran. "AN EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT MODELING METHOD FOR ULTRA-WIDEBAND ANTENNAS." Progress In Electromagnetics Research 82 (2008): 433–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/pier08032303.
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