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Journal articles on the topic 'Equivalent depth'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Doi, Takeshi, Tomoki Tozuka, and Toshio Yamagata. "Equivalent forcing depth in tropical oceans." Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans 50, no. 3 (2010): 415–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2010.03.001.

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2

Guyon, Gaston. "Drainage hydraulics: about the equivalent depth formulae." La Houille Blanche, no. 7-8 (December 1999): 124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/lhb/1999093.

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3

Yang, Xu, Chen Ye, and Yijun Chen. "Depth-First Net Unfoldings and Equivalent Reduction." Symmetry 15, no. 9 (2023): 1775. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym15091775.

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In Petri net unfolding, according to the strategies of breadth first and depth first, the biggest problem lies in the potential explosion of the state space. Unfolding generates either accessible trees or branch processes. Making marking reduction or branch cutting accessible proves to be an effective approach to mitigating the state space expansion. In this paper, we propose three reduction rules based on similarity equivalence, conduct state space reduction, present three theorems supported by a case study, and propose a new unfolding algorithm for the unfolding process. In both the new case

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4

Sturm, Matthew, Brian Taras, Glen E. Liston, Chris Derksen, Tobias Jonas, and Jon Lea. "Estimating Snow Water Equivalent Using Snow Depth Data and Climate Classes." Journal of Hydrometeorology 11, no. 6 (2010): 1380–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jhm1202.1.

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Abstract In many practical applications snow depth is known, but snow water equivalent (SWE) is needed as well. Measuring SWE takes ∼20 times as long as measuring depth, which in part is why depth measurements outnumber SWE measurements worldwide. Here a method of estimating snow bulk density is presented and then used to convert snow depth to SWE. The method is grounded in the fact that depth varies over a range that is many times greater than that of bulk density. Consequently, estimates derived from measured depths and modeled densities generally fall close to measured values of SWE. Knowle

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Zhuohua, Yang, Ye Qing, Jia Zhenzhen, and Li He. "Numerical Simulation of Pipeline-Pavement Damage Caused by Explosion of Leakage Gas in Buried PE Pipelines." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (September 15, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4913984.

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In order to investigate the damage influence of the leakage explosion in urban gas pipeline on the surrounding environment, the numerical models of buried PE (polyethylene) pipes under urban pavement were established by using ANSYS/LS-DYNA in this study. The reliability of the numerical models was verified on the basis of the explosion experiments. According to the amount of gas leakage, the TNT explosive equivalent was determined. The gas leakage explosion process of buried PE pipes was studied, and the pressure and stress changes of pipes and pavements under different explosive equivalents a

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Hata, Hiroki, and Haruki Ochi. "Depth and substratum differentiations among coexisting herbivorous cichlids in Lake Tanganyika." Royal Society Open Science 3, no. 11 (2016): 160229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160229.

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Cichlid fish in Lake Tanganyika represent a system of adaptive radiation in which eight ancestral lineages have diversified into hundreds of species through adaptation to various niches. However, Tanganyikan cichlids have been thought to be oversaturated, that is, the species number exceeds the number of niches and ecologically equivalent and competitively even species coexist. However, recent studies have shed light on niche segregation on a finer scale among apparently equivalent species. We observed depth and substratum preferences of 15 herbivorous cichlids from four ecomorphs (i.e. grazer

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7

Nguyen, Xuan Bang, and Viet Thanh Dinh. "Determined of Equivalent Fixed Depth in the 3D Frame." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1030 (January 15, 2021): 012071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1030/1/012071.

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8

Warne, L. K., and K. C. Chen. "Equivalent antenna radius for narrow slot apertures having depth." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 37, no. 7 (1989): 824–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/8.29376.

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9

STRAUBING, HOWARD. "CONSTANT-DEPTH PERIODIC CIRCUITS." International Journal of Algebra and Computation 01, no. 01 (1991): 49–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218196791000043.

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This paper is devoted to the languages accepted by constant-depth, polynomial-size families of circuits in which every circuit element computes the sum of its input bits modulo a fixed period q. It has been conjectured that such a circuit family cannot compute the AND function of n inputs. Here it is shown that such circuit families are equivalent in power to polynomial-length programs over finite solvable groups; in particular, the conjecture implies that Barrington's result on the computational power of branching programs over nonsolvable groups cannot be extended to solvable groups. It is a

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10

Lai, Lian Feng, Cheng Hui Gao, and Jian Meng Huang. "Analysis of Plastic Strain versus Different Depth between Two Fractal Surfaces under Different Deformation Characteristics." Advanced Materials Research 538-541 (June 2012): 265–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.538-541.265.

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A three-dimensional contact model was established between two isotropic rough surfaces exhibiting fractal behavior,and the equivalent plastic strain was discussed using the finite element analysis. The maximum equivalent plastic strain and its depth are presented with the different paths of rough solid when loading. The result showed that the equivalent plastic strain versus different depth which at different locations showed different laws, in the top area of the asperities versus different depth, the maximum equivalent plastic strain occurs in the subsurface which range about 5 um from the s

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11

Roberts, Michelle, Steven Pace, and Amy Johnson. "Educators as Connectors: Bridging the Equivalence Gap Between Online and Face-To-Face Learning in Tertiary Education." Student Success 16, no. 2 (2025): 50–60. https://doi.org/10.63608/ssj.3798.

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The rapid growth in online education has amplified significant challenges in providing equivalent peer connection experiences across study modes. This article examines which educator practices, as identified by students, support equivalent peer connections in online and face-to-face study modes. Using constructivist grounded theory methodology, we conducted in-depth interviews with 15 undergraduate students at an Australian university who had experienced both delivery modes. Our analysis establishes four essential elements for enabling equivalent peer connection experiences: informal conversat

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12

Winkler, Michael, Harald Schellander та Tobias Hell. "Snow water equivalents exclusively from snow depths and their temporal changes: the Δsnow model". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 25, № 3 (2021): 1165–87. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1165-2021.

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Reliable historical manual measurements of snow depths are available for many years, sometimes decades, across the globe, and increasingly snow depth data are also available from automatic stations and remote sensing platforms. In contrast, records of snow water equivalent (SWE) are sparse, which is significant as SWE is commonly the most important snowpack feature for hydrology, climatology, agriculture, natural hazards, and other fields. Existing methods of modeling SWE either rely on detailed meteorological forcing being available or are not intended to simulate individual SWE values,

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13

Xia, J., and D. R. Sprowl. "Correction of topographic distortion in gravity data." GEOPHYSICS 56, no. 4 (1991): 537–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443070.

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The numerical equivalent source is used to correct distortions in gravity anomalies caused by topographic relief. The error involved in the topographic correction is a function of the depth of the equivalent source. The optimum depth of the equivalent source is that which maximizes the smoothness of the calculated anomaly between control points. The technique is straightforward and can be incorporated easily into a standard data processing sequence.

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14

Richards, P. G. "Equivalent Volume Sources for Explosions at Depth: Theory and Observations." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 95, no. 2 (2005): 401–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120040034.

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15

Hill, David F., Elizabeth A. Burakowski, Ryan L. Crumley, et al. "Converting snow depth to snow water equivalent using climatological variables." Cryosphere 13, no. 7 (2019): 1767–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1767-2019.

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Abstract. We present a simple method that allows snow depth measurements to be converted to snow water equivalent (SWE) estimates. These estimates are useful to individuals interested in water resources, ecological function, and avalanche forecasting. They can also be assimilated into models to help improve predictions of total water volumes over large regions. The conversion of depth to SWE is particularly valuable since snow depth measurements are far more numerous than costlier and more complex SWE measurements. Our model regresses SWE against snow depth (h), day of water year (DOY) and cli

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16

Bellini, G., J. Benziger, D. Bick, et al. "Cosmogenic Backgrounds in Borexino at 3800 m water-equivalent depth." Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2013, no. 08 (2013): 049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2013/08/049.

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17

Bailey, Adam. "A geometric interpretation of equal sums of cubes." Mathematical Gazette 92, no. 523 (2008): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025557200182464.

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Is there a three-dimensional equivalent of the Pythagorean theorem? It all depends, of course, what one means by equivalent. There are in fact several distinct results which can with some justice be regarded as threedimensional equivalents of the theorem.One interpretation of the Pythagorean theorem is as a statement about any rectangle, expressing the square of its diagonal as the sum of the squares of its height and length. This readily extends to the case of a rectangular box (cuboid), for which the square of its long diagonal always equals the sum of the squares of its height, length and d

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18

Gao, Hong Chao, and Xing Bai Luo. "Establishment for the Equivalent Target of Shaped Jet Penetration Composite Armor." Applied Mechanics and Materials 373-375 (August 2013): 1995–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.373-375.1995.

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Due to the emergence of more and more composite armors, research related with equivalent target has practical application background. Composite armor with different physical properties between the layers weakens jet penetration effectively. If the equivalence relations between composite target and homogeneous one can be established, homogeneous target with a certain thickness takes the place of composite plates, the test cost will be slashed. After the principle of equivalent target and research methods to be introduced in brief, the jet penetration composite target for energy consumption and

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19

Wang, Jun, Zhixing Hou, Hongjian Sun, Bihe Fang, Jueyi Sui, and Bryan Karney. "Local scour around a bridge pier under ice-jammed flow condition – an experimental study." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 69, no. 3 (2021): 275–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johh-2021-0014.

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Abstract The appearance of an ice jam in a river crucially distorts local hydrodynamic conditions including water level, flow velocity, riverbed form and local scour processes. Laboratory experiments are used for the first time here to study ice-induced scour processes near a bridge pier. Results show that with an ice sheet cover the scour hole depth around a bridge is increased by about 10% compared to under equivalent open flow conditions. More dramatically, ice-jammed flows induce both greater scour depths and scour variability, with the maximum scour depth under an ice-jammed flow as much

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20

Gao, Hui Kai, and Jian Meng Huang. "Analysis of Plastic Strain between Substrate and Micro-Cantilever under Different Deformation Characteristics." Applied Mechanics and Materials 477-478 (December 2013): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.477-478.21.

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The contact between substrate and micro-cantilever simplified as an ideal flat substrate contact with a micro-cantilever rough surface. A three-dimensional adhesive contact model was established on isotropic rough surfaces exhibiting fractal behavior, and the equivalent plastic strain was discussed using the finite element analysis. The maximum equivalent plastic strain and its depth were presented with the different paths of rough solid when loading. The result show that the equivalent plastic strain versus different depth which at different locations showed different laws, in the top area of

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21

Pedersen, L. B. "Relations between potential fields and some equivalent sources." GEOPHYSICS 56, no. 7 (1991): 961–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443129.

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The concept of equivalent sources is described from first principles. Two types of sources that produce the same magnetic field are studied in detail: thin sheets and uniaxially magnetized half‐spaces. Simple analytic solutions show that their magnetization variations are essentially given by the pseudogravity field and the magnetic field, respectively. While the former varies slowly to account for the slow variation in the vertically integrated magnetization, the latter varies rapidly to account for the spatial variation in rock magnetization close to the observation points. An extension of t

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22

Gao, Liming, Lele Zhang, Yongping Shen, Yaonan Zhang, Minghao Ai, and Wei Zhang. "Modeling Snow Depth and Snow Water Equivalent Distribution and Variation Characteristics in the Irtysh River Basin, China." Applied Sciences 11, no. 18 (2021): 8365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11188365.

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Accurate simulation of snow cover process is of great significance to the study of climate change and the water cycle. In our study, the China Meteorological Forcing Dataset (CMFD) and ERA-Interim were used as driving data to simulate the dynamic changes in snow depth and snow water equivalent (SWE) in the Irtysh River Basin from 2000 to 2018 using the Noah-MP land surface model, and the simulation results were compared with the gridded dataset of snow depth at Chinese meteorological stations (GDSD), the long-term series of daily snow depth dataset in China (LSD), and China’s daily snow depth

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23

Xu, Yang, Haohui Wang, and Xiaowei Sheng. "Multilayered Equivalent Finite Element Method for Embedded Honeycomb Plates." Shock and Vibration 2018 (September 19, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5914137.

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To investigate the mechanical properties of embedded honeycomb plates with high efficiency and accuracy, a new multilayered equivalent finite element method (FEM) model is proposed. A series of FEM numerical studies (modal analysis, static analysis, and shock spectrum analysis) are performed. The goal is to compare the errors produced by the multilayered equivalent method and by existing equivalent approaches. The obtained results indicate that the proposed model shows good agreement with the original plate. Moreover, based on the new model, a parametric study correlating the microstructure pa

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24

Yang, Yashi, Peng Zhang, Lingjun Wu, and Qian Zhang. "Study on the Influence of Water Erosion on the Bearing Capacity and Function of the High Pile Foundation of the Wharf." Water 16, no. 4 (2024): 606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w16040606.

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High-pile foundation is a common form of deep foundation commonly used in ocean environments, such as docks and bridge sites. Aiming at the problem of bearing capacity of high pile foundations, this paper proposes the calculation of bearing capacity and the analysis of scour depth of high pile foundations under the action of scour based on the modified p-y curve. In this paper, three kinds of scour mechanisms—natural evolution scour, general scour, and local scour—are described; and the calculation methods of scour widely used at present are compared and analyzed. The solution of the vertical

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25

Rutter, Nick, Melody J. Sandells, Chris Derksen, et al. "Effect of snow microstructure variability on Ku-band radar snow water equivalent retrievals." Cryosphere 13, no. 11 (2019): 3045–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-3045-2019.

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Abstract. Spatial variability in snowpack properties negatively impacts our capacity to make direct measurements of snow water equivalent (SWE) using satellites. A comprehensive data set of snow microstructure (94 profiles at 36 sites) and snow layer thickness (9000 vertical profiles across nine trenches) collected over two winters at Trail Valley Creek, NWT, Canada, was applied in synthetic radiative transfer experiments. This allowed for robust assessment of the impact of estimation accuracy of unknown snow microstructural characteristics on the viability of SWE retrievals. Depth hoar layer

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26

Alfaris, Murtadha A. A., and Salim Almaliki. "Effect of Tillage Depth and Lateral Distance of Shallow Plows on the Mean Weight Diameter and the Energy of Soil Fragmentation by Using Locally Manufactured Subsoiler Plow." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1060, no. 1 (2022): 012129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1060/1/012129.

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Abstract The field experiments were carried out in Basrah province, to study the effect of the distance between the shallow plows (0.40, 0.50, 0.60m), and adding wings on the foot of the subsoiler plow, at tillage depth (0.30, 0.40, 0.50, 0.60m) on the Mean Weight Diameter (MWD) and equivalent energy of the soil fragmentation in clay soil. The results showed that the increase in the plowing depth to 0.60m by the subsoiler without wings on the foot and shallow plows gave largest of the MWD (102.28mm). While the increased the lateral distance of the shallow plows to 0.60 m gave MWD (67.13mm). Th

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Gevrenova, Reneta, Gokhan Zengin, Vessela Balabanova, Anna Szakiel, and Dimitrina Zheleva-Dimitrova. "Pelargonium graveolens: Towards In-Depth Metabolite Profiling, Antioxidant and Enzyme-Inhibitory Potential." Plants 13, no. 18 (2024): 2612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13182612.

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Pelargonium graveolens L’Hèr. (Geraniaceae) is renowned for its traditional use as a flavor, ornamental and medicinal plant. This work aimed at an in-depth study of the phytochemical profiling and in vitro antioxidant and enzyme inhibition assessment of a methanol-aqueous extract from P. graveolens leaves. A UHPLC-HRMS analysis revealed more than 110 secondary metabolites, including 8 acyltartaric and 11 acylcitric/acylisocitric acids; 8 gallotannins; 36 flavonols, flavanones and methoxylated flavonoids together with 17 phenolic and aliphatic acids; and 21 phenolic acid glycosides. For the fir

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Wang, Shu You, Jian Bing Men, and Jian Wei Jiang. "Numerical Study on the Equivalent Target for Deep Penetration." Applied Mechanics and Materials 109 (October 2011): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.109.32.

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The influence of radial and axial boundary effect on penetration effect are calculated, numerical simulation are executed to compute the kinetic projectile against deep hard target by finite element code, the boundary effects were achieved for different velocity range. Result shows that the minimal Dt/Dp (diameter ratio of target to projectile) for impact velocity 600m/s is 17.5, while the minimal Dt/Dp for impact velocity 900m/s is 20. Furthermore, the depth of equivalent target to substitute semi-infinite target is twice of penetration depth limit for impact velocity 300m/s, and 1.6 times re

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Zhu, Zhong Yuan, and M. Cecilia Yappert. "Determination of Effective Depth and Equivalent Pathlength for a Single-Fiber Fluorometric Sensor." Applied Spectroscopy 46, no. 6 (1992): 912–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702924124411.

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The relationship between sample depth and the corresponding fluorescence signal excited and collected with a single-fiber fluorometric optical sensor has been theoretically derived. The effective depth, zeff, is defined as the sample depth from which 90% of the total fluorescence signal originates. This parameter can be theoretically predicted as a function of the fiber radius, r0, the acceptance angle, α, and the sample absorbance. For solutions of negligible absorbance, the effective depth is zeff = 9 r0 tan−1α. The theoretical expressions have been experimentally tested with the use of 100-

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30

Vafakhah, M. "Spatiotemporal Variability of Snow Depth, Density, and Water Equivalent across Iran." Russian Meteorology and Hydrology 43, no. 2 (2018): 118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068373918020073.

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31

Badhwar, Gautam D., Francis A. Cucinotta, and Patrick M. O'Neill. "Depth-Dose Equivalent Relationship for Cosmic Rays at Various Solar Minima." Radiation Research 134, no. 1 (1993): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3578496.

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32

Upadhyay, Anil Kumar, and K. R. Y. Simha. "Equivalent Homogeneous Variable Depth Beams for Cracked FGM Beams; Compliance Approach." International Journal of Fracture 144, no. 3 (2007): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10704-007-9089-y.

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Zhang, HuoMing, ZhiLin Sun, JianMin Yang, and MingZheng Gao. "Investigation on optimization design of equivalent water depth truncated mooring system." Science in China Series G: Physics, Mechanics and Astronomy 52, no. 2 (2009): 277–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11433-009-0044-y.

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Yang, Zhiwei, Rensheng Chen, Zhangwen Liu, and Wei Zhang. "Estimating snow water equivalent using observed snow depth data in China." Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies 51 (February 2024): 101664. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2024.101664.

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35

Lee, Jacky W. Y., Gordon S. K. Yau, Tiffany T. Y. Woo, Doris W. F. Yick, Victor T. Y. Tam, and Can Y. F. Yuen. "The Anterior Chamber Depth and Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Children." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/538283.

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Purpose. To investigate the correlation of anterior chamber depth (ACD) with the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, age, axial length (AL), and spherical equivalent in children.Subjects. Consecutive subjects aged 4 to 18 were recruited. Visually disabling eye conditions were excluded. Only the right eye was included for analysis. The ACD was correlated with RNFL thickness, age, spherical equivalent, and AL for all subjects. Subjects were then divided into 3 groups based on their postcycloplegic spherical equivalent: myopes (<−1.0 D), emmetropes (≥−1.0 to ≤+1.0 D), and

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Mohammadi, Sara, Marziyeh Behmadi, Aghil Mohammadi, and Mohammad Taghi Bahreyni Toossi. "THERMAL AND FAST NEUTRON DOSE EQUIVALENT DISTRIBUTION MEASUREMENT OF 15-MV LINEAR ACCELERATOR USING A CR-39 NUCLEAR TRACK DETECTORS." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 188, no. 4 (2020): 503–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncaa001.

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Abstract The main purpose of this study is to measure the contribution of the thermal and fast neutron dose along the central axis of the 15 MV Elekta Precise linac in a tissue equivalent phantom. In order to achieve this purpose, different points were selected in three field sizes of 5 × 5 cm2, 10 × 10 cm2 and 15 × 15 cm2. Fast and thermal neutrons were measured using CR-39 nuclear track detectors with and without thermal neutron converter of 10B, respectively. According to the results, the fast neutron dose equivalent was decreased as the depth increased (field size 5 × 5, 10 × 10 and 15 × 1

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Nagashima, Hidetoshi, Kazuya Matsumoto, Yoo Jin Seo, Motohiko Mohri, Nobuo Naraki, and Shigeaki Matsuoka. "Changes in Sleep Patterns during Simulated Nitrox Saturation Diving to 20 and 30 Meters." Perceptual and Motor Skills 94, no. 3 (2002): 753–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2002.94.3.753.

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This study assessed the effect of a nitrogen-oxygen (N2-O2) saturation diving environment on nocturnal sleep and the differences in sleep on diving depth. We measured and recorded the standard polysomnograph and heart rate for a total of 459 nights on 27 divers who performed the N2-O2 saturation simulation dive at 20- and 30-m equivalent depths as well as their subjective feelings of fatigue. From the last half of the period on the bottom to the postdive period of both saturation diving depths, our main findings included a prolongation of sleep latency, shortened total sleep time, a decreased

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Gibbs, Joe, and Lukasz Cincio. "Deep Circuit Compression for Quantum Dynamics via Tensor Networks." Quantum 9 (July 9, 2025): 1789. https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2025-07-09-1789.

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Dynamic quantum simulation is a leading application for achieving quantum advantage. However, high circuit depths remain a limiting factor on near-term quantum hardware. We present a compilation algorithm based on Matrix Product Operators for generating compressed circuits enabling real-time simulation on digital quantum computers, that for a given depth are more accurate than all Trotterizations of the same depth. By the efficient use of environment tensors, the algorithm is scalable in depth far beyond prior work, and we present circuit compilations of up to 64 layers of SU(4) gates. Surpass

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Zagidulin, R. V., A. T. Bakiev, and D. O. Kemyashov. "TO ASSESSING THE DEPTH OF INCLINED CRACKS IN A MAIN GAS PIPELINE BASED ON THE RESULTS OF IN-PIPE MAGNETIC FLAW DETECTION AND ADDITIONAL DIAGNOSTIC TESTING." Kontrol'. Diagnostika, no. 310 (April 2024): 16–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/td.2024.04.pp.016-028.

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The paper deals with the reason for the discrepancy in the assessment of the depth of inclined stress-corrosion cracks of the main gas pipeline, that were discovered based on the results of magnetic in-pipe flaw detection, eddy current flaw detection, and additional diagnostic testing (ADT). Based on the current model of the crack, it was established that the amplitude of the magnetic field of an inclined crack does not exceed the amplitude of an equivalent straight crack with the corresponding effective depth, which is the reason for the appearance of a methodological error in estimating the

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McCreight, J. L., and E. E. Small. "Modeling bulk density and snow water equivalent using daily snow depth observations." Cryosphere Discussions 7, no. 5 (2013): 5007–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-7-5007-2013.

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Abstract. Bulk density is a fundamental property of snow relating its depth and mass. Previously, two simple models of bulk density (depending on snow depth, date, and location) have been developed to convert snow depth observations to snow water equivalent (SWE) estimates. However, these models were not intended for application at the daily time step. We develop a new model of bulk density for the daily timestep and demonstrate its improved skill over the existing models. Snow depth and density are negatively correlated at short (10 days) timescales while positively correlated at longer (90 d

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Alfaris, Murtadha A. A., Salim Almaliki, and Sadiq J. Muhsin. "Effect of Adding Wings to the Shallow Tines on the Performance of Subsoiler Plow in the Soil Disturbed Area, Soil Pulverization Index & Equivalent Energy of Pulverization." Basrah J. Agric. Sci. 33, no. 2 (2020): 196–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.37077/25200860.2020.33.2.17.

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The experiment was performed using locally manufactured subsoiler plow provided with wings on the outside of shallow tines feet to study the impact of adding the wings and depth of tillage on the disturbance area of soil, soil pulverization index (mean weight diameter, MWD) and the equivalent energy of soil pulverization (Eq EP) in clay soil. This experiment was done in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), with three replications having a factorial experiment. Three tillage depths (40, 50, and 60cm) with and without wings on the feet of shallow tines were used. The results showed that the

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Alaa, Nabil El-Hazek. "Spread Sheets for Laterals Spacing Design Application on Mit Kenana Area in Egypt." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 16, no. 4 (2017): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.9734/IJPSS/2017/32845.

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Mit Kenana area, 40 km North of Cairo, represents the eastern fringes of the Nile Delta in Egypt. Existing laterals spacing design of Mit Kenana area is reviewed. Then spread sheets are employed to obtain laterals spacing, which is referred to as spread sheet design. Microsoft Excel software, as instance for spread sheets, is employed to get the laterals spacing design of steady state subsurface drainage systems. The most suitable and popular Hooghoudt equation is used to get the spacing L, including the equivalent depth. Given data are depth to the impermeable layer, radius of the pipe latera

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Yang, Chen, Zhaohong Wang, Lihui Zheng, and Dengtian Mao. "Predicting Equivalent Static Density of Fuzzy Ball Drilling Fluid by BP Artificial Neutral Network." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/340721.

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A back-propagation artificial neutral network model is built based on 220 groups of PVT experimental data to predict the equivalent static density versus depth for fuzzy ball drilling fluid which is a kind of gas-liquid two-phase material. The model is applied in the Mo80-C well located in Sichuan Province of China; the maximum relative error between calculated results and measured data is less than 2%. By comparing with the multiple regression model, the present model has a higher precision and flexibility. The equivalent static density of fuzzy ball drilling fluid from ground to the depth of

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McCreight, J. L., and E. E. Small. "Modeling bulk density and snow water equivalent using daily snow depth observations." Cryosphere 8, no. 2 (2014): 521–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-521-2014.

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Abstract. Bulk density is a fundamental property of snow relating its depth and mass. Previously, two simple models of bulk density (depending on snow depth, date, and location) have been developed to convert snow depth observations to snow water equivalent (SWE) estimates. However, these models were not intended for application at the daily time step. We develop a new model of bulk density for the daily time step and demonstrate its improved skill over the existing models. Snow depth and density are negatively correlated at short (10 days) timescales while positively correlated at longer (90

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Ignatik, А. А. "Use of an Expander-Generator Cycle in Fuel Gas Reduction Unit." Oil and Gas Technologies 147, no. 4 (2023): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.32935/1815-2600-2023-147-4-55-61.

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In this article, based on determining strain parameters such as the equivalent (von Mises) strain and average strain, calculations of the depth growth rate of fatigue and stress-corrosion cracks as well as the operating life of the pipeline sections are performed. The results are presented as the operating time to failure and cycles number to failure by loading internal pressure. The obtained graphs of the dependence of the crack growth rate, crack depth, equivalent (von Mises) strain, average strain in the defective zone on the pipeline operation time are presented. During computational exper

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Zeng, Qing Xiang, and Jian Cai. "Shear Capacity of Reinforced Concrete Beams under Biaxial Bending Based on Equivalent Cross-Section Method." Key Engineering Materials 400-402 (October 2008): 275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.400-402.275.

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Based on the analysis of reinforced concrete beams under biaxial bending, an equivalent cross-section method is proposed to calculate the shear capacity of the beams. According to the two basic equivalence principles, a biaxial flexural beam is changed into a uniaxial flexural member, and the shear strength of biaxial flexural beam is calculated as a uniaxial flexural member. Furthermore, the interrelationships among the equivalent cross-section and the neutral axis inclination as well as the ratio of depth to width of the cross-section are deduced in advance. The ratios of some typical cross-

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Zhang, Xiao Ming, Yang Gao, and Xiao Zhang. "The Simulation Analysis of Tunnel Wind Cooling System in Shenyang Area." Advanced Materials Research 724-725 (August 2013): 1474–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.724-725.1474.

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Applied FLUENT simulation software to research the influence of tunnel length, tunnel entrance velocity, tunnel equivalent diameter and tunnel buried depth four important factors on the tunnel wind cooling system in Shenyang area. The results show that, with the increase of tunnel length and tunnel buried depth and with the decrease of tunnel entrance velocity and tunnel equivalent diameter, the outdoor air which passed into the tunnel cooling amplitude increases. For the tunnel wind cooling system optimization design in Shenyang area and the surrounding areas, the advices are that tunnel buri

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Kutuzov, Ivan, Ryan Rivest, Eric Van Uytven, and Boyd McCurdy. "Extension of a radiation transport model for water-equivalent, portal imaging dose applications." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2799, no. 1 (2024): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2799/1/012020.

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Abstract The amorphous-silicon based design of electronic portal imaging device (a-Si EPID) is commonly available on medical linear accelerators, and thus presents enormous potential as a radiotherapy dosimetry tool. One of the recognized technical challenges with using the device is it’s lack of water equivalency when measuring dose. In this work a radiation transport model, previously used to predict dose to the phosphor of an a-Si EPID, was modified to predict dose to a water-equivalent planar detector as well as to a 3D water-tank. Initial testing was performed for a 6MV beam using a varie

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Oliveira, Reginaldo M. de, Rubens A. de Oliveira, Sanzio M. Vidigal, Ednaldo M. de Oliveira, Lorença B. Guimarães, and Paulo R. Cecon. "Production and water yield of cauliflower under irrigation depths and nitrogen doses." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 23, no. 8 (2019): 561–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v23n8p561-565.

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ABSTRACT Cauliflower is a brassica produced and consumed in Brazil, whose cultivation depends on the adequate supply of water and nutrients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of irrigation depths and nitrogen doses on the production components and water yield of cauliflower hybrid Barcelona CMS. The treatments consisted of five irrigation water depths (0, 75, 100, 125 and 150% of the crop evapotranspiration) combined with five nitrogen doses (0, 75, 150, 300 and 450 kg ha-1). The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with a split-plot arrangement. The

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Nguyen, Hien Thi Thu, Dung Thi Thanh Nguyen, Dong Ngoc Pham, et al. "Ocular Biometrics of Vietnamese Young Adults with Myopia." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 7, no. 24 (2019): 4283–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.375.

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BACKGROUND: Myopia is most prevalent type of refraction error. In some Asian countries, the prevalence of myopia can be 80 – 90% in the population aged 17 – 18. AIM: To analyze the correlation between ocular biometric indices and refraction status in Vietnamese young myopes. METHODS: A prospective cross – section study was conducted in young myopes. Data on axial length, central cornea thickness, corneal topography & anterior chamber depth and spherical equivalent were collected. Independent Sample T Test and ANOVA test were used to compare between groups. The correlations betw

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