Academic literature on the topic 'Equivalent raft'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Equivalent raft.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Equivalent raft"
1
Fellenius, Bengt H. "Observations and analysis of wide piled foundations." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 56, no. 3 (March 2019): 378–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2018-0031.
Full textAbstract:
Available case histories on observations on full-scale piled rafts show that the settlement response to applied load can be modeled as that for an Equivalent Pier due to compression of the piles and the soil matrix plus that of an Equivalent Raft for compression of soil layers below the pile toe level. Interior piles engage the soil from the pile toe level upward in contrast to a single pile, which engages it from the ground downward. Piles and soil, combined as a pier, have strain compatibility, which determines the distribution of load between the piles, the contact stress, and the load-transfer movement of the piles. The responses between the interior and perimeter piles differ. Particularly so in non-subsiding and subsiding environment, because perimeter piles can be subjected to downdrag and drag forces, while neither downdrag nor drag force will affect the interior piles. In non-subsiding environment, it is advantageous to make perimeter piles shorter, while in subsiding environment perimeter piles best be longer. The load distribution across the raft is also governed by the degree of rigidity of the raft and by the difference in dishing at the pile toe level and in the dishing of the actual raft.
2
Omer, Joshua, and Hasan Haroglu. "Tests on Model Piled Rafts in Sand: Measured Settlements Compared with Finite Element Predictions." Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 39, no. 4 (February 2, 2021): 3271–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10706-020-01664-0.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractLaboratory tests were carried out on non-piled rafts, single piles, surface contacting and non surface-contacting piled rafts which were made of aluminum and instrumented with strain gauges and deflection gauges. The foundations were installed in dry sand contained in a large metal tank to minimize boundary effects. Maintained loads were applied to each foundation until failure was closely approached. In parallel, analyses were performed using PLAXIS™ 3-D finite element program to compare the calculated and measured load-settlement trends hence assess the influence of soil stiffness on the foundation behaviour. The results confirmed that group efficiency of non-surface contacting piled increased with increasing pile–pile spacing and approached unity at a spacing equivalent to 8D (D = pile diameter). The data obtained from the strain gauges provided valuable insight into the load-transfer characteristics of different foundations and subsequently proved that the capacity of a surface contacting piled raft is significantly enhanced compared to that of either a non-piled raft or a non-surface contacting piled raft.
3
Dung, N. T., S. G. Chung, and S. R. Kim. "Settlement of piled foundations using equivalent raft approach." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Geotechnical Engineering 163, no. 2 (April 2010): 65–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geng.2010.163.2.65.
Full text
4
Loke, Amanda S. W., B. Jack Longley, Paul F. Lambert, and Megan E. Spurgeon. "A Novel In Vitro Culture Model System to Study Merkel Cell Polyomavirus–Associated MCC Using Three-Dimensional Organotypic Raft Equivalents of Human Skin." Viruses 13, no. 1 (January 19, 2021): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13010138.
Full textAbstract:
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) is a human polyomavirus causally linked to the development of Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), an aggressive malignancy that largely arises within the dermis of the skin. In this study, we recapitulate the histopathology of human MCC tumors in vitro using an organotypic (raft) culture system that is traditionally used to recapitulate the dermal and epidermal equivalents of skin in three dimensions (3D). In the optimal culture condition, MCPyV+ MCC cells were embedded in collagen between the epidermal equivalent comprising human keratinocytes and a dermal equivalent containing fibroblasts, resulting in MCC-like lesions arising within the dermal equivalent. The presence and organization of MCC cells within these dermal lesions were characterized through biomarker analyses. Interestingly, co-culture of MCPyV+ MCC together with keratinocytes specifically within the epidermal equivalent of the raft did not reproduce human MCC morphology, nor were any keratinocytes necessary for MCC-like lesions to develop in the dermal equivalent. This 3D tissue culture system provides a novel in vitro platform for studying the role of MCPyV T antigens in MCC oncogenesis, identifying additional factors involved in this process, and for screening potential MCPyV+ MCC therapeutic strategies.
5
Vasoya, Ankur, Sunil Kumar Shah, C. K. Tyagi, Prabhakar Budholiya, and Harish Pandey. "Formulation, Development and Evaluation of Chewable Bi-layered Tablets for Treating Gastro Esophageal Reflux Disease." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 10, no. 4-s (August 15, 2020): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v10i4-s.4224.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this research work was to formulate raft-forming chewable bilayer tablets of sodium alginate using a raft-forming agent along with gas-generating agents. Tablets were prepared by wet granulation and evaluated for raft strength, acid neutralization capacity, weight variation, % drug content, thickness, hardness, friability and in vitro drug release. Various raft-forming agents were used in preliminary screening. The amount of sodium alginate, amount of calcium carbonate and amount sodium bicarbonate were selected as variables. Raft strength, acid neutralization capacity and drug release at 30 min were selected as responses.Tablets containing sodium alginate were having maximum raft strength as compared with other raft-forming agents. Acid neutralization capacity and in vitro drug release of all factorial batches were found to be satisfactory. Prepared tablets were found to be pharmaceutically equivalent to the marketed product. It was concluded that raft-forming chewable bilayer tablets prepared using an optimum amount of sodium alginate, calcium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate could be an efficient dosage form in the treatment of gastro oesophageal reflux diseases.
Keywords: Chewable bilayer tablet, Sodium alginate, Raft forming agent, Acid Neutralizing capacity
6
Wang, Fu Mao, Chang Guo Wang, Lan Lan Guo, Bang Chun Wen, and Yong Li. "Study on Floating Raft Vibration Isolation System for Pumping Unit." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.130.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper, based on the theory of double layered vibration isolation, the finite element dynamic model of floating raft vibration isolation system has been established for the project of vibration and noise control in a heat exchange station. The dynamic model of single pump is simplified an elastic cylinder based on the principle of equivalent parameters, and the elastic raft frame is used of steel structure. The dynamic characteristics of the system is analyzed by used of ANSYS with SOLID45 unit and COMBIN14 spring-damper unit, which provide an important basis for the engineering design of floating raft isolation system with pumping units.
7
Niu, Xirong, Yangping Yao, Yanfang Sun, Yuhao He, and Haiqing Zhang. "3D Numerical Analysis of Synergetic Interaction between High-Rise Building Basement and CFG Piles Foundation." Applied Sciences 8, no. 11 (October 24, 2018): 2040. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8112040.
Full textAbstract:
A strong bearing capacity and the satisfaction of strict settlement requirements are necessary for high-rise buildings. A single-raft foundation cannot meet certain settlement requirements, in which case CFG (cement/fly ash/gravel, an emerging and sustainable construction material) piles can be used in the foundation to set up a cushion between the top of the pile and the raft slab, where the piles act as settlement reducers. The rafts of disconnected piles (DPs) exhibit complex synergetic interactions involving the raft, cushion, pile, and soil under the load of the superstructure. Multiple piles in particular lead to an increase in the number of degrees of freedom of the problem, resulting in difficulty in solving it. However, when the number of piles is very large and the structure is complex—for example, many buildings are placed on the same raft with basement structures—even if the embedded pile element is used during numerical calculations, either the method remains prone to non-convergence or the time needed for numerical calculations is too long. It is, thus, difficult to satisfy the requirement of an efficient scheme of evaluation in practice. To solve this problem, a method that uses a simulation of the integral equivalent of the CFG pile reinforcement zone is proposed in this paper. In the CFG pile reinforcement zone, the effect of the pile is reflected in the enhancement of parameters of the soil in the strengthened zone, and the reinforcement zone (including the soil and the pile) is regarded as an anisotropic elastoplastic material. As the structure of the pile is no longer needed in the model, its elimination significantly reduces the complexity of the model and improves its calculation efficiency. An example of a numerical calculation is provided to verify the viability and accuracy of the integral equivalent simulation method in comparison with the embedded pile element simulation method. Finally, the proposed method is applied to the three-dimensional numerical analysis of a scheme for the treatment of foundations of high- and low-rise buildings with basements, and its effectiveness is further verified through comparison with theoretical results.
8
Asano, Sachi, Rita Pal, Hide-Nori Tanaka, Akihiro Imamura, Hideharu Ishida, Kenichi G. N. Suzuki, and Hiromune Ando. "Development of Fluorescently Labeled SSEA-3, SSEA-4, and Globo-H Glycosphingolipids for Elucidating Molecular Interactions in the Cell Membrane." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 24 (December 7, 2019): 6187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20246187.
Full textAbstract:
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs), such as the globo-series GSLs stage-specific embryonic antigen 3 (SSEA-3), SSEA-4, and Globo-H, are specifically expressed on pluripotent stem cells and cancer cells, and are known to be associated with various biological processes such as cell recognition, cell adhesion, and signal transduction. However, the behavior and biological roles of these GSLs are still unclear. In our previous study, we observed the interactions between the lipid raft and GSLs in real-time using single-molecule imaging, where we successfully synthesized various fluorescent analogs of GSLs (e.g., GM1 and GM3). Here, we have developed fluorescent analogs of SSEA-3, SSEA-4, and Globo-H using chemical synthesis. The biophysical properties of these analogs as raft markers were examined by partitioning giant plasma membrane vesicles from RBL-2H3 cells into detergent-resistant membrane fractions and liquid-ordered/liquid-disordered phases. The results indicated that the analogs were equivalent to native-type GSLs. The analogs could be used to observe the behavior of globo-series GSLs for detailing the structure and biological roles of lipid rafts and GSL-enriched nanodomains during cell differentiation and cell malignancy.
9
Laurence, B. R., and J. A. Pickett. "An oviposition attractant pheromone in Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 75, no. 2 (June 1985): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300014371.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractGravid females of Culex quinquefasciatus Say from a laboratory strain originating in Nigeria orientated to a source of the main volatile pheromone component, erythro-6-acetoxy-5-hexadecanolide, isolated from the apical droplets of the egg rafts. Significantly more egg rafts were laid around polystyrene discs treated with the synthetic compound than around untreated discs, and modification of the chemical structure destroyed its biological activity. The response was found at a dose of 0·02μg of the synthetic compound, which is equivalent to one-sixteenth of the total acetoxyhexadecanolide found in an egg raft, and above. Although the apical droplets were contaminated by bacteria, these did not contribute to the production of the acetoxyhexadecanolide, which was present in the eggs before they were laid. It is concluded that the pheromone is released slowly from the apical droplets into the air above the water surface, attracting other gravid females to oviposit around previously laid egg rafts, and there is evidence of attraction over a distance of 5·5 cm.
10
Olson, Kim E., Joan HF Drosopoulos, Ashley E. Olson, Marinus Johan Broekman, and Aaron J. Marcus. "Raft Localization and Nucleotidase Activity of CD39 Depends on Internal Proteolytic Cleavage." Blood 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 3925. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.3925.3925.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract We have previously shown that CD39 undergoes limited cleavage and that inhibition of proteolysis results in a decrease in ATPase activity. The reduction in enzymatic activity correlated with a decrease in the fraction of full-length CD39 present in active membrane raft-localized oligomeric complexes. We exploited N-and C-terminal VP16-and V5-tagged CD39, both transiently and stably expressed in 293 cells, to further elucidate the role of cleavage in the regulation of CD39 processing and activity. To characterize the complexes generated by cross-linking, N-terminal VP16-tagged and C-terminal V5-tagged CD39 were co-expressed in 293 cells. Following crosslinking of membranes with DTSSP and immunoprecipitation with anti-V5, DTT-cleaved species were visualized by Western Blot using VP16 antibody. Interestingly, both VP16-tagged full-length and N-terminal fragments (30 kDa) were immunoprecipitated by anti-V5. This indicates that both full-length CD39 and the N-terminal cleavage fragment are present in raft-localized complexes. The composition of raft-localized CD39 complexes was studied by separating membrane fractions on a discontinuous sucrose gradient using a non-detergent method. When overexpressed, CD39 and its C-terminal fragment distribute across the gradient as visualized by Western with anti-VP16. Importantly, specific activity (expressed as ATPase activity divided by total CD39 content) was 8 times greater in low-density raft-enriched fractions than in high density raft-free fractions. In addition, relative ADPase activity was higher in fractions containing a higher proportion of C-terminal CD39 relative to full-length CD39. Thus, CD39 forms oligomeric complexes and possesses optimal enzyme activity in lipid rafts. The relationship between CD39 cleavage, ATPase activity and raft localization was further studied in 293 cells transfected with C-or N-terminal VP16-tagged CD39. Subcellular fractionation on a discontinuous sucrose gradient yielded membrane fractions enriched in endoplasmic reticulum (ER), early endosomes (EE) and plasma membrane/Golgi (PM-Golgi). Importantly, the EE fraction contained both full-length and C-terminal (or N-terminal) CD39 at the same level as seen in the PM-Golgi fraction, suggesting that near 50% of CD39 resides in the EE compartment. Furthermore, EE-expressed CD39 exhibited an ATPase and ADPase activity equivalent to that seen in Golgi-PM fractions. This led us to examine effects of NH4Cl and bafilomycin (which block acidification of EE), and chloroquine (blocks EE maturation) on CD39 cleavage, activity and raft localization. Each treatment inhibited CD39 cleavage and correspondingly decreased ATPase activity. A shift of ~50% of full-length CD39 from raft fractions to high density membrane fractions was observed upon sucrose gradient fractionation following chloroquine treatment of cells transfected with N-terminal VP16 tagged CD39. This redistribution of CD39 in the membrane correlated with a 40% decrease in ATPase activity and a striking inhibition of CD39 cleavage. Here, at a lower level of expression than cited above, ATPase activity in low-density raft fractions was ~100-fold greater than in high density fractions. Thus, cleavage of a portion of CD39 molecules is required for both raft localization of full-length CD39 and optimal enzyme activity. Regulated proteolytic cleavage of CD39 would allow for rapid upregulation of CD39 activity in response to alterations in cell environment. This would occur via cycling of CD39 between plasma membrane and endosomal compartments, the proposed site of CD39 cleavage and assembly of fully active oligomeric complexes.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Equivalent raft"
1
Saglam, Neslihan. "Settlement Of Piled Rafts: A Critical Review Of The Case Histories And Calculation Methods." Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/1223379/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
In this study, settlement analysis of pile groups by hand calculation
methods were investigated. Settlement ratio, equivalent pier, and equivalent raft
methods were studied. Variations in some of the calculation methods were noted,
and some suggestions were given.
More than thirty piled raft foundation case histories whose foundation
and soil properties known have been found. The settlement of piled foundation in
each case was solved by these methods. Results obtained from the calculations
following different methods were presented for each case in the form of tables and
graphs. Measured and calculated values were compared by making use of graphs
and tables. Effect of type of piles was shown.
It was tried to find out that which method is suitable under different
conditions. In conclusion, suggestions for methods and calculation procedures
were given.
2
Koornstra, Petra. "Waldeyer's ring equivalent lymphoid tissue in the rat a model for studying the immunological role of nose associated lymphoid tissue /." Maastricht : Maastricht : Universiteit Maastricht ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 1997. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=5912.
Full text
3
RONSIN, ERIC. "Etude histologique, immunohistochimique et ultrastructurale d'une zone physiologiquement active dans le comportement de soif chez le rat. Histologie et immunohistochimie de son equivalent anatomique chez l'homme." Paris 6, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA066536.
Full textAbstract:
Dans la continuite des travaux de s. Nicolaidis et de son equipe, qui ont mis en evidence une cavite cerebrale physiologiquement active dans le comportement de soif chez le rat adulte , organum cavum pre-lamina terminalis (ocplt), nous avons entrepris l'etude histologique, immunohistochimique et ultrastructurale de cette zone chez le rat, et de la vascularisation pericavitaire. Chez l'homme, nous avons etudie les equivalents de l'ocplt en termes de localisation anatomique, cavum septi pellucidi (csp) et cavum vergae (cv). I - le segment vertical de l'ocplt correspond a la partie posterieure de la fente interhemispherique anterieure, son segment horizontal au csp de rat adulte. Nous n'avons pas trouve l'equivalent anatomique du cv chez ce rongeur. Chez le rat adulte, le csp montre des dimensions cavitaires differentes selon le mode de fixation. Il constitue un diverticule de la fente interhemispherique. L'ultrastructure atteste l'origine interhemispherique du csp, du moins chez le rat. Elle suggere egalement une possibilite de transfert transmembranaire au niveau des vaisseaux meninges intracavitaires. Ii - chez l'homme, le csp s'etend jusqu'au septum gangliosum et constitue une cavite fermee du septum. Sa paroi n'est bordee par aucun revetement meninge. Par defaut congenital de fermeture de son plancher anterieur, le csp peut communiquer avec l'espace leptomeninge. Cette communication suggere une remise a jour des classifications de csp. Elle permet egalement de formuler une hypothese sur l'origine du fluide intracavitaire. En conclusion, les differences anatomiques existant entre les csp de rat et d'homme semblent proscrire la transposition, d'espece a espece, des donnees physiologiques.
Books on the topic "Equivalent raft"
1
Fuller, Graham, ed. Loach on Loach. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780571344086.
Full textAbstract:
Ken Loach is one of Britain's most distinguished, and respected, film-makers. His career embraces both film and television. His landmark TV production of Cathy Come Home caused such an outcry over the plight of the homeless that Shelter was established in response. His film work is as remarkable as his television work. He makes tough, uncompromising films about a beleaguered working class – but with a poetry (as in Kes) and with a humanity soaked in humour (as in Riff Raff and Raining Stones). His work has been feted, especially on the Continent where Riff Raff received the Felix award (Europe's equivalent of the Oscar). Raining Stones won the Jury Prize at Cannes and the Best British Film of the Year award, and Land and Freedom, his film about the Spanish Civil War, won the International Critics prize at Cannes. Loach on Loach is an exploration of Ken Loach's cinema of social conscience, making much use of interviews and conversations with the man himself.
Book chapters on the topic "Equivalent raft"
1
Das, Ankush, Henry DeYoung, Andreia Mordido, and Frank Pfenning. "Nested Session Types." In Programming Languages and Systems, 178–206. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72019-3_7.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractSession types statically describe communication protocols between concurrent message-passing processes. Unfortunately, parametric polymorphism even in its restricted prenex form is not fully understood in the context of session types. In this paper, we present the metatheory of session types extended with prenex polymorphism and, as a result, nested recursive datatypes. Remarkably, we prove that type equality is decidable by exhibiting a reduction to trace equivalence of deterministic first-order grammars. Recognizing the high theoretical complexity of the latter, we also propose a novel type equality algorithm and prove its soundness. We observe that the algorithm is surprisingly efficient and, despite its incompleteness, sufficient for all our examples. We have implemented our ideas by extending the Rast programming language with nested session types. We conclude with several examples illustrating the expressivity of our enhanced type system.
Conference papers on the topic "Equivalent raft"
1
Gallitre, Etienne, Pierre Alain Naze, and Pierre Labbe. "Concrete Shrinkage Taken Into Account as Crack Width Assessment." In 17th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone17-75476.
Full textAbstract:
In very large buildings with connected walls, such as large Nuclear Power Plants, concrete shrinkage strains have to be considered because of elements differential strains, as required in the new European construction code (EC 2).. The common engineering method consists in considering shrinkage as an equivalent thermal strain, which is in fact computed as internal forces. In EPR, for Flamanville 3 conditions, this method could lead to unusual in the lower part of the buildings, resulting in very high reinforcement ratio hard to set in place, so EDF with its partners have proposed a new methodology based on crack width assessment. At first, we compute the shrinkage differential strains, “εs”, depending on moisture conditions and elements thickness. Then we fix a reinforcement section as a calculation hypothesis in order to estimate the distance “Ss” between cracks, which is independent from the loads. Consequently, we can assume that a certain crack width value “Ws” is consumed by the shrinkage itself, with Ws = εs Ss Rax (Rax restriction factor). So the available crack width for the other loads is the remaining crack width.. From cracking theory and according to EC2; we can deduce steel stress σd. So the structure design (reinforcement mainly) can be undertaken with this allowable limit value σd., in the load combinations where shrinkage as to be considered. This new methodology is more realistic than the equivalent thermal load based method, so safety requirements are satisfied by focusing on crack width assessment: this is a performance approach. It has allowed EDF to size a reinforcement ratio, which is compatible with concrete technical rules, especially in the areas near the raft. Of course this method remains in accordance with durability hypotheses and other requirements connected to nuclear specificities.
2
Kurgan, Piotr, Slawomir Koziel, and John W. Bandler. "Rapid Design Tuning of Miniaturized Rat-Race Couplers Using Regression-Based Equivalent Network Surrogates." In 2018 IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium - IMS 2018. IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mwsym.2018.8439836.
Full text
3
Chakraborty, M. S., S. K. Sao, and A. C. Mondal. "Equivalence of reverse conversion of binary signed-digit number system and two's-complement to canonical signed-digit recording." In 2018 4th International Conference on Recent Advances in Information Technology (RAIT). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rait.2018.8388982.
Full text
4
Mak, Lawrence, Andrew Kuczora, Michel B. DuCharme, Brian Farnworth, James Boone, Rob Brown, Stephen Cheung, Kerri-Ann Evely, Fabien A. Basset, and Scott MacKinnon. "Experimental Study and Modelling of Thermal Protection in Liferafts Using a Thermal Manikin and Human Subjects." In ASME 2009 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2009-79383.
Full textAbstract:
Experiments were conducted in cold conditions (5°C water temperature and 5°C air temperature) to assess the thermal protection of a 16-person, SOLAS approved, commercially available liferaft using a thermal manikin and human subjects. The comparison tests included four cases — 1. Inflated raft floor; dry clothing (Idry); 2. Inflated raft floor; wet clothing (Iwet); 3. Uninflated raft floor; dry clothing (Udry); 4. Uninflated raft floor; wet clothing (Uwet). The results demonstrated equivalence in insulation between human subjects and a thermal manikin for all cases of comparison (Idry: Manikin 0.236 (m2°C)/W versus Human 0.224 (m2°C)/W; Iwet: Manikin 0.146 (m2°C)/W versus Human 0.145 (m2°C)/W; Udry: Manikin 0.174 (m2°C)/W versus Human 0.185 (m2°C)/W; Uwet: Manikin 0.101 (m2°C)/W versus Human 0.116 (m2°C)/W). The results also showed the repeatability of the thermal manikin tests (0.177 (m2°C)/W versus 0.171 (m2°C)/W in Udry baseline case; and 0.101 (m2°C)/W versus 0.104 (m2°C)/W in Uwet baseline case). The results indicated that the insulation of a closed cell foam floor is comparable to an inflated floor (0.236 (m2°C)/W compared to 0.221 (m2°C)/W and 0.236 (m2°C)/W for closed foam floor from manufacturer A and B respectively). TPA provided considerable additional insulation than all baseline cases. A test with a human subject wearing a TPA in the Uwet case showed an improved insulation of 48% over the baseline case. TPA provided more additional insulation than a wet suit in all test cases except Udry case. In Uwet case, the worst test condition, the insulation obtained by sitting on a lifejacket (0.149 (m2°C)/W) is less than wearing a TPA (0.158 (m2°C)/W). Both of these are better than sitting directly on an uninflated floor (0.104 (m2°C)/W) or a closed cell foam floor (0.129 (m2°C)/W). There is a significant decrease in insulation value sitting in 10 cm of water (0.05 (m2°C)/W). Two human subject tests show an insulation value of 0.079 (m2°C)/W and 0.081 (m2°C)/W respectively. A liferaft occupant heat loss model was developed and integrated with Defense R&D Canada’s Cold Exposure Survival Model to predict survival time. For Uwet case, the worst test condition, the survival time is 32 hours and functional time is 24 hours for the experimental conditions.
5
Haque, Md Rejwanul, Hao Zheng, Saroj Thapa, Geza Kogler, and Xiangrong Shen. "A Robotic Ankle-Foot Orthosis for Daily-Life Assistance and Rehabilitation." In ASME 2018 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2018-9242.
Full textAbstract:
The ankle plays an important role in human movement as it supplies the majority of energy to support an individual’s walking. In this paper, the authors present a robotic ankle-foot orthosis (RAFO), which is essentially a wearable robot that acts in parallel to the user’s biological ankle for motion assistance. Unlike most of the existing robotic ankle-foot ortheses, the RAFO in this paper is a compact and portable assistive device with full energy autonomy, which enables its use in a user’s daily life without the typical limitation associated with tethered operation. The primary performance goal in the design of the RAFO is to provide a torque capacity equivalent to 35% of a 75 kg healthy person’s maximum ankle torque in slow walking, while keeping the weight of the device less than 2 kg. To reach such goal, the orthotic joint is actuated with a compact flat motor coupled with a two-stage transmission that provides a total 200:1 gear ratio. Additionally, a novel two-degree-of-freedom (2-DOF) joint design is incorporated. In addition to the powered dorsiflexion – plantarflexion, the 2-DOF joint also allows passive inversion – eversion of the joint, which greatly improves the comfort in the prolonged wearing of the device. For the control of the powered joint, a finite-state, friction-compensated impedance controller is developed to provide natural interaction with the user and reliable triggering of the powered push-off in walking. A prototype of the RAFO has been fabricated and assembled, and preliminary results demonstrated its effectiveness in assisting the user’s locomotion in treadmill walking experiments.
6
Rathjen, A., and Carolyn L. Geczy. "PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERISATION OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES AGAINST HEPARIN Deborah." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644188.
Full textAbstract:
To complement the studies using MAbs to AT III and because of the reported ability of heparin to modulate several aspects of the cell-mediated immune response, we have prepared two mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to porcine mucosal heparin.MAb 25/15 is an IgGl and MAb 26/7 is an IgM. Both MAbs have iso-electric points between pH5.85 and 6.55. The MAbs recognise porcine and bovine mucosal heparin and rat mast cell heparin. Heparins with both high and low affinitiesfor antithrombin III (ATIII) bound both MAbs but neither MAb altered the binding of heparin to AT III. These antibodies did not recognise other proteoglycans (chondroitin sulphate types A, B and C, keratan sulphate and hyaluronic acid) with the exception of heparan sulphate, (the cellular equivalent of heparin) and Arte- paron (Luitpold-Werk, Munchen; a synthetically poly- sulphated chondriotin sulphate), in competition and solid-phasebinding assays. Dextransulphate(Pharmacia) was also recognised by these MAbs. Cross-reactivity with Arteparon and dextran sulphate indicate that charged sulphate goups on the mucopolysaccharides may be importantBfor MAb binding. The Mabs described may beuseful probes for endogenous heparin at the cellular and tissue level and may allow further investigation of the many biological activitiesof heparin
7
Khalatov, Artem, and Vitaliy Onishchenko. "Heat Transfer and Surface Friction Downstream of a Dual Array of Dimples of a Different Shape." In ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2008-50022.
Full textAbstract:
The wide experimental program was carried out in the Institute for Engineering Thermophysics (Kiev, Ukraine) to study heat transfer and surface friction downstream of the dual array of dimples. The test section is the rectangular channel 34 mm height, 290 mm wide and 125 mm long. The unheated dual array of dimples was placed on the channel floor (bottom) wall upstream of the electrically heated test section. Inserts with dimples of spherical, cylindrical and square shape were tested at their relative depth h/D of 0.20 and 0.30. Projected (surface) diameter of dimples is 25.0 mm; the second row was placed in the staggered fashion with the downstream pitch Sx/D of 0.64. The span-wise spacing Sz/D is of 2.0 providing the second row exactly fills in the open span-wise gap between dimples in the first row. The inlet air speed was from 4.1 to 16.6 m/c, Reynolds number Re2H, based on the equivalent (hydraulic) channel diameter varied from 17,400 to 71,800, the inlet boundary layer thickness did not exceed 1.0 mm. According to shape factor measurements the turbulent flow existed in front of dimples for all flow conditions tested. Heat transfer measurements were performed over the center line downstream of the representative dimple placed in the first or second row. The Reynolds number Rex based on the downstream distance was ranged from 3,000 to 105,000. Based on measurements, the conclusion was made that immediately after dimple array (at Rex>3,000) heat transfer corresponds to the turbulent flow data for a smooth flat plate extended into the low Reynolds number area. The downstream heat transfer ratio Nux/Nu0 weakly depends on the dimple shape and depth. The downstream surface friction τw was measured over the central line beyond the dimple placed in the first or second row. The tube-in-flow technique was employed in these measurements. At low probe distances (x/D = 1.2–2.4) the surface friction coefficients locate between classic correlations for the laminar and turbulent flow (extended into the low Reynolds number area) for a smooth flat plate. At high probe distances (x/D > 4.16) the surface friction data agrees well with the classic turbulent flow correlation for the smooth flat plate. Close to the dimple downstream edge (x/D < 2.4) the Reynolds analogy factor is over the unity for all dimple depths and geometries, thus confirming the greater heat transfer increases compared with pressure drop growth. At higher distances, the Reynolds analogy factor is above or below the Reynolds analogy line (RAF = 1.0) depending on the dimple shape and depth. Comparisons on the Reynolds analogy factor magnitude were made in terms of the downstream distances from the dimple back edge.
8
Suttie, W. J., A. Cheung, and M. G. Wood. "ENZYMOLOGY OF THE VITAMIN K-DEPENDENT CARBOXYLASE: CURRENT STATUS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643991.
Full textAbstract:
The vitamin K-dependent microsomal carboxylase converts glutamyl residues in precursor proteins to γ-carboxyglutamyl (Gla) residues in completed proteins. The enzyme activity is present in significant activities in most non-skeletal tissues but has been studied most extensively in rat and bovine liver. Early studies of the enzyme utilized bound precursors of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors as substrates for the enzyme and demonstrated that the enzyme requires the reduced form of vitamin K (vitamin KH2), O2, and CO2. Subsequent investigations have taken advantage of the observation that the enzyme will carboxylate low-molecular-weight peptide substrates with Glu-Glu sequences. Utilizing a substrate such as Phe-Leu-Glu-Glu-Leu, it has been possible to demonstrate that γ-C-H release from the Glu residue of a substrate is independent of CO2 concentration. The formation of vitamin K 2,3-epoxide can also be demonstrated in a crude microsomal system, and it can be shown that the formation of this metabolite can be stimulated by the presence of a peptide substrate of the carboxylase. These observations have led to the general hypothesis that the mechanism of action of the enzyme involves interaction of vitamin KH2 with O2 to form an oxygenated intermediate that can interact with a substrate Glu residue to abstract a γ-hydrogen and in the process he converted to vitamin K epoxide (KO). The current evidence suggests that, either directly or indirectly, removal of the γ-C-H results in the formation of a carbanion at the γ-position of the Glu residue which can interact with CO2 to form Gla. The Glu residue intermediate which is formed can be demonstrated to partition between accepting a proton in the media to reform Glu, or interacting with CO2 to form Gla. Current data do not distinguish between the direct formation of a carbanion coupled to proton removal, or the participation of a reduced intermediate. Recent studies have demonstrated that the enzyme will carry out a partial reaction, the formation of vitamin K epoxide, at a decreased rate in the absence of a Glu site substrate. Epoxide formation under these conditions has the same for O2 as the carboxylation reaction and is inhibited in the same manner as the carboxylation reaction. In the presence of saturating concentrations of a Glu site substrate and C02, the ratio of KO formed, γ-C-H released, and C02 formed is 1:1:1. However, KO formation can be uncoupled from and proceeds at a higher rate than γ-C-H bond cleavage and Gla formation at low Glu site substrate concentrations. At saturating concentrations of CO2, Gla formation is equivalent to γ-C-H bond cleavage, and this unity is not altered by variations in vitamin KH2 or peptide substrate concentrations. Natural compounds with vitamin K activity are 2-Me-l,4-naphthoquinones with a polyprenyl side chain at the 3-position. Studies of vitamin K analogs have demonstrated that a 2-Me group is essential for activity but that the group at the 3-position can vary significantly. Modification of the aromatic ring of the naphthoquinone nucleus by methyl group substitution can result in alterations of either the rate of the carboxylation reaction or the apparent affinity of the enzyme for the vitamin. Studies of a large number of peptide substrates have failed to reveal any unique primary amino acid sequence which is a signal for carboxylation. However, current evidence from a number of sources suggests that a basic amino acid rich "propeptide" region of the intracellular form of the vitamin K-dependent proteins is an essential recognition site for the enzyme. This region of the precursor is lost in subsequent processing, and the manner in which it directs this posttranslational event is not yet clarified. Supported by NIH grant AM-14881.