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1
Fellenius, Bengt H. "Observations and analysis of wide piled foundations." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 56, no. 3 (March 2019): 378–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2018-0031.
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Available case histories on observations on full-scale piled rafts show that the settlement response to applied load can be modeled as that for an Equivalent Pier due to compression of the piles and the soil matrix plus that of an Equivalent Raft for compression of soil layers below the pile toe level. Interior piles engage the soil from the pile toe level upward in contrast to a single pile, which engages it from the ground downward. Piles and soil, combined as a pier, have strain compatibility, which determines the distribution of load between the piles, the contact stress, and the load-transfer movement of the piles. The responses between the interior and perimeter piles differ. Particularly so in non-subsiding and subsiding environment, because perimeter piles can be subjected to downdrag and drag forces, while neither downdrag nor drag force will affect the interior piles. In non-subsiding environment, it is advantageous to make perimeter piles shorter, while in subsiding environment perimeter piles best be longer. The load distribution across the raft is also governed by the degree of rigidity of the raft and by the difference in dishing at the pile toe level and in the dishing of the actual raft.
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Omer, Joshua, and Hasan Haroglu. "Tests on Model Piled Rafts in Sand: Measured Settlements Compared with Finite Element Predictions." Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 39, no. 4 (February 2, 2021): 3271–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10706-020-01664-0.
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AbstractLaboratory tests were carried out on non-piled rafts, single piles, surface contacting and non surface-contacting piled rafts which were made of aluminum and instrumented with strain gauges and deflection gauges. The foundations were installed in dry sand contained in a large metal tank to minimize boundary effects. Maintained loads were applied to each foundation until failure was closely approached. In parallel, analyses were performed using PLAXIS™ 3-D finite element program to compare the calculated and measured load-settlement trends hence assess the influence of soil stiffness on the foundation behaviour. The results confirmed that group efficiency of non-surface contacting piled increased with increasing pile–pile spacing and approached unity at a spacing equivalent to 8D (D = pile diameter). The data obtained from the strain gauges provided valuable insight into the load-transfer characteristics of different foundations and subsequently proved that the capacity of a surface contacting piled raft is significantly enhanced compared to that of either a non-piled raft or a non-surface contacting piled raft.
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Dung, N. T., S. G. Chung, and S. R. Kim. "Settlement of piled foundations using equivalent raft approach." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Geotechnical Engineering 163, no. 2 (April 2010): 65–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geng.2010.163.2.65.
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Loke, Amanda S. W., B. Jack Longley, Paul F. Lambert, and Megan E. Spurgeon. "A Novel In Vitro Culture Model System to Study Merkel Cell Polyomavirus–Associated MCC Using Three-Dimensional Organotypic Raft Equivalents of Human Skin." Viruses 13, no. 1 (January 19, 2021): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13010138.
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Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) is a human polyomavirus causally linked to the development of Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), an aggressive malignancy that largely arises within the dermis of the skin. In this study, we recapitulate the histopathology of human MCC tumors in vitro using an organotypic (raft) culture system that is traditionally used to recapitulate the dermal and epidermal equivalents of skin in three dimensions (3D). In the optimal culture condition, MCPyV+ MCC cells were embedded in collagen between the epidermal equivalent comprising human keratinocytes and a dermal equivalent containing fibroblasts, resulting in MCC-like lesions arising within the dermal equivalent. The presence and organization of MCC cells within these dermal lesions were characterized through biomarker analyses. Interestingly, co-culture of MCPyV+ MCC together with keratinocytes specifically within the epidermal equivalent of the raft did not reproduce human MCC morphology, nor were any keratinocytes necessary for MCC-like lesions to develop in the dermal equivalent. This 3D tissue culture system provides a novel in vitro platform for studying the role of MCPyV T antigens in MCC oncogenesis, identifying additional factors involved in this process, and for screening potential MCPyV+ MCC therapeutic strategies.
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Vasoya, Ankur, Sunil Kumar Shah, C. K. Tyagi, Prabhakar Budholiya, and Harish Pandey. "Formulation, Development and Evaluation of Chewable Bi-layered Tablets for Treating Gastro Esophageal Reflux Disease." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 10, no. 4-s (August 15, 2020): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v10i4-s.4224.
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The purpose of this research work was to formulate raft-forming chewable bilayer tablets of sodium alginate using a raft-forming agent along with gas-generating agents. Tablets were prepared by wet granulation and evaluated for raft strength, acid neutralization capacity, weight variation, % drug content, thickness, hardness, friability and in vitro drug release. Various raft-forming agents were used in preliminary screening. The amount of sodium alginate, amount of calcium carbonate and amount sodium bicarbonate were selected as variables. Raft strength, acid neutralization capacity and drug release at 30 min were selected as responses.Tablets containing sodium alginate were having maximum raft strength as compared with other raft-forming agents. Acid neutralization capacity and in vitro drug release of all factorial batches were found to be satisfactory. Prepared tablets were found to be pharmaceutically equivalent to the marketed product. It was concluded that raft-forming chewable bilayer tablets prepared using an optimum amount of sodium alginate, calcium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate could be an efficient dosage form in the treatment of gastro oesophageal reflux diseases.
Keywords: Chewable bilayer tablet, Sodium alginate, Raft forming agent, Acid Neutralizing capacity
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Wang, Fu Mao, Chang Guo Wang, Lan Lan Guo, Bang Chun Wen, and Yong Li. "Study on Floating Raft Vibration Isolation System for Pumping Unit." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.130.
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In this paper, based on the theory of double layered vibration isolation, the finite element dynamic model of floating raft vibration isolation system has been established for the project of vibration and noise control in a heat exchange station. The dynamic model of single pump is simplified an elastic cylinder based on the principle of equivalent parameters, and the elastic raft frame is used of steel structure. The dynamic characteristics of the system is analyzed by used of ANSYS with SOLID45 unit and COMBIN14 spring-damper unit, which provide an important basis for the engineering design of floating raft isolation system with pumping units.
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Niu, Xirong, Yangping Yao, Yanfang Sun, Yuhao He, and Haiqing Zhang. "3D Numerical Analysis of Synergetic Interaction between High-Rise Building Basement and CFG Piles Foundation." Applied Sciences 8, no. 11 (October 24, 2018): 2040. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8112040.
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A strong bearing capacity and the satisfaction of strict settlement requirements are necessary for high-rise buildings. A single-raft foundation cannot meet certain settlement requirements, in which case CFG (cement/fly ash/gravel, an emerging and sustainable construction material) piles can be used in the foundation to set up a cushion between the top of the pile and the raft slab, where the piles act as settlement reducers. The rafts of disconnected piles (DPs) exhibit complex synergetic interactions involving the raft, cushion, pile, and soil under the load of the superstructure. Multiple piles in particular lead to an increase in the number of degrees of freedom of the problem, resulting in difficulty in solving it. However, when the number of piles is very large and the structure is complex—for example, many buildings are placed on the same raft with basement structures—even if the embedded pile element is used during numerical calculations, either the method remains prone to non-convergence or the time needed for numerical calculations is too long. It is, thus, difficult to satisfy the requirement of an efficient scheme of evaluation in practice. To solve this problem, a method that uses a simulation of the integral equivalent of the CFG pile reinforcement zone is proposed in this paper. In the CFG pile reinforcement zone, the effect of the pile is reflected in the enhancement of parameters of the soil in the strengthened zone, and the reinforcement zone (including the soil and the pile) is regarded as an anisotropic elastoplastic material. As the structure of the pile is no longer needed in the model, its elimination significantly reduces the complexity of the model and improves its calculation efficiency. An example of a numerical calculation is provided to verify the viability and accuracy of the integral equivalent simulation method in comparison with the embedded pile element simulation method. Finally, the proposed method is applied to the three-dimensional numerical analysis of a scheme for the treatment of foundations of high- and low-rise buildings with basements, and its effectiveness is further verified through comparison with theoretical results.
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Asano, Sachi, Rita Pal, Hide-Nori Tanaka, Akihiro Imamura, Hideharu Ishida, Kenichi G. N. Suzuki, and Hiromune Ando. "Development of Fluorescently Labeled SSEA-3, SSEA-4, and Globo-H Glycosphingolipids for Elucidating Molecular Interactions in the Cell Membrane." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 24 (December 7, 2019): 6187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20246187.
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Glycosphingolipids (GSLs), such as the globo-series GSLs stage-specific embryonic antigen 3 (SSEA-3), SSEA-4, and Globo-H, are specifically expressed on pluripotent stem cells and cancer cells, and are known to be associated with various biological processes such as cell recognition, cell adhesion, and signal transduction. However, the behavior and biological roles of these GSLs are still unclear. In our previous study, we observed the interactions between the lipid raft and GSLs in real-time using single-molecule imaging, where we successfully synthesized various fluorescent analogs of GSLs (e.g., GM1 and GM3). Here, we have developed fluorescent analogs of SSEA-3, SSEA-4, and Globo-H using chemical synthesis. The biophysical properties of these analogs as raft markers were examined by partitioning giant plasma membrane vesicles from RBL-2H3 cells into detergent-resistant membrane fractions and liquid-ordered/liquid-disordered phases. The results indicated that the analogs were equivalent to native-type GSLs. The analogs could be used to observe the behavior of globo-series GSLs for detailing the structure and biological roles of lipid rafts and GSL-enriched nanodomains during cell differentiation and cell malignancy.
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Laurence, B. R., and J. A. Pickett. "An oviposition attractant pheromone in Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 75, no. 2 (June 1985): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300014371.
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AbstractGravid females of Culex quinquefasciatus Say from a laboratory strain originating in Nigeria orientated to a source of the main volatile pheromone component, erythro-6-acetoxy-5-hexadecanolide, isolated from the apical droplets of the egg rafts. Significantly more egg rafts were laid around polystyrene discs treated with the synthetic compound than around untreated discs, and modification of the chemical structure destroyed its biological activity. The response was found at a dose of 0·02μg of the synthetic compound, which is equivalent to one-sixteenth of the total acetoxyhexadecanolide found in an egg raft, and above. Although the apical droplets were contaminated by bacteria, these did not contribute to the production of the acetoxyhexadecanolide, which was present in the eggs before they were laid. It is concluded that the pheromone is released slowly from the apical droplets into the air above the water surface, attracting other gravid females to oviposit around previously laid egg rafts, and there is evidence of attraction over a distance of 5·5 cm.
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Olson, Kim E., Joan HF Drosopoulos, Ashley E. Olson, Marinus Johan Broekman, and Aaron J. Marcus. "Raft Localization and Nucleotidase Activity of CD39 Depends on Internal Proteolytic Cleavage." Blood 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 3925. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.3925.3925.
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Abstract We have previously shown that CD39 undergoes limited cleavage and that inhibition of proteolysis results in a decrease in ATPase activity. The reduction in enzymatic activity correlated with a decrease in the fraction of full-length CD39 present in active membrane raft-localized oligomeric complexes. We exploited N-and C-terminal VP16-and V5-tagged CD39, both transiently and stably expressed in 293 cells, to further elucidate the role of cleavage in the regulation of CD39 processing and activity. To characterize the complexes generated by cross-linking, N-terminal VP16-tagged and C-terminal V5-tagged CD39 were co-expressed in 293 cells. Following crosslinking of membranes with DTSSP and immunoprecipitation with anti-V5, DTT-cleaved species were visualized by Western Blot using VP16 antibody. Interestingly, both VP16-tagged full-length and N-terminal fragments (30 kDa) were immunoprecipitated by anti-V5. This indicates that both full-length CD39 and the N-terminal cleavage fragment are present in raft-localized complexes. The composition of raft-localized CD39 complexes was studied by separating membrane fractions on a discontinuous sucrose gradient using a non-detergent method. When overexpressed, CD39 and its C-terminal fragment distribute across the gradient as visualized by Western with anti-VP16. Importantly, specific activity (expressed as ATPase activity divided by total CD39 content) was 8 times greater in low-density raft-enriched fractions than in high density raft-free fractions. In addition, relative ADPase activity was higher in fractions containing a higher proportion of C-terminal CD39 relative to full-length CD39. Thus, CD39 forms oligomeric complexes and possesses optimal enzyme activity in lipid rafts. The relationship between CD39 cleavage, ATPase activity and raft localization was further studied in 293 cells transfected with C-or N-terminal VP16-tagged CD39. Subcellular fractionation on a discontinuous sucrose gradient yielded membrane fractions enriched in endoplasmic reticulum (ER), early endosomes (EE) and plasma membrane/Golgi (PM-Golgi). Importantly, the EE fraction contained both full-length and C-terminal (or N-terminal) CD39 at the same level as seen in the PM-Golgi fraction, suggesting that near 50% of CD39 resides in the EE compartment. Furthermore, EE-expressed CD39 exhibited an ATPase and ADPase activity equivalent to that seen in Golgi-PM fractions. This led us to examine effects of NH4Cl and bafilomycin (which block acidification of EE), and chloroquine (blocks EE maturation) on CD39 cleavage, activity and raft localization. Each treatment inhibited CD39 cleavage and correspondingly decreased ATPase activity. A shift of ~50% of full-length CD39 from raft fractions to high density membrane fractions was observed upon sucrose gradient fractionation following chloroquine treatment of cells transfected with N-terminal VP16 tagged CD39. This redistribution of CD39 in the membrane correlated with a 40% decrease in ATPase activity and a striking inhibition of CD39 cleavage. Here, at a lower level of expression than cited above, ATPase activity in low-density raft fractions was ~100-fold greater than in high density fractions. Thus, cleavage of a portion of CD39 molecules is required for both raft localization of full-length CD39 and optimal enzyme activity. Regulated proteolytic cleavage of CD39 would allow for rapid upregulation of CD39 activity in response to alterations in cell environment. This would occur via cycling of CD39 between plasma membrane and endosomal compartments, the proposed site of CD39 cleavage and assembly of fully active oligomeric complexes.
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Aoyagi, Naoto, and Takeshi Endo. "Functional RAFT agents for radical-controlled polymerization: Quantitative synthesis of trithiocarbonates containing functional groups as RAFT agents using equivalent amount of CS2." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 47, no. 14 (June 5, 2009): 3702–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.23410.
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Bull, J. W., and S. H. Salmo. "The use of the equivalent single wheel load concept for discrete raft type pavements." Computers and Geotechnics 3, no. 1 (January 1987): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0266-352x(87)90030-9.
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Wong, I. H., I. K. Ooi, and B. B. Broms. "Performance of raft foundations for high-rise buildings on the Bouldery Clay in Singapore." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 33, no. 2 (May 8, 1996): 219–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t96-002.
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The Bouldery Clay in Singapore consists of sandstone boulders that are embedded in a matrix of very stiff to hard silty and sandy clay. The strength and deformation characteristics of the soil matrix are close to those of a weak rock or a heavily overconsolidated clay. The average value of the second cycle moduli from the pressuremeter tests and the plate load tests is 480 MPa, and the average value of the undrained shear strengh from in situ tests is 1000 kPa. The performance of raft foundations for six high-rise buildings founded on the Bouldery Clay has been vary satisfactory, and the measured maximum and differential settlements are within allowable limits. The average equivalent undrained modulus of elasticity back-calculated from settlement observations is 540 MPa, compared with the average modulus of 480 MPa from in situ tests after unloading and reloading. It is therefore recommended that unloading and reloading of at least two cycles should be carried out for in situ tests so that a more representative modulus of elasticity for the Bouldery Clay and other very stiff or hard soil can be obtained. Key words: raft foundations, Bouldery Clay, Young's modulus, settlement, high-rise buildings.
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Zhang, Jun Fa, Lei Tao, Jian Jun Wen, and Wen Xiang Liu. "Analysis of the Effect of Stopping Dewatering on Group Piles Foundation." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 1348–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.1348.
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After the construction of building foundation with high groundwater table was finished, stopping dewatering of pit could create some effect on the force of foundation. In this paper, equivalent temperature-changed method was brought forward to simulate the influence of stopping dewatering which could conveniently use current structural analysis program to simulate the change of pore water pressure in soil. And based on ANSYS program, this method was applied in the project of Telecom Network Management Center in Shaanxi Province. Numerical results indicate that the effect of stopping dewatering on pile-raft system is significant, and some ‘abnormal phenomenon’ in In-Situ Testing is reasonably explained.
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Raheem, Shehata E. Abdel, Mohamed M. Ahmed, and Tarek M. A. Alazrak. "SOIL-RAFT FOUNDATION-STRUCTURE INTERACTION EFFECTS ON SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF MULTI-STORY MRF BUILDINGS." Engineering Structures and Technologies 6, no. 2 (December 6, 2014): 43–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/2029882x.2014.972656.
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Recent studies show that the effects of Soil Structure Interaction (SSI) may be detrimental to the seismic response of structure and neglecting SSI in analysis may lead to un-conservative design. Despite this, the conventional design procedure usually involves assumption of fixity at the base of foundation neglecting the flexibility of the foundation, the compressibility of soil mass and consequently the effect of foundation settlement on further redistribution of bending moment and shear force demands. The effects of SSI are analyzed for typical multi-story building resting on raft foundation. Three methods of analysis are used for seismic demands evaluation of the target moment resistant frame buildings: equivalent static load (ESL); response spectrum (RS) methods and nonlinear time history (TH) analysis with suit of nine time history records. Three-dimensional Finite Element (FE) model is constructed to analyze the effects of different soil conditions and number of stories on the vibration characteristics and seismic response demands of building structures. Numerical results obtained using soil structure interaction model conditions are compared to those corresponding to fixed-base support conditions. The peak responses of story shear, story moment, story displacement, story drift, moments at beam ends, as well as force of inner columns are analyzed.
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Roy, Sandrine, Sarah Plowman, Barak Rotblat, Ian A. Prior, Cornelia Muncke, Sarah Grainger, Robert G. Parton, Yoav I. Henis, Yoel Kloog, and John F. Hancock. "Individual Palmitoyl Residues Serve Distinct Roles in H-Ras Trafficking, Microlocalization, and Signaling." Molecular and Cellular Biology 25, no. 15 (August 1, 2005): 6722–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.25.15.6722-6733.2005.
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ABSTRACT H-ras is anchored to the plasma membrane by two palmitoylated cysteine residues, Cys181 and Cys184, operating in concert with a C-terminal S-farnesyl cysteine carboxymethylester. Here we demonstrate that the two palmitates serve distinct biological roles. Monopalmitoylation of Cys181 is required and sufficient for efficient trafficking of H-ras to the plasma membrane, whereas monopalmitoylation of Cys184 does not permit efficient trafficking beyond the Golgi apparatus. However, once at the plasma membrane, monopalmitoylation of Cys184 supports correct GTP-regulated lateral segregation of H-ras between cholesterol-dependent and cholesterol-independent microdomains. In contrast, monopalmitoylation of Cys181 dramatically reverses H-ras lateral segregation, driving GTP-loaded H-ras into cholesterol-dependent microdomains. Intriguingly, the Cys181 monopalmitoylated H-ras anchor emulates the GTP-regulated microdomain interactions of N-ras. These results identify N-ras as the Ras isoform that normally signals from lipid rafts but also reveal that spacing between palmitate and prenyl groups influences anchor interactions with the lipid bilayer. This concept is further supported by the different plasma membrane affinities of the monopalmitoylated anchors: Cys181-palmitate is equivalent to the dually palmitoylated wild-type anchor, whereas Cys184-palmitate is weaker. Thus, membrane affinity of a palmitoylated anchor is a function both of the hydrophobicity of the lipid moieties and their spatial organization. Finally we show that the plasma membrane affinity of monopalmitoylated anchors is absolutely dependent on cholesterol, identifying a new role for cholesterol in promoting interactions with the raft and nonraft plasma membrane.
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Wood, Murray R., David J. Duncalf, Paul Findlay, Steven P. Rannard, and Sébastien Perrier. "Investigation of the Experimental Factors Affecting the Trithiocarbonate-Mediated RAFT Polymerization of Methyl Acrylate." Australian Journal of Chemistry 60, no. 10 (2007): 772. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch07171.
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The reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization of acrylates, using methyl acrylate (MA) as a monomer model, mediated by a trithiocarbonate was tested under several conditions where the experimental parameters were systematically altered. The most significant parameter in controlling the rate and control of the polymerization was found to be the ratio of chain transfer agent (CTA) to initiator. Decreasing this ratio increased the rate of polymerization and had little noticeable effect on the control over molecular weight distribution. A ratio of CTA to initiator of unity was shown to give the best compromise between rate and control of the polymerization. Targeted degrees of polymerization (equivalent to ratios of monomer to CTA) had negligible effect on the rate of polymerization and polydispersity index (PDI). Performing the polymerization in the presence of solvent (up to 41.2% (w/w) in toluene) had no negative effect on the rate of polymerization. Indeed, marginally higher conversions and lower PDIs than for bulk polymerization were achieved for similar reaction times. A higher amount of toluene (66.6% (w/w)) induced a lower rate of polymerization, but the evolution of molecular weight and PDI were unaffected. Polymerizations performed in the presence of toluene, N,N′-dimethylformamide, and methyl ethyl ketone showed that solvent polarity and aromaticity had no observable effect on the rate of polymerization and over the control of molecular weight distribution. The optimum conditions for the polymerization of MA, mediated by 2-ethylthiocarbonylsulfanyl-propionic acid ethyl ester at 50°C were found to be [CTA]/[AIBN] = 1/1 and ~40% solvent (w/w).
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Lee, HakMo, Wan Wu, Marcin Wysoczynski, Magdalena Kucia, Mary J. Laughlin, Janina Ratajczak, and Mariusz Z. Ratajczak. "Granulocyte-Derived Cationic Peptides (GDCPs) Present in Leucophoresis Products Enhance Homing of Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs) to SDF-1 Gradient; Potential Implications for Accelerated Recovery of Hematopoiesis After Transplantation of Mobilized Peripheral Blood Stem Cells (PBSC)." Blood 114, no. 22 (November 20, 2009): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v114.22.371.371.
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Abstract Abstract 371 Current strategies to accelerate hematopoietic reconstitution after transplantation, include transplantation of greater numbers of HSC or ex vivo expansion of harvested HSC before transplant. However, the number of HSC availabel for allogeneic or autologous transplantation can be low (e.g., umbilical cord blood, poor mobilizers) and strategies to expand HSC and maintain equivalent engraftment capability ex vivo are limited. We reported that some compounds present in leucopheresis products [(e.g., platelet-derived microparticles (Blood 2001, 98: 3143)] and some complement cascade cleavage fragments, e.g., anaphylatoxin C3a (Blood 2005, 101, 3784), enhance the homing responses of HSC to SDF-1 gradient. We recently noted that small cationic peptides released from activated granulocytes (beta2-defensin and cathelicidin) positively prime responsiveness of murine and human HSC to SDF-1 gradient (Leukemia 2009; in press). Accordingly, both compounds enhanced transwell migration of HSC to low threshold doses of SDF-1. This phenomenon was not receptor-dependent, as agonists of membrane receptors that may bind beta2-defensin (FPRL-1), cathelicidin (CCR6) - FPRL-1 agonist, and MIP-3alpha, respectively, did not show similar priming effects. This could be explained by affected distribution of membrane lipids by cationic peptides. In support of this notion, an inhibitor of cell membrane raft formation (methyl-b-cyclodextran) inhibited the priming effect of both compounds, indicating this effect is dependent on CXCR4 incorporation into lipid rafts. Direct confocal analysis of CXCR4 and lipid raft colocalization in the presence or absence of cationic peptides confirmed these findings. Because leucopheresis products are enriched in activated granulocytes that release beta2-defensin and cathelicidin, we tested whether this may explain why mobilized peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) engraft faster compared to HSC isolated directly from bone marrow (BM) in a murine BM transplant model. Accordingly, syngeneic BMMNCs were exposed ex vivo to beta2-defensin or cathelicidin for 30 minutes and subsequently transplanted into lethally irradiated recipients. We noted that animals transplanted with BM cells primed by those cationic peptides showed accelerated recovery of platelets and neutrophils by ∼3-5 days compared to unprimed control cells. We envision that small cationic peptides, which primarily possess antimicrobial functions and are harmless to mammalian cells, could be clinically applied to prime human HSC before transplantation. This novel approach would be particularly important in cord blood transplantation, where the number of HSC availabel for transplantation is usually limited. We postulate that this promising strategy warrants further investigations. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Snoeck, R., A. Holý, C. Dewolf-Peeters, J. Van Den Oord, E. De Clercq, and G. Andrei. "Antivaccinia Activities of Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonate Derivatives in Epithelial Cells and Organotypic Cultures." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 46, no. 11 (November 2002): 3356–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.46.11.3356-3361.2002.
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ABSTRACT Organotypic “raft” cultures of epithelial cells allow the reconstitution of a skin equivalent that is easily infectible with different viruses with cutaneous tropism. Among these, poxvirus and particularly vaccinia virus (VV) are good candidates for use in antiviral tests, giving histological pictures comparable to those observed in humans infected with smallpox. Therefore, we decided to evaluate a series of phosphonate derivatives for their ability to inhibit VV growth in epithelial cell monolayers, and the most powerful derivatives were tested in the organotypic cultures. The most active compound was 9-(S)-[3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine [(S)-HPMPA], followed by 9-(S)-[3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]-2,6-diaminopurine, cyclic (S)-HPMPA, 9-(S)-[3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine [(S)-HPMPC; cidofovir, Vistide], and cyclic (S)-HPMPC. Cidofovir, which is on the market for the treatment of human cytomegalovirus retinitis in immunocompromised patients, is potentially a good candidate for the treatment of a poxvirus outbreak, in the absence of any vaccination.
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Wilson, Regina, Frauke Fehrmann, and Laimonis A. Laimins. "Role of the E1∧E4 Protein in the Differentiation-Dependent Life Cycle of Human Papillomavirus Type 31." Journal of Virology 79, no. 11 (June 1, 2005): 6732–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.11.6732-6740.2005.
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ABSTRACT The most highly expressed protein in the productive life cycle of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) is E1∧E4, but its function is not well understood. To investigate the role of E1∧E4, we undertook a genetic analysis in the context of the complete HPV type 31 (HPV31) genome. A mutant HPV31 genome (E4M9) was constructed that contained a stop codon in the E4 open reading frame at amino acid 9 and was silent in the overlapping E2 coding sequence. Wild-type and mutant genomes were transfected into normal human foreskin keratinocytes (HFKs) and selected for drug resistance, and pooled cultures were examined for effects of E1∧E4 on viral functions. Southern blot analyses of transfected HFKs demonstrated that cells carrying the E4M9 mutant genomes were maintained as episomes at copy numbers similar to those in keratinocytes transfected with wild-type HPV31. Both sets of cells grew at similar rates, exhibited comparable extensions of life spans, and had equivalent levels of early transcripts. Following suspension of the cells in a semisolid medium, differentiation-dependent genome amplification and late gene expression were significantly decreased in cells maintaining the E4M9 mutant genome compared to those with wild-type HPV31. One explanation for these effects could be a reduction in the number of cells harboring mutant genomes that enter S phase upon differentiation. An analysis of cells containing E4M9 mutant genomes in organotypic raft cultures indicated a reduction in bromodeoxyuridine incorporation in differentiated suprabasal cells compared to that seen in wild-type rafts. Our results indicate that the HPV31 E1∧E4 protein plays a significant role in promoting HPV genome amplification and S phase maintenance during differentiation.
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Xiong, Hui, Shou Ping Shang, and Liang Huang. "Simplified Dynamic Finite-Element Analysis for Three-Dimensional Pile-Grouped-Raft-High-Rise Buildings." Key Engineering Materials 400-402 (October 2008): 613–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.400-402.613.
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Combined with the respective advantages in S-R(Sway-Rocking) impedance concept and finite-element method, a simplified 3D structural dynamic FEM considering composite pile-group-soil effects is presented. The structural members including piles are modeled by spacial beam or shell elements, and raft-base is divided into thick-shell elements with its spring-dashpot boundary coefficient obtained by impedance backcalculated. The mass-spring elements for soil between piles are set to simulate vertical, horizontal pile-group effects by strata-equivalent approach. The soil beside composite body is separated into near-field and far-field parts. The former is modeled by nonlinear spring-dashpot elements based on Winkler’s hypothesis, while the latter is modeled by a series of linear mass-spring-dashpots. With the effects of boundary track forces and energy radiation, the presented model enables researchers to conduct the time-domain nonlinear analysis in a relatively simple manner which avoids sophisticated boundary method and solid-element mesh bringing with tremendous computational cost. The seismic effect on dynamic interaction of pile-soil-complicated structures would be efficiently annotated from two structural engineering and geotechnical engineering aspects and the numerical calculation effort would be drastically decreased too. The complete procedure is mainly performed using the parametric design language assembled in the Finite Element Code Ansys. With the dynamic analysis of foundation and superstructure for a pile-supported 15-storey building, the influence of the participant effect on structural dynamic response will be depicted by various dynamic parameters of pile-soil-raft foundation in detail. Not only do the results have an agreement with some conclusions drawn by the general interaction theory, but also certain of phenomena which would be disagree with that by general analysis is involved. Even with the finite-element meshes for 68 piles, the time-history analysis procedure for PGSS (Pile-Group-Soil-Superstructure) system and the qualitative evaluation with various SSI parameters can be also fulfilled efficiently and rapidly by presented means. These results may be of help to the designers to quickly assess the significance of interaction effect for the high-rise buildings resting on any type or layout of pile-group foundation.
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Hacıefendioğlu, Kemal, Gökhan Demir, and Ahmet Can Altunışık. "Blast-induced ground motion effect on dynamic response of a cylindrical vertical water tank with piled raft foundation." Challenge Journal of Structural Mechanics 6, no. 3 (September 8, 2020): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.20528/cjsmec.2020.03.003.
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This paper studies to estimate the dynamic behavior of a demineralized water tank with a piled raft foundation system considering soil-pile-structure-fluid interaction to shock-ground motion. A three-dimensional finite element model of a coupled system is constituted in ANSYS software. Interaction between pile and soil is represented with the frictional contact element. The frictionless contact elements are utilized to model between the water and tank shell to allow for displacement of the free surface adjacent to the tank wall. Shell elements are used for the tank body and its vault. The dynamic analyses of the tank including soil-pile-structure-fluid interaction are presented by using shock response spectra. Ground shock acceleration time histories, generated by using a developed computer program based on Fortran programming language, produce shock response spectra. The effects of the different charge weights and distances from the charge center are examined in the analyses. Also, the effect of the water fill level in the tank and the number of piles is also investigated. The results of the research are presented with the directional displacements and equivalent stresses. It seen from the analyses that the dynamic responses of the tank increase with the charge weight, while decreasing with the charge center distance. Moreover, the water fill level and the number of piles extremely affect the displacement and stress values of the coupled interaction system.
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Aizaki, Hideki, Kenichi Morikawa, Masayoshi Fukasawa, Hiromichi Hara, Yasushi Inoue, Hideki Tani, Kyoko Saito, et al. "Critical Role of Virion-Associated Cholesterol and Sphingolipid in Hepatitis C Virus Infection." Journal of Virology 82, no. 12 (March 26, 2008): 5715–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02530-07.
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ABSTRACT In this study, we establish that cholesterol and sphingolipid associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) particles are important for virion maturation and infectivity. In a recently developed culture system enabling study of the complete life cycle of HCV, mature virions were enriched with cholesterol as assessed by the molar ratio of cholesterol to phospholipid in virion and cell membranes. Depletion of cholesterol from the virus or hydrolysis of virion-associated sphingomyelin almost completely abolished HCV infectivity. Supplementation of cholesterol-depleted virus with exogenous cholesterol enhanced infectivity to a level equivalent to that of the untreated control. Cholesterol-depleted or sphingomyelin-hydrolyzed virus had markedly defective internalization, but no influence on cell attachment was observed. Significant portions of HCV structural proteins partitioned into cellular detergent-resistant, lipid-raft-like membranes. Combined with the observation that inhibitors of the sphingolipid biosynthetic pathway block virion production, but not RNA accumulation, in a JFH-1 isolate, our findings suggest that alteration of the lipid composition of HCV particles might be a useful approach in the design of anti-HCV therapy.
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Laksono, Rommy Andhika. "Efektivitas Nilai EC (Elektrical Conductivity) Terhadap Produksi Selada Merah (Lactuca sativa L.) Varietas Red Rapid Pada Sistem Hidroponik Rakit Apung." Paspalum: Jurnal Ilmiah Pertanian 8, no. 1 (April 28, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.35138/paspalum.v8i1.113.
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This study aims to determine the effect of EC value (Electrical Conductivity) which is able to provide the best production of Red Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Red Rapid Variety on the Floating Raft Hydroponic System. The experiment was conducted in a green house located in Sukaluyu Village, Telukjambe Timur District, Karawang Regency, from October to December 2016. The study used a randomized block design, consisting of 4 treatments, repeated 6 times, namely A (EC 0.5 - 1.5 mS / cm), B (EC 1.5 - 2.5 mS / cm), C (EC 2 , 5 - 3,5 mS / cm), D (EC 3,5 - 4,5 mS / cm) Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and further tests with Duncans multiple range test at 5% level. The number of plants for each treatment plot was 6 plants. The experimental results show that different EC (Electrical Conductivity) values have significantly different effects on the average plant height, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 HST, the average number of leaves 21, 28, 35 and 42 HST , average stem diameter 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days, average leaf area per plant, and average fresh weight per plant. The EC value of 3.5 - 4.5 mS / cm gives the highest production on the average fresh weight per lettuce plant (158.66 g), equivalent to 31.73 tons / ha.
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Sližytė, Danutė. "ESTIMATION OF AXIALLY-LOADED BORED PILES INTERACTION IN THE DESIGN OF PILE FOUNDATION/CENTRIŠKAI APKRAUTŲ GRĘŽTINIŲ POLIŲ TARPUSAVIO SĄVEIKOS ĮVERTINIMAS PROJEKTUOJANT POLINIUS PAMATUS." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 7, no. 3 (June 30, 2001): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13921525.2001.10531725.
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In Lithuania and many foreign countries traditional approach of replacing the pile group by equivalent raft foundation in order to estimate settlements is used. But now we have another method. H. Poulos [3] described the influence between piles in a pile foundation with the coefficient of interaction, that indicate the pile influence on the neighbouring piles settlement increasing neighbouring pile acted by axial load. General characteristics of Toyoura sand was shown in the table. With this data and two methods of calculation settlement of 5×5 pile foundation was founded (Fig 1) and results are shown in Fig 3. Also Fig 5 shows the effects of non-linearity on the axial load distribution between a piles of 5×5 group embedded in non-cohesive soil. The load distribution is expressed in terms of the ratio of load on pile to the average pile load in the group (N/Nav), and is plotted against the average pile load. The same figure shows how differ results when the normalised pile spacing 3D, 4,5D and 6D. In the case when the normalised pile spacing r/D=3 and pile foundation work in elastic phase the corner piles take 19,5% larger load as the average pile load and central pile take 20,0% smaller load as the average pile load. But after increasing of the average load this difference decreases. This difference also decreases when the normalised pile spacing increases.
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Lupu, Cristina, Hua Zhu, Jonathan Wren, and Florea Lupu. "Novel Protein Encoded by C6orf105 Regulates Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor Expression and Function In Human Endothelial Cells In Normal Conditions and During Androgen Stimulation." Blood 116, no. 21 (November 19, 2010): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.348.348.
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Abstract Abstract 348 Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and thrombotic complications (deep vein thrombosis/venous thromboembolism, DVT/VTE) represent major health problems, with men having higher rates of clinical events than women. Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor (TFPI) is the key natural inhibitor of coagulation: it neutralizes factor Xa (FXa) and inhibits tissue factor-factor VIIa (TF-FVIIa) in the presence of FXa. In vivo most of TFPI is in endothelial cells (EC), reversibly bound to yet unidentified receptors, and glycosyl phosphatidylinositol-floated in caveolae and/or lipid raft microdomains. Intravascular thrombosis occurs frequently in older people, especially associated with cancer, diabetes, or CVD. TF is directly involved in tumor hypercoagulability, angiogenesis and metastasis. Cell-associated TFPI is the most physiologically significant inhibitor of the TF-FVIIa- triggered coagulation pathway; nevertheless, very few mechanisms/factors that could regulate the natural expression of TFPI have been identified so far. Here we describe androgen treatment of EC as a novel way to preserve and/or enhance a healthy vascular function, particularly related to the regulation of TFPI-dependent anticoagulant function of the endothelium. Our hypothesis is that a yet uncharacterized protein encoded by C6orf105 is a novel regulator of TFPI expression and function in EC, both in native conditions and during androgen stimulation. “In silico” data mining using global meta-analysis of publicly available NCBI's Gene Expression Omnibus 2-channel human microarray datasets identified C6orf105 as highly co-expressed with TFPI and following a parallel co-regulation. The uncharacterized protein has 230-aa, Mr ∼27 kDa, 5–6 predicted transmembrane domains and has sequence similarities with members of the androgen-inducible genes family. We tentatively named it TFPI-Regulating Factor (TFPI-RF). Real-time qPCR and western blot confirmed robust expression of TFPI-RF in EC in culture (HUVEC and EA.hy926 hybrid cell line). By immunofluorescence (IMF) TFPI-RF appears both on the cell surface and intracellularly co-localizing with TFPI and caveolin-1 (cav-1). Post-transcriptional (siRNA) down-regulation of TFPI-RF decreased TFPI, both as protein (∼2-times) and as anticoagulant activity (∼3-fold), apparently by reducing the co-localization of the TF-FVIIa-FXa-TFPI complex with cav-1. Over-expression of TFPI-RF in HUVEC and EA.hy926 led to enhanced co-localization of TFPI-RF with TFPI, and increased TFPI mRNA and anticoagulant activity (∼2-times). Western blot of cellular fractions after extraction with Triton X-114 and temperature-induced phase separation revealed the presence of TFPI and TFPI-RF in detergent-insoluble fractions, which suggests predominant lipid raft association. IMF illustrates TFPI-RF co-clustering with TFPI and cav-1 or GM1 (raft marker) in live EC incubated with anti-TFPI antibody or Cholera Toxin-B, respectively. The effect of androgens was studied by incubating EC with 30 nM dehydrotestosterone (DHT) or equivalent testosterone-BSA (cell-impermeable). 1-h incubation led to 2-times enhanced TFPI activity, increased co-localization of the quaternary complex with cav-1 and TFPI-RF, and enhanced exposure of TFPI and TFPI-RF on the cell surface. 24-h treatment with DHT up-regulates the expression of both TFPI (2-fold) and TFPI-RF (3-fold), as well as the TFPI inhibitory activity against FXa. DHT failed to enhance TFPI activity in TFPI-RF siRNA EC. Our results reveal a novel mechanism of up-regulation of the anticoagulant activity of endogenous TFPI in response to physiological levels of androgen. While the precise role of androgens in the ageing process is unclear, it is believed that androgen replacement could have beneficial influence on the declining functions in the elderly. Our data could expand on the effects of androgens on the haemostatic function of the endothelium and discover new roles for novel proteins like C6orf105/TFPI-RF in enhancing the endothelial anticoagulant function. These may open possibilities to manipulate the cellular endogenous TFPI and/or other intrinsic factors to counteract pro-thrombotic states associated with CVD, DVT/VTE, sepsis and cancer. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Duraffour, Sophie, Robert Snoeck, Marcela Krečmerová, Joost van Den Oord, Rita De Vos, Antonín Holý, Jean-Marc Crance, Daniel Garin, Erik De Clercq, and Graciela Andrei. "Activities of Several Classes of Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonates against Camelpox Virus Replication in Different Cell Culture Models." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 51, no. 12 (September 24, 2007): 4410–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00838-07.
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ABSTRACT Camelpox virus (CMLV) is the closest known virus to variola virus. Here we report on the anti-CMLV activities of several acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs) related to cidofovir [(S)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonomethoxypropyl)cytosine (HPMPC; Vistide)] against two CMLV strains, CML1 and CML14. Cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction assays performed with human embryonic lung fibroblast monolayers revealed the selectivities of the first two classes of ANPs (cHPMPA, HPMPDAP, and HPMPO-DAPy) and of the hexadecyloxyethyl ester of 1-{[(5S)-2-hydroxy-2-oxido-1,4,2-dioxaphosphinan-5-yl]methyl}-5-azacytosine (HDE-cHPMP-5-azaC), belonging to the newly synthesized ANPs, which are HPMP derivatives containing a 5-azacytosine moiety. The inhibitory activities of ANPs against both strains were also confirmed with primary human keratinocyte (PHK) monolayers, despite the higher toxicity of those molecules on growing PHKs. Virus yield assays confirmed the anti-CML1 and anti-CML14 efficacies of the compounds selected for the highest potencies in CPE reduction experiments. Ex vivo studies were performed with a 3-dimensional model of human skin, i.e., organotypic epithelial raft cultures of PHKs. It was ascertained by histological evaluation, as well as by virus yield assays, that CMLV replicated in the human skin equivalent. HPMPC and the newly synthesized ANPs proved to be effective at protecting the epithelial cells against CMLV-induced CPE. Moreover, in contrast to the toxicity on PHK monolayers, signs of toxicity in the differentiated epithelium were seen only at high ANP concentrations. Our results demonstrate that compounds belonging to the newly synthesized ANPs, in addition to cidofovir, represent promising candidates for the treatment of poxvirus infections.
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Morikawa, Yuko, Toshiyuki Goto, Daisuke Yasuoka, Fumitaka Momose, and Tetsuro Matano. "Defect of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 Gag Assembly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Journal of Virology 81, no. 18 (July 3, 2007): 9911–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00027-07.
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ABSTRACT We have previously shown that the expression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Gag protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae spheroplasts produces Gag virus-like particles (VLPs) at the plasma membrane, indicating that yeast has all the host factors necessary for HIV-1 Gag assembly. Here we expand the study by using diverse primate lentiviral Gags and show that yeast does not support the production of HIV-2 or simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac Gag VLPs but allows the production of SIVagm and SIVmnd Gag VLPs. Particle budding was observed at the surfaces of cells expressing SIVagm and SIVmnd Gags, but cells expressing HIV-2 and SIVmac Gags showed only membrane-ruffling structures, although they were accompanied with electron-dense submembrane layers, suggesting arrest at an early stage of particle budding. Comparison of HIV-1 and HIV-2 Gag expression revealed broadly equivalent levels of intracellular Gag expression and Gag N-terminal myristoylation in yeast. Both Gags showed the same membrane-binding ability and were incorporated into lipid raft fractions at a physiological concentration of salt. HIV-2 Gag, however, failed to form a high-order multimer and easily dissociated from the membrane, phenomena which were not observed in higher eukaryotic cells. A series of chimeric Gags between HIV-1 and HIV-2 and Gag mutants with amino acid substitutions revealed that a defined region in helix 2 of HIV-2 MA (located on the membrane-binding surface of MA) affects higher-order Gag assembly and particle production in yeast. Together, these data suggest that yeast may lack a host factor(s) for HIV-2 and SIVmac Gag assembly.
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Psota, Eric, Jay Carlson, Priscila Rodrigues Armijo, Laura Flores, Ka-Chun Siu, Dmitry Oleynikov, Shane Farritor, and Nathan Bills. "End-Effector Contact and Force Detection for Miniature Autonomous Robots Performing Lunar and Expeditionary Surgery." Military Medicine 186, Supplement_1 (January 1, 2021): 281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usaa443.
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ABSTRACT Introduction The U.S. Space Force was stood up on December 20, 2019 as an independent branch under the Air Force consisting of about 16,000 active duty and civilian personnel focused singularly on space. In addition to the Space Force, the plans by NASA and private industry for exploration-class long-duration missions to the moon, near-earth asteroids, and Mars makes semi-independent medical capability in space a priority. Current practice for space-based medicine is limited and relies on a “life-raft” scenario for emergencies. Discussions by working groups on military space-based medicine include placing a Role III equivalent facility in a lunar surface station. Surgical capability is a key requirement for that facility. Materials and Methods To prepare for the eventuality of surgery in space, it is necessary to develop low-mass, low power, mini-surgical robots, which could serve as a celestial replacement for existing terrestrial robots. The current study focused on developing semi-autonomous capability in surgical robotics, specifically related to task automation. Two categories for end-effector tissue interaction were developed: Visual feedback from the robot to detect tissue contact, and motor current waveform measurements to detect contact force. Results Using a pixel-to-pixel deep neural network to train, we were able to achieve an accuracy of nearly 90% for contact/no-contact detection. Large torques were predicted well by a trained long short-term memory recursive network, but the technique did not predict small torques well. Conclusion Surgical capability on long-duration missions will require human/machine teaming with semi-autonomous surgical robots. Our existing small, lightweight, low-power miniature robots perform multiple essential tasks in one design including hemostasis, fluid management, suturing for traumatic wounds, and are fully insertable for internal surgical procedures. To prepare for the inevitable eventuality of an emergency surgery in space, it is essential that automated surgical robot capabilities be developed.
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Rafi, Reza. "Processing backward translation at intermediate L2 proficiency." Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 10, no. 1 (February 22, 2018): 35–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.17018.raf.
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Abstract This study opens a window into the mapping of the lexical structure of bilinguals as they reach intermediate-level L2 proficiency. A group of 32 Persian-speaking English learners participated in a translation recognition task, where they had to decide whether the sequentially presented English-Persian word pairs were translation equivalents. The Persian words in the experimental trials were not translation equivalents, but they either shared lexical or semantic features with the correct translations or shared phonological features with the preceding English words. For example, the Persian word /bɒːzuː/ in the word pair arm – /bɒːzuː/ was manipulated to create three categories of ‘no’ trials: (a) orthographically related to the translation equivalent (arm – /bɒːziː/ ‘game’), (b) semantically related to the translation equivalent (arm – /ʃɒːne/ ‘shoulder’), (c) phonologically related to the English word (arm – /ɒːrmɒːn/ ‘goal’). A significant interference effect was observed in response to the items in the first two categories, which indicates extensive utilization of both lexical and conceptual links in backward translation. However, the observed interference effect in the third category did not reach statistical significance, which calls into question the integrated activation of L1 and L2 prior to high level L2 proficiency. These results are discussed within the context of the Revised Hierarchical Model (Kroll & Stewart, 1994) and the Bilingual Interactive Activation Plus model (Dijkstra & Van Heuven, 2002).
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Bergner, Sven, Gordana Halec, Markus Schmitt, François Aubin, Angel Alonso, and Eeva Auvinen. "Individual and Complementary Effects of Human Papillomavirus Oncogenes on Epithelial Cell Proliferation and Differentiation." Cells Tissues Organs 201, no. 2 (December 5, 2015): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000441716.
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Previous studies on human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 protein functions have established the oncogenic nature of three viral proteins: E5, E6 and E7. Here we have studied the functions of these proteins by functional deletion of the individual E5, E6 or E7, or both E6 and E7 oncogenes in the context of the whole viral genome. These mutants, or the intact wild-type genome, were expressed from the natural viral promoters along with differentiation of epithelial HaCaT cells in three-dimensional collagen raft cultures. High episomal viral copy numbers were obtained using a transfection-based loxp-HPV16-eGFP-N1 vector system. All epithelial equivalents carrying the different HPV type 16 genomes showed pronounced hyperplastic and dysplastic morphology. Particularly the E7 oncogene, with contribution of E6, was shown to enhance cell proliferation. Specifically, the crucial role of E7 in HPV-associated hyperproliferation was clearly manifested. Based on morphological characteristics, immunohistochemical staining for differentiation and proliferation markers, and low expression of E1^E4, we propose that our raft culture models produce cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)1 and CIN2-like tissue. Our experimental setting provides an alternative tool to study concerted functions of HPV proteins in the development of epithelial dysplasia.
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Kim, Min Woo, Donghun Lee, and Myung Mi Kim. "Characteristics of Patients with Accommodative Esotropia Who Need Glasses for Stable Alignment after Myopic Shift." Journal of the Korean Ophthalmological Society 62, no. 8 (August 15, 2021): 1116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3341/jkos.2021.62.8.1116.
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Purpose: We analyzed the characteristics of patients with refractive accommodative esotropia (RAET) who required glasses for stable alignment after a myopic shift.Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of patients diagnosed with RAET at the initial visit, and who had developed a myopic shift in both eyes over the 5-year follow-up period. To evaluate clinical factors associated with the persistence of esotropia after myopia, the enrolled patients were divided into two groups; patients with RAET who needed glasses for stable alignment after a myopic shift (unstable group) and patients with RAET whose esotropia resolved after a myopic shift (stable group).Results: A total of 55 patients met the inclusion criteria. The mean follow-up period was 13.8 ± 5.7 years (5-27 years). Spherical equivalent (SE) refractive errors at the initial visit were +3.1 ± 1.6 diopters (D) (+1.00 to +7.25 D) and -1.5 ± 0.9 D (-4.38 to -0.5 D) at the last visit. Of the 55 RAET patients, 24 were included in the unstable group and 31 were included in the stable group. No significant differences in gender, age at diagnosis, SE refractive error, or angle of esotropia with glasses were observed between the two groups. However, significantly more patients failed the Lang I test or had anisometropia over 1.5 D at the last visit, and the duration between the onset of esotropia and prescribing glasses was significantly longer in the unstable group than in the stable group.Conclusions: Glasses may be needed for stable alignment even after a myopic shift in RAET patients with long durations of misalignment, poor stereopsis, and anisometropia.
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Arıman, Sema, and Hasan Gümüş. "Radioactivity levels and health risks due to radionuclides in the soil and sediment of mid-Black Sea: Kızılırmak Deltas-Turkey." Radiochimica Acta 106, no. 11 (November 27, 2018): 927–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ract-2017-2896.
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Abstract Artificial and natural radionuclide pollutants of the marine environment have been recognized as a serious environmental concern. In this study, the activity concentrations of terrestrial and anthropogenic radionuclides in the soil and sediment samples collected from Bafra Kızılırmak Delta were measured by using gamma spectrometry with an NaI (Tl) detector. The average specific of activity concentrations for 238U, 232Th and 40K were found to be 28.59, 17.48 and 150.59 Bq kg−1, respectively. On the other hand, 137Cs was also measured in some samples. 137Cs (t1/2=30.17 years) is a man-made radionuclide released from nuclear fission and activation processes. It has a mean value of 5.32 Bq kg−1. From the activity concentrations, the radium equivalent activity (Raeq), the absorbed gamma dose rates (DR), the annual gonadal dose equivalent, annual effective dose equivalent, internal (Hin), external hazard index (Hex) and excess lifetime cancer risk were estimated. This study can be used as a base line for future investigations and the data obtained in this study may be useful for natural radioactivity mapping and also be used as a reference data for monitoring possible radioactivity pollutions in future.
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Moncada, W., and B. Willems. "Spatial and temporal analysis of surface temperature in the Apacheta micro-basin using Landsat thermal data." Revista de Teledetección, no. 57 (December 28, 2020): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/raet.2020.13855.
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<p>High Andean ecosystems, such as grasslands and peatlands, are fragile and, due to the effects of climate change, their sustainability is being jeopardized. A key factor hampering sustainable management efforts from the government and communities, is the lack or scarcity of in-situ eco-hydrological and climate data. In that sense, remote sensing techniques offers a powerful alternative for the assessment of the evolution of these ecosystems, by providing a holistic view of the territory. The objective of this work is to determine both the spatial and temporal evolution of the local atmospheric temperature of the Apacheta micro-basin in Ayacucho over the past 34 years, using the soil surface temperature (SST) as a proxy. For this, thermal data of Landsat series (TM, ETM+ and TIRS sensors), covering the period from 1985 to 2018, were used. The TSS estimates were made from the emissivity correction of the brightness temperatures at the top of the atmosphere, considering the negligible atmospheric effect due to the conditions of high atmospheric transmissivity in the study area. The results show a positive trend of the SST with an increase of 4.9 °C, equivalent to 27.5% of the SST. Trends are higher (5.8 °C) in the snowy areas (equivalent to 35.3% of the TSS in the whole micro-basin). The SST in the snow area explains the 83.6% of the behavior of the snow cover derived by the NDSI, with a decreasing surface as SST increase.</p>
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Massie, Isobel, Hannah J. Levis, and Julie T. Daniels. "Response of human limbal epithelial cells to wounding on 3D RAFT tissue equivalents: Effect of airlifting and human limbal fibroblasts." Experimental Eye Research 127 (October 2014): 196–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2014.07.024.
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Tamasi, A. L., C. L. Barnes, and J. R. Walensky. "Structure and spectroscopy of uranyl salicylaldiminate complexes." Radiochimica Acta 101, no. 10 (October 2013): 631–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/ract.2013.2071.
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Summary The synthesis of uranyl complexes coordinated to tridentate, monoanionic salicylaldiminate (Schiff base) ligands was achieved by the reaction of UO2Cl2(THF)3, 1, with one equivalent of the corresponding sodium salicylaldiminate salts affording [(C9H6N)N=C(H)C6H2t Bu2O]UO2Cl(THF), 2, [(NC5H4)N=C(H)C6H2 t Bu2O]UO2Cl(THF), 3, and [(C6H4SCH3)N=C(H)C6H2tBu2O]UO2Cl(THF), 4. These are uncommon examples of uranyl complexes with a monoanionic ancillary ligand to stabilize the coordination sphere and one chloride ligand. Compounds 2-4 have been characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy as well as IR and UVVis spectroscopy and their structures determined by X-ray crystallography.
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Longcor, Jarrod, and Kate Oliver. "Phase 1, Open-Label, Dose Escalation Study of I-131-CLR1404 (CLR 131) in Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma." Blood 134, Supplement_1 (November 13, 2019): 1864. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-131806.
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Background: CLR 131 [18-(p-[131I]-iodophenyl)octadecyl phosphocholine] is an investigational, radioiodinated cancer therapy that exploits the selective uptake and retention of phospholipid ethers (PLEs) and PLE analogs by malignant cells [Mollinedo 2010, Weichert 2014]. To produce CLR 131, the core PLE analog is radioiodinated with the radioisotope iodine-131 (I-131). CLR 131 provides targeted delivery of radiation to malignant tumor cells, thus minimizing radiation exposure to normal tissues. The mechanistic basis for the cancer-cell selective uptake involves interaction with lipid raft regions of the plasma membrane. Imaging studies with CLR 124 [18-(p-[124I]-iodophenyl)octadecyl phosphocholine], which is chemically and structurally identical to CLR 131, have demonstrated cancer-cell selective uptake and retention in all but 3 of over 60 tumor cell models assessed to date [Weichert 2014]. Using a MM1.S myeloma xenograft murine model, highly selective uptake of CLR 124 was documented using I-124 PET imaging (Figure 1). Similarly, using CLR 124 in a disseminated MM1.S myeloma model, PET-CT documented selective uptake of CLR1404 in anatomic regions of dense myelomatous involvement (Figure 2). CLR 131 activity was assessed in NOD scid gamma mice bearing 200 mm3 MM1.S flank tumors who received a single tail vein injection of CLR 131 (100 µCi) or a mass equivalent dose of CLR1404. As anticipated, a single dose of CLR 131 produced tumor growth delay (Figure 3). Study Design and Methods: This Phase 1 trial (NCT02278315) is assessing CLR 131 in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM). The primary objective is to determine the safety and tolerability of CLR 131 as a single or multiple dose, with and without concurrent weekly dexamethasone, in patients with RRMM who have previously been treated with, or are intolerant of, an immunomodulator and a proteasome inhibitor. Secondary objectives include identifying the recommended Phase 2 dose and schedule, and determining therapeutic activity. Eligibility criteria include progressive, RRMM, and at least one previous exposure to proteasome inhibitor and immunomodulatory drugs with no limit to the number of prior lines of therapy. Patients are to have at least 5% plasma cell involvement and measurable disease (by m-protein or FLC, although non-secretors are considered on a case-by-case basis). Patients are excluded if they have had prior radioisotope therapy, prior total body or hemi-body irradiation, or prior external beam radiation therapy resulting in greater than 20% of total bone marrow receiving greater than 20 Gy. Patients receive CLR 131 as a fractionated infusion of CLR 131 at increasing doses administered on day 1 and day 7 (± 1 day) as a 30-minute intravenous infusion with 40 mg concurrent weekly dexamethasone. All patients take thyroid protection medication starting the day prior to CLR 131 infusion and continuing for 14 days after the last CLR 131 infusion. Following the CLR 131 infusions, patients are followed for a total of 12 weeks to assess safety and efficacy. At least 3 to 4 patients are enrolled in each dose level. Patients who discontinue prior to the day 64 assessment can be replaced. A Data Monitoring Committee evaluates each dose level for safety and tolerability and provides recommendations for dose escalation, de-escalation, or expansion. Current Status As of 31-Jul-2019, 28 subjects have been enrolled; 18 patients received a single infusion of CLR 131 and 10 patients have received fractionated doses of CLR 131. Enrollment in the 40 mCi/m2 fractionated dose level is ongoing. Disclosures Longcor: Cellectar Biosciences: Employment, Equity Ownership. Oliver:Cellectar Biosciences: Employment.
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Kureshi, Alvena K., Rosemary AL Drake, and Julie T. Daniels. "Challenges in the development of a reference standard and potency assay for the clinical production of RAFT tissue equivalents for the cornea." Regenerative Medicine 9, no. 2 (March 2014): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/rme.13.92.
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Massie, Isobel, Sarah B. Dale, and Julie T. Daniels. "Limbal Fibroblasts Maintain Normal Phenotype in 3D RAFT Tissue Equivalents Suggesting Potential for Safe Clinical Use in Treatment of Ocular Surface Failure." Tissue Engineering Part C: Methods 21, no. 6 (June 2015): 576–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ten.tec.2014.0458.
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Srivastava, Alok, Vishal Tuli, and Ulrich W. Scherer. "Study of radiotoxic 210Po in Indian tobacco using liquid scintillation spectrometry." Radiochimica Acta 106, no. 9 (September 25, 2018): 787–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ract-2017-2848.
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Abstract A fast radioanalytical method has been developed to measure 210Po in tobacco samples. After microwave digestion polonium is extracted quantitatively from a 1 M hydrochloric acid solution into a solution of triisooctylamine in toluene. The extract was measured by liquid scintillation counting in α mode. Caused by the high counting efficiency the counting time per sample can be reduced significantly compared to conventional α spectrometry, allowing for high sample throughput. The method was applied to 11 brands of cigarettes, beedis and or chewing tobaccos from India. Based on the resulting activity concentrations and typical consumption habits, annual and lifetime equivalent doses were calculated. They were found to be ~100–700 μSv/a or ~5–35 mSv, respectively.
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Cragg, Mark S., and Martin J. Glennie. "Antibody specificity controls in vivo effector mechanisms of anti-CD20 reagents." Blood 103, no. 7 (April 1, 2004): 2738–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2003-06-2031.
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Abstract Despite the success of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (mAb) in the treatment of lymphoma, there remains considerable uncertainty about their mechanism(s) of action. Here, we show that certain of these reagents (rituximab and 1F5), which redistribute CD20 into membrane rafts, are bound efficiently by C1q, deposit C3b, and result in complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). This activity is important in vivo, because complement depletion using cobra venom factor (CVF) markedly reduced the efficacy of rituximab and 1F5 in 2 lymphoma xenograft models. However, complement depletion had no effect on the potent therapeutic activity of B1, a mAb that does not redistribute CD20 into membrane rafts, bind C1q, or cause efficient CDC. Equivalent immunotherapy also occurred in the presence or absence of natural killer (NK) cells. Perhaps most surprising was the observation that F(ab′)2 fragments of B1 but not 1F5 were able to provide substantial immunotherapy, indicating that non-Fc-dependent mechanisms are involved with B1. In accordance with this, B1 was shown to induce much higher levels of apoptosis than rituximab and 1F5. Thus, although complement is important for the action of rituximab and 1F5, this is not so for B1, which more likely functions through its ability to signal apoptosis. (Blood. 2004;103:2738-2743)
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Ashraf, Mudasir, C. Anu Radha, Shakeel Ahmad, Sajad Masood, Rayees Ahmad Dar, and V. Ramasubramanian. "Evaluation of excess life time cancer risk due to natural radioactivity of the Lignite samples of the Nichahoma, lignite belt, North Kashmir, India." Radiochimica Acta 104, no. 9 (September 1, 2016): 673–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ract-2015-2504.
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Abstract Naturally occurring radionuclides of the 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K present in the lignite samples was measured by using a low-background Pb-shielded gamma spectroscopic counting assembly utilizing NaI(Tl) detector for the measurement and to evaluation the radiation hazard indices and excess life time cancer risk. The average values of specific activity concentrations in the investigated lignite samples was found to be 45.36 Bq kg−1 for 226Ra, 21.42 Bq kg−1 for 232Th, 40.51 Bq kg−1 for 40K and 79.11 Bq kg−1 for Raeq respectively. The average value excess life time cancer risk was found to be relatively higher than the world average. Moreover, the correlation analysis shows the strong dependence of excess lifetime cancer risk on measured dose and the radium equivalent activity.
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Moro, Mario. "RADT-22. RE-IRRADIATION FOR RECURRENT GLIOBLASTOMAS (GBM)." Neuro-Oncology 22, Supplement_2 (November 2020): ii186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noaa215.775.
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Abstract AIMS In this report, we describe our experience in dealing with recurrent GBMs in terms of efficacy and toxicity of second RT course (re-RT) with 3DCTR or VMAT protocols. We carefully reviewed our patient’s outcomes and additionally performed a comprehensive and updated meta-analysis of recent recurrent re-RT GBMs literature to compare our results with the ongoing findings of the t studies. METHODS We retrospectively collected data between 2017 and 2020 at our Institution. Also, we used the random-effects model to pool outcomes across studies about re-RT GBMs from the recent literature (prospective studies from 2010 to 2020, ≥ 30 patients, re-RT with 3DCTR or IMRT-VMAT) to have a more homogenous cohort in terms of treatment modalities, thus reducing the selection bias. RESULTS Re-irradiation was performed at a median interval time of 13.5 (range 4 - 192 months) months from the first RT. The median re-RT dose was 18 Gy (range 12–36 Gy), and the median fraction size was 3,45 Gy (range 1,8–6 Gy). The total median equivalent dose (EQD2) was 84 Gy (range 65.7 – 110 Gy). Our cohort median PFS is 12.5 months (range 4 – 192 months), while the median OS was 26 months (range 6 – 213 months). Our results show that OS-6 and OS-12, from time of re-irradiation, to be 69.2% and 30.7% respectively and the PFS-6 and PFS-12 to be 76.9% and 23.0%, respectively. None of our patients experienced acute toxicity. In our literature research, we found 22 eligible studies, including 1065 patients. The results of the pooled outcomes were: OS-12 rate 35% (95% CI: 30–40%), PFS-12 rate 16% (95% CI 13–19%), and Grade 3 + AE rate < 5% (95% CI 0–10%). CONCLUSIONS Our data confirm re-RT is safe and feasible treatment with a limited toxicity for salvage treatment in recurrent GBMs.
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Jamieson, Stacey, and Peter J. Fuller. "Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors as Potential Therapeutic Agents in the Treatment of Granulosa Cell Tumors of the Ovary." International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 25, no. 7 (September 2015): 1224–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/igc.0000000000000479.
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ObjectiveGranulosa cell tumors of the ovary (GCTs) represent a specific subset of malignant ovarian tumors, of which there are 2 distinct subtypes, the juvenile and the adult form. Aside from surgery, no reliable therapeutic options currently exist for patients with GCT. This study sought to investigate the potential role of small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) as novel therapeutics in the clinical management of GCT.Materials and MethodsUsing TKI with distinct but overlapping multitargeted specificities, cellular proliferation, viability, and apoptosis were evaluated in 2 human GCT-derived cell lines, COV434 and KGN.ResultsSunitinib, which targets the imatinib-inhibited tyrosine kinases of VEGFR, KIT, PDGFR, and FLT-3, was without effect in COV434 and KGN cell lines. Sorafenib, which has a high affinity for RAF1 and BRAF, dose dependently inhibited cellular proliferation and viability in both cell lines at concentrations equivalent to that seen in other systems. A RAF1 kinase inhibitor was without effect, suggesting that sorafenib is acting via inhibition of BRAF, or that aberrant signaling originates upstream of BRAF in the MAPK pathway. In the presence of a selective Src family inhibitor (SU6656), cell proliferation and cell viability responses dissociated; that is, although SU6656 dose dependently inhibited cell viability, it had limited effect on proliferation and apoptosis.ConclusionsThese findings implicate BRAF in the activated signaling responsible for the growth and viability of GCT and suggest that TKI already in clinical use may be a therapeutic option in the treatment of GCT.
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Aygün, Bünyamin, Erdem Şakar, Turgay Korkut, Mohammed Ibrahim Sayyed, and Abdülhalik Karabulut. "New high temperature resistant heavy concretes for fast neutron and gamma radiation shielding." Radiochimica Acta 107, no. 4 (March 26, 2019): 359–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ract-2018-3075.
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Abstract In the present work, we developed three new high temperature resistant heavy concretes as novel radiation shielding materials. For this purpose, chrome ore (FeCr2O4), hematite (Fe2O3), titanium oxide (TiO2), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), limonite [FeO (OH) nH2O], siderite (FeCO3), barite (BaSO4), nickel oxide (NiO) materials and alumina cement were used. Mass combination ratios of components and total macroscopic cross sections (scattering, absorption, capture, fission) of the samples were calculated by using GEANT4 code. The resistances of the prepared samples were evaluated in terms of compression strength after exposure at the 1000 °C temperature. Neutron equivalent dose rate measurements were carried out by using 4.5 MeV 241Am-Be neutron source and BF3 detector. All results were compared with normal weight concrete and paraffin. The results of neutron dose indicate that neutron absorption ability of the new heavy concretes is higher than normal weight concrete and paraffin. In addition to neutron measurements, different γ-ray shielding parameters such as mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), effective atom numbers (Zeff), half value layer (HVL) and mean free path (MFP) have been calculated using WinXCOM software in order to investigate the effectiveness of using the prepared concretes as a radiation shielding materials. Gamma-ray results were compared with concretes and Pb-based glass.
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Kasumović, Amira, Ema Hankić, Amela Kasić, and Feriz Adrović. "Natural radioactivity in some building materials and assessment of the associated radiation hazards." Radiochimica Acta 106, no. 1 (January 26, 2018): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ract-2017-2809.
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AbstractThe results of the specific activities of232Th,226Ra and40K measured in samples of commonly used building materials in Bosnia and Herzegovina are presented. Measurements were performed by gamma-ray spectrometer with coaxial HPGe detector. The surface radon exhalation and mass exhalation rates for selected building materials were also measured. The determined values of specific activities were in range from 3.16±0.81 Bq kg−1to 64.79±6.16 Bq kg−1for232Th, from 2.46±0.95 Bq kg−1to 53.89 ±3.67 Bq kg−1for226Ra and from 28.44±7.28 Bq kg−1to 557.30±93.38 Bq kg−1for40K. The radium equivalent activity, the activity concentration index, the external and internal hazard indices as well as the absorbed dose rate in indoor air and the corresponding annual effective dose, due to gamma-ray emission from the radioactive nuclides in the building material, were evaluated in order to assess the radiation hazards for people. The measured specific activities of the natural radioactive nuclides in all investigated building materials were compared with the published results for building materials from other European countries. It can be noted that the results from this study are similar to the data for building materials from neighbouring countries and for building materials used in the EU Member States. The radiological hazard parameters of the building materials were all within the recommended limits for safety use.
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Sayyed, Mohammed I., Ferdi Akman, and Mustafa Recep Kaçal. "Experimental investigation of photon attenuation parameters for different binary alloys." Radiochimica Acta 107, no. 4 (March 26, 2019): 339–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ract-2018-3079.
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Abstract Recently, technologists try to develop novel gamma radiation shielding materials instead of traditional materials such as lead and concrete with improved performance in gamma radiation shielding in medical applications and nuclear reactors. For this purpose, alloys such as stainless steel (SS) and carbon steel (CS) attracted much attention, these days. Preliminary results on such alloys have shown better attenuation of γ rays as compared to traditional shielding materials. This work aimed to conduct research on different alloy samples to evaluate their radiation attenuation efficiency and their suitability for radiation shielding when utilized in nuclear facilities. The mass attenuation coefficients for eight alloy samples were measured at different photon energies ranging from 80.997 to 1332.501 keV using transmission geometry. From the mass attenuation coefficients, different photon attenuation parameters such as half value layer, mean free path, effective atomic number, and radiation protection efficiency were evaluated. In addition, the equivalent atomic number and the exposure buildup factor were calculated using G-P fitting method for photon energy ranging from 0.015 MeV to 15 MeV at different penetration depth. The results showed that the Zeff values remain almost constant for all samples except W72/Cu28 in which the Zeff for this sample tends to decrease with the energy. The lowest value of half value layer is found for the alloy sample Ta97.5/W2.5 and the highest value is found for the alloy sample In50/Sn50. The Ta97.5/W2.5, Ta90/W10, Ta95/W5 samples demonstrated good radiation attenuation properties.
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Bingöldağ, Nesli, and Pelin Otansev. "Spatial distribution of natural and artificial radioactivity concentrations in soil samples and statistical approach, Nevşehir, Turkey." Radiochimica Acta 108, no. 11 (November 26, 2020): 913–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ract-2020-0061.
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AbstractThe concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, 40K and 137Cs radionuclides in soil samples collected from 323 different regions of Nevşehir province were determined by using a gamma spectrometer with an HPGe detector. The mean gamma activity concentrations (ranges) of 226Ra, 232Th, 40K and 137Cs for districts were determined as 49.45 (7.40–193.90), 54.08 (<2.8–122.50), 698.43 (37.67–1370.20) and 8.26 (0.10–52.60) Bq kg−1, respectively. The mean activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K were higher than the world mean value. According to Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, distributions of 226Ra, 232Th and 137Cs show log-normal distributions. Whereas, 40K shows normal distribution. The mean radium equivalent activity was 181.68 Bq kg−1 which is lower than the recommended maximum value of 370 Bq kg−1. The mean external terrestrial gamma dose rate was found to be 85.12 nGy h−1. The calculated external hazard value was 0.49 and within the acceptable limit which is less than unity (Hex ≤ 1). Thermo Scientific RadEye NBR detector was used to determine environmental gamma dose rates. The gamma dose rates were measured at 445 points at a height of 1 m from land surface. The mean outdoor gamma dose rate (range) was found as 150.13 (50–480) nGy h−1. This mean value was found higher than world mean value. The fact that most of the Nevşehir province is based on volcanic rocks explains why the gamma dose rates are high.
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Detzner, Johanna, Anna-Lena Klein, Gottfried Pohlentz, Elisabeth Krojnewski, Hans-Ulrich Humpf, Alexander Mellmann, Helge Karch, and Johannes Müthing. "Primary Human Renal Proximal Tubular Epithelial Cells (pHRPTEpiCs): Shiga Toxin (Stx) Glycosphingolipid Receptors, Stx Susceptibility, and Interaction with Membrane Microdomains." Toxins 13, no. 8 (July 28, 2021): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13080529.
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Tubular epithelial cells of the human kidney are considered as targets of Shiga toxins (Stxs) in the Stx-mediated pathogenesis of hemolytic–uremic syndrome (HUS) caused by Stx-releasing enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). Analysis of Stx-binding glycosphingolipids (GSLs) of primary human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (pHRPTEpiCs) yielded globotriaosylceramide (Gb3Cer) and globotetraosylceramide (Gb4Cer) with Cer (d18:1, C16:0), Cer (d18:1, C22:0), and Cer (d18:1, C24:1/C24:0) as the dominant lipoforms. Investigation of detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs) and nonDRMs, serving as equivalents for the liquid-ordered and liquid-disordered membrane phase, respectively, revealed the prevalence of Gb3Cer and Gb4Cer together with cholesterol and sphingomyelin in DRMs, suggesting lipid raft association. Stx1a and Stx2a exerted strong cellular damage with half-maximal cytotoxic doses (CD50) of 1.31 × 102 pg/mL and 1.66 × 103 pg/mL, respectively, indicating one order of magnitude higher cellular cytotoxicity of Stx1a. Surface acoustic wave (SAW) real-time interaction analysis using biosensor surfaces coated with DRM or nonDRM fractions gave stronger binding capability of Stx1a versus Stx2a that correlated with the lower cytotoxicity of Stx2a. Our study underlines the substantial role of proximal tubular epithelial cells of the human kidney being associated with the development of Stx-mediated HUS at least for Stx1a, while the impact of Stx2a remains somewhat ambiguous.
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Viana, Caris dos Santos, Marcelo de Almeida Guimarães, Hozano de Souza Lemos Neto, Benedito Pereira Lima Neto, Ítalo Marlone Gomes Sampaio, Ana Régia Alves de Araújo Hendges, and Janiquelle da Silva Rabelo. "Intercropping arugula with aromatic condiment species affords better yields, biological efficiency and financial return." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 3 (March 14, 2021): e21910313237. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i3.13237.
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Intercropping affords an increase in productivity by optimising the area used, as well as maximising input use efficiency the financial return of intercroping systems was higher than that observed in the respective individual cultures. Here we show prominently that the financial return of the consortium systems was higher than that observed in the respective individual cultures. The aim of this study was to evaluate the agronomic parameters, biological and productive efficiency, and economic performance of arugula under a single and intercropped system. The study was conducted at the Teaching Garden of the Federal University of Ceará, Brazil, in a randomised block design, with four replications and seven treatments: T1 (single arugula), T2 (arugula intercropped with coriander), T3 (arugula intercropped with parsley), T4 (arugula intercropped with garlic chives), T5 (single coriander), T6 (single parsley) and T7 (single garlic chives). Phytotechnical evaluations were carried out. Biological efficiency was evaluated based on the following factors: land use efficiency index or land equivalent ratio (LER), relative contribution of the arugula crop to the LER (CRC), area time equivalent ratio (RAET) and system productivity index (IPS). For the economic analysis, the following were evaluated: operational production costs (OC; BRL ha-1), gross revenue (GR; BRL ha-1), gross profit (GP; BRL ha-1), rate of return (RR; %) and profitability index (PI;%). The system based on arugula intercropped with coriander showed the best agronomic performance and biological efficiency. Productivity and economic advantage under this intercropped system were also superior to the other treatments.