Relevant bibliographies by topics / Equivalent static load

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'Equivalent static load'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Equivalent static load"

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Li, Fang Hui, Ming Gu, and Shi Zhao Shen. "Equivalent Static Wind Loads on Low Rise Buildings." Advanced Materials Research 671-674 (March 2013): 450–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.671-674.450.

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The many low rise roof structures are sensitive to the effects of fluctuating wind load. In engineering design for the structures, spatiotemporally varying wind loads on the low rise roofs are modeled as equivalent static wind loads. In this paper, the equivalent static load of the large span roofs is formulated in terms of either a weighted combination of modal inertial load components, and the resonant and background load components that was obtained by the POD (Proper Orthogonal Decomposition) and LRC (Load –Response -Correlation) techniques.
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Li, Yu Xue, Qing Shan Yang, and Yu Ji Tian. "Multi-Object Resonant Response Equivalent Static Wind Load of Large-Span Roofs." Applied Mechanics and Materials 99-100 (September 2011): 1255–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.99-100.1255.

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According to the strain energy equivalent, the resonant response equivalent static wind load of large span roof is derived. It solves the matter that should consider numerous structural response control objects on calculating equivalent static wind load for large span roofs, and establishes relationship with the structural strain energy introduced by fluctuant wind loads. Finally, the method is used to resonant equivalent static wind load analysis of 2008 Beijing Olympic Tennis Center Stadium roof structure. The results illustrate that the method proposed in this paper is effective and the precision is reliable.
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Li, Yu Xue, Qing Shan Yang, and Yu Ji Tian. "Background Response Equivalent Static Wind Load of Large-Span Roofs Based on Energy Equation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 99-100 (September 2011): 338–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.99-100.338.

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Based on strain energy equivalent, the background response equivalent static wind load of large span roof is derived. It solves the matter that should consider numerous structural response control objects on calculating equivalent static wind load of large span roofs, and establishes relationship with the structural strain energy introduced by fluctuant wind loads. Finally, the method is used to background equivalent static wind load analysis of China National Stadium roof structure. The results illustrate that the method proposed in this paper is effective and the precision is reliable.
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Cao, SS, ST Ke, WM Zhang, L. Zhao, YJ Ge, and XX Cheng. "Load–response correlation–based equivalent static wind loads for large cooling towers." Advances in Structural Engineering 22, no. 11 (April 22, 2019): 2464–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433219844336.

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The load–response correlation method has been recognized by the wind engineering community as a useful equivalent static wind load calculation method for structural design of quasi-static structures against strong winds. However, it has been found that the load–response correlation method is less effective to non-linear systems and in situations where load processes are non-Gaussian, such as large cooling towers subjected to strong winds. To validate the applicability of the load–response correlation method to large cooling towers, an aero-elastic model has been designed for a 215-m-high cooling tower in this article, which can simultaneously produce wind loads and wind-induced displacements of the structure according to wind tunnel model tests. Using data measured on the aero-elastic model, the exact results of correlation coefficients between wind loads and structural responses are obtained and validated by a non-linear finite element analysis. By comparing the correlation coefficients measured on the scaled model to the results based on the load–response correlation calculation, it is found that the correlations are much stronger for the load–response correlation calculation than those for the exact wind tunnel measurement. The explanation for this observation is that the non-linearity of the real structure and the non-Gaussian feature of the actual wind loads can weaken the correlations between the wind loads and the structural responses.
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Baca, Michał, Włodzimierz Brząkała, and Jarosław Rybak. "Bi-Directional Static Load Tests of Pile Models." Applied Sciences 10, no. 16 (August 8, 2020): 5492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10165492.

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This work examined a new method of bi-directional static load testing for piles, referencing the Osterberg test. Measurements were taken, on a laboratory scale, using six models of piles driven into a box filled with sand. This method allowed for separate measurements of pile base and pile shaft bearing capacities. Based on the results, the total pile bearing capacity and equivalent Q–s diagrams were estimated. The results obtained show that the structure of the equivalent curve according to Osterberg is a good approximation of the standard Q–s curve obtained from load tests, except for loads close to the limit of bearing capacity (those estimates are also complicated by the inapplicability and ambiguity of a definition of the notion of limit bearing capacity); the equivalent pile capacity in the Osterberg method represents, on average, about 80% of the capacity from standard tests.
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Chen, Liang, and De Jian Yang. "Analysis of Equivalent Static Method for Subway Station." Advanced Materials Research 594-597 (November 2012): 1382–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.594-597.1382.

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Structural integrity of Subway station is a very important indicator when the earthquake happens as it is a densely populated venue. Time-history analysis of Tianjin metro line 3 based on the theory of coupling seismic load was done with the finite-element software ANSYS. Consequently, numerical expression of the equivalent load was fixed and the procedure of seismic check of subway station structure gets further simplified and necessary theoretical basis.
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Zhang, Yu Mei, Zeng Yao Han, Si Dian Shi, and Li Meng Tan. "Validating the New Equivalent Static Design Method of Spacecraft Structures in Random Vibration by Test." Applied Mechanics and Materials 419 (October 2013): 464–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.419.464.

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Random vibration is one of dynamic environments of spacecraft during launch. In engineering, design load was usually equivalent static load based on acceleration. A new equivalent static load based on strain or stress was presented by the writer. To validate the new equivalent static design method, random vibration test was designed including test article and test specification, and signal processing was in time domain; static test was designed to compare static yield strength and dynamic yield strength, and dynamic yield strength was 50% -80% higher than static yield strength; measured data in time domain was analyzed , and the equivalent static design of strain based on first passage model can be used to spacecraft structure design. And it will decrease the mass of spacecraft structure obviously.
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Hu, Shao Qing, and Bai Tao Sun. "Finite Element Analysis of Air Cooler Using Equivalent Static Method and Response Spectrum Method Respectively." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 2955–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.2955.

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Based on the characteristic of cooler frame, the finite element model of air cooler frame is established using ANSYS software. Equivalent static load method and response spectrum method were used for the seismic performance analysis of cooler frame. The equivalent static load is applied at the center of gravity of various masses using MPC184 rigid beam for transferring the load. The deformation and stress of cooler using equivalent static load method are larger than that of cooler using spectrum response method. For this reason, it can be said that the equivalent static load method is more conservative. At last the deformations and stresses of cooler frame using two methods are checked by ASME AG-1 specification. The results showed that the deformation and stress of cooler frame meet the requirements.
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Ding, Li Jie, Jun Wang, and Ying Liu. "A Synthesis Load Model with Distribution Network." Applied Mechanics and Materials 380-384 (August 2013): 2161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.380-384.2161.

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Equivalent induction motors with equivalent static loads are applied in load models. However, load appliances are installed on low voltage buses in power grid and the distribution network impedances cannot be neglected. A synthesis load model considering the distribution network can describe the load structure more completely and precisely. A comparison including the composite load model simulated powers and the synthesis load model simulated powers with the measures are described in this paper.
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Kim, Hyun-Gi, Euiyoung Kim, and Maenghyo Cho. "Study on the Structural Optimization based on Equivalent Static Load under Dynamic Load." Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea 27, no. 5 (October 31, 2014): 421–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7734/coseik.2014.27.5.421.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Equivalent static load"

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Prinsloo, Etienne Pieter Willem. "Fatigue equivalent static load: Methodology for the design of vehicle structures." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25966.

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This study is concerned with the design of vehicle structures through the use of Fatigue Equivalent Static Loads (FESL). A large percentage of failures of mechanical structures can be attributed to fatigue. Furthermore, it is also generally accepted that defective structural design is mostly caused by insufficient knowledge of the input loading. The fatigue loads experienced by vehicle structures are especially difficult to quantify. In the current competitive markets, it is essential to use a pro-active, timely and cost effective process to solve fatigue related problems. The heart of the FESL methodology is the ability to condense a large amount of input load data into a single fatigue load. This is achieved by calculating the damage of the measurements and converting it to an equivalent stress, through the use of a calibration matrix obtained from a unit-load finite element analysis. A Fatigue Equivalent Static Load can now be determined, and the vehicle structure can be evaluated for durability.
Dissertation (M Eng (Mechanical Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2003.
Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering
unrestricted
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SANTOS, RODRIGO BIANCHI. "PARAMETRIC OPTIMIZATION OF TRUSS STRUCTURES UNDER DYNAMIC LOADING USING THE EQUIVALENT STATIC LOAD METHOD." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2018. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=35802@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE EXCELENCIA ACADEMICA
Otimização estrutural sujeita a carregamentos dinâmicos é um problema desafiador em vários aspectos, a começar pelo grande número de restrições que devem ser atendidas em todos os instantes de tempo. Além disso, o custo computacional para avaliar os gradientes destas restrições é bastante elevado e requer um grande espaço de armazenamento. Na literatura, alguns métodos reduzem o número de restrições avaliando em instantes de tempo selecionados, como o pior caso por exemplo, ou ainda constroem um funcional equivalente, integrando as restrições violadas ao longo do tempo, assim eliminando essa dependência. Nesta dissertação, o método do Carregamento Estático Equivalente (ESL) é utilizado, no qual o problema dinâmico original é transformado em uma sequência de subproblemas de otimização linear estática com múltiplos casos de carga. Um atrativo deste método é a possibilidade da solução de problemas não lineares, evitando o alto custo devido às repetidas análises estruturais e cálculos das restrições. Problemas clássicos de treliças planas submetidas a carregamentos dinâmicos são resolvidos utilizando o método ESL. A função a ser minimizada é a massa da treliça, que está sob restrições de tensão e deslocamento, onde as variáveis de projeto são as áreas da seção transversal dos membros. Além disso, uma interface utilizando ANSYS e MATLAB é desenvolvida para uma abordagem modular, na qual a análise via elementos finitos e a otimização possam ser realizadas separadamente. Este processo viabiliza a otimização de estruturas que apresentam comportamentos não lineares a partir da utilização de diversos softwares comerciais disponíveis no mercado.
Structural optimization subject to dynamic loading is a challenging problem in many aspects, starting with the large number of constraints that must be respected at all instants of time. Furthermore, the computational cost to evaluate the gradients of these constraints is significantly high and requires a large storage space. In the literature, some methods reduce the number of constraints evaluating at selected instants of time, such as the worst case. Alternatively, a single equivalent functional is constructed to eliminate the time dependence by integrating the violated constraints over time. In this work, the Equivalent Static Load (ESL) method is used, in which the original dynamic problem is reduced into a number of static linear optimization problems with multiple load cases. An attractive feature of this method is the possibility of solving non-linear problems, avoiding the high cost due to repeated structural analyzes and constraint calculations. Classical problems of plane trusses subjected to dynamic loads are solved using the ESL method. The function to be minimized is the truss mass, which is subjected to stress and displacement constraints, where the design variables are the cross-sectional areas of the members. In addition, an interface using ANSYS and MATLAB was developed for a modular approach, in which finite element analysis and optimization can be performed separately. This process makes possible the optimization of structures that present non-linear behavior from the use of most structural analysis software packages available on the market.
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Bowles, Seth I. "Statnamic Lateral Load Testing and Analysis of a Drilled Shaft in Liquefied Sand." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2005. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/723.

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Three progressively larger statnamic lateral load tests were performed on a 2.59 m diameter drilled shaft foundation after the surrounding soil was liquefied using down-hole explosive charges. An attempt to develop p-y curves from strain data along the pile was made. Due to low quality and lack of strain data, p-y curves along the test shaft could not be reliably determined. Therefore, the statnamic load tests were analyzed using a ten degree-of-freedom model of the pile-soil system to determine the equivalent static load-deflection curve for each test. The equivalent static load-deflection curves had shapes very similar to that obtained from static load tests performed previously at the site. The computed damping ratio was 30%, which is within the range of values derived from the log decrement method. The computer program LPILE was then used to compute the load-deflection curves in comparison with the response from the field load tests. Analyses were performed using a variety of p-y curve shapes proposed for liquefied sand. The best agreement was obtained using the concave upward curve shapes proposed by Rollins et al. (2005) with a p-multiplier of approximately 8 to account for the increased pile diameter. P-y curves based on the undrained strength approach and the p-multiplier approach with values of 0.1 to 0.3 did not match the measured load-deflection curve over the full range of deflections. These approaches typically overestimated resistance at small deflections and underestimated the resistance at large deflections indicating that the p-y curve shapes were inappropriate. When the liquefied sand was assumed to have no resistance, the computed deflection significantly overestimated the deflections from the field tests.
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SILVA, NATASHA SOARES MONTEIRO DA. "OPTIMAL CONTRACTING OF TRANSMISSION SYSTEM USAGE AMOUNTS VIA FLEXIBLE STATIC EQUIVALENTS AND PROBABILISTIC LOAD FLOW." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2018. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=36275@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE EXCELENCIA ACADEMICA
Na década de noventa, no Brasil, havia uma predominância de empresas verticalizadas no setor elétrico, pertencentes aos governos estaduais e federais, que no decorrer do processo de reestruturação e privatização sofreram uma desverticalização das suas atividades, em geração, transmissão, distribuição e comercialização. Após iniciada a privatização das companhias foi criada a Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL),responsável por regular as atividades do setor elétrico brasileiro. Estas mudanças acarretaram em diferentes modelos de mercado caracterizados pelo acentuado uso dos sistemas de transmissão. Neste cenário, foi definido pela ANEEL que as concessionárias de distribuição devem pagar às transmissoras pela utilização de suas instalações o Encargo de Uso do Sistema de Transmissão (EUST). Para isso, é necessário informar o Montante de Uso do Sistema de Transmissão (MUST) para cada ponto de conexão e período tarifário por meio do Contrato de Uso do Sistema de Transmissão (CUST). Em caso de ultrapassagem dos valores firmados neste contrato acima de um percentual estipulado, a contratante terá que pagar uma penalidade. Esta dissertação tem por finalidade apresentar uma nova metodologia na determinação do valor ótimo do MUST, baseado em equivalentes estáticos flexíveis, fluxo de potência probabilístico e técnicas de otimização estocástica de modo a equilibrar o custo do transporte de energia e o custo da penalidade. Primeiro, utiliza-se uma técnica de redução de rede, flexível e precisa. Segundo, as incertezas provenientes das cargas, geração e topologia da rede são mapeadas nos pontos de conexão em análise. Terceiro, utiliza-se uma técnica simples de otimização estocástica para obter o MUST a ser contratado, pela distribuidora de energia elétrica, em cada barra de fronteira. Por último, a metodologia proposta é empregada no sistema acadêmico IEEE RTS com o objetivo de demonstrar a sua eficiência sendo os resultados obtidos amplamente discutidos.
In Brazil, during the 1990s, there was a predominance of vertical companies in the electricity sector, belonging to the state and federal governments, which in the course of the restructuring and privatization process suffered a deverticalization of their activities into generation, transmission, distribution, and commercialization. After the beginning of this privatization process, the National Electric Energy Agency (ANEEL) was created, which is responsible for regulating the activities of the Brazilian electricity sector. These changes have led to different market models characterized by the strong use of the transmission systems. In this scenario, it was defined by ANEEL that the distribution concessionaires must pay the transmission companies for the use of their equipment. Thus, it is necessary to inform the Transmission System Usage Amount (MUST) for each connection point and tariff period by means of the Transmission System Use Agreement (CUST). In case of exceeding a specified percentage of the contracted amounts, the contractor will have to pay penalties. This dissertation aims to present a new methodology to determine the optimal value of MUST, based on flexible static equivalents, probabilistic power flow, and stochastic optimization techniques, in order to balance the energy transport and penalty costs. First, a flexible and accurate network reduction technique is used. Second, the uncertainties arising from the load, generation, and topology of the network are mapped at the connection points under analysis. Third, a simple stochastic optimization technique is used to obtain the MUST to be contracted by the electric power distributor at each border bus. Finally, the proposed methodology is used in the IEEE RTS academic system in order to demonstrate its efficiency, and the obtained results are widely discussed.
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Uherek, Jan. "Statická a dynamická analýzy ocelové konstrukce." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-409745.

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The thesis deals with a description and a static and dynamic analysis for an existing construction of lookout tower. The steel watchtower is located in Město Albrechtice and is made up of two lattice towers connected by a bridge. Main point was to create calculation models for the purpose of dynamic and static analysis, in the software SCIA Engineer 19.1, which is based on the principle of finite element method. Attention was paid to load created by winds according to Eurocode 1 and Eurocode 3, glaze and rime ice load and dynamic coefficient calculation. The thesis also includes an assesment of selected parts of the construction according to Eurocodes.
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Janošková, Lenka. "Dynamická analýza konstrukce zatížené seismickým zatížením." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-226464.

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In this diploma thesis the seismic load on two different models is solved – the first model is a beam hall and the second model is a multistory building. The calculation of seismic load was performed according to standard ČSN EN 1998-1 (Eurocode 8) using the response spectrum analysis and the method of equivalent static forces (substi-tute load). For the combination of seismic responses in different directions are used SRSS and CQC rules. Models and calculations were solved in a student’s version of program RFEM 4.10 (Ing. Software Dlubal, s.r.o.). The comparison of mentioned methods in each models, also the comparison of combinative rules in calculation and the final evaluation of seismic responses on both of models are the subject of this thesis.
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Genest, Laurent. "Optimisation de forme par gradient en dynamique rapide." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEC022/document.

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Afin de faire face aux nouveaux challenges de l’industrie automobile, les ingénieurs souhaitent appliquer des méthodes d’optimisation à chaque étape du processus de conception. En élargissant l’espace de conception aux paramètres de forme, en augmentant leur nombre et en étendant les plages de variation, de nouveaux verrous sont apparus. C’est le cas de la résistance aux chocs. Avec les temps de calcul long, la non-linéarité, l’instabilité et la dispersion numérique de ce problème de dynamique rapide, la méthode usuellement employée, l’optimisation par plan d’expériences et surfaces de réponse, devient trop coûteuse pour être utilisée industriellement. Se pose alors la problématique suivante : Comment faire de l’optimisation de forme en dynamique rapide avec un nombre élevé de paramètres ?. Pour y répondre, les méthodes d’optimisation par gradient s’avèrent être les plus judicieuses. Le nombre de paramètres a une influence réduite sur le coût de l’optimisation. Elles permettent donc l’optimisation de problèmes ayant de nombreux paramètres. Cependant, les méthodes classiques de calcul du gradient sont peu pertinentes en dynamique rapide : le coût en nombre de simulations et le bruit empêchent l’utilisation des différences finies et le calcul du gradient en dérivant les équations de dynamique rapide n’est pas encore disponible et serait très intrusif vis-à-vis des logiciels. Au lieu de déterminer le gradient, au sens classique du terme, des problèmes de crash, nous avons cherché à l’estimer. L’Equivalent Static Loads Method est une méthode permettant l’optimisation à moindre coût basée sur la construction d’un problème statique linéaire équivalent au problème de dynamique rapide. En utilisant la dérivée du problème équivalent comme estimation du gradient, il nous a été possible d’optimiser des problèmes de dynamique rapide ayant des épaisseurs comme variables d’optimisation. De plus, si l’on construit les équations du problème équivalent avec la matrice de rigidité sécante, l’approximation du gradient n’en est que meilleure. De cette manière, il est aussi possible d’estimer le gradient par rapport à la position des nœuds du modèle de calcul. Comme il est plus courant de travailler avec des paramètres CAO, il faut déterminer la dérivée de la position des nœuds par rapport à ces paramètres. Nous pouvons le faire de manière analytique si nous utilisons une surface paramétrique pour définir la forme et ses points de contrôle comme variables d’optimisation. Grâce à l’estimation du gradient et à ce lien entre nœuds et paramètres de forme, l’optimisation de forme avec un nombre important de paramètres est désormais possible à moindre coût. La méthode a été développée pour deux familles de critères issues du crash automobile. La première est liée au déplacement d’un nœud, objectif important lorsqu’il faut préserver l’intégrité de l’habitacle du véhicule. La seconde est liée à l’énergie de déformation. Elle permet d’assurer un bon comportement de la structure lors du choc
In order to face their new industrial challenges, automotive constructors wish to apply optimization methods in every step of the design process. By including shape parameters in the design space, increasing their number and their variation range, new problematics appeared. It is the case of crashworthiness. With the high computational time, the nonlinearity, the instability and the numerical dispersion of this rapid dynamics problem, metamodeling techniques become to heavy for the standardization of those optimization methods. We face this problematic: ”How can we carry out shape optimization in rapid dynamics with a high number of parameters ?”. Gradient methods are the most likely to solve this problematic. Because the number of parameters has a reduced effect on the optimization cost, they allow optimization with a high number of parameters. However, conventional methods used to calculate gradients are ineffective: the computation cost and the numerical noise prevent the use of finite differences and the calculation of a gradient by deriving the rapid dynamics equations is not currently available and would be really intrusive towards the software. Instead of determining the real gradient, we decided to estimate it. The Equivalent Static Loads Method is an optimization method based on the construction of a linear static problem equivalent to the rapid dynamic problem. By using the sensitivity of the equivalent problem as the estimated gradient, we have optimized rapid dynamic problems with thickness parameters. It is also possible to approximate the derivative with respect to the position of the nodes of the CAE model. But it is more common to use CAD parameters in shape optimization studies. So it is needed to have the sensitivity of the nodes position with these CAD parameters. It is possible to obtain it analytically by using parametric surface for the shape and its poles as parameters. With this link between nodes and CAD parameters, we can do shape optimization studies with a large number of parameters and this with a low optimization cost. The method has been developed for two kinds of crashworthiness objective functions. The first family of criterions is linked to a nodal displacement. This category contains objectives like the minimization of the intrusion inside the passenger compartment. The second one is linked to the absorbed energy. It is used to ensure a good behavior of the structure during the crash
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Ungwattanapanit, Tanut [Verfasser], Horst [Akademischer Betreuer] Baier, Horst [Gutachter] Baier, and Kai-Uwe [Gutachter] Bletzinger. "Optimization of Steered-Fibers Composite Stiffened Panels including Postbuckling Constraints handled via Equivalent Static Loads / Tanut Ungwattanapanit ; Gutachter: Horst Baier, Kai-Uwe Bletzinger ; Betreuer: Horst Baier." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1152384082/34.

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Kassir, Wafaa. "Approche probabiliste non gaussienne des charges statiques équivalentes des effets du vent en dynamique des structures à partir de mesures en soufflerie." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1116/document.

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Afin d'estimer les forces statiques équivalentes du vent, qui produisent les réponses quasi-statiques et dynamiques extrêmes dans les structures soumises au champ de pression instationnaire induit par les effets du vent, une nouvelle méthode probabiliste est proposée. Cette méthode permet de calculer les forces statiques équivalentes du vent pour les structures avec des écoulements aérodynamiques complexes telles que les toitures de stade, pour lesquelles le champ de pression n'est pas gaussien et pour lesquelles la réponse dynamique de la structure ne peut être simplement décrite en utilisant uniquement les premiers modes élastiques (mais nécessitent une bonne représentation des réponses quasi-statiques). Généralement, les mesures en soufflerie du champ de pression instationnaire appliqué à une structure dont la géométrie est complexe ne suffisent pas pour construire une estimation statistiquement convergée des valeurs extrêmes des réponses dynamiques de la structure. Une telle convergence est nécessaire pour l'estimation des forces statiques équivalentes afin de reproduire les réponses dynamiques extrêmes induites par les effets du vent en tenant compte de la non-gaussianité du champ de pression aléatoire instationnaire. Dans ce travail, (1) un générateur de réalisation du champ de pression instationnaire non gaussien est construit en utilisant les réalisations qui sont mesurées dans la soufflerie à couche limite turbulente; ce générateur basé sur une représentation en chaos polynomiaux permet de construire un grand nombre de réalisations indépendantes afin d'obtenir la convergence des statistiques des valeurs extrêmes des réponses dynamiques, (2) un modèle d'ordre réduit avec des termes d'accélération quasi-statique est construit et permet d'accélérer la convergence des réponses dynamiques de la structure en n'utilisant qu'un petit nombre de modes élastiques, (3) une nouvelle méthode probabiliste est proposée pour estimer les forces statiques équivalentes induites par les effets du vent sur des structures complexes décrites par des modèles éléments finis, en préservant le caractère non gaussien et sans introduire le concept d'enveloppes des réponses. L'approche proposée est validée expérimentalement avec une application relativement simple et elle est ensuite appliquée à une structure de toiture de stade pour laquelle des mesures expérimentales de pressions instationnaires ont été effectuées dans la soufflerie à couche limite turbulente
In order to estimate the equivalent static wind loads, which produce the extreme quasi-static and dynamical responses of structures submitted to random unsteady pressure field induced by the wind effects, a new probabilistic method is proposed. This method allows for computing the equivalent static wind loads for structures with complex aerodynamic flows such as stadium roofs, for which the pressure field is non-Gaussian, and for which the dynamical response of the structure cannot simply be described by using only the first elastic modes (but require a good representation of the quasi-static responses). Usually, the wind tunnel measurements of the unsteady pressure field applied to a structure with complex geometry are not sufficient for constructing a statistically converged estimation of the extreme values of the dynamical responses. Such a convergence is necessary for the estimation of the equivalent static loads in order to reproduce the extreme dynamical responses induced by the wind effects taking into account the non-Gaussianity of the random unsteady pressure field. In this work, (1) a generator of realizations of the non-Gaussian unsteady pressure field is constructed by using the realizations that are measured in the boundary layer wind tunnel; this generator based on a polynomial chaos representation allows for generating a large number of independent realizations in order to obtain the convergence of the extreme value statistics of the dynamical responses, (2) a reduced-order model with quasi-static acceleration terms is constructed, which allows for accelerating the convergence of the structural dynamical responses by using only a small number of elastic modes of the structure, (3) a novel probabilistic method is proposed for estimating the equivalent static wind loads induced by the wind effects on complex structures that are described by finite element models, preserving the non-Gaussian property and without introducing the concept of responses envelopes. The proposed approach is experimentally validated with a relatively simple application and is then applied to a stadium roof structure for which experimental measurements of unsteady pressures have been performed in boundary layer wind tunnel
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Saez, Barrios Deeyvid 1980. "Design Guidelines for Test Level 3 (TL-3) Through Test Level 5 (TL-5) Roadside Barrier Systems Placed on Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) Retaining Wall." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/148253.

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The use of Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) wall structures has increased dramatically in recent years. Traffic barriers are frequently placed on top of the MSE wall to resist vehicular impact loads. The barrier systems are anchored to the concrete in case of rigid pavement. Nevertheless, in case of flexible pavement, the barriers are constructed in an L shape so that the impact load on the vertical part of the L can be resisted by the inertia force required to uplift the horizontal part of the L. The barrier must be designed to resist the full dynamic load but the size of the horizontal part of the L (moment slab) is determined using an equivalent static load. Current design practice of barriers mounted on top of MSE retaining wall is well defined for passenger cars and light trucks. However, the information of this impact level is extrapolated to heavy vehicle impact. Therefore, the bases of this research is to develop design procedure and to help understand the dynamic behavior of a barrier-moment slab system on top of an MSE wall when subjected to heavy vehicle impact loads. In a first part, numerical analyses were conducted to better understand the behavior of the barrier-moment slab system when subjected to heavy vehicle impact loads. The full-scale impact simulations were used to develop the recommendation for designing and sizing the barrier-moment slab system. In a second part, the barrier-moment slab systems defined to contain heavy vehicle impact loads were placed on top of an MSE wall model to study the kinematic behavior of the system. Loads in the soil reinforcing strips and displacements on the barriers and wall components are evaluated to define recommendation for design of strip reinforcements against pullout and yielding. In a third part, a full-scale crash test on a barrier-moment slab system on top of an instrumented 9.8 ft. (3 m) high MSE wall is described and analyzed. The MSE wall and barrier system were adequate to contain and redirected the vehicle and, therefore, it served as verification of the proposed recommendation. Finally, conclusions are drawn on the basis of the information presented herein.
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Book chapters on the topic "Equivalent static load"

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Swaroop, Kshitiz, and Varun Agarwal. "Kriging Driven Optimization of Vehicle Components Using Equivalent Static Load (ESL) Methodology." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 141–49. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5432-2_12.

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Srinivas, G. Lakshmi, and Arshad Javed. "Multi-body Topology Optimization of Connecting Rod Using Equivalent Static Load Method." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 427–35. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1769-0_39.

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Lo, Y. L., and C. H. Wu. "Estimations for Equivalent Static Wind Loads of Dome Roof Structures." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 415–26. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8079-6_40.

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Kalyuga, Slava. "Managing Cognitive Load in Dynamic Visual Representations." In Managing Cognitive Load in Adaptive Multimedia Learning, 171–97. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-048-6.ch008.

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According to dual-coding theory, when learning concrete concepts, adding pictorial representations could be superior to verbal-only descriptions (Clark & Paivio, 1991; Sadoski & Paivio, 2001). This theory assumes existence of two additive sub-systems in human cognitive architecture that process verbal and pictorial information. Accordingly, people learn better when information is encoded verbally and visually rather than in one mode only. Information that has been encoded using two different modes can also be retrieved from memory more easily. The cognitive theory of multimedia learning provides detailed theoretical arguments that effectively support this view and also apply it to dynamic visualizations such as instructional animations. According to cognitive theory of multimedia learning, different mental representations are constructed from verbal and pictorial information, and meaningful learning occurs only when learner actively establishes connections between these representations (Mayer, 2001; Mayer, & Moreno, 2003; Mayer & Sims, 1994). This chapter discusses the strengths and weaknesses of dynamic visualizations and the relationship between instructional effectiveness of dynamic and static diagrams and levels of learner task-specific expertise. It has been mentioned previously that instructional formats that are effective for low-knowledge learners could be ineffective, or even deleterious, for high-knowledge learners and vice versa (the expertise reversal effect). Significant interactions between levels of learner expertise and instructional procedures have been found in many situations. Such an interaction may also exist between dynamic and static visualizations. For example, novice learners may benefit more from traditional static diagrams than from dynamic visual representations (e.g., animated diagrams), while more knowledgeable learners may benefit more from animated rather than static diagrams. This assumption has a viable theoretical rationale. According to cognitive load theory, continuous animations and video may be too cognitively demanding for novice learners. Associated processing difficulties could be due to a high degree of transitivity in such visualizations, on the one hand, and limited capacity and duration of working memory, on the other hand. Less knowledgeable learners, therefore, may benefit more from a set of equivalent static diagrams. However, animations could be superior to static diagrams for more knowledgeable learners who have already acquired a sufficient knowledge base for dealing with issues of transitivity and limited working memory capacity. The chapter also briefly describes a specific empirical study that was designed to investigate the relation between levels of learner expertise and instructional effectiveness of dynamic and static visualizations (Kalyuga, 2007). The rapid diagnostic method discussed in Chapter IV, was used in this study for measuring levels of learner prior knowledge.
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Karev, A., L. Harzheim, R. Immel, and M. Erzgräber. "Vergleich verschiedener Formulierungen fur eine „Free Sizing“-Optimierung einer Fronthaube mit der ESL (Equivalent Static Load) Methode ." In SIMVEC – Simulation und Erprobung in der Fahrzeugentwicklung, 99–128. VDI Verlag, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.51202/9783181023334-99.

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"Equivalent Static Wind Loads." In Wind Effects on Structures, 219–24. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119375890.ch14.

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"Equivalent static wind loads for structures with non-proportional damping." In Research and Applications in Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation, 273–74. CRC Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b15963-124.

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Moger, Tukaram, and Thukaram Dhadbanjan. "Fuzzy-Logic-Based Reactive Power and Voltage Control in Grid-Connected Wind Farms to Improve Steady State Voltage Stability." In Handbook of Research on Power and Energy System Optimization, 1–54. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3935-3.ch001.

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This chapter presents a fuzzy logic approach for reactive power and voltage control in grid-connected wind farms with different types of wind generator units to improve steady state voltage stability of power systems. The load buses' voltage deviation is minimized by changing the reactive power controllers according to their sensitivity using fuzzy set theory. The proposed approach uses only a few high sensitivity controllers to achieve the desired objectives. A 297-bus-equivalent grid-connected wind system and a 417-bus-equivalent grid-connected wind system are considered to present the simulation results. To prove the effectiveness of the proposed approach, a comparative analysis is also carried out with the conventional linear-programming-based reactive power optimization technique. Results demonstrated that the proposed approach is more effective in improving the system performance as compared with the conventional existing techniques.
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Conference papers on the topic "Equivalent static load"

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Kiviluoma, Risto, and Atte Mikkonen. "Equivalent static wind load procedure for skew winds on large bridges." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.2573.

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<p>This paper describes theoretical framework on forming equivalent static wind loads (ESWL) for large bridges. A method is proposed for efficient handling of large number of load cases, when vibration and structural analysis is extended to skew winds, i.e., to the wind directions other than the principal ones. These appear to be increasingly important in many practical cases when complex bridge geometry is used for architectural uniqueness; or when the bridge is situated in city centres or hilly terrain, where local obstacles make the wind turbulence difficult to assess with standard models.</p><p>The method uses a set of load cases for principal wind directions to be input and solved with the static Finite Element (FE) model. Combination matrix is deduced for the results to assess skew winds. The method is alike that is frequently used in wind-tunnel studies of tall buildings. ESWL determination is done in co-operation with the wind and the bridge engineer. The needed input for the wind engineer includes numeric vibration mode shape data, global nodal coordinates and mass distributions. ESWL are created in numeric form that could be easily input to the FE-model. The method allows utilisation of various type analysis results and experimental data available for the bridge, including section-model based analysis, full-model wind-tunnel tests and structural monitoring results. It facilitates examination and adjustment of appropriate safety marginal to wind loads that take into account methodologic uncertainties in each.</p><p>It is proposed that wind-tunnel laboratories, or other wind engineers with bridge analysis expertise, should more often include ESWL-extraction to their services.</p>
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Srinivas G, Lakshmi, and Arshad Javed. "Topology Optimization of KUKA KR16 Industrial Robot Using Equivalent Static Load Method." In 2021 IEEE International IOT, Electronics and Mechatronics Conference (IEMTRONICS). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iemtronics52119.2021.9422633.

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Kang, Byung-Soo, and Yaw-Kang Shyy. "Design of Flexible Bodies in Multibody Dynamic Systems Using Equivalent Static Load Method." In 49th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference
16th AIAA/ASME/AHS Adaptive Structures Conference
10t. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2008-1708.

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Kanugula, Raghu, and Sai Rama Narayana Peddi. "BIW Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (MDO) with Equivalent Static Load Method - Quick MDO Methodology." In SAE WCX Digital Summit. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2021-01-0287.

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Mikkonen, Atte, and Risto Kiviluoma. "Design application and verification of equivalent static wind loads in bridge design." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.2586.

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<p>Kruunuvuori Bridge is new link to connect Laajasalo area to the Helsinki city center by crossing a Kruunuvuorenselkä bay. It’s a cable stayed bridge with a single pylon and symmetric span arrangement, designed to be built with free cantilever method. For such a structure, wind is a governing load for the construction and for the final stage.</p><p>In the Engineering design of the bridge, equivalent static wind load (ESWL) extraction was used to define the action forces for the structures due to the wind. With the applied method it is possible to include crucial frequency-dependent parameters like statistical wind turbulence parameters; aerodynamic damping; aerodynamic admittances and modal coupling into the design. Skew wind angles could also be defined. Such loads are easy to apply with general commercial software and the workflow for the design is practical. As the method itself is not standardized and includes specialist defined parameters, it requires an additional verification. This paper describes how the static equivalent wind loads were applied in the design and how the results were verified with full-aeroelastic model wind tunnel testing. As a conclusion, static wind load extraction provides reliable results and is a practical approach for bridge design under skew winds.</p>
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Touqan, A. R., S. H. Helou, Adolfo Santini, and Nicola Moraci. "A Scrutiny of the Equivalent Static Lateral Load Method of Design for Multistory Masonry Structures." In 2008 SEISMIC ENGINEERING CONFERENCE: Commemorating the 1908 Messina and Reggio Calabria Earthquake. AIP, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2963735.

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Moghaddam, Rozbeh B., and Van E. Komurka. "Modulus of Elasticity Impact on Equivalent Top-Loading Curves from Bi-Directional Static Load Tests." In Eighth International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784482094.017.

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Booth, Martin R. "Applying Finite Element Based Limit Load Analysis Methods to Structures Under Dynamic Loads." In ASME 2014 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2014-28301.

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To conduct an ASME III NG-3200 limit load strength assessment, it is required to determine the structure’s limit load under a particular loading configuration, and compare it against the applied loading represented as a static equivalent. Typically, the process is applied to static problems which have well-defined loading characteristics. When the limit load has been determined, often through the use of finite element (FE) based methods, the margin against plastic collapse is simple to calculate. For dynamically loaded structures, however, the process is more complicated since there are no ASME guidelines for expressing dynamic loads as their static equivalent. Thus, relating limit load analyses to dynamic events is not clear. This paper proposes an analysis technique which makes use of FE methods to apply the principles of limit load analysis to dynamically loaded structures. The primary benefit is that reserve factors against plastic collapse, in accordance with ASME III NG-3200 assessment criteria, can be calculated.
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Aguirrebeitia, Josu, Mikel Abasolo, Rafael Avile´s, Igor Fernandez de Bustos, and Rube´n Ansola. "Static Load Carrying Capacity in Four Contact Point Slewing Bearings: Theoretical and Preliminary Finite Element Calculations." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-38542.

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This paper presents a theoretical model to calculate the general static load-carrying capacity of four-contact-point slewing bearings under axial, radial and tilting-moment loads, compared with preliminary results obtained from a detailed parametric finite element model of the bearing. The theoretical model is based on a generalization of Sjova¨ll and Rumbarger’s equations and provides an acceptance surface in the load space. The finite element model is based on the modelization of the balls via nonlinear traction-only equivalent spring concept. The aim is to validate the theoretical model to be used as an acceptance curve generator for slewing bearing design.
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Seena, Abu. "Dynamic Load Factor for Surge Load on Pipe Using the Stress Wave Propagation Methodology." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65239.

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The full time history method for calculating the pipe stresses and restraint loads due to transient flow event requires high computing memory and long simulation time. Alternately, the static equivalent method has been extensively used in power and process industry where a dynamic load factor is used to account for the dynamic amplification response of suddenly applied surge/hammering loads on pipe. In practice, the DLF is multiplied on the maximum value of dynamic force depending on the time rise of load. Due to the complexity of calculating DLF, the engineers adopt maximum value of DLF = 2.0 irrespective of the load variation. The present paper discusses the uncertainty and inaccuracy involved in performing approximate analysis or static equivalent analysis and shows the significance and need of performing full force time history analysis. A new methodology has been derived for the estimation of approximate DLF from the full force time history profiles. Using the stress wave propagation methodology, the DLF can be estimated for the pipe with axial restraints and guides. The axial line stoppers are precondition to apply present method, which can be easily included during design phase of the pipe routes. The DLF’s are computed for sample force curve with various other parameters and are compared with the FEA results. It has also been shown that the load amplification does not scale with the displacement amplification. With proposed methodology the DLF for can be calculated for each pipe. Then it is recommended to perform the static analysis with the estimated DLF’s based on full time history profiles.
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Reports on the topic "Equivalent static load"

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Park, Sejun, and DongHun Yeo. Database-assisted design and equivalent static wind loads for mid- and high-rise structures: concepts, software, and user�s manual. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, June 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.2000.

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