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Journal articles on the topic 'Equivalent static load'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Li, Fang Hui, Ming Gu, and Shi Zhao Shen. "Equivalent Static Wind Loads on Low Rise Buildings." Advanced Materials Research 671-674 (March 2013): 450–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.671-674.450.

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The many low rise roof structures are sensitive to the effects of fluctuating wind load. In engineering design for the structures, spatiotemporally varying wind loads on the low rise roofs are modeled as equivalent static wind loads. In this paper, the equivalent static load of the large span roofs is formulated in terms of either a weighted combination of modal inertial load components, and the resonant and background load components that was obtained by the POD (Proper Orthogonal Decomposition) and LRC (Load –Response -Correlation) techniques.
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2

Li, Yu Xue, Qing Shan Yang, and Yu Ji Tian. "Multi-Object Resonant Response Equivalent Static Wind Load of Large-Span Roofs." Applied Mechanics and Materials 99-100 (September 2011): 1255–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.99-100.1255.

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According to the strain energy equivalent, the resonant response equivalent static wind load of large span roof is derived. It solves the matter that should consider numerous structural response control objects on calculating equivalent static wind load for large span roofs, and establishes relationship with the structural strain energy introduced by fluctuant wind loads. Finally, the method is used to resonant equivalent static wind load analysis of 2008 Beijing Olympic Tennis Center Stadium roof structure. The results illustrate that the method proposed in this paper is effective and the precision is reliable.
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Li, Yu Xue, Qing Shan Yang, and Yu Ji Tian. "Background Response Equivalent Static Wind Load of Large-Span Roofs Based on Energy Equation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 99-100 (September 2011): 338–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.99-100.338.

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Based on strain energy equivalent, the background response equivalent static wind load of large span roof is derived. It solves the matter that should consider numerous structural response control objects on calculating equivalent static wind load of large span roofs, and establishes relationship with the structural strain energy introduced by fluctuant wind loads. Finally, the method is used to background equivalent static wind load analysis of China National Stadium roof structure. The results illustrate that the method proposed in this paper is effective and the precision is reliable.
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4

Cao, SS, ST Ke, WM Zhang, L. Zhao, YJ Ge, and XX Cheng. "Load–response correlation–based equivalent static wind loads for large cooling towers." Advances in Structural Engineering 22, no. 11 (April 22, 2019): 2464–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433219844336.

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The load–response correlation method has been recognized by the wind engineering community as a useful equivalent static wind load calculation method for structural design of quasi-static structures against strong winds. However, it has been found that the load–response correlation method is less effective to non-linear systems and in situations where load processes are non-Gaussian, such as large cooling towers subjected to strong winds. To validate the applicability of the load–response correlation method to large cooling towers, an aero-elastic model has been designed for a 215-m-high cooling tower in this article, which can simultaneously produce wind loads and wind-induced displacements of the structure according to wind tunnel model tests. Using data measured on the aero-elastic model, the exact results of correlation coefficients between wind loads and structural responses are obtained and validated by a non-linear finite element analysis. By comparing the correlation coefficients measured on the scaled model to the results based on the load–response correlation calculation, it is found that the correlations are much stronger for the load–response correlation calculation than those for the exact wind tunnel measurement. The explanation for this observation is that the non-linearity of the real structure and the non-Gaussian feature of the actual wind loads can weaken the correlations between the wind loads and the structural responses.
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5

Baca, Michał, Włodzimierz Brząkała, and Jarosław Rybak. "Bi-Directional Static Load Tests of Pile Models." Applied Sciences 10, no. 16 (August 8, 2020): 5492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10165492.

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This work examined a new method of bi-directional static load testing for piles, referencing the Osterberg test. Measurements were taken, on a laboratory scale, using six models of piles driven into a box filled with sand. This method allowed for separate measurements of pile base and pile shaft bearing capacities. Based on the results, the total pile bearing capacity and equivalent Q–s diagrams were estimated. The results obtained show that the structure of the equivalent curve according to Osterberg is a good approximation of the standard Q–s curve obtained from load tests, except for loads close to the limit of bearing capacity (those estimates are also complicated by the inapplicability and ambiguity of a definition of the notion of limit bearing capacity); the equivalent pile capacity in the Osterberg method represents, on average, about 80% of the capacity from standard tests.
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6

Chen, Liang, and De Jian Yang. "Analysis of Equivalent Static Method for Subway Station." Advanced Materials Research 594-597 (November 2012): 1382–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.594-597.1382.

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Structural integrity of Subway station is a very important indicator when the earthquake happens as it is a densely populated venue. Time-history analysis of Tianjin metro line 3 based on the theory of coupling seismic load was done with the finite-element software ANSYS. Consequently, numerical expression of the equivalent load was fixed and the procedure of seismic check of subway station structure gets further simplified and necessary theoretical basis.
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7

Zhang, Yu Mei, Zeng Yao Han, Si Dian Shi, and Li Meng Tan. "Validating the New Equivalent Static Design Method of Spacecraft Structures in Random Vibration by Test." Applied Mechanics and Materials 419 (October 2013): 464–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.419.464.

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Random vibration is one of dynamic environments of spacecraft during launch. In engineering, design load was usually equivalent static load based on acceleration. A new equivalent static load based on strain or stress was presented by the writer. To validate the new equivalent static design method, random vibration test was designed including test article and test specification, and signal processing was in time domain; static test was designed to compare static yield strength and dynamic yield strength, and dynamic yield strength was 50% -80% higher than static yield strength; measured data in time domain was analyzed , and the equivalent static design of strain based on first passage model can be used to spacecraft structure design. And it will decrease the mass of spacecraft structure obviously.
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8

Hu, Shao Qing, and Bai Tao Sun. "Finite Element Analysis of Air Cooler Using Equivalent Static Method and Response Spectrum Method Respectively." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 2955–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.2955.

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Based on the characteristic of cooler frame, the finite element model of air cooler frame is established using ANSYS software. Equivalent static load method and response spectrum method were used for the seismic performance analysis of cooler frame. The equivalent static load is applied at the center of gravity of various masses using MPC184 rigid beam for transferring the load. The deformation and stress of cooler using equivalent static load method are larger than that of cooler using spectrum response method. For this reason, it can be said that the equivalent static load method is more conservative. At last the deformations and stresses of cooler frame using two methods are checked by ASME AG-1 specification. The results showed that the deformation and stress of cooler frame meet the requirements.
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9

Ding, Li Jie, Jun Wang, and Ying Liu. "A Synthesis Load Model with Distribution Network." Applied Mechanics and Materials 380-384 (August 2013): 2161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.380-384.2161.

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Equivalent induction motors with equivalent static loads are applied in load models. However, load appliances are installed on low voltage buses in power grid and the distribution network impedances cannot be neglected. A synthesis load model considering the distribution network can describe the load structure more completely and precisely. A comparison including the composite load model simulated powers and the synthesis load model simulated powers with the measures are described in this paper.
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10

Kim, Hyun-Gi, Euiyoung Kim, and Maenghyo Cho. "Study on the Structural Optimization based on Equivalent Static Load under Dynamic Load." Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea 27, no. 5 (October 31, 2014): 421–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7734/coseik.2014.27.5.421.

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11

Humar, JagMohan, and Mohamed A. Mahgoub. "Determination of seismic design forces by equivalent static load method." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 30, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 287–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l02-067.

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In the proposed 2005 edition of the National Building Code of Canada (NBCC), the seismic hazard will be represented by uniform hazard spectra corresponding to a 2% probability of being exceeded in 50 years. The seismic design base shear for use in an equivalent static load method of design will be obtained from the uniform hazard spectrum for the site corresponding to the first mode period of the building. Because this procedure ignores the effect of higher modes, the base shear so derived must be suitably adjusted. A procedure for deriving the base shear adjustment factors for different types of structural systems is described and the adjustment factor values proposed for the 2005 NBCC are presented. The adjusted base shear will be distributed across the height of the building in accordance with the provisions in the current version of the code. Since the code-specified distribution is primarily based on the first mode vibration shape, it leads to an overestimation of the overturning moments, which should therefore be suitably adjusted. Adjustment factors that must be applied to the overturning moments at the base and across the height are derived for different structural shapes, and the empirical values for use in the 2005 NBCC are presented.Key words: uniform hazard spectrum, seismic design base shear, equivalent static load procedure, higher mode effects, base shear adjustment factors, distribution of base shear, overturning moment adjustment factors.
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12

Lutz, André, and Udo Nackenhorst. "Computation of static-equivalent load sets for bone remodeling simulation." PAMM 7, no. 1 (December 2007): 4020007–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pamm.200700235.

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13

Triller, J., R. Immel, A. Timmer, and L. Harzheim. "The difference-based equivalent static load method: an improvement of the ESL method’s nonlinear approximation quality." Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 63, no. 6 (April 2, 2021): 2705–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00158-020-02830-x.

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AbstractNonlinear dynamic structural optimization is a real challenge, in particular for problems that require the use of explicit solvers, e.g., crash. Here, the number of design variables is typically very limited. A way to overcome this drawback is to use linear auxiliary load cases which are derived from nonlinear dynamic analysis results in order to enable the application of linear static response optimization. The equivalent static load method (ESLM) provides a well-defined procedure to create such linear auxiliary load cases. The main idea here is that after the selection of a number of representative time steps, a set of equivalent static loads (ESLs) is computed for each time step such that the resulting displacement field in the linear static analysis is identical to the respective field in the nonlinear dynamic analysis. Each set of ESLs defines an auxiliary load case, which is used in the linear static response optimization. The crucial point is that the finite element (FE)-model for each auxiliary load case describes the undeformed initial geometry. This can lead to insufficient approximation quality in the linear static system for highly nonlinear problems. To overcome this drawback, a difference-based extension of the ESL method called DiESL has been developed for nonlinear dynamic response optimization problems. Here, the FE-model for each auxiliary load case describes the deformed nonlinear geometry at the respective time, and the corresponding ESLs create only the displacement field leading to the deformed state of the subsequent ESL time step. Consequently, responses in each linear auxiliary load case (corresponding to a time step) are computed as the accumulated sum of the previous linear auxiliary load cases. Furthermore, the linear static response optimization problem consists not only of one but of nT FE-models where nT is the number of selected time steps. Such a multi-model optimization (MMO) can be solved with commercial FE solvers. It turns out that the DiESL approach leads to a significant improvement of the nonlinear approximation quality and faster convergence to the optimum when compared to standard ESLM. This will be demonstrated and discussed based on selected test examples.
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14

Kim, Hyun-Gi, Euiyoung Kim, and Maenghyo Cho. "Transformation of Dynamic Loads into Equivalent Static Load based on the Stress Constraint Conditions." Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea 26, no. 2 (April 30, 2013): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7734/coseik.2013.26.2.165.

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15

Lee, Hyun-Ah, Ahmad Zeshan, and Gyung-Jin Park. "Preliminary Study on Nonlinear Static Response Topology Optimization Using Equivalent Load." Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A 34, no. 12 (December 1, 2010): 1811–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3795/ksme-a.2010.34.12.1811.

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16

Zhang, Jianguo, and Ming Gu. "Distribution of background equivalent static wind load on high-rise buildings." Frontiers of Architecture and Civil Engineering in China 3, no. 3 (July 16, 2009): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11709-009-0036-z.

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17

ZHOU, XUANYI, and MING GU. "AN APPROXIMATION METHOD FOR COMPUTING THE DYNAMIC RESPONSES AND EQUIVALENT STATIC WIND LOADS OF LARGE-SPAN ROOF STRUCTURES." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 10, no. 05 (December 2010): 1141–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455410003944.

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Due to their sensitivity to wind, the design of large-span roofs is generally governed by wind loads. For some flexible large-span roofs with low damping and concentrated modes, the effect of multi-mode coupling should be taken into account in computing the resonant buffeting response and equivalent static wind loads. Such an effect is considered by the modified SRSS method in this paper via the modal coupling factor. Based on the same SRSS method, the equivalent static wind loads combining the mean, background, and resonant components, are computed. Particularly, the background and resonant components are computed by the LRC method and the equivalent inertia force method considering the modal coupling effects by the modified SRSS method, respectively. The method is then applied to the computation of wind-induced vibration responses and equivalent static wind load distributions of a real large-span roof. The results show that the modal coupling effect on the resonant component can be identified by the present method with high accuracy.
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18

Ren, Chun, Haitao Min, Tianfei Ma, and Fangquan Wang. "Efficient structure crash topology optimization strategy using a model order reduction method combined with equivalent static loads." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, no. 7 (December 24, 2019): 1897–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407019893841.

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In this study, an efficient topology optimization method under crash loads is proposed by combining the equivalent static loads with a model order reduction method, which is referred as the reduced model–based equivalent static loads method for nonlinear dynamic response topology optimization method. Considering that some parts of the vehicle experience large nonlinear deformations, whereas others exhibit only small linear deformations in a vehicle crash scenario, the linear and nonlinear behavior parts are identified and the whole model of the complete structure is divided into nonlinear and linear sub-models. At each cycle, the model order reduction method is used in the linear sub-model during crash analysis to solve the low-density-elements-induced mesh distortion problem and accelerate this process. In the linear static topology optimization, the nonlinear sub-model that was initially used to describe the nonlinear behavior part is linearized by the equivalent static loads method and then reduced by the Guyan reduction method. Then, the reduced equivalent static load model is assembled into the linear sub-model that is defined as the design space to formulate a reduced topology optimization model of the complete structure and the reduced equivalent static loads that only act on master degrees of freedom are calculated. Finally, the linear static topology optimization is performed based on the reduced topology optimization model with the reduced equivalent static loads to enhance the efficiency and improve the numerical stability. The process is repeated until the convergence criterion is satisfied. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by investing a numerical example. The results show that the proposed method provides a feasible strategy for the topology optimization under crash loads, which can effectively improve the numerical stability and convergence.
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19

Liu, Fangping, Chen Yu, and Wentao Yi. "Study on equivalent static method for the analysis of fatigue behavior of reinforced concrete beam." E3S Web of Conferences 272 (2021): 02018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127202018.

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In order to analyze the whole process of fatigue behaviours of reinforced concrete beams, an equivalent static analysis method is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the constitutive models based on the degradation of stiffness and strength and the accumulation of residual strain of concrete and reinforcement subjected to fatigue loadings are deduced and established by coupling the uniaxial constitutive model of concrete and the ideal elastic-plastic model of reinforcement under static load. Secondly, based on the similarity of concrete failure under static load and fatigue load, the equivalent relationship between fatigue and static analysis can be constructed by using the concrete residual strain as the equivalent parameter. On this basis, an equivalent static method for the analysis of fatigue behavior of reinforced concrete beam is proposed. At last, three reinforced concrete beams with rectangular section are tested, and the fatigue behaviours are analyzed by the method proposed in this paper. The numerical simulation results are compared with the field test data. The result shows that the numerical simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental results, which verifies the reliability and practicability of the method.
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20

Błachut, J., and P. Wang. "Buckling of Barreled Shells Subjected to External Hydrostatic Pressure." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 123, no. 2 (November 16, 2000): 232–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1357160.

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The paper considers barreling of a mild steel cylindrical shell as a way of improving its load carrying capacity when subjected to static external pressure. Numerical results show that the load carrying capacity can be increased from 1.4 to 40 times above the load capacity of mass equivalent cylinders. The effect of end boundary conditions on the ultimate load is examined together with sensitivity of buckling loads to initial geometric imperfections.
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21

Rotoloni, D. F., and A. K. Dhalla. "A Procedure to Incorporate Effects of Seismic Events in a Quasi-Static Piping System Inelastic Analysis." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 107, no. 2 (May 1, 1985): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3264428.

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Inelastic analysis of a prototypic liquid metal fast breeder reactor (LMFBR) piping system is generally performed without explicit consideration of time-dependent seismic loading. This paper presents an approximate procedure to simulate dynamic seismic loading as an equivalent static load for inelastic analysis. This procedure utilizes the results of the available linear seismic response spectrum analysis to calculate external (statically equivalent) loads. These statically equivalent loads are selected such that they produce internal forces and moments comparable to those predicted by the linear response spectrum analysis.
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22

Feng, Kai, Xueyuan Zhao, and Zhiyang Guo. "Design and structural performance measurements of a novel multi-cantilever foil bearing." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 229, no. 10 (August 12, 2014): 1830–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406214547529.

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With increasing need for high-speed, high-temperature, and oil-free turbomachinery, gas foil bearings (GFBs) have been considered to be the best substitutes for traditional oil-lubricated bearings. A multi-cantilever foil bearing (MCFB), a novel GFB with multi-cantilever foil strips serving as the compliant underlying structure, was designed, fabricated, and tested. A series of static and dynamic load tests were conducted to measure the structural stiffness and equivalent viscous damping of the prototype MCFB. Experiments of static load versus deflection showed that the proposed bearing has a large mechanical energy dissipation capability and a pronounced nonlinear static stiffness that can prevents overly large motion amplitude of journal. Dynamic load tests evaluated the influence of motion amplitude, loading orientation and misalignment on the dynamic stiffness and equivalent viscous damping with respect to excitation frequency. The test results demonstrated that the dynamic stiffness and damping are strongly dependent on the excitation frequency. Three motion amplitudes were applied to the bearing housing to investigate the effects of motion amplitude on the dynamic characteristics. It is noted that the bearing dynamic stiffness and damping decreases with incrementally increasing motion amplitudes. A high level of misalignment can lead to larger static and dynamic bearing stiffness as well as to larger equivalent viscous damping. With dynamic loads applied to two orientations in the bearing midplane separately, the dynamic stiffness increases rapidly and the equivalent viscous damping declines slightly. These results indicate that the loading orientation is a non-negligible factor on the dynamic characteristics of MCFBs.
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23

Kang, B. S., G. J. Park, and J. S. Arora. "Optimization of Flexible Multibody Dynamic Systems Using the Equivalent Static Load Method." AIAA Journal 43, no. 4 (April 2005): 846–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.4294.

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24

Wang, Pan Xiu, and Gui Yun Zhou. "An Improved Dynamic Constitutive Model of Dynamic Mechanical Property of Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 785-786 (September 2013): 1240–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.785-786.1240.

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An improved dynamic constitutive model is presented, aiming to describe the key mechanical properties and predict the bearing strength of concrete structure under static and dynamic load. This model is based on the concept of equivalent uniaxial strains and strain rate. In this paper, an equivalent uniaxial stressstrain curves are obtained by the WillamWarnke curve and take the same form as in Saenz models. Then, the bending strength of a concrete beam under different static and dynamic load was discussed.
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25

Li, Yang, Geng Liu, and Guang Lei Liu. "Static Load Sharing in Power-Split Planetary Gear Trains." Applied Mechanics and Materials 86 (August 2011): 725–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.86.725.

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Based on analyzing the mechanism of load sharing of power-split planetary gear trains, equivalent mesh errors are defined and introduced in this paper to take the deformations and manufacturing and assembling errors into account. The static equilibrium equation of planetary gear trains is established. Then the load sharing coefficients of a power-split planetary gear system are calculated. The results indicate that the load sharing of power input stage is worse than that of the power output stage in the power-split planetary gear system.
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26

Ying, Li Xia, Li Dong Jiang, Su Ge Yin, and Fan Kai Kong. "Analysis of Static Load Sharing in Star Gearing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 86 (August 2011): 162–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.86.162.

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In order to analyze the sharing mechanism of marine high-speed star gearing system, a static mechanical model is presented in the paper, in which manufacturing errors, assembly errors, bearing errors and tooth thickness error are all considered. In consideration of equivalent mesh error and static balance of floating components, the load sharing coefficient of the system in different kinds of errors was obtained. And the sensitivities of the load sharing coefficient on different types of errors are analyzed. The result shows that the effects of the eccentric error of sun and tooth thickness error of star gear upon load sharing coefficient are larger than those of the other errors. The influences on load sharing coefficient of each error have cumulative effects. The research has provided a useful reference for improving the load sharing capability of marine star gearing system.
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27

Zhou, Xuanyi, Ming Gu, and Gang Li. "Constrained Least-Squares Method for Computing Equivalent Static Wind Loads of Large-Span Roofs." Advances in Structural Engineering 17, no. 10 (November 2014): 1497–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/1369-4332.17.10.1497.

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Equivalent static wind loads (ESWL) are widely used by structural designers to determine a specific response of large-scale structures. However, structural designers usually pay attention to more responses. Thus, this study proposes a constrained least-squares method to compute the ESWL distribution that can simultaneously target multi-responses. The loading distribution is regarded as a linear combination of basic load distributions. Two forms of basic load distribution are presented herein. The magnitude range of ESWLs is limited by controlling the bounds of the participation factor, which can be regarded as a constrained linear least-squares problem. Furthermore, since only a few structural responses are usually emphasized by structural designers, weighting factor is imported to improve the accuracy of these focused responses. To verify its computational accuracy, the method is applied to a real large-span roof structure. The results of calculations show that a reasonable magnitude of ESWL distribution can be achieved. There seems to always be a balance between the number of targeted responses and computational accuracy.
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28

Zhao, Li Hui, Han Gu, and Qing Quan Hong. "Shape Optimization of Lower Control Arm under Typical Road Conditions." Advanced Materials Research 430-432 (January 2012): 1996–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.430-432.1996.

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Structure optimization of lower control arm was performed under three proving ground road conditions to find the best drawbead distribution. First, multi-body dynamics analysis was carried on to determine the deficiency of the lower control arm. Then shape optimization was applied based on the widely used optimization method under static loads by converting dynamic load of the three roads to equivalent static loads. Results of the new design show that the strength and stiffness were increased by 24.3% and 42.9% respectively.
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29

Huang, Guoqing, and Xinzhong Chen. "Wind load effects and equivalent static wind loads of tall buildings based on synchronous pressure measurements." Engineering Structures 29, no. 10 (October 2007): 2641–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2007.01.011.

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30

Dai, Wei, Juan Yu, Xuan Liu, and Wenyuan Li. "Two-tier static equivalent method of active distribution networks considering sensitivity, power loss and static load characteristics." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 100 (September 2018): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2018.02.032.

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31

Kien, Nguyen Dinh. "Instability behavior of arches under quasi-static concentrated load." Vietnam Journal of Mechanics 27, no. 3 (October 1, 2005): 158–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7136/27/3/5725.

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The present paper investigates the instability characteristics of arch structures under quasi-static concentrated load. The arches are idealized as equivalent frameworks and analyzed by the finite element method using the nonlinear co-rotational beam elements. The numerical algorithms for computing the limit load and tracing the equilibrium path are presented. In particular, the automatic cutting and automatic increment techniques needed for the incremental/iterative procedure are described in detail. The effects of geometry, boundary condition, shear deformation, loading condition as well as the material characteristics on the instability behavior of both the elastic and elasto-plastic arches are numerically investigated.
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32

Wang, Qin Hua, Bi Qing Shi, and Ping Sheng Xu. "Study of Equivalent Static Wind Loads on a High-Rise Building with 204 Meters High." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 985–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.985.

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Equivalent static wind loads (ESWL) are the bridge between engineer in the structure design field and researcher in wind engineering field. In this paper, a practical high-rise building with 204 meters high was tested in wind tunnel, and then ESWL was calculated by load-response correlation (LRC) method based on the results of wind tunnel. Some results are useful for design of building structures.
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33

Jeong, Seung Hyun, Jong Wook Lee, Gil Ho Yoon, and Dong Hoon Choi. "Topology optimization considering the fatigue constraint of variable amplitude load based on the equivalent static load approach." Applied Mathematical Modelling 56 (April 2018): 626–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2017.12.017.

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34

Stojic, Dragoslav, and Stefan Conic. "Structural vehicle impact loading." Facta universitatis - series: Architecture and Civil Engineering 11, no. 3 (2013): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuace1303285s.

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In contemporary design, vehicle impact into the structures is paid great attention since they can be dominant, depending on the type of structure. The key issue in the vehicle impact analysis is the proper determination of intensity and way of action of dynamic forces on the structural element and its behavior after the imparted load. The Eurocodes, in the annexes provide recommendations for determination of force intensity depending on mass and velocity of the colliding vehicle. Equivalent static loads causing approximate effects on the structural elements are used as quite approximate and efficient methods. The paper comprises the analysis of deformation of columns having the same characteristics, exposed to impact loads via the equivalent static loads, depending on the stress state in columns, and a comparative analysis has been done.
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35

Jeong, S.-B., S.-I. Yi, C.-D. Kan, V. Nagabhushana, and G.-J. Park. "Structural optimization of an automobile roof structure using equivalent static loads." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 222, no. 11 (November 1, 2008): 1985–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto855.

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In a vehicle rollover accident, the strength of the roof structure is an important factor of security in order to reduce the death and injury rates. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration proposed strength requirements of the roof structure on roof crush resistance in the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 216. Recently, there have been many structural optimization studies that design the structure of a vehicle to satisfy this safety regulation. Most previous studies used approximation methods such as the response surface method (RSM) as a crash problem has high non-linearity and difficulty in sensitivity calculation. However, the solution from the RSM may not be accurate and has a limit on the number of design variables. In this research, non-linear dynamic (transient) response optimization using equivalent static loads (ESLs) is proposed to design the structure of a vehicle to satisfy the safety regulation. ESLs for linear response analysis are made to generate the same displacement field as that from non-linear dynamic loads at each time step of non-linear dynamic analysis. A dynamic load is transformed to a set of ESLs. The static loads are used as the multiple loading conditions for linear response optimization, which are not costly in the linear response optimization process. Size optimization using ESLs is performed to reduce the structural mass while the FMVSS 216 regulation is satisfied. The optimum results using ESLs are compared with those from the RSM. As a result, the proposed method is very efficient and derives good solutions. Non-linear analysis is performed using the commercial code LS-DYNA. NASTRAN is used in calculating the ESL and linear response optimization. LS-OPT is utilized for structural optimization using the RSM.
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36

Akhtulov, A. L., O. M. Kirasirov, and M. O. Kirasirov. "Features of calculation of steel structures of bridge cranes at variable loads." MATEC Web of Conferences 298 (2019): 00032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201929800032.

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The article deals with the calculation of metal bridge cranes operating under the influence of variable loads. Requirements to static and dynamic characteristics of mechanisms of load-lifting cranes are caused by specifics of work, features of a design and operating conditions of the cranes working at variable loadings. Thus, it is proposed to perform calculations of parts of crane mechanisms for endurance, operating under non-stationary variable load, based on the principle of linear summation of damage, allowing the calculation from the point of view of the load equivalent to the entire range of operating loads.
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37

Xie, Chi, Shuang Chen, and Da Quan Lin. "Research on Elasticity Characteristic of Equivalent Bio-Material." Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (October 2011): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.10.

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To measure the elasticity specificity of equivalent bio-materials with human skin's nature, the static-load pressing method for testing the elastic nature of the equivalent material for human skin is approached in this paper. And it is very important and useful to biomedicine science and engineering that evaluating correctly the mechanical property of the equivalent materials with human skin's nature.
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38

Szromba, Andrzej. "The Unified Power Quality Conditioner Control Method Based on the Equivalent Conductance Signals of the Compensated Load." Energies 13, no. 23 (November 29, 2020): 6298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236298.

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This paper proposes a new control method for a Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC). This method is based on the load equivalent conductance approach, originally proposed by Fryze. It can be useful not only for compensation for nonactive current and for improving voltage quality, but it also allows one to perform some unconventional functions. This control method can be performed by extending the orthodox notion of ‘static’ load equivalent conductance into a time-variable signal. It may be used to characterize energy changes in the whole UPQC-and-load circuitry. The UPQC can regulate energy flow between all sources and loads being under compensation. They may be located as well for UPQC’s AC-side as DC-side. System works properly even if they switch their activity to work either as loads or generators. The UPQC can operate also as a buffer, which can store/share the in-load generated energy amongst other loads, or it can transmit this energy to the source. Therefore, in addition to performing the UPQC’s conventional compensation tasks, it can also serve as a local energy distribution center.
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39

Guan, Xiao Jun, Guo Ping Chen, and Ying Yang. "Static Analysis of Wind Energy Building under the Action of Equivalent Wind Load." Applied Mechanics and Materials 94-96 (September 2011): 1569–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.94-96.1569.

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In the recent years, people begin to concern more about the development of new energy source, because of the global economic development and more stringent environmental requirements. The wind power is rapidly developed for its low price and it’s friendly to environment and the wind energy and building integration also becomes a very important mode to develop new energy sources. The wind driven generator and high-rise building structure were integrated, and ANSYS was used to complete the static analysis of the equivalent dead load action of high-rise building with wind driven generator under six different wind pressure. By comparing the results of the calculations, the feasibility of the wind energy and building integration was initially verified.
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40

Zhang, Bei, Hailong Chen, Ming Li, Zheng Zhao, Yinzhi Zhou, and Hualin Fan. "Equivalent static load method for hierarchical stiffened composite panel subjected to blast loading." Engineering Structures 171 (September 2018): 569–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.05.107.

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41

Osakue, Edward E., and Lucky Anetor. "Design of Elastic Screw Fasteners under Tensile Load." Mechanical Engineering Research 7, no. 1 (May 31, 2017): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mer.v7n1p13.

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This paper presents an equivalent stress approach in the design of screw fasteners under tensile load. Design equations are formulated for sizing and verifying screw fastener selection. It considers axial tensile, direct shear, bending, and torsional stresses and combines them as appropriate into equivalent or effective stresses. The equivalent or effective stresses are compared with screw fastener material strength capabilities such as proof, yield, fatigue, and tensile strengths for failure assessment. Design factors are derived for assessing design adequacy the screw fastener. For elastic screw fasteners, these stresses must each be in the elastic range for the screw material. When the load is removed, elastic screw fasteners regain their original size and shape, behaving like springs. Two illustrative design examples are used to demonstrate both design verification and sizing tasks. Design verification was performed in the first example and the static yield design factors are found to be 0.77 and 0.68 for the preload and service load, respectively. These values are less than unity, representing a case of under-design in static yield failure modes. Without changing the specification of the screw fastener, the preload tension was reduced by 62.76%, and the static yield design factors changed to 1.42 and 1.12 for the preload and service load, respectively. This shows that the under-design condition resulted from high preload tension. When the screw pitch is changed from coarse to fine series, the design factors are worse off in fatigue stress resistance but indicated some improvement in static stress resistance. This suggests that fine pitch threads is not better than coarse pitch threads in fatigue stress capacity when direct shear and bending stresses are considered in Example 1. Both design sizing and verification are performed in Example 2. Design sizing suggests a screw fastener ( ) of slightly larger size than the previous solution ( ). Design verification indicates the previous solution and new solution has a minimum static yield design factor of 0.93 and 1.09, respectively for the service load. This suggests that the screw fastener of the previous solution may yield in service, if implemented. The new solution has a higher design factor in this failure mode and presents less risk of failure. From the illustrative examples presented, it seems that ignoring direct and bending stresses in screw fastener design can lead to under-design in some failure modes.
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42

Ma, Gao Feng, and Ting Guo Chen. "Wind-Induced Vibration Analysis of Wind Fence Structure." Applied Mechanics and Materials 226-228 (November 2012): 355–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.226-228.355.

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As a new wind-break and dust-control technology, the wind fence is widely used at storage yards in factories and ports. The wind fence structure is a new high-rise wind-resistant structure with light damp and very heavy wind load, and the wind-induced vibration response is unknown and equivalent static wind load is hard to determine in design. Based on the Davenport spectrum, wind-induced vibration of the plane frame structure was analyzed with frequency domain method and the response spectrum of displacement and acceleration were obtained. The equivalent static wind load was studied and the wind-induced vibration coefficient and gust loading factor were gained. The results show that the wind-induced vibration response of the structure is significant, and it should be taken into consideration in structural design.
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43

Erkan, İbrahim Hakkı, and Talha Polat Doğan. "Comparison of equivalent seismic load and response spectrum methods according to TSC 2018 and TSC 2007." Challenge Journal of Structural Mechanics 5, no. 4 (December 2, 2019): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.20528/cjsmec.2019.04.003.

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In this study, two different analysis methods were compared; the first is a linear static analysis method and the second is a linear dynamic analysis method. First one is the Equivalent Seismic Load Method, which is a linear static method where seismic loads can be obtained by applying a simple calculation. The second method, the Response Spectrum method, is a linear dynamic analysis method which obtains the seismic loads using more complex statistical calculations. For this analysis study, 18 structural models with 3 different building heights were analyzed according to the conditions of Equivalent Seismic Load Method and Response Spectrum Method specified in both TSC 2007 and TSC 2018 and base shear forces obtained as a result of these analyzes were compared. As a result of analysis; compared to the results obtained from TSC 2007, due to the effective stiffness coefficients specified in TSC 2018, it was observed that the base shear forces obtained for both methods were lower and the modal period values were longer in the analyzes applied according to TSC 2018. This means that the structural systems created with the designs according to TSC 2018 are more ductile than the structural systems created with the designs made according to TSC 2007. Base shear forces obtained by 2 different analysis methods applied according to regulations stated in both TSC 2018 and TSC 2007; it was observed that the base shear forces obtained by the Equivalent Seismic Load Method were higher than the results of the Response Spectrum Method.
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44

Yang, Wen Gang, Bo Wen Zhu, and Zhang Qi Wang. "Wind-Induced Response of UHV Guyed Single-Mast Transmission Tower-Line System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 501-504 (January 2014): 533–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.501-504.533.

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Ultra-high voltage guyed tower is typical structure of tall and slender, with the character of nonlinear and more sensitive to wind loads. Wind load is one of the most important control loads during design phase. A single-mast guyed tower recommended by a UHV DC transmission line was set as an example in this paper. The finite-element model of transmission tower-line system was built, based on Davenport, fluctuating wind velocity time-history was simulated, the result of wind-induced response was analyzed. The result indicates that, as for displacements of the nodes on guyed tower, the mean values of wind-induced response are greater than the displacements under the static equivalent wind loads. As for axial forces of the leg members on guyed tower, the axial forces under the static equivalent wind loads are less than the max values of wind-induced response.
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45

Setyanto, Djoko. "Design and FE Modeling of UPVC Corrugated Hollow Roofing Sheet." MATEC Web of Conferences 258 (2019): 01017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201925801017.

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The corrugated roofing sheet of UPVC polymer material is the potential material to replace common roof materials that has been developed in Indonesia. This study describes the design of the roof profile and analysis of the roof structure to static load. The resulting roof profile is a hollow corrugated roofing sheet with five crests and four valleys. The effective width is 860 mm, 10 mm cavity thick, and 45 mm peak height. The finite element model of the hollow UPVC corrugated sheets roof structure shows that the roof structure is capable of withstanding the static load/ mass of 133 kg equivalent of two applicators and capable of withstanding the wind lift force equivalent to 99 km/ h.
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46

Cai, Xue Feng, Meng Yi Lian, Zheng Zhang, Yong Chao Ma, and Ji Zhong Zhou. "Experimental Research on Steel Frame Structures of Mobile Buildings." Applied Mechanics and Materials 351-352 (August 2013): 280–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.351-352.280.

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Static tests were conducted on a two-story mobile building under wind loads, and the building is composed of two box units of steel frame structures. The mechanical behavior and the deformation performance of the structures were investigated. Based on the principle of static equivalent, the horizontal loads to load points of the top of the columns were imposed to simulate the wind loads. The displacement values and relative shifting values of the frame structures were obtained. The tests results show that the horizontal deflections of the mobile buildings are greatly affected by the relative shifting of the separate box units. And the conclusion also applies to the container buildings.
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47

Zhang, Zheng, Xue Feng Cai, Yong Chao Ma, and Ji Zhong Zhou. "Experimental Research on Integral Structures of Mobile Steel Buildings." Applied Mechanics and Materials 578-579 (July 2014): 555–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.578-579.555.

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Static tests were conducted on a two-story mobile steel building under wind loads, and the building is made of two box units of steel frame structures with light composite wall panels. The mechanical behavior and the deformation properties of the structures were investigated. Based on the static equivalent principle, the lateral loads applied to load points of the top of the columns were imposed to simulate wind loads. The displacement values and the relative shifting values of the integral structures were received. The tests results show that the lateral deformations of the mobile buildings are greatly affected by the relative movements of both the box units.
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48

Zhang, Wan. "The Static Impact Analysis of a Blast Furnace Equipment Load on the Structure in Taiyuan." Applied Mechanics and Materials 275-277 (January 2013): 1118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.275-277.1118.

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There are a variety of forms of industrial construction equipment load .The structural design engineers replace equipment load by equivalent load to analyze structure while it is impossible to reflect the combination of equipment and structure or synthetically dynamic characteristics exactly. This article use SAP2000 to provide three kinds of load input modes for blast furnace equipment in chemical buildings, and that blast furnace equipment should be involved in the overall structure of the modeling analysis in order to obtain accurate load information.
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49

Çapa, Yuşa Uğur, Ali Ruzi Özuygur, and Zekai Celep. "A study on earthquake performances of reinforced concrete buildings with various number of stories." Journal of Structural Engineering & Applied Mechanics 4, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 83–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.31462/jseam.2021.04083098.

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Seismic codes generally require that the Equivalent Seismic Load Method or the Modal Response Spectrum Method is adopted in the design of buildings. In the equivalent seismic load method, the equivalent seismic static force applied to the building is determined depending on the seismicity of the region where the building is located, the usage class of the building, the fundamental period of the building and the building mass. Later, this equivalent seismic load is reduced by the seismic load reduction factor to take into account the increase in the capacity of the system and the decrease in the seismic demand due to the nonlinear and inelastic behavior of the system, i.e., by accepting limited inelastic deformations in the building subjected to the design earthquake. Then, structural system of the building is analyzed under the reduced seismic forces in addition to the vertical loads by using the load combinations given in the design codes. The process is completed by designing the sections and the structural elements of the building. Similar processes can be implemented by using the modal response spectrum method. The difference between these two methods is consideration of the higher modes of the building instead of the first mode only and the use of the modal masses of the building for each mode, instead of the total mass of the building. In the latter method, the contributions of the higher mode are combined by using specific superposition rules. The codes assume that the structural systems designed in this way will exhibit the almost same level of inelastic deformation, i.e., the controlled damage state, regardless of the building parameters, such as the number of stories. In this study, an attempt is made to investigate the validity of this implicit acceptance. For this purpose, the buildings with a various number of stories are designed by satisfying the bare minimum requirements of the code only, as much as possible. The seismic behavior and the lateral load capacity of these buildings are examined by the static and dynamic nonlinear analyses. The ratio of the nonlinear load capacity to the reduced equivalent seismic load is evaluated depending on the number of the stories of the buildings. The results which are presented in detail yield that the buildings with a low number of stories have relatively larger nonlinear lateral load capacity-to-the reduced elastic seismic load ratio, which is not compatible with the general implicit assumption made in the seismic codes.
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Wu, Guo Yang, Jun Jie Yang, Cheng Rong Jiang, Yun Song Li, and Guo Yun Li. "Finite Element Analysis on Structure of a New Torsional Vibration Damper." Applied Mechanics and Materials 215-216 (November 2012): 861–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.215-216.861.

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Based on the practical working state and load conditions of a car, the stress-strain and its strength in static and dynamic state of a new torsional vibration damper were calculated and analyzed with the finite element theory and tools, providing reliable data and a simple and accurate research method of strength for its practical application.Through strength analysis, the maximum equivalent stress of main parts of damper under static load and the stress time curve under dynamic load were obtained. By comparing the analytical results under static and dynamic load, it shows that all parts of the damper meet the strength requirements under the dynamic load, and that the maximum stress value of main parts under idle speed conditions is higher than that of running conditions, which is consistent with the actual working condition; while under the static load, the rivets did not meet the strength requirement. In conclusion, two feasible methods were proposed to improve the strength of rivets. It is verified that this damper can meet working strength requirements at last.
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