Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Equivalent translation'

Mori Ōgai’s (1862-1922) 1909 translation and the subsequent theater production of Henrik Ibsen’s 1896 play John Gabriel Borkman was in many ways instrumental in the formation of Japanese Meiji-era shingeki theater. Through his career as a translator, Ōgai’s translation approach shifted from one of decreasingly relying on domestication techniques to staying more faithful to the source text through use of foreignization techniques and arguably towards what has been identified by Eugene Nida and Jin Di as dynamical equivalence or equivalent effect, respectively, in drama translation. In this project, Ōgai’s translation of John Gabriel Borkman is examined using a set of categories peculiar to drama translation, as proposed by Chinese scholars Xu and Cui (2011), again based on the theories of Nida and Di. The categories are intelligibility, brevity, characterization and actability. The results from the analysis are used to do a qualitative analysis of Ōgai’s approach to drama translation. Results from the study indicate that Ōgai put large emphasis on the intelligibility of the play, and perhaps over the aspects of brevity, characterization and actability. However, wherever the brevity aspect seems not to be in violation of any of the other aspects, Ōgai seems to have tried to adhere as close as possible to the source texts in terms of speaking length.

The object of the study is the structure and semantics of fixed collocations and idioms in the English language and their Lithuanian equivalents. The aim of the work is to research how English fixed collocations and idioms are translated into Lithuanian and what stylistic and semantic changes they undergo. The main research methods applied in the research are descriptive theoretical literary analysis, contrastive method and statistical method.In theoretical part the concepts of fixed collocation and idiom are discussed. Further consideration is focused on the classification of previously mentioned idiomatic expressions. Fixed collocations and idioms are classified regarding to what they mean and what they refer to. Translation strategies and the difficulties when translating the idiomatic expressions are discussed. The practical part is divided into three parts which examine fully equivalent, semantically similar, formally modified and functionally equivalent fixed collocations and idioms. The selected examples prove that the majority of idioms undergo semantic, stylistic or structural changes in the process of translating them from one language into the other. Though there are some English idioms that have equivalents in Lithuanian, in the majority of cases only few or none of the elements coincide.
Bakalauro baigiamojo darbo objektas yra fiksuotų kolokacijų ir idiomų struktūra bei semantika anglų kalboje ir jų lietuviškuose atitikmenyse. Darbo tikslas - ištyrinėti kaip angliškos fiksuotos kolokacijos bei idiomos išverčiamos į Lietuvių kalbą bei kaip pasikeičia jų stilistika ir semantika. Pagrindiniai tyrimo metodai yra šie: aprašomoji teorinė literatūros analizė, gretinamasis metodas, statistinis metodas. Teorinėje dalyje nagrinėjamos fiksuotos kolokacijos ir idiomos sąvokos. Toliau dėmesys skiriamas jau minėtų idiomatinių išsireiškimų klasifikacijai. Fiksuotos kolokacijos ir idiomos sugrupuotos pagal reikšmę bei tą, ką jos nurodo. Aptariamos vertimo strategijos bei idiomatinių išsireiškimų vertimų sunkumai. Praktinis tyrimas suskirstytas į tris dalis, kurios tiria visiškai ekvivalentiškas, panašias semantiškai, bet pakeista forma ir praktiškai ekvivalentiškas fiksuotas kolokacijas ir idiomas. Pasirinkti pavyzdžiai įrodo, kad daugumos idiomų semantika, stilistika ir struktūra pasikeičia jas verčiant iš vienos kalbos į kitą. Nors ir yra angliškų idiomų, kurios turi atitikmenis Lietuvių kalboje, daugeliu atvejų sutampa tik keli arba nei vienas žodis.

Захищено англійською мовою
Мета:розглянути особливості функціонування фразеологізмів в англомовному мас-медійному дискурсі та їх перекладу українською мовою. Наукова проблема:проблема використання фразеологізмів в англомовному мас-медійному дискурсі та їх перекладу українською мовою на сьогодні потребує подальших досліджень систематизації та узагальнення. Окрім того, нагальною є потреба у розробці методичних підходів до навчання особливостям перекладу фразеологізмів англійської мови студентів-перекладачів. Методологія дослідження:у ході роботи застосовувалися такі методи дослідження, як порівняльно-зіставний метод, лінгво-прагматичний аналіз, контекстуально-інтерпретативний аналіз. У ході вивчення структурних та семантичних особливостей фразеологізмів англомовного мас-медійного дискурсу застосовано метод відбору та обробки мовного матеріалу та метод компонентного аналізу. У роботі над перекладом фразеологізмів англомовного мас-медійного дискурсу застосовано функціональний та перекладацький аналіз. Основні результати і висновки дослідження:Фразеологізм – це стійке поєднання слів, яке є аналогічним словам за своєю відтворюваністю у якості готових і цілісних значущих одиниць. Фразеологізм – це семантично пов’язані слова, які завжди відтворюються у фіксованому співвідношенні свого значення і лексико-граматичного складу. Фразеологізми є лексично неподільними, характеризуються структурним різноманіттям форми і різним кількісним складом. Фразеологія національної мови включає в себе надбання народу як її носія, що вбираються та зберігаються у пам’яті багатьох поколінь. Джерелами фразеології слугують приказки та прислів’я, афоризми, анекдоти, каламбури та парадокси, професіоналізми, мовні кліше та штампи, тобто практично всі лексичні шари національної мови від літературного високого стилю, до просторічної лексики та сленгу.Фразеологізми досить часто зустрічаються у текстах публіцистичного стилю англійської мови. Образно-емоційний характер фразеологізмів робить мас-медійний текст цікавішим, пробуджує уяву читача, що значно полегшує сприймання складної політичної чи економічної інформації, зацікавлює реципієнта. Важливу роль відіграє і здатність фразеологічних засобів давати оцінку, виражати ставлення автора до зображуваних подій. Використання фразеологічних неологізмів у мас-медійному дискурсі виконує стилістичну, експресивну, емотивну, інформативну та ряд інших функцій. Питання фразеологічних новотворів як одного із шляхів поповнення лексики англійської мови через мовотворчість в області мас-медійного дискурсу потребує подальших досліджень.Всі прийоми перекладу фразеологізмів можна розділити та еквівалентні та нееквівалентні прийоми перекладу. До еквівалетних способів перекладу фразеологізмів належать повний або частковий еквівалент. На межі еквівалентного та нееквівалентного способів перекладу лежить прийом створення псевдо фразеологізму. До нееквівалентних способів перекладу, натомість, належать описовий переклад та калькування.Основними труднощами перекладу фразеологізмів мас-медійного дискурсу сучасної англійської мови є відтворення гри слів, яка часто використовуються у мові ЗМІ, а також переклад фразеологічних новотворів. Оскільки більшість фразеологізмів, які використовуються у мас-медійному дискурсі, використовуються не у їх словниковій формі, а зазнають структурних чи семантичних трансформацій, то проблема перекладу таких виразів на сьогодні є актуальною та потребує подальших досліджень. Теоретичне значення:полягає в узагальненні теоретичних знань про фразеологізм як мовне явище, класифікацію та функції фразеологізмів у сучасному англомовному мас-медійному дискурсі, а також про сутність та функціональні риси сучасного англомовного мас-медійного дискурсу.
Научная проблема: проблема использования фразеологизмов в англоязычном масс-медийном дискурсе и их перевода на украинский язык сегодня требует дальнейших исследований систематизации и обобщения. Кроме того, важной является потребность в разработке методических подходов к обучению особенностям перевода фразеологизмов английского языка студентов-переводчиков. Методология исследования:в ходе работы применялись такие методы исследования, как сравнительно-сопоставительный метод, лингво-прагматический анализ, контекстуально-интерпретативний анализ. В ходе изучения структурных и семантических особенностей фразеологизмов англоязычного масс-медийного дискурса применен метод отбора и обработки языкового материала и метод компонентного анализа. В работе над переводом фразеологизмов англоязычного масс-медийного дискурса применен функциональный и переводческий анализ. Основные результаты и выводы исследования:Фразеологизм – это устойчивое сочетание слов, которое аналогично словам по своей воспроизводимости в качестве готовых и целостных значимых единиц. Фразеологизм – это семантически связанные слова, которые всегда воспроизводятся в фиксированном соотношении своего значения и лексико-грамматического состава.Фразеология национального языка включает в себя достояние народа как ее носителя, что хранится в памяти многих поколений. Источниками фразеологии служат поговорки и пословицы, афоризмы, анекдоты, каламбуры и парадоксы, профессионализмы, языковые клише и штампы, то есть практически все лексические слои национального языка от литературного высокого стиля, и до просторечной лексики и сленга.Фразеологизмы довольно часто встречаются в текстах публицистического стиля английского языка. Образно-эмоциональный характер фразеологизмов делает масс-медийный текст интересным, пробуждает воображение читателя, что значительно облегчает восприятие сложной политической или экономической информации, привлекает реципиента. Важную роль играет и способность фразеологических средств давать оценку, выражать отношение автора к изображаемых событий.Использование фразеологических неологизмов в масс-медийном дискурсе выполняет стилистическую, экспрессивную, эмотивную, информативную и ряд других функций. Вопрос фразеологических новообразований как одного из путей пополнения лексики английского языка за языкотворчество в области масс-медийного дискурса требует дальнейших исследований. Все приемы перевода фразеологизмов можно разделить и эквивалентные и эквивалентны приемы перевода. К эквивалентным способам перевода фразеологизмов принадлежат полный или частичный эквивалент.На рубеже эквивалентного и неэквивалентного способов перевода находится прием создания псевдо фразеологизма. К неэквивалентным способам перевода принадлежат описательный перевод и калькирование. Основными трудностями перевода фразеологизмов масс-медийного дискурса современного английского языка является воссоздание игры слов, которая часто используются в языке СМИ, а также перевод фразеологических новообразований. Поскольку большинство фразеологизмов, используемых в масс-медийном дискурсе, используются не в их словарной форме, а имеют структурные или семантические трансформации, то проблема перевода таких выражений сегодня актуальна и требует дальнейших исследований. Теоретическое значение:заключается в обобщении теоретических знаний о фразеологизме как языковом явлении, классификации и функциях фразеологизмов в современном англоязычном масс-медийном дискурсе, а также о сущности и функциональных чертах современного англоязычного масс-медийного дискурса.
Goal:to consider the peculiarities of the functioning of phraseology in the English-language mass media discourse and their translation into Ukrainian. Scientific problem:the problem of using phraseology in English-language mass discourse and their translation into Ukrainian today requires further research into systematization and generalization.In addition, there is an urgent need to develop methodological approaches to teaching the peculiarities of translation of English phraseology by students-translators. Research methodology:comparative method, linguistic-pragmatic analysis, contextual-interpretive analysis.In the course of studying the structural and semantic features of phraseology of English-language mass media discourse, the method of selection and processing of language material and the method of component analysis were applied.Functional and translation analysis was used in the work on the translation of phraseological units of the English-language mass media discourse. The main results and conclusions of the research: Phraseological unit is a stable combination of words, which is similar to words in its reproducibility as holistic meaningful units.Phraseology is a semantically connected words that is always reproduced in a fixed ratio of its meaning and lexical and grammatical structure. Phraseologisms are lexically indivisible, characterized by structural diversity of form and different quantitative composition.The phraseology of the national language includes the heritage of the people as its bearers, which is absorbed and preserved in the memory of many generations. The sources of phraseology are proverbs and sayings, aphorisms, anecdotes, puns and paradoxes, professionalism, language clichés and stamps, i.e. almost all lexical layers of the national language from literary high style to spatial vocabulary and slang. Phraseologisms are quite common in texts of the journalistic style of the English language. The figurative and emotional nature of phraseology makes the media text more interesting, awakens the reader’s imagination, which greatly facilitates the perception of complex political or economic information. An important role is played by the ability of phraseological means to evaluate, to express the author’s attitude to the depicted events.The use of phraseological neologisms in mass media discourse performs stylistic, expressive, emotive, informative and a number of other functions. The issue of phraseological transformation as one of the ways to replenish the vocabulary of the English language for language creation in the field of mass media discourse requires further research.All methods of phraseology translation can be divided into equivalent and non-equivalent methods of translation. Equivalent methods of translation of phraseology include full or partial equivalent. The method of creating a pseudo-phraseology is on the border of equivalent and non-equivalent methods of translation. Non-equivalent translation methods include descriptive translation and tracing.The main difficulties in translating the phraseology of the mass media discourse of modern English are the reproduction of the play on words that is often used in the language of the media, as well as the translation of phraseological innovations. Since most of the phraseologies used in mass media discourse are not used in their vocabulary form, but undergo structural or semantic transformations, the problem of translating such expressions is relevant today and requires further research. Theoretical meaning:is to generalize theoretical knowledge about phraseology as a linguistic phenomenon, classification and functions of phraseology in modern English-language media discourse, as well as the essence and functional features of modern English-language media discourse. Keywords:phraseological unit, mass

This essay is a qualitative descriptive translation study concerning two translations of Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet into Swedish. The purpose of the study is to investigate the translational behaviour of the translators and the translation norms that govern this behaviour.

By thoroughly analysing stretches of the play, the study will attempt to locate translation shifts (linguistic changes) that occur in the translation from the source text to the target text. These changes are connected with the translators’ fidelity towards e.g. the metre of the verse or the sense transfer of puns. The analysis also comprises a survey of the translation norms that the translators adhere to. These norms, stated by the translators themselves, are connected to their translation approach. Thus, the study will reveal the differences of translation behaviour and analyse them from a wider perspective. The translations were made around 1840 and in 1982, respectively. The considerable space in time in itself suggests that linguistic differences will occur. However, the study will also find differences as regards the purposes of the translations. The older translation appears to be performed in a tradition of fidelity to the written text and its literary qualities, whereas the modern translation clearly has the purpose of being used for the stage performance. The latter is stated by the translator himself, who also argues that Shakespeare is to be considered drama and not literature.

Translation is all about finding the similar word and expression in the target language ́s culture and to try to obtain the same message as the source text. What a translator does with a translation project from the source language to the target language includes a process where several elements interact: finding the correct terminology in the target culture and be able to transfer the connotation and the message to the reader in the target language. The aim of this investigation is to identify and analyze the difficulties that may appear in the process of translating cultural aspects between Swedish and Spanish. The source text is a Swedish study Mediebilden av Sverige efter Stieg Larsson och Millennium (Sweden beyond the Millennium and Stieg Larsson) by Joakim Lind (2012) that has been translated into Spanish. The purpose of this study is to investigate if the translation techniques neutralization and the cultural equivalent are most suitable to use in the translation of cultural elements. The results of the study showed what was expected from the beginning, that it was mostly these two translation techniques that were used: neutralization and the cultural equivalent, but in several cases it was necessary to use other techniques like literal translation. The process of translation cannot only depend on one or two translation techniques and the translator must be able to recognize when the appropriate technique should be used. In several cases it has to be a combination of two or three translation techniques to be able to reach a good final result of the translated text.

This thesis is concerned with a particularly problematic area of Arabic-English translation, an activity likely to expand considerably as this century continues, and especially in non-literary domains. The past decade has seen increasing attention being paid by translation and other scholars to such issues as ideology, intervention, the role of narratives and the involvement of translation in global news dissemination. Not surprisingly, translation from Arabic looms large in all these areas. Political speeches and statements, often containing a disconcertingly unfamiliar blend of political and religious discourse, invite or require translation (or summary) into English by various agencies with their own particular ideological stances and agenda. Even with accurate and competent linguistic transfer there are many forms of possible manipulation. Equally, poor quality translation between two such incongruent languages can easily produce material that appears at least partly incomprehensible and may tend to make the source text and its producer(s) seem ridiculous to the target reader. Examples of this abound in the available translations of two of Saddam Hussein's speeches in the months leading up to the 2003 invasion of Iraq. To prepare the ground for an examination of these translations, this study first traces the history of ideas about translation and the development of the modem `interdiscipline' of Translation Studies. It then moves on to consider the problems of equivalence and translatability in Arabic-English translation, not only at the word and sentence level but also at that of whole texts, and extends this enquiry into the area of textuality and especially the phenomenon of intertextuality. Intertextuality is then seen to be carried within languages and cultures by the vehicle of ideology and discourse, and thus to represent a particular challenge to translators. Problems in the translation of the Saddam speeches are subsequently identified and discussed in the context of target reader norms and expectations, and in terms of a still rather hazy notion of `communicative equivalence

Мета: аналіз та теоретична аргументація способів перекладу англомовних прислів’їв на українську мову, висвітлення семантичного аспекту цього типу пареміологічних одиниць Теоретичне значення: виокремлення основних теоретичних засад дослідження паремій, пояснення їх семантичного навантаження, диференціація понять «прислів’я» та «приказка», аналіз способів їх перекладу в художньому дискурсі, використання результатів дослідження в методології викладання.В нашій роботі ми досліджували семантичне навантаження прислів’їв та їх основні функції. Також ми детально розглянули етимологію англомовних прислів’їв та основні способи їх перекладу в межах художнього дискурсу. Найпершим та найважливішим завданням роботи було диференціювати поняття «прислів’я» та «приказка». На прикладах вживання прислів’їв у англомовних творах відомих письменників ми дослідили особливості еквівалентних та нееквівалентних способів перекладу паремій. Складність процесу перекладу прислів’їв полягає у їх образності та використанні непрямого значення. Найважливішим в перекладі паремій є збереження дидактичного аспекту та образності. Нам вдалося: виявити та проаналізувати основні джерела походження англомовних прислів’їв; дослідити їх фонетичні, структурно-граматичні та стилістичні особливості; проаналізувати та застосувати на практиці модуси перекладу прислів'їв; описати методичні особливості викладання перекладу прислів’їв. Нами було встановлено, що прислів’я та проблема їх перекладу має безмежний потенціал для дослідження та практичного застосування. Прислів’я з точки зору методики викладання є також важливим та цікавим елементом, який потребує більш детального дослідження. Головним у поглибленому процесі викладання перекладу будь-яких паремій є послідовність, розвиток потрібних компетенцій, вдалий вибір вправ та фокусування саме на пареміях.
Цель: анализ и теоретическая аргументация способов перевода англоязычных пословиц на украинский язык, освещение семантического аспекта этого типа паремиологичного единиц. Теоретическое значение: выделение теоретических основ исследования паремий, объяснение их семантической нагрузки, дифференциация понятий «пословица» и «поговорка», анализ способов их перевода в художественном дискурсе, использования результатов исследования в методологии преподавания. В работе мы исследовали семантическую нагрузку пословиц и их основные функции. Также мы подробно рассмотрели этимологию англоязычных пословиц и основные способы их перевода в пределах художественного дискурса. Первой и самой важной задачей работы было дифференцировать понятия «пословица» и «поговорка». На примерах употребления пословиц в англоязычных произведениях известных писателей мы исследовали особенности эквивалентных и неэквивалентных способов перевода паремий. Сложность процесса перевода пословиц заключается в их образности и использовании косвенного значения. Важнейшим в переводе паремий является сохранение дидактического аспекта и образности. Нам удалось: выявить и проанализировать основные источники происхождения англоязычных пословиц; исследовать их фонетические, структурно-грамматические и стилистические особенности; проанализировать и применить на практике модуса перевода пословиц; описать методические особенности преподавания перевода пословиц. Нами было установлено, что пословицы и проблема их перевода имеет безграничный потенциал для исследования и практического применения. Пословицы с точки зрения методики преподавания являются важным и интересным элементом, который требует более детального исследования. Главным в углубленном процессе преподавания перевода любых паремий является последовательность, развитие нужных компетенций, удачный выбор упражнений и фокусировка именно на паремиях.
Goal: to analyze and theoretically substantiate the ways of translating English-language proverbs into Ukrainian, to explain the semantic aspect of this type of paremiological units. Theoretical meaning: highlighting the theoretical foundations of the study of paremias, explaining their semantic load, differentiating the concepts of "proverb" and "proverb", analysis of the ways of their translation in artistic discourse, the use of research results in teaching methodology. In our work, we explored the semantic load of proverbs and their main functions. We also looked in detail at the etymology of English proverbs and the main ways to translate them within artistic discourse. The first and most important task of the work was to differentiate the concepts of "proverb" and "saying". Using proverb examples in the English-language works of famous writers, we have explored the features of equivalent and non-equivalent ways of translating paremias. The complexity of the process of translating proverbs lies in their imagery and the use of indirect meaning. The most important thing in the translation of paremias is the preservation of the didactic aspect and imagery. We succeeded to: identify and analyze the main sources of the origin of English proverbs; to study their phonetic, structural-grammatical and stylistic features; analyze and practically apply the modes of translation of proverbs; describe the methodological features of teaching the translation of proverbs. We have found that proverbs and the problem of their translation have unlimited potential for research and practical application. Proverbs are also an important and interesting element in terms of teaching methods that need more detailed research. The main thing in the in-depth process of teaching the translation of any paremia is consistency, development of the necessary competencies, successful choice of exercises and focusing on paremias.

Із творами М. В. Гоголя зарубіжна публіка змогла вперше ознайомитися уже в XIX ст. І окрім позитивних оцінок з боку критиків, перекладачі зіткнулися з широким спектром лінгвістичних проблем, що виникають при намаганні створити рівноцінний оригіналу вихідний текст.

Апробація здійснювалась на XXII міжнародній науковій конференції «Пріоритети світової науки: експеримент та наукова дискусія» 14 15 листопада 2019 року, м. Моррисвіль, США.
Мета: аналіз перекладу фразеологічних одиниць з англійської мови на українську на прикладі телесеріалу «Теорія великого вибуху» Теоретичне значення: в даній роботі розглядаються різні класифікації фразеологічних одиниць, типи передачі їх українською мовою та труднощі їх перекладу. За основу прийнята класифікація фразеологічних одиниць за ступенем семантичної злитності, що розроблена В. В. Виноградовим, та типи передачі фразеологічних одиниць за І. В. Корунцем. В роботі перекладені та проаналізовані фразеологічні одиниці з серіалу «Теорія великого вибуху» (англ. The Big Bang Theory), 3сезон, 23 серії. Проведено статистичний підрахунок відібраних фразеологічних одиниць та методів їх перекладу. Відбір фразеологічних одиниць проводився шляхом суцільної вибірки. В роботі також використані методи класифікації і схематизації, кількісного, порівняльного та контекстуального аналізу.
Цель: анализ перевода фразеологических единиц с английского языка на украинский на примере телесериала «Теория большого взрыва». Теоретическое значение: в данной работе рассматриваются различные классификации фразеологических единиц, типы передачи их на украинский язык и трудности их перевода. За основу принята классификация фразеологических единиц по степени семантической слитности, разработанная В. В. Виноградовым, и типы передачи фразеологических единиц за И. В. Корунцем. В работе переведены и проанализированы фразеологические единицы из сериала «Теория большого взрыва» (англ. The Big Bang Theory), 3 сезон, 23 серии. Проведен статистический подсчет отобранных фразеологических единиц и способов их передачи на украинский язык. Отбор фразеологических единиц производился путем сплошной выборки. В работе также использованы методы классификации и схематизации, количественного, сравнительного и контекстуального анализа.
Goal: to analyze the translation of phraseological units from English into Ukrainian on the example of the TV series "The Big Bang Theory" Theoretical meaning: this paper considers various classifications of phraseological units, types of their transfer to the Ukrainian language and difficulties of their translation. It is based on the classification of phraseological units according to the degree of semantic fusion, developed by V. V. Vinogradov, and the types of translation of phraseological units acoording to I. V. Korunets. The work contains translated and analyzed phraseological units from the series "The Big Bang Theory, season 3, 23 episodes. The statistical calculation of the selected phraseological units and methods of their translation is carried out. The selection of phraseological units was made by continuous sampling. The methods of classification and schematization, quantitative, comparative and contextual analysis are also used.

Тема: Перекладацькі особливості локалізації англомовних відеоігор (на матеріалі серії ігор “Subnautica”). Мета: визначення та аналіз основних стратегій для подолання перекладацьких труднощів локалізації відеоігор з англійської мови українською. Теоретичне значення: результати концептуального аналізу допоможуть краще зрозуміти функціонування текстів у відеоіграх та особливості їх перекладу. Магістерська робота присвячена аналізу перекладацьких аспектів локалізації відеоігор. Розглянуто історичні чинники виникнення локалізації та її зв’язок з перекладом. Визначено основні особливості відеоігрового дискурсу, види внутрішньоігрових текстів та cкладові локалізації відеоігор. У межах дослідження проведено перекладацький аналіз української локалізації серії ігор “Subnautica”. До основних труднощів віднесено переклад безеквівалентної лексики, передачу експресивності та інформативності у внутрішньоігрових текстах, а також технічно зумовлені складнощі. Запропоновано стратегії їх подолання. На основі аналізу було сформовано перелік компетентностей, якими має володіти фахівець у цій сфері. Створено комплекс вправ для навчання локалізації відеоігор студентів-перекладачів.
Тема: Переводческие особенности локализации англоязычных видеоигр (на материале серии игр “Subnautica”). Цель: определение и анализ основных стратегий для преодоления трудностей локализации видеоигр c английского языка на украинский. Теоретическое значение: результаты концептуального анализа помогут лучше понять функционирование текстов в видеоиграх и особенности их перевода. Магистерская работа посвящена анализу переводческих аспектов локализации видеоигр. Рассмотрены исторические факторы становления локализации и ее связь с переводом. Определены основные особенности видеоигрового дискурса, виды внутриигровых текстов и составляющие локализации видеоигр. В рамках исследования проведен переводческий анализ украинской локализации серии игр “Subnautica”. К основным трудностям отнесены перевод безэквивалентной лексики, передача экспрессивности и информативности во внутриигровых текстах, а также технически обусловленные сложности. Предложены стратегии их преодоления. На основе анализа был сформирован перечень компетентностей, которым должен владеть специалист в этой сфере. Создан комплекс упражнений для обучения локализации видеоигр студентов-переводчиков.
Title: Translation and Localization Features of English Video Games (based on the Subnautica franchise) Goal: to define and analyze the main strategies for solving translation difficulties in video game localization from English to Ukrainian. Theoretical meaning: the results of the conceptual analysis will help to understand the functions of video game texts and the features of translating them better. The master’s thesis deals with the translation and localization features of video games. The historical background of localization and its connection to the translation is studied. Main features of video game discourse, types of in-game texts, and assets in video game localization are distinguished. Within the research, the translation analysis of Ukrainian localization of the Subnautica game series was carried out. The main translation difficulties include the translation of equivalent-lacking words and different types of in-game texts as well as technical difficulties. The strategies for solving them are suggested. The competencies for specialists in this field were put forward based on the analysis. A set of exercises for teaching video game localization to translation students was created.

The term equivalence describes the relationship between a translation and the text from which it is translated. Translation is generally viewed as indeterminate insofar as there is no single acceptable translation - but many. Despite this, the rationalist metaphor of translation equivalence prevails. Rationalist approaches view translation as a process in which an original text is analysed to a level of abstraction, then transferred into a second representation from which a translation is generated. At the deepest level of abstraction, representations for analysis and generation are identical and transfer becomes redundant, while at the surface level it is said that surface textual features are transferred directly. Such approaches do not provide a principled explanation of how or why abstraction takes place in translation. They also fail to resolve the dilemma of specifying the depth of transfer appropriate for a given translation task. By focusing on the translator�s role as mediator of communication, equivalence can be understood as the coordination of information about situations and states of mind. A fundamental opposition is posited between the transfer of rule-like or codifiable aspects of equivalence and those non-codifiable aspects in which salient information is coordinated. The Translation Salience model proposes that Transfer and Salience constitute bipolar extremes of a continuum. The model offers a principled account of the translator�s interlingual attunement to multi-placed coordination, proposing that salient information can be accounted for with three primary notions: markedness, implicitness and localness. Chapter Two develops the Translation Salience model. The model is supported with empirical evidence from published translations of Arabic and English texts. Salience is illustrated in Chapter Three through contextualized interpretations associated with various Arabic communication resources (repetition, code switching, agreement, address in relative clauses, and the disambiguation of presentative structures). Measurability of the model is addressed in Chapter Four with reference to emerging computational techniques. Further research is suggested in connection with theme and focus, text type, cohesion and collocation relations.

Результати дослідження відображені в тезах, опублікованих у збірнику тез I Міжнародної науково-практичної конференції «SCIENCE, SOCIETY, EDUCATION: TOPICAL ISSUES AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS», 2019
Мета: проаналізувати безеквівалентну лексику та дослідити її типи, і способи перекладу українською мовою.Теоретичне значення: розширення теоретичної бази, а також систематизація, виявлення закономірностей класифікації і формулювання основних підходів до перекладу безеквівалентної лексики
Цель: проанализировать безэквивалентную лексику и исследовать ее типы и способы перевода на украинский язык. Теоретическое значение: расширение теоретической базы, а также систематизация, выявление закономерностей классификации и формулировки основных подходов к переводу безэквивалентной лексики.
Goal: to analyze the non-equivalent lexis and study its types and ways of translation into Ukrainian. Theoretical meaning: extension of the theoretical base, as well as systematization, identification of the patterns of classification and formulation of the basic approaches to the translation of non-equivalent lexis.

Thesis (M.A. (African languages)) --University of Limpopo, 2011
The aim of this study was to investigate the problems encountered by translators when translating medical terms from English into Tshivenda. It has been revealed in this study that the major problem that the translators are confronted with is lack of terminology in the specialized field such as Health. This problem is caused by the fact that different languages entail a variety of culture. The study revealed that most translators and lexicographers resort to transliteration and borrowing when confronted with zero-equivalence. They regard transliteration and borrowing as the quickest possible strategies. The study discovered that transliteration should not be opted as an alternative strategy to deal with zero-equivalence as users will be led to a state of confusion. The study revealed that communicative translation is regarded as the most fruitful method of translation as it conveys the exact message of the original in a best possible manner. Both the source and the target users get the same message. KEY CONCEPTS Translation, Culture, Source Language (SL), Target Language (TL), Translation equivalence and Zero-equivalence.

This study investigates how best to solve difficulties that may arise when translating bird literature from English into Swedish. The focus of the study lies on the translation of attributive adjectives and bird terminology. The text chosen for the translation, which serves as the basis for the analysis, is the section on general habits of the Turdidae-family in the comprehensive work Handbook of the Birds of the World. Translation theory that proved helpful in the translation process and in the subsequent analysis was primarily that of Vinay and Darbelnet (1995, 2004), Nida (1964a) and Newmark (1981). In most cases a literal translation could be perfonned, both in regard to attributive adjectives and bird tenninology, however, in some cases other translation procedures, such as transposition and equivalence, proved useful. Attributive adjectives that could not be translated literally, or that were preferred not to be translated literally, were translated through the use of transposition, into for instance: compound nouns, prepositional phrases, relative clauses and that-clauses. Bird terminology for which no suitable corresponding terminology could be found in the target language, was translated non-literally through the use of equivalence, into structures maintaining the equivalent semantic meaning in a natural way.

Thesis ( M.A. (African Languages)) --University of Limpopo, 2013.
This study examines the impact of Zero equivalence when translating Xitsonga to English and vice versa. Translation is essential in everyday communication, therefore it is important to choose the accurate equivalent variant during the process if not so misunderstanding occurs especially where the target language has nil elements for a particular concept. In this study semi-structured interview was conducted and it is discovered that in place of zero equivalent variants different strategies were provided by different respondents to overcome the deficiency which target languages experience. Looking for sameness of meaning during communications exposes insufficiency of words, phrases and concepts in translating languages with different culture.

This paper is a contribution to the study of countable Borel equivalence relations on standard Borel spaces. We concentrate here on the study of the nature of translation equivalence. We study these known hyperfinite spaces in order to gain insight into the approach necessary to classify certain variables as either being hyperfinite or not. In Chapter 1, we will give the basic definitions and examples of spaces used in this work. The general construction of marker sets is developed in this work. These marker sets are used to develop several invariant tilings of the equivalence classes of specific variables . Some properties that are equivalent to hyperfiniteness in the certain space are also developed. Lastly, we will give the new result that there is a continuous injective embedding from certain defined variables.

This study describes the English verb ’consider’ and the characteristics of some of its senses. An investigation of this kind may be useful, since a machine translation program, SYSTRAN, has invariably translated ’consider’ with the Swedish verbs ’betrakta’ (Eng: ’view’, regard’) and ’anse’ (Eng: ’regard’). This handling of ’consider’ is not satisfactory in all contexts.

Since ’consider’ is a cogitative verb, it is fascinating to observe that both the theory of semantic primes and universals and conceptual semantics are concerned with cogitation in various ways. Anna Wierzbicka, who is one of the advocates of semantic primes and universals, argues that THINK should be considered as a semantic prime. Moreover, one of the prime issues of conceptual semantics is to describe how thoughts are constructed by virtue of e.g. linguistic components, perception and experience.

In order to define and clarify the distinctions between the different senses, we have taken advantage of the theory of mental spaces.

This thesis has been structured in accordance with the meanings that have been indicated in WordNet as to ’consider’. As a consequence, the senses that ’consider’ represents have been organized to form the subsequent groups: ’Observation’, ’Opinion’ together with its sub-group ’Likelihood’ and ’Cogitation’ followed by its sub-group ’Attention/Consideration’.

A concordance tool, http://www.nla.se/culler, provided us with 90 literary quotations that were collected in a corpus. Afterwards, these citations were distributed between the groups mentioned above and translated into Swedish by SYSTRAN.

Furthermore, the meanings as to ’consider’ have also been related to the senses, recorded by the FrameNet scholars. Here, ’consider’ is regarded as a verb of ’Cogitation’ and ’Categorization’.

When this study was accomplished, it could be inferred that certain senses are connected to specific syntactic constructions. In other cases, however, the distinctions between various meanings can only be explained by virtue of semantics.

To conclude, it appears to be likely that an implementation is facilitated if a specific syntactic construction can be tied to a particular sense. This may be the case concerning some meanings of ’consider’. Machine translation is presumably a much more laborious task, if one is solely governed by semantic conditions.

När en infödd talare av spanska med hög behärskningsnivå i svenska samtalar med en annan individ med liknande språkbakgrund är det inte sällan fraser som ”¿me pasarías la blåbärssylt?” (”kan du skicka blåbärssylten, tack?”) uppstår. Lexikaliskt inskott (eng. noun insertion), d.v.s. att skjuta in substantiv från andraspråket i för övrigt förstaspråksdominerat tal, är ett vanligt förekommande fenomen hos tvåspråkiga. Men vad händer när de två samspelande språken har asymmetriska genussystem som spanskans och svenskans? Vilket spanskt grammatiskt genus ska man då tillskriva de inskjutna svenska enheterna som ”blåbärssylt” i rubriken? Och vad är det som styr dessa val? Två hypoteser ställs upp för att försöka få svar på dessa frågor: genusvalet styrs i större utsträckning av det inskjutna substantivets ändelsemorfem, eller så styrs det i större utsträckning av dess översättningsmotsvarighet. För att testa dessa två hypoteser genomfördes ett experiment med 30 infödda spansktalare med svenska som andraspråk där de ombads attribuera ett spanskt grammatiskt genus, maskulinum eller femininum, till en del svenska substantiv i två olika uppgifter, en lucktext och en ordlista. Resultaten visade att både de olika stimuliordens ändelsemorfem och översättningsmotsvarighet spelade en signifikativ roll för val av grammatiskt genus, och att översättningsmotsvarighet hade en relativt större påverkan på genusvalet jämfört med ändelsemorfem. Detta kan eventuellt peka på att genus hos infödda spansktalare upplevs som en inherent egenskap hos själva referenten, med påtagliga konsekvenser för hur de ser på och tänker kring omvärlden.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.
Full text to be digitised and attached to bibliographic record.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Bilingual dictionaries often do not satisfy the requirements of the dictionary users because they contain a relatively small percentage of articles displaying absolute equivalence between the source and the target language. This impedes the users from retrieving the required information. Communicative equivalence is a relation holding between source and target language entries in translation dictionaries. A translation equivalent should not be seen as a statement about the meaning of the lemma, but it should be regarded as an item that represents the target language and can be used to translate a specific occurrence of the source language item. If semantic and communicative equivalence do not hold between the source and the target language dictionary users will not be able to use the target language successfully. Instead of achieving communicative equivalence, the dictionary user is confused and ends up using language in an unacceptable way. Relying on translation dictionaries to improve their language skills and to learn more about the target language, dictionary users often come across haphazardly arranged articles in dictionaries that do not lead to communicative equivalence. In this case, the dictionary users are confused and end up using language in an unacceptable way. This thesis explores and investigates different ways to achieve communicative equivalence in translation dictionaries. The research formulates some of the needed guidelines for the lexicographers of translation dictionaries. It intends to assist lexicographers to compile useroriented translation dictionaries that can foster multilingualism amongst the dictionary users. As a result of this research, lexicographers will be able to compile translation dictionaries that will assist dictionary users to achieve communicative success. These dictionaries will establish semantic and communicative resemblance between the source and the target language forms. As a lexicographic problem, communicative equivalence is being addressed in the thesis and the researcher aims to make lexicographers aware of the mistakes in translation dictionaries. The objective of the thesis is to help lexicographers with the compilation of dictionaries where the users can achieve an optimal retrieval of information. The research focuses on metalexicographic issues in order to enhance the quality of practical lexicography. By doing so both the practical and theoretical lexicography can benefit from this research.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Tweetalige woordeboeke voldoen dikwels nie aan die behoeftes van hulle gebruikers nie omdat hulle Onbeperkte aantal artikels bevat met absolute ekwivalensie tussen bron- en doeltaal. Dit weerhou die gebruikers daarvan om die verlangde inligting te onttrek. Kommunikatiewe ekwivalensie is onverhouding tussen die bron- en doeltaalinskrywings in vertalende woordeboeke. OnVertaalekwivalent moet nie beskou word as Onuitspraak oor die betekenis van die lemma nie maar dit moet gesien word as Onitem wat die doeltaal verteenwoordig en wat gebruik kan word om onbepaalde optrede van die brontaalvorm te vertaal. As semantiese en kommunikatiewe ekwivalensie nie tussen bron- en doeltaal bestaan nie sal woordeboekgebruikers nie daartoe in staat wees om die doeltaal suksesvol te gebruik nie. In stede daarvan om kommunikatiewe ekwivalensie te behaal, is die gebruiker verward en gebruik hy taal op Ononaanvaarbare manier. Wanneer woordeboekgebruikers op vertalende woordeboeke staatmaak om hulle taalgebruik te verbeter en meer oor die doeltaal te leer, vind hulle dikwels arbitrêr geordende artikels in woordeboeke wat nie tot kommunikatiewe ekwivalendie lei nie. Dit verwar gebruikers en lei tot foutiewe taalgebruik. Hierdie tesis ondersoek verskillende maniere waarop kommunikatiewe ekwivalensie in vertalende woordeboeke bereik kan word. Die navorsing lei tot die formulering van sommige riglyne wat nodig is vir die opstellers van vertalende woordeboeke. Dit poog om leksikograwe te help om gebruikersgerigte woordeboeke saam te stel wat veeltaligheid tussen die gebruikers kan bevorder. As gevolg van hierdie navorsing sal leksikograwe daartoe in staat wees om vertalende woordeboeke saam te stel wat gebruikers kan help om kommunikatiewe ekwivalensie te bereik. Hierdie woordeboeke salon semantiese en kommunikatiewe ooreenkoms tussen bron- en doeltaalvorme vestig. In hierdie tesis word kommunikatiewe ekwivalensie as Onleksikografiese probleem behandel en die navorser poog om leksikograwe bewus te maak van foute in vertalende woordeboeke. Die mikpunt van hierdie tesis is om leksikograwe te help met die samestelling van woordeboeke waar gebruikers onoptimale inligtingsherwinning kan behaal. Die navorsing fokus op metaleksikografiese aangeleenthede ter wille van Onverhoging in die gehalte van die praktiese leksikografie. Sodoende kan sowel die teoretiese as die praktiese leksikografie by hierdie navorsing baat vind.

захист англійською мовою
Мета: описати особливості перекладу українською мовою текстів англомовного інноваційно-технологічного дискурсу Теоретичне значення: роботи полягає в уточненні поняття інноваційно-технологічного дискурсу, а також основних прийомів та підходів до перекладу технічних текстів. У роботі з’ясовано поняття про терміносистему інноваційно-технологічного дискурсу, розглянуті основні аспекти словотвору таких лексичних одиниць.
Цель: описать особенности перевода на украинский язык текстов англоязычного инновационно-технологического дискурса Теоретическое значение: работы заключается в уточнении понятия инновационно-технологического дискурса, а также основных приемов и подходов к переводу технических текстов. В работе выяснено понятие о терминосистеме инновационно-технологического дискурса, рассмотрены основные аспекты словообразования таких лексических единиц.
Goal: describe the peculiarities of the translation into Ukrainian of texts of English-language innovation and technology discourse Theoretical meaning: work is to clarify the concept of innovation and technological discourse, as well as the basic techniques and approaches to the translation of technical texts. The concept of the terminological system of innovation and technological discourse is clarified in the paper, the main aspects of word formation of such lexical units are considered.

Thesis (M.A. (African Languages)) --University of Limpopo, 2013
This study entails the translation of scientific terms from English into Northern Sotho. The reason one conducted this study is because translators experience difficulties in finding the correct equivalent terms, especially in Northern Sotho. Consequently, borrowing and transliteration of terms becomes their last resort. However, that does not help users of dictionaries to achieve their communicative goal. The study highlights that, the borrowing of terms leads to language shift and death as users no longer consider other equivalents. In addition, the study indicates that the constant usage of the borrowed terms causes the terms to lose meaning and function. The way in which people translate idiomatic expressions is a huge problem as well. Mostly, people end up using literal translation and subsequently, the whole meaning of a text is lost or misunderstood.

Робота присвячена дослідженню особливостей перекладу невербальних одиниць в англомовних художніх текстах. Розглянуті сучасні підходи до вивчення невербальних комунікативних одиниць, класифікації невербальних комунікативних засобів у сучасній англійській мові, функції невербальних комунікативних засобів у художньому тексті, а також проаналізована лексична репрезентація невербальних знаків у англомовних художніх текстах. Особлива увага приділена дослідженню стратегій та прийомів перекладу невербальних одиниць в англомовних художніх текстах і аналізу труднощів їх перекладу. Також розроблена система вправ для навчання студентів з перекладу невербальних одиниць в англомовних художніх текстах.
Работа посвящена исследованию особенностей перевода невербальных единиц в англоязычных художественных текстах. Рассмотрены современные подходы к изучению невербальных коммуникативных единиц, классификации невербальных коммуникативных средств в современном английском языке, функции невербальных коммуникативных средств в художественном тексте, а также проанализирована лексическая репрезентация невербальных знаков в англоязычных текстах. Особое внимание уделено исследованию стратегий и приемов перевода невербальных единиц в англоязычных художественных текстах и ​​анализу трудностей их перевода. Также разработана система упражнений для обучения студентов по переводу невербальных единиц в англоязычных художественных текстах.
The work is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the translation of nonverbal units in English-language literary texts. We considered modern approaches to the study of nonverbal communication units, classification of nonverbal communication tools in modern English, functions of nonverbal communication tools in literary texts, and lexical representation of nonverbal signs in English literary texts. Particular attention is paid to the study of strategies and techniques of translation of nonverbal units in English-language literary texts and analysis of the difficulties of their translation. A system of exercises has also been developed to teach students how to translate nonverbal units in English-language literary texts.

Developments in translation theory have externalized processes used intuitively by translators for centuries. The literature on Bible translation in particular is dominated by Eugene A. Nida and his proteges whose work is informed by a wealth of intercultural experience. This thesis is a critique of the Dynamic Equivalence (DE) theory of translation propounded by Nida, exemplified in the Good News Bible, and promoted in non- Western languages by the United Bible Societies. Section I of the thesis surveys the history of translation, its theory and problems, and describes relevant developments in linguistics. Section II examines Nida's sociolinguistic model and his methods of grammatical and semantic analysis, transfer and restructuring. Section III focuses on the translation of seven texts representing different Bible genres into Septuagint Greek, English and Indonesian versions, noting the distinctive features of DE translations. Section IV takes up and examines key issues that have arisen: the nature of Biblical language, the handling of important Biblical motifs and technical terminology, and the implications of naturalness and explicitness in translation. Nida has provided excellent discussion on most translation problems, as well as useful tools for semantic analysis. However, the DE model is found to be defective for Bible translation. Firstly, it underestimates the intricate relationship of form and meaning in language. Secondly, while evaluation of translation must take account of its purpose and intended audience, 'equivalence' defined in terms of the receptor's reactions is impossible to measure, and blurs the distinction between 'translation’ and ‘communication'. Thirdly, the determinative role given to receptor response constantly jeopardizes the historical and cultural 'otherness' of the Biblical text. Finally the drive for explicitness guarantees that indigenous receptors must approach Scripture through a Western grid and denies them direct access to the Biblical universe of discourse.

Головною метою перекладача під час перекладу рекламних текстів є забезпечення у реципієнта відповідної реакції та встановлення у нього таким чином необхідного прагматичного відношення до повідомлення. Актуальність теми роботи полягає у необхідності поглиблення та систематизації знань про комунікативно-прагматичний переклад німецькомовної реклами. Методологічна база дослідження передбачає використання таких методів: теоретичний аналіз (опрацювання основних теоретичних понять, які стосуються реклами та її перекладу); теоретичний синтез (узагальнення теоретичних відомостей про засоби впливу в німецькомовній рекламі та можливостей їх адекватного перекладу українською мовою); системний аналіз (підбір матеріалу для аналізу, його групування); описовий метод (пояснення використання перекладацьких трансформацій), метод групування (за способами перекладу німецькомовних рекламних тестів). У ході виконання роботи були визначені завдання, особливості будови та основні принципи перекладу рекламних текстів, досліджені лінгвістичні засоби впливу на реципієнта та комунікативні елементи німецькомовних рекламних текстів, проаналізовані комунікативні аспекти перекладу, можливості прагматичної й комунікативної адаптації німецькомовної реклами та розроблені методичні рекомендації щодо формування іншомовної компетентності та перекладацьких навичок студентів на матеріалі німецькомовної реклами.
Главной целью переводчика при переводе рекламных текстов является обеспечение у реципиента ответной реакции и установление у него таким образом необходимого прагматичного отношения к сообщению. Актуальность темы работы заключается в необходимости углубления и систематизации знаний о коммуникативно-прагматическом переводе немецкоязычной рекламы. Методологическая база исследования предполагает использование следующих методов: теоретический анализ (обработка основных теоретических понятий, относящихся к рекламе и ее переводу); теоретический синтез (обобщение теоретических сведений о средствах воздействия в немецкоязычной рекламе и возможностях их адекватного перевода на украинский язык); системный анализ (подбор материала для анализа, его группировка); описательный метод (объяснение использования переводческих трансформаций); метод группировки (по способам перевода немецкоязычных рекламных тестов). В ходе выполнения работы были определены задачи, особенности строения и основные принципы перевода рекламных текстов, исследованы лингвистические средства воздействия на реципиента и коммуникативные элементы немецкоязычных рекламных текстов, проанализированы коммуникативные аспекты перевода и переводческих навыков студентов на немецкоязычной рекламе.
The main goal of the translator when translating advertising texts is to provide the recipient with a response and thus establish the necessary pragmatic attitude towards the message. The relevance of the topic of the work lies in the need to deepen and systematise knowledge about the communicative-pragmatic translation of German advertising. The methodological basis of the research involves the use of the following methods: theoretical analysis (processing of basic theoretical concepts related to advertising and its translation); theoretical synthesis (generalisation of theoretical information about the means of influence in German advertising and the possibilities of their adequate translation into Ukrainian); system analysis (selection of material for analysis, its grouping); descriptive method (explaining the use of translation transformations); grouping method (according to the methods of translation of the German advertising tests). In the course of the work, the tasks, structural features and basic principles of translation of advertising texts were identified, linguistic means of influencing the recipient and the communicative elements of German advertising texts were investigated, the communicative aspects of translation and translation skills of students in German advertising were analysed.

The study utilized the covariance structure comparison methodology - Multigroup Analysis in Structural Equation Modeling - evaluating measurement equivalence of English and Spanish versions of an employee opinion survey. The concept of measurement equivalence was defined as consisting of four components: sample equivalence, semantic equivalence, conceptual equivalence and scalar equivalence. The results revealed that the two language versions of the survey exhibited acceptable measurement equivalence across five survey dimensions Communications, Supervision, Leadership, Job Content & Satisfaction and Company Image & Commitment. Contrary to the study second hypothesis, there was no meaningful difference in opinion scores between English-speaking and Spanish-speaking respondents on the latent construct of Job Content & Satisfaction.

Drawing on three Chinese translations each of Amy Tan's The Joy Luck Club (1989) and The Kitchen God's Wife (1991), this project examines, from a feminist perspective, gender issues in Chinese translations of Chinese American women's literature, with special attention paid to the translators' gender consciousness and ideologies as reflected in their translations of 'female alienation'. Existing studies on Chinese American women's literature, in both America and mainland China, mainly address identity politics, culture, Orientalism, and feminism, and fail to consider the role of translation. This project, however, analyses both the feminist consciousness and the issues which are reflected in these two novels and in their Chinese translations. This project innovatively applies the feminist concept of 'female alienation' to literary translation studies. The concept of 'female alienation', which originates from Karl Marx's theory of labour alienation, is developed by Alison Jaggar through feminist discussions of women's oppression and subordinate status. Women in a patriarchal society are alienated by men's power and separated from their self and nature; this leads to their loss of subjectivity and independence. Jaggar believes that women are alienated in all aspects of their lives, particularly in their sexuality, motherhood, and intellectual capacities, and this project discusses the influence of race and self-Orientalization on that alienation. Indeed, it enriches Jaggar's concept of female alienation by adding sisterhood alienation. A new classification is then proposed to study different patterns of alienation and women's psychological experiences with it, both active and passive, as reflected in Tan's works and the Chinese translations of those works. In terms of translation studies, this project combines translation equivalence and norms theories with feminist translation theory; it proposes a set of feminist translation norms and a concept of feminist translation equivalence to study feminist translation in the Chinese context. Feminist translation norms include feminist preliminary, expectancy, operational, accountability, communication, and relation norms. It is the feminist preliminary and expectancy norms that are used to analyse the translators' motives, intentions, and expectations of their translation. The feminist operational norm is used to analyse the translation strategies adopted by the translators. The feminist accountability norm refers to feminist translation ethics of fidelity; that is, the translation must be faithful to the writer's, or the translator's, own feminist consciousness, thoughts, and intentions. The feminist communication norm means that translations convey the writer's, or translator's, own feminist thoughts to the maximum possible extent. The feminist relation norm means that the relationship between the translation and the source text is the feminist translation equivalence, which means that the feminist thoughts reflected by the words or expressions in the source text, or by the translators' own feminist thoughts, are "faithfully" represented in the translation, even if the translator does not use the precisely equivalent words or expressions to achieve linguistic equivalence. Comparing the Chinese translations in order to study the translators' translation behaviours and the effects of their translations, this project explores how the feminist consciousness and thoughts on female alienation of the source text are represented in the Chinese translations, and in what way the translations achieve (feminist) translation equivalence. Summarising the regularities of the translation behaviour of the translator subgroups, and the (feminist) translation equivalence the translations achieve, this project provides evidence that the feminist translation ethics of fidelity do not necessarily contradict the traditional translation ethics of fidelity which focuses on linguistic equivalence. Meanwhile, it also verifies that so-called "feminist translation strategies" actually refer to all translation strategies which help the translations achieve feminist translation equivalence. This corrects the research misconception concerning feminist translation strategies in mainland China. Finally, by examining the translators' motives and expectations, reflected in their paratexts as well as in the translations, this project summarises feminist translation norms in the Chinese context, and defines the role of gender in translating female alienation in the texts in question.

"March 1990".
Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, School of English & Linguistics, 1991.
Bibliography: leaves 219-221.
PART ONE: Research preliminaries -- The occurrence of shifts and the question of equivalence in translation -- Research methodology -- Theoretical orientation to the analysis of translation and texts -- The profile of major discourse types in Bahasa Indonesia -- PAERT TWO: Chapters of analysis -- The translation of procedural discourses -- The translation of hortatory discourses -- The translation of expository discourses -- The translation of narrative discourses -- PART THREE: Chapters of discussion -- Synthesis of translation shifts -- Translation types and translation equivalence at the textual level -- PART FOUR: Concluding chapter -- Conclusion and implications.
The study focuses on translation shifts, on their occurrence and their consequences, and especially how they relate to the question of equivalence in translation. For this purpose, eight Indonesian source language texts (SLTs) and eighty English translations (TLTs) were analysed, in terms of their, notional and prominent text features, rhetorical purpose, cohesion, topic-comment structures, and topical progression. The results of the analysis show how translators' behaviour and reactions to the SLTs vary, as indicated by divergencies in their translations. The variations indicate the kinds of shift fostered in the translation: obligatory and/or optional. -- Another fruit of the study is the identification of a number of shiftsensitive items in Indonesian grammar, such as /DI-/, /NG-/, /-LAH/. The textual effects of the shifts vary from the localized shift of interpersonal tenor to global shifts affecting text type and sub-type, and even to shifts of referential meaning. Although the shifts of text type and of sub-type show a tendency towards directness and neutrality, the shifts raise the question of whether or not the resulting TLTs can be considered as justified translations and as translation equivalences. The answer is the need to postulate a more flexible and wider view of equivalence, whilst setting up limits to acceptance of shifts which cause mistranslations, i.e shifts of referential meaning. This view provides a basis for distinguishing translation from adaptation and from mistranslation, a distinction which has hitherto been taken for granted in translation and in the training of translators. -- Appendices containing the TL texts (the SL texts are presented in each chapter of analysis) are presented at the back of the thesis. There is also a glossary of terms used in the study.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
viii, 250 leaves

This paper analyses the translation methods used in translating a colloquial, culture-specific text containing allusions and informal language. The analysis focuses on the difficulties arising in the translation of culture-specific phenomena and aspects such as slang and cultural references as well as allusions and language play. The theoretical framework used for structuring the analysis is supported by the theories of Newmark (1988), Nida (1964), Schröter (2005), Reiss (1989), Pym (2010) and Leppihalme (1994), among others. The results indicate that the translation of culturally and connotatively charged words require knowledge and understanding of languages and cultures alike. Further, the results indicate that concept of a word or concept being ‘untranslatable’ may originate from such lack of understanding or knowledge and that further research on the subject is needed.

Abstract The academic environment has recently recognized the importance and benefits that an extensive research on the translation of advertising can have for translation studies. Despite the growing interest and increasing research activity in the field it is still difficult to speak about a theory of advertising translation in general. There is a need for further study encompassing different languages and both heterogeneous and homogenous cultures that will give the possibility to receive a more complete map of what the translation of advertising is and should be. Previous studies have been concentrated, for the most part, on Western European language pairs. This study is a research into perfume and cosmetics print advertisements translated from English into Russian where both visual and verbal elements are considered. Three broad translation approaches have been identified in what concerns the verbal message: Translated message, parallel translation, recreated adverts, and three approaches in dealing with the image: similar images, modified images, completely different images. The thesis shows that where Russian advertisements for perfume products tend to have a message, or create one, this is often lacking in the English copy. The article ends by suggesting that perfume advertisements favor the standardization approach when entering Russian market. The attempts to localize the advert have also been noticed although they are obviously less numerous in perfume adverts and are rather instances of adaptation - a mix between the localization and standardization approaches since they keep drawing on the same globally accepted universals about female beauty and concern for ‘woman’s identity’ (we focused our analysis on products designed for female consumers). This study, complementing previous studies, aims to be a contribution to the description of laws and strategies that guide the translation of advertising texts into Russian.

Scientific and technical translation has always played a pivotal role in disseminating knowledge. Today, the domain of science and technology is the main area of translation work. Nevertheless, there is still a discrepancy between the growing need for high-quality technical translations and the short supply of competent technical translators to produce them, a situation which may be due in part to the recent neglect of the equivalence concept in the theoretical/descriptive and applied branches of translation studies (TS). This thesis sets out to redefine, reassess, and reinstate equivalence as a useflul concept in TS by adopting an approach based on the English-German language pair and on one specific text genre and type. The investigation of equivalence as a qualitative complete-text-in-context-based concept is embedded in an equivalence-relevant methodology based on two methodological pillars, the first being a theoretically sound translation comparison and the second a highly refined translation corpus. Within this methodological framework, equivalence-relevant features are investigated and described at the syntactic, lexical-semantic, terminological-phraseological and overall textual levels. These levels are hierarchically interrelated in descending and ascending order and may be conditioned by pragmatic aspects, viz., domain knowledge and register considerations. The comparison is made using a high-quality corpus selected on the basis of a threefold set of selection criteria, with a special emphasis on the qualitative criteria. This helps us generate well-underpinned intersubjectifiable regularities in the form of potential equivalents established in the TT for ST equivalence-relevant features and enables us to obtain meaningful generalizations. Both regularities and generalizations should be capable of implementation in the applied branches of TS and, at the same time, help dynamize and intersubjectify the complex concept of equivalence. So, hopefully, this thesis will also contribute toward creating a link between the methodological, theoretical/descriptive and applied branches of TS to their mutual benefit.

This paper contains an overview of some of the main 20th Century tendencies in translation theory. It focus especially on matters of equivalence, dynamic equivalence, formal equivalence, skopos, abusive fidelity and foreignizing translation or resistant translation and their implications for actual translations. This paper also includes translations prepared according to the principles of abusive fidelity, equivalence and dynamic equivalence, which are compared and commented.

Abstract This dissertation investigates the notion of equivalence with particular reference to lexical cohesion in the translation of political speeches. Lexical cohesion poses a particular challenge to the translators of political speeches and thus preserving lexical cohesion elements as one of the major elements of cohesion is undoubtedly crucial to their translation equivalence. We rely on Halliday’s (1994) classification of lexical cohesion which comprises: repetition, synonymy, antonymy, meronymy and hyponymy. Other traditional models of lexical cohesion are examined. We include Grammatical Parallelism for its role in creating textual semantic unity which is what cohesion is all about. The study shed light on the function of lexical cohesion elements as rhetorical device. The study also deals with lexical problems resulting from the transfer of lexical cohesion elements from the SL into the TL, which is often beset by many problems that most often result from the differences between languages. Three key issues are identified as being fundamental to equivalence and lexical cohesion in the translation of political speeches: sociosemiotic approach, register analysis, rhetoric, and poetic function. The study also investigates the lexical cohesion elements in the translation of political speeches from English into Arabic, Italian and French in relation to ideology, and its control, through bias and distortion. The findings are discussed, implications examined and topics for further research suggested.

Оскільки переклад є особливим видом діяльності, він полягає у повній заміні тексту оригіналу відповідним текстом перекладу. Але повна відповідність неможлива у зв’язку зі стилістичними особливостями, відмінністю у граматичних будовах мов та іншими девіаціями окремих елементів змісту в мовах оригіналу й перекладу. Саме тому для позначення відношень між текстом оригіналу і текстом перекладу прийнято вживати термін «еквівалентність».

This study deals with equivalence in the translation from Arabic to English of metaphors and idioms in the political speeches of King Hussein of Jordan. It argues that intertextuality and ideology are of paramount significance when translating culture-bound metaphorical expressions in Arabic political speeches and that dealing with these phenomena is unavoidable if translators wish to render the intended cultural meaning of the Arabic metaphor. This study draws on a data sample selected from thirty speeches originally delivered in Arabic by King Hussein and their English translations. Using Newmark’s (1988) typology of culture those examples involving metaphorical expressions have been categorized under the headings of (1) religious culture; (2) social culture; (3) political culture; and (4) material and ecological cultures. The study stresses the importance of grasping the intertextuality, emotiveness, and ideology embedded in Arabic political speeches when attempting to translate the metaphorical expressions they contain into English.

Magister Artium - MA
This study evaluates the accuracy and equivalence of translated news from English to isiXhosa version in four community radio stations, two from the Western Cape and two from the Eastern Cape. Community radio stations source their local news through interviews and eye witness accounts. They get other news-worthy stories through media releases from Government Communication and Information System (GCIS), Police stations, Municipalities, Royal houses and from the office of the president. Most of the time, media releases are written in English and they have to be translated into isiXhosa as they use a high percentage of isiXhosa as a medium of their broadcasting.

Thesis (M. A. (Translation and Linguistics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2016
This study reveals that language dynamisms affect the compilation of Northern Sotho – English bilingual dictionaries. In this regard, the study shows that the role of translation equivalence cannot be taken for granted. To fully grasp what translation equivalence entails, the study compared formal equivalence with dynamic equivalence. Although there are merits in adopting foreign terms and concepts, the study investigates the problem lexicographers and terminologists of English–Northern Sotho or Northern Sotho–English bilingual dictionaries encounter and suggests possible solutions. Different strategies and procedures for dealing with non-equivalence between the source and target languages are also discussed. Lastly, the study recommends that language dynamism is inevitable if Northern Sotho is to thrive as one of the functional languages in the world. The consequences of shunning dynamism are dire as this might lead to language death.

The intention of this essay is to illustrate and describe various means to overcome some of the difficulties that any translator dealing with technical translations at some point or another would come upon – presented in a qualitative analysis. The text under analysis is a chapter called Into the Cosmos and is part of the book Planet Quest – The Epic Discovery of Alien Solar Systems by the American astronomer Ken Croswell. The analysis specifically focuses on terminology and two aspects that usually are part of the cultural adaptation of a text; namely additions and omissions. However, in this essay they help adapting the text towards a new target audience not so much because of culture, but rather because of my decision to fully disconnect the text from the context in which it previously functioned. And because of this, the target text was in the end given more of an educational character compared to the source text.

Trabalho apresentado no âmbito do Mestrado em Engenharia Informática, como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Informática
Alignment of parallel texts (texts that are translation of each other) is a required step for many applications that use parallel texts, including statistical machine translation, automatic extraction of translation equivalents, automatic creation of concordances, etc. This dissertation presents a new methodology for parallel texts alignment that departs from previous work in several ways. One important departure is a shift of goals concerning the use of lexicons for obtaining correspondences between the texts. Previous methods try to infer a bilingual lexicon as part of the alignment process and use it to obtain correspondences between the texts. Some of those methods can use external lexicons to complement the inferred one, but they tend to consider them as secondary. This dissertation presents several arguments supporting the thesis that lexicon inference should not be embedded in the alignment process. The method described complies with this statement and relies exclusively on externally managed lexicons to obtain correspondences. Moreover, the algorithms presented can handle very large lexicons containing terms of arbitrary length. Besides the exclusive use of external lexicons, this dissertation presents a new method for obtaining correspondences between translation equivalents found in the texts. It uses a decision criteria based on features that have been overlooked by prior work. The proposed method is iterative and refines the alignment at each iteration. It uses the alignment obtained in one iteration as a guide to obtaining new correspondences in the next iteration, which in turn are used to compute a finer alignment. This iterative scheme allows the method to correct correspondence errors from previous iterations in face of new information.