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Academic literature on the topic 'Erga omnes obligations'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Erga omnes obligations"

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Lefeber, René. "Cum Grano Salis." Leiden Journal of International Law 11, no. 1 (March 1998): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156598000016.

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It has to date not been examined in-depth what correlative rights and obligations the breach of an erga omnes obligation or an erga omnes right may entail. In his Separate Opinion in the Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros case, Judge Weeramantry devotes one section to the legal consequences of the involvement of erga omnes obligations in inter partes judicial procedures. This editorial analyses the relevant parts of Judge Weeramantry's Separate Opinion and explores the impact it may have on future litigation involving erga omnes issues.

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Linderfalk, Ulf. "International Legal Hierarchy Revisited – The Status of Obligations Erga Omnes." Nordic Journal of International Law 80, no. 1 (2011): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181011x547180.

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AbstractIncreasingly, international legal arguments exploit the peculiar nature of obligations erga omnes. This practice raises questions about the precise legal status of norms expressing such obligations relative to other norms of international law. According to an oft-made suggestion, whether a norm is part of the international jus cogens or not, when it expresses obligations erga omnes it is hierarchically superior to all other norms of non-peremptory international law. This essay inquires into the justification of this theory – throughout the essay referred to as “the Theory on the Superior Status of Erga Omnes Obligations”. As shown in section 2, irrespective of whether inferential legal evidence exists or not, the Theory on the Superior Status of Obligations Erga Omnes can be explained by reference to the non-reciprocal character of such obligations. However, logic requires that the theory be restated to include also interdependent obligations and obligations erga omnes partes. As shown in section 3, although inferential legal evidence provides some support for the Theory on the Superior Status of Obligations Erga Omnes, the evidence is not entirely consistent. As shown in section 4, if the theory on the superior status of obligations erga omnes is adopted and applied on a wide scale, this will have detrimental effects on the overall understanding of international law. Rather than a more properly functioning international legal system, confusion and disorganization will ensue.

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Allain, Jean. "Slavery and Its Obligations Erga Omnes." Australian Year Book of International Law 36, no. 1 (October 1, 2019): 83–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26660229_03601007.

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Abstract This study explores the obligations of international law as they relate to slavery. In so doing, it recognises that recent developments of the law of slavery has brought to life existing treaty and customary international law obligations. The totality of these obligations is considered, with special emphasis given to slavery’s obligations erga omnes. That emphasis reveals both the failure of nearly half of all States to effectively incorporate the prohibition of slavery into their domestic legal order; and the underlying communal interest which necessitates all States cooperate in addressing wholesale reintroduction of the slave trade by Daesh / ISIS.

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Tanaka, Yoshifumi. "Reflections on Locus Standi in Response to a Breach of Obligations Erga Omnes Partes: A Comparative Analysis of the Whaling in the Antarctic and South China Sea Cases." Law & Practice of International Courts and Tribunals 17, no. 3 (December 10, 2018): 527–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718034-12341391.

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AbstractThe concept of obligations erga omnes partes can be regarded as one of the key elements in the protection of common interests in international law. A particular issue that arises in this context is whether not directly injured States are entitled to institute proceedings against a State responsible for the breach of obligations erga omnes partes enshrined in a multilateral treaty. Two recent cases, i.e. the Whaling in the Antarctic and South China Sea cases, provide an interesting insight into this issue. Thus, this article seeks to examine issues of the locus standi of not directly injured States in response to a breach of obligations erga omnes partes by analysing the Whaling in the Antarctic and South China Sea cases. In so doing, this article considers the role of an international court or tribunal in effectuating obligations erga omnes partes and its limitations.

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Urs, Priya. "Obligations erga omnes and the question of standing before the International Court of Justice." Leiden Journal of International Law 34, no. 2 (March 1, 2021): 505–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156521000091.

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AbstractA number of states have in recent years sought to invoke the responsibility of other states for breaches of their international obligations erga omnes. Their contention is that these obligations are not owed to them bilaterally but in the collective interest, whether as states parties to multilateral treaties or as members of the international community as a whole. This growing interest in the invocation of responsibility for breaches of obligations erga omnes is discussed primarily in relation to the International Law Commission’s Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts. The Articles being a statement of principle, and indeed, a progressive development of the law on the issue, attention must also be paid to the decisions and dicta of the International Court of Justice. Of particular interest, and the focus of this article, is the question of a state’s standing to institute proceedings before the Court to invoke responsibility for the breach of an obligation erga omnes even in the absence of any injury on its part. The most recent manifestation of this position is The Gambia’s institution in 2019 of proceedings against Myanmar, solely on the basis that all states parties to the Genocide Convention have a legal interest in compliance with the obligations therein. By scrutinizing the practice of the Court to date, the article examines the limits and consequences of an expansive right of standing for states seeking to enforce obligations erga omnes at the Court.

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HUANG, J. "Aviation Safety, ICAO and Obligations Erga Omnes." Chinese Journal of International Law 8, no. 1 (January 24, 2009): 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chinesejil/jmn039.

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Johnstone, Rachael Lorna. "Invoking Responsibility For Environmental Injury In The Arctic Ocean." Yearbook of Polar Law Online 6, no. 1 (March 11, 2014): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1876-8814_002.

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As the Arctic Ocean opens up to industrial development, the duties of States to protect the North’s vulnerable ecosystems become increasingly important. However, in the event that a State governing hydrocarbon operations in the Arctic Ocean does not exercise due diligence, it is far from clear which States, if any, can invoke responsibility and seek appropriate remedies. In the 2001 Articles on State Responsibility, the International Law Commission entrenched a dichotomy between injured States and other States: a State cannot be considered to have a relevant legal interest on the simple basis that another State has violated a norm to which both are party. States which are not directly affected by a violation can only invoke responsibility for limited categories of norms: obligations erga omnes and obligations erga omnes partes. Under the Convention on the Law of the Sea as well as in light of customary law, States have obligations to protect all of the marine environment, not just those maritime zones under the jurisdiction of other States. This includes a duty to protect the environment of the State’s own EEZ as well as the EEZ of other States and the High Seas. However, hydrocarbon developments in the Arctic Ocean can potentially violate these norms without creating an injured State. In the absence of an injured States, the question arises as to who might invoke responsibility for such wrongful conduct. In other words, are the norms at stake erga omnes or erga omnes partes? This paper will focus on this gap in the knowledge by setting out the criteria for a norm to have the status erga omnes or erga omnes partes and will argue that recent developments in international law indicate that norms to protect the marine environment have this character.

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Krasikov, Dmitry V., and Nadezhda N. Lipkina. "The “International Community’S Interests” Element of the State of Necessity Test: Does It Make the Jus Cogens Limitation on Necessity Superfluous?" Journal of Politics and Law 12, no. 4 (November 28, 2019): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v12n4p44.

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According to Article 25 par. 1 (b) and Article 26 of the 2001 International Law Commission Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, the concept of general international law peremptory norms and that of interests of “the international community as a whole” play an important role in shaping the state of necessity as one of the circumstances that preclude wrongfulness of States’ conduct under general international law. The limitation on the necessity defense, placed by the international community’s interest condition contained in Article 25 par. 1 (b) of the ILC Articles, serves as a safeguard for the interests protected by the erga omnes international obligations. The concepts of erga omnes and of general international law peremptory norms differ significantly and while all the norms of the latter type give rise to obligations erga omnes, not every such obligation arises out of peremptory norms. This evidences of an autonomous role of the relevant provision of Article 25 par. 1 (b) but not of the jus cogens limitation under Article 26 in the context of the necessity defense. The present article argues that the jus cogens limitation under Article 26 plays a role largely independent from that of Article 25 par. 1 (b) since it is incorrect to see the latter as an absolute guarantee of obligations erga omnes. The present article is a part of a larger project “Circumstances precluding wrongfulness of conduct: the analysis of functional role and applicability parameters in the framework of International Human Rights Law” supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR Grant No. 18-011-00660).

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Nihreieva, O. "TOWARDS THE ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF OBLIGATIONS ERGA OMNES." International Law Almanac, no. 25 (2021): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32841/ila.2021.25.04.

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Hamid, Abdul Ghafur. "THE ROHINGYA GENOCIDE CASE (THE GAMBIA V MYANMAR): BREACH OF OBLIGATIONS ERGA OMNES PARTES AND THE ISSUE OF STANDING." IIUM Law Journal 29, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 29–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumlj.v29i1.630.

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On 23rd January 2020, the International Court of Justice indicated provisional measures to protect the Rohingya from the alleged genocidal acts committed in Myanmar. Rejecting the argument made by Myanmar, the World Court decided that The Gambia has standing before the court although it was not directly injured by the alleged wrongful act. The court applied the concept of “obligations erga omnes partes” in the context of its ruling on standing. The court, however, did not elaborate more on the concept and did not touch on its details. Since this case had attracted so much international attention, the concept has become a trending topic for legal discourse. This article, therefore, is an attempt to resolve the issues of whether the concept of obligations erga omnes partes has been established as a rule of customary international law and whether such an obligation may arise from any type of multilateral treaty and any provision in a multilateral treaty. To this end, the article analyses the jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice (ICJ), the case law of international human rights courts and the work and the valuable commentary of the International Law Commission on Article 48 of the Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally wrongful Act 2001. The article concludes that the concept of obligations erga omnes partes has been established as a rule of customary international law, that it may arise from any type of multilateral treaty and that it is applicable only in relation to the provision of a treaty that is essential to the accomplishment of object and purpose of the treaty.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Erga omnes obligations"

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Tams, Christian Jakob. "Enforcing obligations Erga Omnes." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.616053.

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Féliz, De Jesús Ernesto José. "Obligations erga omnes as multilateral obligations in international law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:174ea3f0-a62b-448b-8675-266aa4f5684b.

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So-called obligations erga omnes, owed to the international community as a whole, including all States, now form part of positive international law. These obligations protect some of the most basic values of present-day international relations. Examples include the obligations not to commit genocide or torture, to uphold the most basic human rights, to respect the self-determination of peoples, and so on. However, there is little agreement as to what these obligations imply, how they have come about, and how to identify them. In the literature, at least, there is widespread agreement that obligations erga omnes are different in essence and in nature from obligations owed by one State to another State, so-called obligations inter partes. In turn, this —alleged— radical conceptual break severs obligations erga omnes from a wealth of norms that exist in present-day, general international law, but whose origins lie farther back in time. This thesis attempts to reconcile obligations erga omnes with obligations arising in classic, general international law. It explores what it means to be owed an obligation and how it came to pass that most obligations were owed inter partes. The particular way in which sovereignty came to be conceived and the furtherance of sovereignty, at the expense of other values, forms the pattern that gave rise to obligations inter partes. But even at that time, exceptions to this pattern existed which brought about obligations analogous to those owed erga omnes today. Relevant state practice will be analysed. If obligations erga omnes could have been created in classic international law, it is unjustified to maintain that obligations erga omnes represent so radical a break with the past. Obligations erga omnes are aggregates of bilateral, primary obligations. From this perspective, it is possible to identify these obligations, their consequences, and to discern their origins.

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Ragazzi, Maurizio. "The concept of international obligations erga omnes." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296258.

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De, Hoogh André. "Obligations "erga omnes" and international crimes : a theoretical inquiry into the implementation and enforcement of the international responsability of States /." The Hague : Kluwer law international, 2001. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37743967v.

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Baeumler, Jelena. "The legal nature of WTO obligations: bilateral or collective?" Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2013. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_4422_1380708069.

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Kouassi, Améyo Délali. "La responsabilité internationale pour violation des droits de l'homme." Thesis, Poitiers, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016POIT3002.

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Étant sans doute l'un des phénomènes qui a le plus marqué le droit international depuis 1945, l'internationalisation des droits de l'homme a laissé des traces qui sont perceptibles dans l'ordre juridique international, notamment dans le droit de la responsabilité internationale. La présente étude se propose de mettre en exergue l'influence exercée par les droits de l'homme ainsi que les valeurs qu'ils incarnent sur le droit de la responsabilité internationale. Cette influence s'est traduite par une objectivisation de la responsabilité internationale avec l'élimination du dommage comme élément constitutif de ce mécanisme. En outre, les droits de l'homme ont contribué à préparer le terrain à l'émergence, l'affermissement et l'enrichissement progressif du concept d'obligations erga omnes, facteur favorisant une approche multilatérale de la responsabilité internationale. L'influence des droits de l'homme sur le droit de la responsabilité internationale est surtout manifeste à travers la possibilité désormais reconnue aux individus victimes d'avoir directement accès aux juridictions internationales pour faire valoir leurs droits. Toutes ces évolutions, qui révèlent la place grandissante accordée à l'individu sur la scène internationale et la volonté de faire de la protection des droits de l'homme un sujet de préoccupation de la Communauté internationale, font de la responsabilité pour violation des droits de l'homme une institution spécifique
Being probably one of the phenomena that has most marked international law since 1945, the internationalization of human rights has left marks that are noticeable in the international legal order, particularly in the international responsibility law. The present study aims to highlight the influence of human rights and the values they incarnate in the law of international responsibility. This influence has resulted in an objectification of international responsibility with the elimination of the damage as an element of that mechanism. In addition, human rights have contributed to prepare the ground for the emergence, consolidation and the gradual enrichment of the concept of erga omnes, factor favoring a multilateral approach to international responsibility. The influence of human rights on the law of international responsibility is mainly manifested through the ability now recognized to individual victims to have direct access to international courts to assert their rights. All these developments, which reveal the increasing importance given to the individual on the international scene and the desire to make the protection of human rights a concern for the international community, make the responsibility for violation of human rights a specific institution

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Rezai, Shaghaji Danial. "Le pouvoir des États d'agir à l'encontre des violations des droits humains impératifs et des crimes de jus cogens survenus à l'extérieur de leur territoire." Thesis, Brest, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BRES0023.

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Le droit international classique volontaire basé sur la notion absolue de la souveraineté étatique est remis en cause par l’émergence des règles impératives (jus cogens). A cet égard, la cristallisation des droits humains impératifs est le résultat du processus d’humanisation du droit international moderne où les règles impératives des droits humains de rangs supérieurs se situent au sommet. On peut estimer que l’acceptation des droits humains impératifs créée des obligations erga omnes de protection pour les États membres de la communauté internationale. Dans ce cadre, dans le cas de violations des droits humains impératifs, tous les États sont directement affectés, touchés et lésés par les violations en question et ont le droit d’agir. A cet effet, il nous semble que tous les États peuvent adopter des contre-mesures individuelles à l’encontre de l’État fautif, violateur des droits humains impératifs. Dans le cas de violations des droits humains impératifs, il nous paraît aussi que, sous certaines conditions, les États peuvent recourir à une intervention militaire à but humanitaire, même sans l’avis favorable du Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies. Aussi, selon certaines conditions, les États peuvent fournir une aide humanitaire aux victimes des violations des droits humains impératifs survenues à l’extérieur de leur territoire, même sans le consentement de l’État territorial. Les États sont aussi tenus de réprimer les crimes de jus cogens commis à l’extérieur de leur territoire. Dans ce contexte, il nous semble que les États en appliquant la règle aut dedere aut judicare, peuvent poursuivre les étrangers suspectés d’avoir commis des crimes de jus cogens. Dans ce cadre, les États doivent appliquer la règle aut dedere aut judicare en respectant l’obligation de non refoulement afin de prévenir les violations des droits humains impératifs à l’étranger. Il nous paraît aussi que les États en appliquant la règle aut dedere aut judicare, doivent prévoir la compétence universelle des juridictions internes. A cet égard, les États peuvent exercer la compétence universelle à l’encontre des crimes de jus cogens commis à l’étranger par l’étranger et sur l’étranger. Dans ce cadre, il nous semble que les États peuvent exercer la compétence universelle absolue. A cet effet, un État peut déclencher une poursuite pénale à l’encontre de l’étranger suspecté d’avoir commis des crimes de jus cogens, même si ce dernier n’est pas présent et/ou en détention sur le territoire de l’État du for. Il nous semble aussi que, l’immunité des hauts représentants d’État, ainsi que les lois d’amnistie étrangères, ne peuvent pas empêcher l’État du for d’exercer la compétence universelle afin de protéger les intérêts généraux de la communauté internationale dans son ensemble
Traditional international law based on absolute notion of state sovereignty, is challenged by theemergence of peremptory norms Çus cogens). In this respect, the crystallization of peremptory humanrights norms is the result of the process of humanization of modern international law where theperemptory human rights norms of superior ranks place at the summit. We could believe that theacceptance of peremptory human rights norms creates erga omnes obligations of protection for States,members of the international community. In this context, in the case of violations of peremptoryhuman rights norms, all States are directly affected and injured by the violations in question and have the right to react. To this end, we believe that all States can adopt individual countermeasures against the wrongdoer state, violator of peremptory human rights norms. In the case of violations ofperemptory human rights norms, under certain conditions, States may resort to military interventionfor humanitarian purposes, even without the autholization of the United Nations Security Council.Also, under certain conditions, States can provide humanitarian aid to victims of violations ofperemptory human rights norms occurred outside their territory, even without the consent of theterritorial state. States are also required to suppress jus cogens crimes committed outside their territory. In this context, we believe that States can apply the principle of aut dedere aut judicare and prosecute aliens suspected of jus cogens crimes. In this context, States that apply the principle of aut dedere aut judicare, must respect the obligation of non-refoulement to prevent violations of peremptory human rights norms abroad. It seems to us that States that apply the principle of aut dedere aut judicare must also apply the principle of universal jurisdiction before their internal courts. In this regard, States can exercise universal jurisdiction againsl jus cogens crimes committed abroad, by foreigners and against foreigners. In this context, we believe that States may exercise the absolute universal jurisdiction. To this end, a State may initiate criminal proceedings against alien suspected of jus cogens crimes, even if helshe is not present and/or in custody in the territory ofthe forum State. It also seems to us that the immunity of senior state representatives and foreign amnesty laws, cannot prevent the forum State to exercise universal jurisdiction in order to protect the general interests of the international community as a whole

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Abegón, Novella Marta. "Los efectos de los conflictos armados en los tratados multilaterales normativos de protección del medio ambiente." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/127351.

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La tesis Los efectos de los conflictos armados en los tratados multilaterales normativos de protección del medio ambiente analiza qué efectos tienen los conflictos armados en los tratados que protegen el interés de la Comunidad internacional en la salvaguarda del medio ambiente, y examina en qué medida éstos continúan aplicándose en tales circunstancias. La primera parte se dedica al estudio de la codificación de las normas internacionales relativas a los efectos de los conflictos armados en los tratados internacionales; la segunda parte examina los tratados internacionales de protección del medio ambiente como tratados multilaterales normativos de protección de los intereses generales de la Comunidad internacional; y, finalmente, la tercera parte analiza la aplicación de las reglas contenidas en el proyecto de artículos de la Comisión de Derecho Internacional sobre los efectos de los conflictos armados en los tratados, aprobado en 2011, a los tratados multilaterales normativos de protección del medio ambiente.
The thesis The effects of armed conflicts on multilateral law-making treaties for the protection of the environment analyzes the effects of armed conflicts on treaties that protect the interest of the International community in safeguarding the environment, and examines to what extent they continue to be applied in such circumstances. The first part is devoted to the study of the codification of international rules related to the effects of armed conflicts on treaties; the second part examines the international treaties protecting the environment as a kind of multilateral law-making treaties for the protection of the general interests of the International community; and finally, the third part analyzes the application of the rules contained in the draft articles of the International Law Commission on the effects of armed conflicts on treaties, adopted in 2011, on multilateral law-making treaties for the protection of the environment.
Cette thèse, intitulée Les effets des conflits armés sur les traités multilatéraux normatifs de protection de l'environnement, analyse quels sont les effets des conflits armés sur les traités qui protègent l’intérêt de la Communauté internationale pour la sauvegarde de l'environnement, et examine dans quelle mesure ils continuent à s'appliquer dans ces circonstances. La première partie est consacrée à l'étude de la codification des normes internationales relatives aux effets des conflits armés sur les traités; la deuxième partie examine les traités internationaux de protection de l'environnement en tant que traités multilatéraux normatifs de protection des intérêts généraux de la Communauté internationale; et, finalement, la troisième partie met analyse l'application des règles contenues dans le projet d'articles de la Commission du Droit International sur les effets des conflits armés sur les traités, adopté en 2011, aux traités multilatéraux normatifs de protection de l'environnement.

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Quirico, Ottavio. "Réflexions sur le système du droit international pénal - La responsabilité « pénale » des États et des autres personnes morales par rapport à celle des personnes physiques en droit international." Phd thesis, Université des Sciences Sociales - Toulouse I, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00279988.

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Par « système du droit international pénal » on entend l'ensemble des normes qui règlent la responsabilité internationale pénale. Tant au niveau des principes généraux qu'au niveau des règles relatives, les normes qui régissent la responsabilité des individus sont assez développées et cohérentes. Par contre, celles qui règlent la responsabilité des États et des autres personnes morales sont moins développées et moins cohérentes. Malgré ce décalage, la responsabilité individuelle est à la base de l'imputation collective, de sorte qu'il faut concevoir toutes les normes en question comme un système unique. En raison de la nature essentiellement privée et décentralisée du droit international, on parlerait plutôt d'un système de la responsabilité « grave » que de responsabilité « pénale », mais substantiellement, au-delà de la terminologie employée, il faut reconnaître l'existence de l'ordre normatif en question. Une évaluation dudit système, du point de vue de la cohérence (analyse ontologique) et de l'efficacité (analyse phénoménologique), dévoile un cadre problématique. Afin de sortir des impasses systématiques plusieurs solutions sont envisageables, de iure condendo. Essentiellement, on devrait réformer le système selon trois directives. En premier lieu, il faudrait définir les actes illicites internationaux graves des États de façon précise, selon l'esprit de l'article 19 du Projet d'articles sur la responsabilité des États adopté par la Commission du droit international, en première lecture, en 1996. Deuxièmement, il faudrait établir la compétence obligatoire d'une cour impartiale pour juger de la conduite des États, en coordination avec le jugement sur la responsabilité individuelle, conformément à l'imputation par le biais de l'individu-organe. Troisièmement, il faudrait créer une institution, préférablement le Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies, capable de coordonner l'action étatique, afin de donner exécution aux décisions prises par la juridiction internationale. Finalement, la solution la plus cohérente consisterait à élargir la compétence de la Cour pénale internationale, actuellement limitée aux individus, aux États, ainsi qu'aux organisations internationales et aux autres personnes morales, dans le cadre d'une réforme radicale du système onusien. Un tel ordre, relatif de par son origine conventionnelle, pourrait être universalisé en exploitant la notion de crime en tant que violation du ius cogens. Un système ainsi conçu ne serait pas figé et statique, du point de vue du droit matériel, mais changeant et ouvert à l'inclusion de nouvelles conduites dans le champ des infractions, selon l'évolution du droit international en tant que droit vivant.

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Roux, Mispa. "A comparative analysis of the causes for breaching the erga omnes obligation to prevent and prosecute gross human rights violations." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8116.

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LL.D.
Millions of human lives have been affected by gross human rights violations since 1945. Genocide and crimes against humanity have been perpetrated repeatedly against civilians despite the vow after the Holocaust that such atrocities would “never again” occur. The Holocaust acts were not criminalised as “genocide” in the London Charter, but as “persecutions on political, racial or religious grounds” under the broader international crime of “crimes against humanity”. “Genocide” was criminalised on 9 December 1948 by the adoption of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide by the United Nations General Assembly. Two main obligations were imposed on signatory states by Article I of the Genocide Convention, namely to prevent the commission of the international crime of genocide, and the obligation to punish the perpetrators of such a crime. Both genocide and crimes against humanity form part of the “most serious crimes of concern to the international community as a whole”, which are also gross human rights violations. It is of interest to all states of the international community to prevent the commission of these gross human rights violations and to prosecute perpetrators. The prohibition of the international crimes of genocide and crimes against humanity is erga omnes in nature. The research objective of this doctoral thesis is to analyse the causes for the repeated failure of the international community to fulfil the erga omnes obligation to prevent and prosecute gross human rights violations. This endeavour is furthermore aimed at formulating recommendations that will enhance future compliance with the erga omnes obligation in accordance with the international legal developments that will form the subject matter of the thesis. The thesis consists of five parts. Part 1 is an introduction in which the research objective and aims of the thesis are explained and demarcated, as well as the issues focused upon. Core legal concepts, terms and notions explained in Part 1 include “gross human rightsviolations”, “erga omnes obligation”, “jus cogens norms”, “customary international law”, “states upon whom the erga omnes obligations to prevent and prosecute gross human rights violations are imposed”, “the obligation to prevent”, “the obligation to prosecute”, “state responsibility”, “individual criminal responsibility”, “state immunity”, and various other terms. Part 1 further explains the research methodology followed in the thesis and contains a brief overview of the parts and chapters.

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Books on the topic "Erga omnes obligations"

1

Ragazzi, Maurizio. The concept of international obligations erga omnes. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997.

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The concept of international obligations erga omnes. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000.

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Guo jia dui guo ji she hui zheng ti de yi wu: The obligations erga omnes of states in international law. Beijing Shi: Fa lü chu ban she, 2009.

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Hoogh, André de. Obligations erga omnes and international crimes: A theoretical inquiry into the implementation and enforcement of the international responsibility of states. Hague: Kluwer International Law, 1996.

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Enforcing Obligations Erga Omnes in International Law. Cambridge University Press, 2010.

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Azaria, Danae. Community Interest Obligations in International Energy Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825210.003.0016.

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The chapter defines ‘international energy law’ as an amalgam of different international obligations concerning energy activities—the exploration and exploitation of energy resources, their trade and transportation, and investment in the energy sector—as well as the effects of these activities on the environment and on human rights. It is thus not surprising that it accommodates bilateral obligations as well as obligations that protect community interests either of all states (erga omnes) or of groups of states (erga omnes partes). Furthermore, the role of community interest obligations in international energy law is not only relevant vis-à-vis the nature of obligations that fall within the field’s scope. Given the importance that states place on economic activities in the energy sector, international obligations, which reflect community interests, may be and often are enforced by energy-related measures.

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Thouvenin, Jean-Marc, and Christian Tomuschat. Fundamental Rules of the International Legal Order: Jus Cogens and Obligations Erga Omnes. Ebsco Publishing, 2006.

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(Editor), Christian Tomuschat, and Jean-Marc Thouvenin (Editor), eds. The Fundamental Rules of the International Legal Order: Jus Cogens And Obligations Erga Omnes. Martinus Nijhoff, 2005.

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Tams, Christian J. Enforcing Obligations Erga Omnes in International Law (Cambridge Studies in International and Comparative Law). Cambridge University Press, 2005.

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Paolo, Picone. Part V Jus Cogens beyond the Vienna Convention, 24 The Distinction between Jus Cogens and Obligations Erga Omnes. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199588916.003.0024.

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This chapter demonstrates the necessary distinction between the two concepts in question, taking into consideration their different historical origins, their effects, and the reciprocal fields of application. It opposes the conception according to which only the rules creating obligations erga omnes could be considered as peremptory, as well as the theoretical opinion that all norms of jus cogens would produce, if breached, obligations erga omnes. It critically analyses how these erroneous conceptions are reflected in the solutions, although contradictory, adopted by the International Law Commission in the final draft on the responsibility of States approved in 2001. The last part of the chapter shows how the two concepts raise in their operation many different problems, which are not yet adequately considered in the legal scholarship.

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Book chapters on the topic "Erga omnes obligations"

1

Gould, Harry D. "Obligations Erga Omnes and the Actio Popularis." In The Legacy of Punishment in International Law, 65–79. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230113077_4.

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Allain, Jean. "Decolonisation as the Source of the Concepts of Jus Cogens and Obligations Erga Omnes." In Ethiopian Yearbook of International Law 2016, 35–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55898-1_3.

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Gaja, Giorgio. "Claims Concerning Obligations Erga Omnes in the Jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice." In Global Justice, Human Rights and the Modernization of International Law, 39–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90227-2_3.

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Sciaccaluga, Giovanni. "The erga omnes Obligation to Mitigate and Manage Climate Change." In International Law and the Protection of “Climate Refugees”, 97–104. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52402-9_7.

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Vos, Jan Anne. "The Concept of Jus Cogens and the Concept of Obligation Erga Omnes Situated Within the Framework of Obligation and the Framework of Authorization." In The Function of Public International Law, 249–73. The Hague, The Netherlands: T. M. C. Asser Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-861-3_14.

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Jørgensen, Nina H. B. "Obligations Erga Omnes." In The Responsibility of States for International Crimes, 93–99. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198298618.003.0008.

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Pratap, Ravindra. "The Role of ICJ Procedure in the Emergence and Evolution of Erga Omnes Obligations." In The Global Community Yearbook of International Law and Jurisprudence 2019, 211–42. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197513552.003.0010.

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The International Court of Justice (ICJ) procedure has been, within and across contentious cases and advisory opinions, both a catalyst for, and a constraint on, the emergence and evolution of erga omnes obligations. Clarification, interpretation, and affirmation of the law have most frequently worked as catalysts for the emergence and evolution of erga omnes obligations. Judicial propriety and/or judicial discretion have most frequently tended to constrain the emergence and evolution of erga omnes obligations. Judicial propriety and/or judicial discretion, evidence, consent, and standing before the Court have been other catalysts. Formalism, jurisdiction, fact-finding, and interpretation have been other constraints on the emergence and evolution of erga omnes obligations.

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Iovane, Massimo, and Pierfrancesco Rossi. "International Fundamental Values and Obligations Erga Omnes." In The Protection of General Interests in Contemporary International Law, 46–67. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192846501.003.0003.

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This chapter argues that international law is a value-oriented legal order, and that the way in which its fundamental values are safeguarded reflects the unique structural features of the international legal system. In lack of an international constitution in a formal sense, the international fundamental values materialize through the brute practice of states, international organizations, and a number of open-ended legal concepts allowing the legal relevance of the underlying ethical convictions of the international community. In the field of international responsibility, such is the function fulfilled by the concept of obligations erga omnes. This chapter maintains that lawful responses to breaches of obligations erga omnes should always bear some elements of collectiveness. This condition realizes not only through institutionalized processes but also by means of a wide range of collective, scarcely formalized procedures of concertation of state action which may take place in institutional, political, or diplomatic settings.

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"Conceptual Constructions: Jus Cogens and Obligations Erga Omnes." In International Law for Humankind, 291–326. Brill | Nijhoff, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004425217_014.

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"Conceptual Constructions: Jus Cogens and Obligations Erga Omnes." In International Law for Humankind, 289–326. Brill | Nijhoff, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004255074_014.

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