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Benson, Peter, and Matthew Bundick. "Erikson and Adolescent Development." Journal of Child and Youth Care Work 25 (November 17, 2020): 195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jcycw.2015.81.
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Many of Erik Erikson’s theoretical contributions to our understanding of adolescent psychosocial development endure; some have even proven to be true. At the same time, in the decades since Erikson’s seminal works there have been many advances in developmental theory, especially in the realms of identity and positive youth development, along with important critiques of adolescent psychosocial theory. Together, these advances and critiques provide new lenses through which Erikson’s work may viewed. The present work thus reviews the enduring concepts and qualities as well as limitations of Erikson’s views on psychosocial development in adolescence, while considering possible expansions in light of contemporary identity theories and technological advances.
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Kivnick, Helen. "Science and Self: Aging as Woven." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2327.
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Abstract Gerontology is a field both scientific and practice-based. Aging, the subject of this field, is an experience in which all human beings participate. But scientific pillars of objectivity, quantifiability, control, and external validity have long mitigated against gerontological scholars effectively moving back and forth between professional scholarship and practice, on the one hand, and personal experience, on the other. Qualitative research approaches, informed by the humanities and arts, utilize alternative ways of knowing that, when added to positivistic science, enable us to construct a body of gerontological knowledge that is robust and useful, and that also incorporates wisdom. Aging, wisdom, and integrality—these all matter. Although often mischaracterized, Erikson’s theory of healthy psychosocial development throughout the life-cycle (Erikson, Erikson, & Kivnick, 1986) weaves these constructs together in ways that can meaningfully inform professional and personal experiences of gerontology. This presentation illustrates one aging gerontologist’s engagement with such weaving.
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Richmond, C. "Erikson, Eskimos and Columbus." Common Knowledge 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/0961754x-10-1-160.
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Krist, Gary. "From "The Erikson Stories"." Hudson Review 45, no. 3 (1992): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3851748.
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Maree, Jacobus G. "The psychosocial development theory of Erik Erikson: critical overview." Early Child Development and Care 191, no. 7-8 (January 17, 2021): 1107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2020.1845163.
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Behnaz, Abed, and Shahabi Hassan. "D.H. LAWRENCE’S SONS AND LOVERS AND WOMEN IN LOVE: AN ERIKSONIAN PSYCHOANALYTIC READING." Malaysian Journal of Languages and Linguistics (MJLL) 6, no. 2 (November 20, 2017): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/mjll.vol6iss2pp107-113.
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In the study, the researcher investigates the role of parents in children’s mental maturity. As a result, lack of rationality of parents in dealing with children will have detrimental effect on their future. Erikson explored the evolution of the superego and distinguished it among infant mortality, adolescent ideology, and adult ethics. His work, which has enriched formal Psychoanalysis, had enormous impact on the clinical area and had wide application in child psychology, education, psychotherapy, and marriage counseling. Since Lawrence’s works provide feasible texture for Psychoanalytic criticism, the two given novels are studied here on the light of Erikson’s theory. In the Study, a new understanding of modernity comes in through the study of D.H. Lawrence’s two major effects. The thesis, in its five chapters, seeks to trace between D.H. Lawrence’s work and Erik Eriksonian psychosocial analysis. It study is an attempt to cover Erikson’s Psychosocial theory, notably the notion of epigenetic theory and then apply it to the reading of two novels by DH. Lawrence (Sons in Lovers 1994 and Women in Love 1921). Erikson’s theory posits that every human being passes through several distinct and qualitatively different stages in life, from birth to death. The notion of identity preoccupied Erikson’s mind more than any other issues in psychology.
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Berman, Harry J. "Joyce Carol Oates' “A Theory of Knowledge”." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 36, no. 4 (June 1993): 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/lrfw-3wh6-jcma-n2e8.
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This article presents a critical reading of “A Theory of Knowledge” by Joyce Carol Oates, which appears in a recently published collection of stories about aging. The story is analyzed in terms of two ideas in current adult developmental theory, the idea of personal narrative as developed by Cohler, and the idea of generativity as developed by Erikson, Kotre, and McAdams.
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Ginsburg, Harvey J. "CHILDHOOD INJURIES AND ERIKSON'S PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 20, no. 2 (January 1, 1992): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1992.20.2.95.
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Childhood injury epidemiologists and injury control researchers commonly use a forty-year-old epidemiologic agent-host-environment model to explain injuries and have not considered the value of placing childhood injuries in the context of general theories of human development. The psychosocial stages elucidated by Erik H. Erikson may be a useful heuristic approach for childhood injury investigators to consider. Examples of common childhood injuries during the first four psychosocial stages, trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, initiative vs. guilt and industry vs inferiority are presented to illustrate how Erikson's theory may be of value in understanding and controlling the prevalence of childhood injuries in the United States.
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Arini, Diana Putri. "Emerging Adulthood : Pengembangan Teori Erikson Mengenai Teori Psikososial Pada Abad 21." Jurnal Ilmiah Psyche 15, no. 01 (July 1, 2021): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33557/jpsyche.v15i01.1377.
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Abstract : Erik Erikson, a neo-psychoanalyst, developed the psychosocial stages of humans that became the reference for human development. One of the psychosocial stages is early adulthood which has the task of forming intimacy. Erikson does not explain the transition from adolescence to young adulthood which is full of conflicts between self-expectations and the demands of the times. Erikson's theory was further developed by Arnett (2000) because there were changes in the times which resulted in the task demands in young adulthood changing. Arnett proposed a new developmental stage, namely emerging adulthood, an extended adolescent transitional phase, ranging from 18-29 years of age.Arnett's theory is further expanded by Robbins and Wilner (2001) to find the phenomenon of quarter life crisis, a phenomenon of anxiety about the future by 20-year-old adolescents who form independence both financially and in romantic relationships. This article contains a review of the views of adulthood that emerged in the 20th century and the life of the quarter-life crisis that is currently being discussed. The research method used is literacy studies by looking for the last 10 years of research on emerging adulthood. The results of the literacy study report that changes in social norms and technological advances have changed the structure of society so as to produce a new stage, namely emerging adulthood. Emerging adulthood has various crisis conditions that occur when individuals complete their education.
Keywords: Psychosocial Stage, Quarter Life Crisis, Emerging Adulthood
Abstrak :Erik Erikson, seorang neo-psikoanalis, mengembangkan tahap psikososial manusia yang menjadi acuan bagi perkembangan manusia. Salah satu tahapan psikososial adalah masa dewasa awal yang memiliki tugas membentuk keintiman. Erikson tidak menjelaskan transisi masa remaja ke masa dewasa muda yang penuh dengan konflik antara ekspektasi diri dan tuntutan zaman. Teori Erikson dikembangkan lagi oleh Arnett (2000) karena ada perubahan zaman yang mengakibatkan tugas tuntutan di masa dewasa muda berubah. Arnett mengajukan tahapan perkembangan baru yaitu emerging adulthood, fase transisi remaja yang diperpanjang, berkisar antara usia 18-29 tahun. Teori Arnett diperluas lagi oleh Robbins dan Wilner (2001) menemukan fenomena quarter life crisis, fenomena kecemasan tentang masa depan oleh remaja berusia 20 tahun yang membentuk kemandirian baik secara finansial maupun dalam hubungan romantis. Artikel ini berisi menijau kembali pandangan masa dewasa yang muncul abad 20 serta kehidupan krisis seperempat kehidupan yang sedang marak diperbincangkan. Metode penelitian yang dilakukan menggunakan kajian literasi dengan mencari penelitian 10 tahun terakhir mengenai emerging adulthood. Hasil kajian literasi melaporkan perubahan norma sosial dan kemajuan teknologi telah mengubah struktur masyarakat sehingga menghasilkan satu tahapan baru yaitu emerging adulthood. Masa emerging adulthood memiliki berbagai kondisi krisis terjadi ketika individu menyelesaikan pendidikannya.
Kata Kunci : Tahapan Psikososial, Krisis Kehidupanm Masa Dewasa
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Heidingsfelder, Markus, and Arqam Khan. "‘Precolonial Studies’: Emily Erikson on the English East India Company, the Advantages of Network Theory and the Rise of Populism in Contemporary United States." Society and Culture in South Asia 4, no. 1 (December 10, 2017): 132–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2393861717730631.
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This interview with network theorist Emily Erikson took place in March 2017 when she visited Habib University in Karachi, Pakistan, for a lecture on the English East India Company. She talks about the advantages of network theory, the challenges of Twitter research and the reasons for the success of the English East India Company, which—according to Erikson—cannot be successfully explained by using a European cultures versus South Asian cultures framework. It also touches upon the critique of corporations in general and the possible links between globalisation and the rise of populism in the United States. Emily Erikson teaches sociology at Yale University and works on social networks and the development of institutions of capitalism and democracy. Her award-winning book Between Monopoly and Free Trade: The English East India Company (Princeton University Press, 2014) shows how an informal social network linking autonomous employees fostered the company’s long-term success, shedding light on the processes underpinning the emergence of early multinational firms and the structure of early modern global trade. Her forthcoming book New Knowledge: The Rise of Economics and Development of the Public Sphere identifies the causes stimulating the development of pre-classical economic thought in the seventeenth century. Erikson serves on the council for economic sociology of the American Sociological Association and on the executive council of the Society for the Advancement of Socio-Economics. In addition, she serves on the editorial boards of Social Science History, Relational Sociology Series (Palgrave MacMillan), and is a founding member of the advisory board for the Journal of Historical Network Research.
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Darling-Fisher, Cynthia S. "Application of the Modified Erikson Psychosocial Stage Inventory: 25 Years in Review." Western Journal of Nursing Research 41, no. 3 (April 20, 2018): 431–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193945918770457.
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The Modified Erikson Psychosocial Stage Inventory (MEPSI) is an 80-item, comprehensive measure of psychosocial development based on Erikson’s theory with published reliability and validity data. Although designed as a comprehensive measure, some researchers have used individual subscales for specific developmental stages as a measure; however, these subscale reliability scores have not been generally shared. This article reviewed the literature to evaluate the use of the MEPSI: the major research questions, samples/populations studied, and individual subscale and total reliability and validity data. In total, 16 research articles (1990-2011) and 28 Dissertations/Theses (1991-2016) from nursing, social work, psychology, criminal justice, and religious studies met criteria. Results support the MEPSI’s global reliability (aggregate scores ranged .89-.99) and validity in terms of consistent patterns of changes observed in the predicted direction. Reliability and validity data for individual subscales were more variable. Limitations of the tool and recommendations for possible revision and future research are addressed.
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Snarey, John. "The Vital Aging of Eriksonian Theory and of Erik H. Erikson." Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 32, no. 11 (November 1987): 928–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/026480.
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Morkevičius, Vaidas, and Zenonas Norkus. "Šiuolaikinės Lietuvos klasinė struktūra: neovėberiška analizė." Sociologija. Mintis ir veiksmas 31, no. 2 (January 1, 2012): 75–152. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/socmintvei.2012.2.393.
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Santrauka. Straipsnio tikslas – pritaikyti socialinės nelygybės ir politinių procesų pokomunistinėje Lietuvoje analizei Roberto Eriksono, Johno Goldthorpe’o ir Lucienne Portocarero (EGP) klasių teoriją, kuri tęsia Maxo Weberio socialinės struktūros analizės tradiciją. Pirmame skirsnyje analizuojamos priežastys, kodėl atkūrus Lietuvos nepriklausomybę Lietuvos sociologai beveik visiškai apleido tyrimų barą, kurį sociologijos klasikai laikė pagrindiniu, – visuomenės socialinės struktūros analizę. Aptariami dviejų tyrimų, skirtų pokomunistinės Lietuvos socialinės struktūros analizei (Rūtos Brazienės disertacijos ir Arvydo Matulionio vadovaujamo autorių kolektyvo parašytos monografijos) rezultatai, palyginama indukcinė ir dedukcinė socialinės struktūros analizės metodologija, išryškinami dedukcinės metodologijos privalumai. Antrame skirsnyje išdėstoma EGP klasių teorija, pateikiant ją kaip kūrybišką klasikinių Maxo Weberio socialinės struktūros idėjų tąsą. Išryškinami Maxo Weberio ir Karlo Marxo klasių sampratų skirtumai, o EGP klasių teorija palyginama su jos pagrindinėmis šiuolaikinėmis alternatyvomis: neomarksistine Eriko Wrighto klasių teorija, orientuota į išnaudojimo santykių analizę, ir amerikietiškąja socialinės stratifikacijos analizės koncepcija, orientuota į individualaus socialinio ekonominio statuso (SES) matavimus. Trečiame skirsnyje neovėberiškai analizuojama pokomunistinės Lietuvos klasinė struktūra, pateikiant jos 11, 7, 5 ir 3 EGP klasių modelius. Šiam tikslui panaudojami 2009 m. pabaigoje atliktos reprezentatyvios Europos socialinio tyrimo (EST) Lietuvos gyventojų apklausos duomenys. Remiantis diachroniniais ir sinchroniniais palyginimais bei istorine analize išryškinami šios struktūros bendrieji (lyginant su panašiomis į Lietuvą šalimis) ir saviti nacionaliniai bruožai. Paskutiniajame skirsnyje modifikuotas 7 EGP klasių modelis pritaikomas statistiškai nagrinėjant vėberiškai apibrėžiamą (kaip „gero gyvenimo šansų“ nelygaus pasiskirstymo) socialinę nelygybę Lietuvoje, o taip pat bandant nustatyti (pasitelkiant statistinę atitikties analizę) klasinės priklausomybės įtaką politinėms orientacijoms bei elgsenai.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: Eriksono-Goldthorpe-Portocarero (EGP) klasių teorija, pokomunistinės Lietuvos socialinė struktūra ir politika, gero gyvenimo šansų nelygybė, atitikties analizė.Key words: Erikson-Goldthorpe-Portocarero (EGP) class theory, ABSTRACTTHE CLASS STRUCTURE OF CONTEMPORARY LITHUANIA: A NEO-WEBERIAN ANALYSISThis article analyses social inequality and political processes in post-Communist Lithuania, using the neo-Weberian class theory of Robert Erikson, John Goldthorpe and Lucienne Portocarero (EGP). The opening section considers why the analysis of social structure, which was a central concern in classical sociology, has been so neglected in Lithuanian sociology since the restoration of independence. There are just two exceptions to this trend, discussed in the same section – Rūta Brazienė’s 2002 thesis and the 2005 volume edited by Arvydas Matulionis. The first part also compares inductive (data-driven) and deductive (theory-driven) methodologies of social structure analysis to substantiate the advantages of the latter for this article’s empirical analysis. The second part outlines EGP class theory, considered as a creative continuation of Weber’s classical analysis of social structure, and as a genuine alternative to Marx’s theory of classes and class struggle. EGP class theory is compared with two other approaches – Erik Olin Wright’s neo-Marxist class theory, which emphasises exploitation relations between classes, and American social stratification analysis, which focuses on the measurement of socio-economic status (SES). The third section offers a neo-Weberian examination of post-Communist Lithuania’s class structure, represented by four different EGP class types. Diachronic and synchronic comparisons and historical analysis are used to point out the features of Lithuanian class structure that are shared with other similar countries and those features that are nationally specific. To this end, data from Round 4 of the European Social Survey in Lithuania (conducted at the end of 2009) is used. In the last section, which applies statistical methods of correspondence analysis, a slightly modified EGP class model is used to explore manifestations of social inequality (conceived in Weberian terms as an unequal distribution of ‘life chances’), as well as the voting and ideological orientations of the Lithuanian electorate.
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Richmond, Colin. "Erikson, Eskimos and Columbus by James Robert Enterline." Common Knowledge 25, no. 1-3 (April 1, 2019): 414–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/0961754x-7312213.
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Kalliopuska, Mirja. "Rationales for an Implicit Personality Theory." Psychological Reports 57, no. 3_suppl (December 1985): 1071–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1985.57.3f.1071.
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Implicit personality theories could develop out of the rationales on which each individual bases a concept of man and constructs an implicit personality theory. 77 psychology students (19 men, 58 women) were given the task of appraising rationales in an empirical study designed to investigate the background of implicit personality theory. The basic assumptions of Hjelle and Ziegler in 1976 concerning personality theories were used as the rationales. The answers given on the basis of these rationales were uniform, which supports the supposition that they are universal. Holism, subjectivity, and proactivity were emphasized uniformly. The results are, in part, very similar to the theoretical views of Murray, Allport, Erikson, Freud, and Kelly.
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Kerpelman, Jennifer L., and Joe F. Pittman. "Erikson and the Relational Context of Identity: Strengthening Connections With Attachment Theory." Identity 18, no. 4 (October 2, 2018): 306–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15283488.2018.1523726.
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Schachter, Elli P. "Erikson Meets the Postmodern: Can Classic Identity Theory Rise to the Challenge?" Identity 5, no. 2 (April 2005): 137–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s1532706xid0502_4.
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Maiko, Saneto. "A Psycho-Theological Synopsis of Youth Culture and Faith in Africa." Journal of Youth and Theology 3, no. 1 (April 6, 2004): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24055093-90000273.
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In this article, Saneto Maiko considers the need for the church to develop the faith of young people in Africa. Maiko is concerned to develop his theory from a sound theological perspective alongside the developmental theories of Erikson, Fowler et al. Maiko's reflections on the African situation speak powerfully into other perspectives too.
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Sorell, Gwendolyn T., and Marilyn J. Montgomery. "Feminist Perspectives on Erikson 's Theory: Their Relevance for Contemporary Identity Development Research." Identity 1, no. 2 (April 2001): 97–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s1532706xid0102_01.
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Balazs, Peter. "Lars O. Erikson, Metafact: Essayistic Science in Eighteenth-Century France." Studi Francesi, no. 148 (XLX | I) (April 1, 2006): 152–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/studifrancesi.30261.
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BUGAJSKA, BEATA E. "The ninth stage in the cycle of life – reflections on E. H. Erikson's theory." Ageing and Society 37, no. 6 (April 11, 2016): 1095–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x16000301.
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ABSTRACTIn the present paper, Erik H. Erikson's theory of psycho-social development is analysed, including a new, ninth stage proposed by his wife, Joan M. Erikson. However, a new understanding of the ninth stage is proposed, in which integrity versus despair is still the crisis of the last stage of life regardless of the addition of the ninth stage. The crisis of stage eight takes place on the continuum between involvement versus resignation. The term ‘involvement’ is understood as the choice of one's own way of life in the world, in view of personal development oriented towards the realisation of universal values, in accordance with the ethical dimension of social ethos, and with a sense of acceptance of the changes that are the result of the human ageing process. ‘Resignation’, in turn, is understood as the second pole dynamising the conflict of stage eight, which manifests itself in the fact that no new activities are undertaken or old ones continued by an individual, out of the conviction that it is senseless to undertake any activities for his or her own development. There is, however, strength that can be engendered by the struggle of older people between involvement and resignation, namely courage. In the acquisition of courage, older people should be supported by geragogy of courage. Society needs the courage of older people and their involvement in the ethical preservation of the world.
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Adamczyk, Katarzyna, and Koen Luyckx. "An Investigation of the Linkage between Relationship Status (Single vs. Partnered), Identity Dimensions and Self-construals in a Sample of Polish Young Adults." Polish Psychological Bulletin 46, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 616–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ppb-2015-0068.
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Abstract The aim of this exploratory cross-sectional study was to examine the associations among relationship status, identity processes, and self-construals among Polish young adults. The theoretical framework of the study consisted of Erikson’s psychosocial theory of human development (Erikson, 1963; 1968; 1980), the dual-cycle model of identity formation (Luyckx, Goossens, & Soenens, 2006), and the concept of independent and interdependent self-construals. A total of 291 university students (155 females and 136 males) aged 20-25 completed the Dimensions of Identity Development Scale (DIDS; Luyckx, Schwartz et al., 2008) (Polish adaptation - Brzezińska & Piotrowski, 2010a) and Self-Construal Scale (SCS; Singelis, 1994) (Polish adaptation - Pilarska, 2014). Results showed that single individuals scored higher on exploration in breadth, exploration in depth, and ruminative exploration, and lower on commitment making and identification with commitment than did partnered individuals. Further, single and partnered individuals did not differ in the area of independent and interdependent self-construals. Discriminant function analysis revealed that especially ruminative exploration and exploration in breadth were important variables for discriminating single from partnered status.
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Triadó Tur, Carme. "Envejecimiento activo, generatividad y aprendizaje / Active ageing, generativity and learning." Aula Abierta 47, no. 1 (January 31, 2018): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17811/rifie.47.1.2018.63-66.
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RESUMENSe describen las distintas maneras de entender el envejecimiento positivo ya sea activo, satisfactorio y productivo. Se describen las aportaciones que enfatizan criterios de salud y funcionamiento de las actividades de la vida cotidiana. Se remarca la importancia de aquellas teorías que tienen en cuenta criterios de tipo psicológico y entre ellas destacamos el concepto de generatividad, postulado por Erikson y explicitado en su teoría del desarrollo psicosocial. Remarcamos la importancia del cuidado a los nietos y del aprendizaje en la vejez como actividades generativas.Palabras Clave: generatividad, productividad, actividad, aprendizaje, abuelos, nietos.ABSTRACTDifferent ways of understanding the concept of positive aging are described, being active, satisfactory and productive. The contributions of health criteria and functioning in daily life are described. The importance of those theories that take into account psychological criteria are highlighted, and among these we highlight the concept of generativity, as posed by Erikson and explained in his theory of psychosocial development. We highlight the importance of taking care of the grandchildren and the value of learning in the old age as generative activities.Keywords: generativity, grandparents, productivity, activity, caring, learning.
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Ekman, Sirkka-Liisa, Astrid Norberg, Tarja-Brita Robins Wahlin, and Bengt Winblad. "Dimensions and Progression in the Interaction between Bilingual/Monolingual Caregivers and Bilingual Demented Immigrants: Analysis of Video-Recorded Morning Care Sessions in Institutions Coded by Means of the Erikson Theory of “Eight Stages of Man”." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 41, no. 1 (July 1995): 29–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/3tjc-32dn-3qf2-38mh.
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Seven demented Finnish immigrants were video-recorded during morning care together with bilingual and monolingual Swedish-speaking caregivers. A phenomenological-hermeneutic analysis of the video-recordings inspired by Ricoeur's philosophy was performed. The structural analysis was made by means of the Erikson theory of “eight stages of man.” A statistical analysis was done in order to study dimensions and progression of interaction and compare the communication seen in relation to how caregivers supported the patients' integrity.
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Reis, Olaf, and Heike M. Buhl. "Individuation during adolescence and emerging adulthood – five German studies." International Journal of Behavioral Development 32, no. 5 (September 2008): 369–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025408093653.
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Among theories describing human relationships and interactions, individuation theory has increasingly gained attention over the last three decades. After ideas of individuation were introduced to the USA by German emigrants, such as Erik Erikson and Peter Blos, a second generation of American researchers brought the issue to the fore during the 1980s. Since then, German research has taken up the topic. Current lines of German research resonate with contemporary American research (e.g., Allen, Smetana), but also explore possible extensions of the theory. Here we introduce five German studies that explore relations between individuation and attachment, interactions between transmissions and relationships, or try to extend individuation theory beyond adolescence and the family system.
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KS, Vijayalakshmi. "Psycho-Historical Perceptions of Gandhi." Artha - Journal of Social Sciences 17, no. 2 (April 1, 2018): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.12724/ajss.45.6.
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The literature on leadership has its roots in the “Great Man” Theory of Thomas Carlyle, who declared that “The history of the world is but the biography of great men”. These works which emphasised only political, economic, and social motivations for events, gave way to Erikson‟s, “Gandhi‟s Truth: On the Origins of Militant Nonviolence”, is an attempt at understanding Gandhi through a Psycho-biographical study. Psycho-history analyses the incidents that left a deep impression on Gandhi and examines these experiences that Gandhi used on his techniques such as fasting, Ahimsa and Satyagraha later on. The present paper is a historiographical account of the psycho-historical writings on Gandhi. Erikson‟s seminal work which actually gained for Psychohistory its recognition, forms the major source of this paper and also includes some more recently published works such as Wolpert, Richards and Lelyveld. These narratives have explored the varied facets of his personality and his identity which had blurred between myth and history. Gandhi in most writings is raised to the stature of the Mahatma, but psycho-history has done justice to his character as it brings out the human side of the leader with all his frailties.
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Fajar, Yusri. "Identity Construction In Samuel Beckett’s Waiting For Godot." ATAVISME 16, no. 2 (December 30, 2013): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24257/atavisme.v16i2.88.129-140.
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This paper scrutinizes the formation of the identity of the characters in Samuel Beckett’s famous play Waiting for Godot. One of the characters whose identity is constructed is Godot, a mysterious absent figure. The other characters, such as Vladimir and Estragon actively construct Godot’s identity. Thus, the formation of identity cannot be separated from the social construction in which a lot of characteristics are attributed by the members of the large community. The theory of identity elaborated by Stuart Hall and Erikson is employed to examine the play. The study shows that Godot and other characters’ identity is unstable and fluid. The characteristics of their identity are ambiguous and even challenged.
Abstrak:
Artikel ini mengkaji pembentukan identitas karakter dalam drama terkenal Waiting for Godot karya Samuel Beckett. Salah satu karakter yang dikonstruksi identitasnya adalah Godot, sosok misterius yang tidak pernah muncul. Karakter lain, seperti Vladimir dan Estragon secara aktif mengonstruksi identitas Godot. Oleh sebab itu, pembentukan identitas tidak dapat dipisahkan dari konstruksi sosial yang dimasuki banyak karakteristik oleh anggota masyarakat luas. Teori identitas Stuart Hall dan Erikson digunakan untuk menganalisis drama tersebut. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa identitas Godot dan karakter lain tidak stabil dan cair. Karakteristik identitas mereka ambigu dan bahkan meragukan.
Kata-Kata Kunci: identit; ambiguitas; Godot
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POLEZHAYEV, Dmitry V. "SOCIOLOGY OF IDENTITY OF ERICH H. ERIKSON: GNOSEOLOGICAL POSSIBILITIES AND CONTENT BOUNDARIES." PRIMO ASPECTU, no. 3(47) (September 15, 2021): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.35211/2500-2635-2021-3-47-7-14.
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The article examines the phenomenon of identity in the view of E. Erickson, through the prism of sociology, social psychology and philosophy. The types of identity proposed by Erickson are revealed through their content characteristics and social role. In the context of the theory of the identity crisis, the author proposes for understanding the factors of influence on the formation of a personality in social space. Identification is understood as a process of continuous comparison of themselves by the subjects of social reality (individual, social group, large human community) with other subjects. Social identity is presented by the author as an open process that continues in the context of a specific socio-cultural space. Through the prism of a mental approach to understanding the problems of interaction between society and a person, the epistemological possibilities and content boundaries of Erich H. Erickson's sociology in understanding the phenomenon of identity as a socially individual phenomenon are determined.
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Tubei, Martha J., H. M. N. Kodero, and C. Kimani. "Single Parenting and the Emotions of Adolescents in Secondary Schools Examining the Case of Eldoret Municipality, Kenya." Jumuga Journal of Education, Oral Studies, and Human Sciences (JJEOSHS) 4, no. 1 (April 8, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.35544/jjeoshs.v4i1.32.
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The article sets out to demonstrate the influence of single parenting on the emotions of adolescents in secondary schools in Eldoret Municipality. It sets on the premise that the family is the basic functional social unit in determining the healthy growth and development of children. That emotional wellbeing of the child is significantly tied to the parenting styles and skills. In its methodology, it employs the descriptive study design. Computer programmes, both descriptive and inferential statistics were used in data analyses. The descriptive statistics used in analysis includes means, frequencies and percentages, whereas inferential statistics were t-test for independent samples and Chi-square tests; with results of the analysis showed that there was non-significant difference. Students from single parent families and those from two parent families do not differ in their emotional level t(279) =-.49,P =.626. It is theoretically informed by Erik Erikson’s (1982) theory of psychosocial development. The central argument of Erikson’s theories emphasizes on the importance of early childhood experiences on later growth and development of the child. Erikson (1968) hypothesized that the personality of an individual forms as the ego progresses through a series of interrelated stages. Each of these ego stages has critical period of development. Personality develops in a series of turning points, which he described in terms of dichotomous of desirable qualities and dangers. The study findings provided a basis for equipping teachers, couples, single parents, policy makers and organization dealing with children on psychological well-being and adolescents from single families and those from intact families.
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Dowd, E. Thomas, Harry F. Pepper, and Cynthia Seibel. "Developmental Correlates of Psychological Reactance." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 15, no. 3 (January 2001): 239–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.15.3.239.
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These two studies investigated the relationship of psychological reactance to the eight developmental stages according to the theory of Erik Erikson. More reactant individuals were found to be less psychosocially healthy, less positive and more negative in developmental state attitudes, less trusting, more autonomous, possessing a greater sense of identity, and less intimate than less reactant individuals. Verbally reactant individuals were found to be more psychosocially healthy whereas behaviorally reactant individuals were found to be less psychosocially healthy. It appears that reactant individuals have elevated autonomy and identity over trust and intimacy. Reactance appears to derive from the earlier developmental stages more than the later stages.
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Scott, Rachel, Danielle Nadorff, Loriena Yancura, and Melissa Barnett. "Respect Your Elders: The Relation Between Generativity and Life Satisfaction in Custodial Grandparents." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 348–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1120.
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Abstract In Erikson’s (1950) theory of psychosocial development, generativity is defined as the drive to benefit future generations and leave a legacy. The prototypical individual satisfies this generative desire through parenthood in midlife. This stage has been shown to expand into later life due to grandparenthood (Erikson, 1982). Generativity has been shown to predict life satisfaction, but the amount of generative concern and action can be impacted by factors such as perceived respect from younger generations (Cheng, 2009). The current study examined adults aged 40 and older (M age = 61 yr) using a nationwide sample from Qualtrics Panel Service to assess the extent to which perceived respect moderates the relation between generativity and life satisfaction in custodial grandparents. Results indicated that perceived respect from the grandchild was found to have a moderating effect on the relation between generativity of custodial grandparents and life satisfaction. Results suggest that for those who perceive low levels of respect from their grandchildren, the more generativity they express, the lower their life satisfaction. For those who perceive higher levels of respect from their grandchildren, the more generativity they express, the higher their life satisfaction. These findings suggest that as attempts to be generative increase, life satisfaction fluctuates. This may in turn impact the likelihood of generative actions from the custodial grandparent.
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Wang, Jue. "Neither Xi (洗) Nor Jin (浸), But Fu (袚): Zhang Yijing’s (张亦镜) Translation of Baptism, Viewed from the Perspective of Identity." Transformation: An International Journal of Holistic Mission Studies 34, no. 3 (September 28, 2016): 214–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265378816667276.
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This paper studies the key issue of how the concept of baptism is translated into Chinese. The primary source material is a series of papers written by Zhang Yijing (张亦镜) and published in True Light during the 1920s. Reviewing Zhang’s work, I argue that translation strategies alone are insufficient to explain the choice of translation used. This conclusion is supported by a text analysis of his translation choices and a survey of the methods used. Building on the theory of identity (the fruits of current scholars whose common roots lead back to Erik Erikson), it is argued that the perspective of identity provides a fuller understanding of the motives behind the translator’s choices.
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Echard, Allison. "Making Sense of Self: An Autoethnographic Study of Identity Formation for Adolescents in Music Therapy." Music Therapy Perspectives 37, no. 2 (2019): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mtp/miz008.
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Abstract Told through my experiences of working with three teenagers who had mild and moderate developmental disabilities, this autoethnographic study considers identity formation as a core concept in music therapy clinical practice. In doing so, I explored theories of identity formation, including those described by Erikson (1950, Childhood and society, Norton), Marcia and colleagues (1993, Ego identity: A handbook for psychosocial research, Springer), and Crocetti, Rubini, and Meeus (2008, Journal of Adolescence, 31(2), 207–222), relating these concepts to each of the teenagers I worked with. This article, therefore, chronicles the ways in which my clinical thinking shifted from a skills-based approach to one that considers the client’s identity as a whole, leading to suggestions of ways to integrate identity formation theory into clinical practice.
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Donald Capps. "Erik H. Erikson, Norman Rockwell, and the Therapeutic Functions of a Questionable Painting." American Imago 65, no. 2 (2008): 191–228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/aim.0.0016.
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Krivins, A. "The motivational peculiarities of bribe-takers." SHS Web of Conferences 40 (2018): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20184001006.
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Criminology (as the scientific study of criminal behaviour on the individual and social level) and psychology (as the science, which seeks to understand individuals and groups) pay special attention to motivation – a theoretical construction, used to explain behaviour. In this article the motivation of recipients of bribery is widely investigated. In addition to such well-established motives as greediness, selfishness, prevalence of personal interest, the author analyzes also other criminal behaviour determinants. The works, which are used in this research are of the following authors: John Broadus Watson, Edward Lee Thorndike (Behavioural); Sigmund Freud, Erich Fromm (Psychoanalysis); Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow (Existential-humanistic theories); William Isaac Thomas (Thomas theorem); Florian Witold Znaniecki (sociological theory); Erik Homburger Erikson (theory on psychosocial development of human beings); Jean William Fritz Piaget (theory of cognitive development); Herbert Lefcourt, Ronald Smith (Locus of Control) etc. As the result of this research the author has concluded that bribe-takers’ behaviour is determined by such psychological constructs as the desire for power, fear, envy, mental deflections, mania, feeling of exclusion, the need for extreme, oppressed creativity.
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Hartanta, Amelia. "Where My Heart Belongs." K@ta Kita 6, no. 3 (November 16, 2018): 242–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.9744/katakita.6.3.242-248.
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Teen drama films, which usually consist of “finding self-identity”, usually talk about how the teenagers survive, trying to fit in the society so they can be accepted as another identity. My creative work is abouta girl who has been compared by her mother to her sister since her childhood and also being bullied because she does not have good grades, thus leads her to grow into a ball of inferiority and lose herself. She goes on a journey with her punk friends to find her father and finally, she finds her true self. The main subject matter for this creative work is self-identity. However, the theme is how social environment can make people feel inferior and shape someone’s identity. The theory used for this work is ‘Stages of Psychosocial Development’ by Erik Erikson. This theory helps to find the crisis inside a specific range of ages when the stage is not met.
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Clarke, Harold D., Jonathan Rapkin, and Marianne C. Stewart. "A President Out of Work: A Note on the Political Economy of Presidential Approval in the Bush Years." British Journal of Political Science 24, no. 4 (October 1994): 535–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123400006992.
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On 3 November 1992 the American electorate dismissed President George Bush after a campaign in which his opponents repeatedly criticized his management – or mismanagement – of the nation's sluggish economy. Although the salience of economic issues in the 1992 election is consistent with the emphasis placed on economic conditions in most studies of presidents' job approval ratings, the results of these studies have recently been challenged. Based on analyses of quarterly data for the 1953–88 period, MacKuen, Erikson and Stimson conclude that voters' subjective evaluations of the long-term performance of the national economy are crucial. Controlling for such expectations, retrospective judgements about economic performance and objective economic conditions are not important determinants of approval of the president. These conclusions are at odds both with the traditional ‘reward-punishment’ theory that emphasizes the importance of retrospective economic evaluations for approval of the president and with the revisionist ‘issue-priority’ theory which contends that inflation and unemployment rates have differential effects on support for Republican and Democratic presidents.
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Kihlgren, Mona, Anita Hallgren, Astrid Norberg, and Ingvar Karlsson. "Integrity Promoting Care of Demented Patients: Patterns of Interaction during Morning Care." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 39, no. 4 (December 1994): 303–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/lrlc-r7b9-flju-gd06.
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Video-recorded morning care sessions ( n = 49) of demented nursing home patients ( n = 5), were analyzed before, as well as after, training of the staff in integrity promoting care. A phenomenological-hermeneutic analysis was performed based on the Erikson theory of “eight stages of man” and musical notations were used for the analysis of courses of events. The analysis revealed five main patterns of interaction; positive, negative, intermediate, negative/intermediate turned into positive by the patient, and negative/intermediate turned into positive by the caregiver. Before the training, negative and intermediate patterns dominated (58%), while positive patterns dominated (84%) after the training. The positive patterns of interaction were characterized by the caregiver communicating with the patient as a competent partner, showing humanity, respect and support. The activity was carried out in intimacy. This led to the patient displaying more and more ability.
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Stevenson-Moessner, Jeanne. "Cultural Dissolution: “I Lost Africa”." Missiology: An International Review 14, no. 3 (July 1986): 313–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009182968601400305.
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Cultural consolidation, introduced in the works of Erik Erikson, is difficult for the missionary child who has often been exposed to two or three cultures, unlike the children of uni-cultural experience upon which the Eriksonian developmental theory has been built. This article introduces the concept of cultural dissolution, the fragmentation of cultural identity into its distinct cultural components. The distinctness and impact of the various cultures to which the individual has been exposed may prevent the consolidation upon which a cultural identity depends, leaving a kind of cultural confusion, a lack of consolidation. The cultural equilibrium is most often upset for multicultured missionary children in their adolescent years upon returning to their “first culture.” Not only is the phenomenon of “rootlessness” or ambiguity toward “home” explored in the article, but the implications of a theological rootlessness as well.
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Bütz, Michael R. "The Fractal Nature of the Development of the Self." Psychological Reports 71, no. 3_suppl (December 1992): 1043–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1992.71.3f.1043.
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This paper provides a discussion of the life cycle using a framework constructed from ideas in chaos theory. Building upon psychodynamic ideas from Freud, Jung, and Erikson, the integration of the Self is discussed from the viewpoint of Analytical Psychology. It is proposed that throughout our lives we encounter crisis points that fractionate the ego and necessitate use of more complex and adaptive psychic structures to contain or handle the seemingly disparate qualities that arise. We may say that eventually one aspires to realize Analytical Psychology's goal of integrating the superior and the inferior functions of the psyche into a cohesive Self. Jung seemed to state that the Self could never be attained, but it is argued in this paper that a form of transitory self may be realized periodically during the course of the life cycle.
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Rizqiyah, Nayla, and Dinie Anggraeni Dewi. "Pengaruh Media Sosial Twitter Terhadap Wawasan Kebangsaan Remaja Indonesia dari Perspektif Psikologi Sosial." Journal on Education 3, no. 3 (May 5, 2021): 230–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31004/joe.v3i3.372.
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The stage of human development in psychology is divided into several phases. In this case, the social psychology theory of development and behavior will be used to explore the patterns of social media influence. By using the case study method, this study aims to determine how the influence of Twitter social media on the national insight of adolescents. According to Erikson, adolescence begins at the age of 15-20 years. The main instrument that influences the national insight of the younger generation today is content from Twitter users themselves, as well as from influencers or public figures who provide knowledge or introduce new mindsets in dealing with national issues. Sometimes it is just to add the national insight that Twitter users have. The purpose of writing this article is to find out how teenage Twitter users are able to accept existing content and how it affects their national insight
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Miller, Diane L. "Being Called to Account Understanding Adolescents’ Narrative Identity Construction in Institutional Contexts." Qualitative Social Work 10, no. 3 (August 9, 2011): 311–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1473325011409479.
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With social workers’ long tradition of involvement in probation, juvenile court, and the prison system, correctional institutions are a central institutional context in which social work practice occurs. Analyzing the experiences of young women residing in a correctional facility for youth, this study applies Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory as a framework for understanding the role institutional contexts play in adolescents’ narrative identity construction. Multiple open-ended interviews were conducted with seven young women who had participated in a specialized treatment program during their residence at a correctional training school in the Midwest area of the United States; the specialized treatment program concerned the young women’s sexually abusive behaviors towards others. The process of collaborative meaning- and identity-making occurring between residents and staff at the institution can best be framed using Vygotsky’s concepts of guided learning and the development of inner speech. Penuel and Wertsch’s sociocultural theory of identity formation, which brings together the work of Vygotsky on social learning and Erikson on identity development, is used as a theoretical tool for framing the role that institution staff play in shaping the young women’s identities.
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Kai-fu, Chen. "A Study of Amir’s Psychological Change in The Kite Runner." English Language Teaching 12, no. 5 (April 21, 2019): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v12n5p190.
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The Kite Runner is a representative novel by Afghan-American writer Khaled Hosseini. In this novel, Hassan’s loyalty moved countless readers while Amir’s betrayal shocked and even angered many readers. In the researcher’s view, all behaviors of the protagonist, Amir, such as his betrayal, guilt and redemption, are closely related to his psychological changes. From mistrust to doubt, guilt to inferiority, self-accusation to role confusion, and from being willing to love to devotion, different psychological states lead to different emotional needs and behaviors. Admittedly, the whole psychological process is actually a journey of growth for Amir. By employing Erikson’s psycho-social development theory to analyze Amir’s psychological change in different stages, this paper aims to reveal Amir’s inner world so that we can have a better understanding of the reasons for Amir’s sin and cowardice.
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Paranjpe, Anand C. "Theories of Self and Cognition." Psychology and Developing Societies 22, no. 1 (March 2010): 5–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097133360902200102.
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In this article, select theories of self and cognition from the Indian tradition are examined and interpreted in light of contemporary psychology. The affirmation and denial of the self in respectively the Upaniṣadic and Buddhist traditions of India are explained and are critically compared with their counterparts in the works of Erik Erikson and B.F. Skinner. It is argued that, to properly understand the differing theories, it is necessary to carefully examine what is it that they affirm or deny in the name of self, on what grounds, and to what consequences. A theory of cognition from the Advaita school of Indian thought is outlined and explained to indicate how it enriches the view of transcendental self in the Upaniṣadic tradition. This theory is shown to be constructivist in a way similar to Piaget’s theory. A meditative technique based on the Advaita theory of cognition is briefly described, and it is pointed out how its successful practice leads to a deconstruction of the ego and also to important existential benefits. It is shown how the technique also provides a means to validate the theory. A brief account of a modern sage who successfully followed the Advaita approach to self-realisation is given by way of a case study to illustrate how it plays out in real life. The article is concluded with a discussion on Indian and Western psychologies and implications for future research.
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Lin, Li-Hui. "Generativity and the contribution of services among older adults in Taiwan." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 8, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 212–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol8.iss5.2336.
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This study aims to analysis the relationship between generativity and contribution services. Erikson (1997) pointed out in his Psychosocial Developmental Theory that if an individual was lack of active participation while progressing from stage 7 to stage 8, the individual will tend to be in despair, getting pessimistic. This will eventually cause the individual fail to achieve self-identity. Moreover, Schoklitsch and Baumann (2011) emphasized that generativity is an essential factor to maintain psychological health in old ages. This theory had been approved by Baltes and Baltes (1990) that they regarded generativity and wisdom as the best portrayal of the old age life. It can be seen that generativity is indeed an important study issue in the field of gerontology. In addition, older adults have contributive needs, according to McClusky’s (1971) Margin Theory of Needs. Older adults wanted to give a helping hand to the society. They hoped that both their contribution and themselves will be valued and appreciated. Through their devotion, they wished they could change public’s stereotype of older adults. To be concrete, the purpose of this study is as follows: to understand the relationship between generativity and the contribution of services; to analyze the characteristics, actions and influential factors of generativity; to explore motivations behind, effectiveness of, and influences on the contribution of services. In order to achieve above purposes, this study adopted questionnaire survey method.
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Ekman, Sirkka-Liisa, Tarja-Brita Robins Wahlin, Astrid Norberg, and Bengt Winblad. "Relationship between Bilingual Demented Immigrants and Bilingual/Monolingual Caregivers." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 37, no. 1 (July 1993): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/nu87-fgp0-cneu-dch5.
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This study illuminates the relationship between bilingual demented patients and bilingual/monolingual caregivers during morning care sessions regarding the promotion of integrity in demented persons. Seven demented Finnish immigrants were videotaped during morning care together with bilingual and monolingual Swedish-speaking caregivers. A phenomenological-hermeneutic analysis of the videotapes was performed based on Ricoeur's philosophy. The structural analysis was made by means of the Erikson theory of “eight stages of man.” Comparisons were made regarding demented immigrants' relationships with Swedish-Finnish speaking and Swedish speaking caregivers respectively. Three different patterns of relationship were seen: positive, negative, and mixed relationship. The study showed that bilingual caregivers' relationships with bilingual patients was positive or mainly positive (mixed), while the monolingual Swedish speaking caregivers had severe problems communicating with the same patients and therefore had more difficulties creating a positive relationship with them. It seems important that bilingual caregivers engage in the care of demented bilingual patients in order to help them use their latent competence and show themselves more clearly in the communication with their caregivers.
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Stojkovic, Irena, Sanja Dimoski, and Jovan Miric. "Construction of a religious identity status questionnaire." Psihologija 53, no. 2 (2020): 199–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi190706020s.
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This study presents a construction and psychometric evaluation of the Religious Identity Status Questionnaire ? RISQ for the assessment of the religious identity status according to Marcia?s ego identity status approach. The initial item pool was generated based on Erikson?s theory of psychosocial development, Marcia?s ego identity status approach and interviews with adolescents and young adults. A factor analysis of the initial item pool was performed on data obtained from a sample of 394 secondary school and university students from Serbia to select items for the questionnaire. Validity of the questionnaire was examined on a sample of 1155 subjects. The results of the CFA suggest that subscales of the RISQ measure four factors corresponding to the identity statuses of Marcia?s model. Correlations with ideological identity subscales of the EOM?EIS?2 suggest the convergent validity of the questionnaire. Configural measurement invariance was established for gender and denominational groups. Metric invariance was established for gender and among orthodox and catholic participants, whereas scalar invariance was established for gender, but not for denominational groups.
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Tisnawijaya, Christy, and Puji Astuti. "PSYCHOPATHIC PERSONALITY DISORDER IN LARSSON’S “THE GIRL WITH THE DRAGON TATTOO”." Lire Journal (Journal of Linguistics and Literature) 4, no. 2 (October 12, 2020): 140–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/lire.v4i2.82.
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This paper investigates how childhood trauma causes someone to suffer from a personality disorder. The narrative discussed in this paper is The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo by Stieg Larsson (2005). The main character of the story, Martin Vanger, is unable to comprehend other’s feelings and gets pleasure from hurting women. These psychopathic behaviors are triggered by the traumatic events he endured during childhood. He was sexually assaulted by his father and was forced to watch him killing women. These experiences are the seeds of crimes that Martin commits as an adult. By using descriptive analysis, this paper explores how Martin, who was once a victim of child abuse, turns into the abuser. Freud states that someone’s personality is influenced by the interaction of id, ego, and super-ego (1993). Furthermore, Erikson believes that someone’s personality is also shaped by nature and nurture (1977). Therefore, psychoanalysis theory along with psychological approach is applied to examine the character’s psyche, mainly to reveal the causes of psychopathic personality disorder suffered by the main character. The result shows that traumatic experiences during childhood generate anxiety; guilt, shame, and agony affect the character’s psychosocial development.
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Kihlgren, M., A. Hallgren, A. Norberg, and I. Karlsson. "Disclosure of Basic Strengths and Basic Weaknesses in Demented Patients during Morning Care, before and after Staff Training: Analysis of Video-Recordings by Means of the Erikson Theory of “Eight Stages of Man”." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 43, no. 3 (January 1, 1996): 219–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/y3yl-r51v-mcpc-mw37.
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In the field of care for aging persons, it is commonly understood that personality changes occur in dementia patients. It is reported to be a consistent part of the clinical syndrome and to occur early in the disease. The aim of this study was to investigate if strengths and weaknesses, described by E. H. and J. M. Erikson as basic qualities in the person, could be interpreted in severely demented patients during a caring activity, and if a difference in these qualities could be seen after staff completed a training program in “integrity promoting care.” The morning care of five patients was video-recorded and a phenomenological-hermeneutic analysis of the patient's and staff's interaction was conducted. The findings indicate that the complex qualities of someone's personality are more preserved than could be expected considering the cognitive handicap. It seems, however, that demented patients need a special, supportive environment for their full mental potential to be realized. It is reasonable to assume that, if the staff are given knowledge of how to create a positive climate for the demented patients and the opportunity to implement it, the patients will show a rich pattern of mental reactions in spite of their dementia.
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Ihanus, Juhani. "Paul Roazen, Political Theory and the Psychology of the Unconscious. Freud, J. S. Mill, Nietzsche, Dostoevsky, Fromm, Bettelheim, and Erikson. London: Open Gate Press, 2000." International Forum of Psychoanalysis 12, no. 4 (December 2003): 275–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08037060310018274.
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