Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Eritrea Eritrea Eritrea Italy Eritrea'

This thesis aims to increase understanding of the sanctions imposed on Eritrea by the United Nations Security Council. The question this thesis asks is “why the security council imposed the sanctions”, and “how did these sanctions affect the country and its population?”. In this study, I have used text analysis, a content analysis method to analyze the resolution the protocol, in order to gain understanding of the motive for sanctions. The resolution and the protocol are the primary source of information. As a secondary source of information, I have used several research analyses. These selected materials have been helpful to answer the questions this thesis raised.      The results reveal that sanctions imposed on a country appear to never reach their targets, they rather hurt the common people. It is also observed that sanction have negative consequences for a country. They can lead to political turmoil, economic hardship, and they can worsen the standard of living for people within a country. When people do not see a bright future in their own country, they will leave in hope of finding a better life elsewhere. Sanctions also have a negative impact on democracy. To stay in power, the rulers in a country will take undemocratic measures such as being more restrictive on opposition groups, journalists, and introduce changes in many areas that may be perceived as undemocratic.        Ultimately international organization has failed to reach its goals. If the organization choose to impose sanctions against a country, the sanctions have to be well thought out and should be based on facts. The UN’s treatment of Eritrea can be called into question.   Due to the sanctions, four million people in Eritrea live under critical condition and many of the country’s young population flee the country for better life elsewhere. One should remember that the UN’s sanctions have negative consequences for Eritrea.

The aim of this thesis is analysing the way in which second-generation Eritreans in Bologna re-construct their Eritrean identity. The originality of the thesis is the fact that this type of research has not been done in Bologna yet: Bologna is a multicultural city where its left-wing tradition has appreciated cultural differences differently from other cities in Italy, such as Milan.To reach the aim of the thesis I interviewed some second-generations Eritreans who were born and grew up in Italy. I also used some previous researches that have been conducted in Italy and abroad about the re-creation of second-generation Eritreans’ identity. The whole research is framed in a theoretical framework, which is composed by the definition of four concepts that are useful for the research; these concepts are: culture, identity, nation, and, diaspora.According to this study, there are many ways in which second-generation Eritreans shape their identity in Bologna. The main ways in which second-generation Eritreans shape their Eritrean identity in Bologna are: the encounter with other Eritreans, their parents’ roots, the language, and the holiday trips back to Eritrea.

Privatization has become a central feature of the economic policies of nations in the developed and developing world. Eritrea has also embarked on a privatisation program for the state-owned enterprises. It privatised 39 manufacturing enterprises from 1997-2001 in the hope that the enterprises might be restructured into more efficient, profitable, competent and value creating private enterprises. This thesis assessed the impact of privatisation on the operating efficiency, profitability, employment, wages and tax payment of the Eritrean newly privatised manufacturing enterprises.

Thesis (MPA)--Stellenbosch University, 2003.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis offers a descriptive study of the empirical customs issues that are required to reform the Eritrean Customs Administration towards its alignment to the global situation. The first chapter as a general introduction encompasses the background, the research premise and the methodology adopted. The second chapter discusses public service reform by putting emphasis on institutional and regulatory reform as framework of analysis. The intention is to review the generic characteristics of public service reform as macro-environment of customs administration in order to analyze the attributes of the general context shared by customs as a public service. Considering customs as a component of the broader environment of public service, the third chapter of the thesis focuses on the contemporary body of knowledge of customs administration that serves as a conceptual framework and micro-analysis of customs. In this section, the core issues and priorities of customs' service modernisation are highlighted; customs' best practices, standards and procedures as seen from the perspective ofthe new challenges of globalisation are also reviewed. From these reviews chapter three underlies two basic facts. First it is justified that raising customs' operation to a uniform, high standard procedure and achieving excellence in the customs service is a prerequisite for trade and tourism in general and promoting export in particular. Second, investment decisions will be made on the basis of a country's ability to provide an environment that is conducive to maintain a reliable, low-cost flow of goods and components with minimal trade barriers. Furthermore, the international trade, social and economic environments are in fact changing. World economies and communities are becoming more reliant on cooperation, partnerships, understanding and harmonisation. Factors such as growth in trade volume and tourism, trade liberalisation and investment, falling transport and communications costs and increasing international competition are driving customs administrations world-wide to change their traditional procedures. More importantly, customs administrations are expected to manage ever-increasing complexities and levels of transactions with static or ever-decreasing resources. Similarly, customs are requested to strike and maintain the right balance between control and facilitation. Hence, this thesis builds on the premise that Eritrea should align its customs administration to the global situation as an essential institution of national and international policy by reforming and modernising its management methods and operational procedures. In the above idea, while reform measures in customs administration are aimed at identifying alternative ways and means of achieving greater efficiency and effectiveness in the service delivery, customs modernisation implies the change in or adoption of best management practices, standards and procedures facilitated by up-to-date information technology, in order to bring the fun benefits of customs as contributor to economic growth in Eritrea. This positive correlation between effective customs administration and the economic growth ensured - inter alia through increased volume of trade and tourist flows as wen as direct foreign investment - constitutes the bases for reviewing the Eritrean economic background in the fourth chapter, as a macro-context and as a guide for the required reform and modernisation measures in Eritrean customs. The rationale is that any national public sector reform strategy is unlikely to succeed unless it actively takes into account the macro-environment as determinant factor and point of departure in deciding the type of policies, institutions, and resources required for a reform at micro-level. As a result it can be said that the state reforms that have already been carried out in Eritrea are designed to create a favourable atmosphere, among others for the three core potentials for economic growth in Eritrea, namely investment, export and tourism. However, these potentials collectively request customs modernisation for their positive contribution to the Eritrean economy. Subsequently, the aforementioned background brings into perspective the need for reform and modernisation measures in the face of the challenges of globalisation and in line to the intent of the macro-policy reforms and identified potentials of the Eritrean economy. Therefore, the thesis analyzes in the fifth chapter the customs practice in Eritrea. And thereafter, it is concluded by the two underpinning parameters as essentials for transforming the practice of customs in Eritrea. First, institutional transformation is required in the sense that one of the critical capabilities that have lacked is the ability to formulate and analyse policies. Typically this implies that customs has been lacking institutions and their infrastructure along with the human resource base that reflects the specialisation that is needed. Second, regulatory transformation is required in the sense that there should be an updated enabling environment in place as an instrument to implement policies.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie tesis word verslag gedoen oor 'n deskriptiewe navorsingstudie ten opsigte van die empiriese doeane-kwessies wat nodig is om die Eritrese doeane-administrasie te hervorm ten einde dit in lyn te bring met die situasie wêreldwyd. Om dit te kan doen, word die hervorming van die staatsdiens in die tweede hoofstuk bespreek en word klem gelê op institusionele en regulatoriese hervorming as raamwerk vir die analise. Die bedoeling is om 'n oorsig te verkry van die generiese kenmerke van staatsdienshervorming as makro-omgewing van doeaneadministrasie ten einde die eienskappe te analiseer van die algemene konteks wat deur doeane, as staatsdiens, gedeel word. In die derde hoofstuk van hierdie tesis word aan doeane as komponent van die groter omgewing van die staatsdiens aandag gegee, en word daar ook op die kontemporêre kennisgeheel van doeane-administrasie wat as konseptueie raamwerk en mikro-analise van doeane dien, gefokus. In hierdie afdeling word die kernvraagstukke en prioriteite ten opsigte van die modernisering van die doeanediens belig. Doeane se beste praktyke, standaarde en prosedures, soos gesien vanuit die perspektief van die nuwe uitdagings van globalisering, word ook in oënskou geneem. Volgens hierdie oorwegings is daar twee feite grondliggend aan Hoofstuk 3. Eerstens is dit verantwoordbaar dat verbetering van die werkswyse van die doeane tot 'n uniforme, hoëstandaardprosedure en die bereiking van uitmuntendheid in die doeanediens 'n voorvereiste is vir handel en toerisme in die algemeen en vir die bevordering van uitvoer in die besonder. Tweedens sal beleggingsbesluite geneem word op die basis van 'n land se vermoë om 'n omgewing te verskaf wat bevorderlik is vir die instandhouding van 'n betroubare laekostevloei van goedere en komponente met 'n minimum handelsbeperkinge. Verder is internasionale handel sowel as die sosiale en ekonomiese omgewings besig om te verander. Wêreldekonomieë en -gemeenskappe raak al meer afhanklik van samewerking, vennootskappe, begrip en harmoniëring. Faktore soos die groei in handelsvolume en toerisme, handelsbevryding en belegging, dalende vervoer- en kommunikasiekoste en toenemende internasionale mededinging dwing doeane-administrasies wêreldwyd om hulle tradisionele prosedures te verander. Belangriker selfs is dat daar van doeane-administrasie verwag word om steeds toenemende kompleksiteite en transaksievlakke met statiese en geleidelik kwynende hulpbronne te behartig. Insgelyks word van doeane verlang om die regte balans tussen beheer en fasilitering te verkry en te handhaaf. Hierdie tesis bou dus op die premis dat Eritrea as 'n essensiële instelling van nasionale en internasionale belang sy doeane-administrasie op een lyn moet bring met die situasie wêreldwyd deur hervorming en modernisering van die bestuursmetodes en operasionele prosedures. In die bostaande gedagte impliseer modernisering van doeane die verandering in of aanpassing van bestebestuurspraktyke, standaarde en prosedures gefasiliteer deur byderwetse tegnologie, alhoewel hervormingsmaatreëls in doeane-administrasie op identifisering van alternatiewe middele tot groter doeltreffendheid en doelmatigheid ten opsigte van die dienslewering gemik is om daardeur die volle voordeel van die doeane se bydrae tot die ekonomiese groei in Eritrea te verwesenlik. In die vierde hoofstuk maak die positiewe korrelasie tussen effektiewe doeane-administrasie en ekonomiese groei, wat onder andere deur verhoogde volume "in die handels- en toeristevloei sowel as direkte buitelandse belegging verseker is, die basis uit vir hersiening van die Eritrese ekonomiese agtergrond. Hierdeur word 'n makrokonteks verkry om as gids te dien vir die vereiste maatreëls vir hervorming en modernisering in die Eritrese doeane. Die beredenering hiervoor is dat dit onwaarskynlik is dat enige nasionale openbaresektorstrategie sal slaag tensy dit die makro-omgewing, as deurslaggewende faktor en vertrekpunt in die besluit ten opsigte van beleide, instellings en hulpbronne wat benodig word vir hervorming op mikrovlak, daadwerklik in gedagte hou. As gevolg hiervan kan gesê word dat staatshervorming wat reeds in Eritrea teweeggebring is, ontwerp is om 'n gunstige atmosfeer te skep, onder andere vir die drie kemmoontlikhede vir ekonomiese groei in Eritrea, naamlik belegging, uitvoer en toerisme. Gesamentlik vereis hierdie moontlikhede egter modernisering van die doeane indien hulle 'n positiewe bydrae tot die Eritrese ekonomie wil maak. Die voorafgaande agtergrond bring dus nou die behoefte aan maatreëls vir hervorming en modernisering in perspektief, met die oog op die uitdagings van globalisering en gevolglik die bedoeling van die makro-beleidshervormings en geïdentifiseerde moontlikhede vir die Eritrese ekonomie. Daarom analiseer hierdie tesis in die vyfde hoofstuk die doeanepraktyk in Eritrea. Daarna word die verslag afgesluit deur die twee stawende parameters as grondtrekke vir hervorming van die doeane-praktyk in Eritrea. Institusionele hervorming is eerstens nodig in die sin dat een van die kritieke bevoegdhede wat tot dusver ontbreek het, die vermoë is om beleide te formuleer en analiseer. Dit impliseer duidelik dat dit die doeane tot dusver ontbreek het aan instellings en hulle infrastruktuur tesame met die menslikehulpbronbasis wat die vereiste spesialisering weerspieël. Tweedens word regulatoriese transformasie benodig in die sin dat daar 'n bygewerkte bemagtigende omgewing moet wees as 'n instrument om hierdie beleide te implementeer.

Magister Educationis - MEd
This study investigates six Eritrean primary school teacher's perceptions of their pre-service education. Six primary school teachers from three different schools in two different regions of Eritrea were interviewed. The researcher investigated whether primary school teachers found the knowledge and/or skill acquired from their pre-service courses in the Asmara Teachers' Training Institute helpful to make and use effective lesson plans, prepare and use relevant teaching aids, assess their students' performance, prepare lesson content, manage the classroom effectively, and select and use relevant teaching methods.
South Africa

Il sisma del 6 aprile ha palesato delle criticità già presenti nel territorio aquilano. Dopo l'emergenza ci si chiede quindi quale debba essere il futuro della città. Quello che risulta più evidente è sicuramente la scomparsa di un'interdipendenza tra città e territorio circostante che era invece alla base della nascita stessa del nucleo storico. Questo era infatti concepito inizialmente come una serie di entità eterogenee separate, 99 rioni che avrebbero ospitato la popolazione di altrettanti villaggi e castelli, ed arriva nel corso dei secoli ad inglobare un territorio molto più ampio di centri minori che si riconoscono nel capoluogo. Anche con la successiva crescita non si è mai sentita la necessità di provvedere ad uno sviluppo organizzato attraverso la realizzazione di servizi, ma si è sempre cercato di mantenere il centro storico come unico contenitore, non solo per la città ma per l'intero territorio. Così lo sviluppo fuori le mura è avvenuto soprattutto per mano privata generando una periferia caotica e disorganizzata come risposta alla domanda di alloggi, a cui non è mai stato dato l'onere, se non in fase progettuale, di sopperire alle necessità urbane di servizi e infrastrutture e soprattutto ad una totale mancanza di pianificazione di sviluppo futuro. Con la completa distruzione del centro storico è scomparso il cuore pulsante del territorio aquilano, a cui è subito seguito anche lo spegnimento della periferia, che gravitava e si appoggiava su di esso per la sua sopravvivenza. A questo punto la scelta di agire sulla prima periferia, in una zona di cerniera con il centro storico, diventa una scelta fondamentale, poiché questa diventa una possibilità per dare luogo ad una rinascita non solo della città dentro le mura ma dell'Aquila moderna. Poiché questo sia possibile è chiaro come l'attenzione maggiore debba rivolgersi non solo alla risposta della domanda abitativa, ma anche alla progettazione di spazi per la collettività, servizi a diversa scala e sedi per il piccolo e medio commercio per rendere possibili nuove opportunità sociali ed economiche. In quest'ottica risulta indispensabile mantenere un collegamento, fisico e visivo, con il centro storico, attraverso la riqualificazione della fascia verde a ridosso delle mura e la sua naturale prosecuzione al di là della strada nell'area di progetto. Una delle problematiche principali è stata inoltre la definizione o meno di un confine. La scelta è stata quella di una struttura aperta: una maglia senza un limite preciso ma con una chiara direzionalità che si rifà a quella del centro storico e che risulta la più adatta ad accogliere gli sviluppi futuri della città. Il progetto cerca quindi di interfacciarsi sempre con quelle che sono le preesistenze (come nel caso della Chiesa di S. Maria Mediatrice), per cui si perde una lettura chiusa del quartiere, a favore di un intervento che vuole essere una ricucitura piuttosto che un'imposizione al luogo. Diretta conseguenza è stata quindi la scelta di lavorare sugli spazi aperti, diversificandoli e caratterizzandoli a seconda delle situazioni, intesi come elementi di relazione, generatori di una fluida sequenza di luoghi, in cui l'edificio che vi trova sede non può essere scisso dal contesto circostante, ma ne diventa elemento complementare. Lo spazio assume così diverse declinazioni nel passaggio dal pubblico al privato, privo di cesure nette, alla ricerca di un abitare collettivo senza rinunce alla propria individualità. Alla varietà dei luoghi, si affianca anche la progettazione diversificata degli alloggi, per rispondere alle contemporanee esigenze dell'abitare.

The aim of this thesis is to compare efforts of Eritrea and Somaliland to obtain independence and to find out why Eritrea was in independence obtaining succesful and Somaliland not. Chapter 1 offers a basic theoretical background concerning a question of international law and formation of a state. Based on basic international law documents regarding this topic it describes crucial terms and principles. Further it discusses a question of secession justifiability and it concerns also application of theoretical principles in reality. Chapter 2 includes basic geographical information and ethnical characteristics of population of both regions. Chapter 3 briefly describes history of both states from their emergence up to the beginning of fifties of the last century. The aim of this chapter is to describe international and internal influences which formed uniqueness of both regions within parent states which later supported the efforts to obtain independence. Chapter 4 is devoted to a concrete description of both areas' efforts to obtain independence in the second half of 20th century. It focuses mainly on international negotiations regarding future of both countries, formation and development of independence movements and the concrete course of independence declaration. Chapter 5 evaluates the course and results of independence struggle in both countries.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In our contemporary globalized world, Eritrean enterprises are challenged with high competition from within and from foreign counterparts. Consequently, only those companies that predict the future and take proactive decisions can win the game. However, none of these organizations have applied formal competitive intelligence practice in a proactive, disciplined, and systematic fashion to defend against threats as well as to exploit opportunities, though informally they do engage in the practice. Some of these informal competitive intelligence practicing companies are relatively 'good performers' and others are 'poor performers'. The level of this competitive intelligence performance is believed to be influenced by organizational culture. This implies that employees who are encouraged and trained to have shared values, beliefs, norms and practices are in a better position to share information and interact with each other with open minds. Here, the free flow of information is the basic ingredient that helps to produce effective competitive intelligence. In an attempt to explore if a statistically significant relationship exists between organizational culture and competitive intelligence performance, a literature study was first carried out to learn from other scholars' work. The literature review was then followed by an empirical study. This empirical part of the study attempted to investigate if Eritrean manufacturers and traders perform informal competitive intelligence practice as well as if there is a positive relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Data was collected through a questionnaire from top level managers. Of the 39 questionnaires distributed, 23 organizations properly completed the questionnaire. Statistical analysis was then computed using the SPSS package to determine the correlations. The relationship between organizational culture and competitive intelligence was determined in two ways: first, it was correlated in terms of the six selected organizational culture dimensions (employee involvement, human resources, organizational focus, communication flow, reward, and trust) and competitive intelligence; and second, in terms of scores of each firm's organizational culture and competitive intelligence. Moreover, the level of the score determined whether these companies performed well or not. In both cases a positive relationship was found between organizational culture and competitive intelligence performance. These results supported the hypothesis that organizational culture does contribute to improved competitive intelligence practice. Furthermore, the finding suggests that Eritrean firms are doing moderately good in their informal competitive intelligence.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In ons huidige globaliseerde wêreld kry Eritrea se ondernemings te doen met sterk kompetisie van binne en van buite die land. Dus floreer net daardie ondermemings wat die toekoms kan voorspel en pro-aktiewe besluite kan neem. Dit is egter waar dat nie een van hierdie organisasies formele, kompeterende intelligensiepraktyke op 'n pro-aktiewe, gedisiplineerde en sistematiese wyse toegepas het om hulself teen dreigemente te beskerm en om geleenthede uit te buit nie; informeel het hulle wel. Sommige van hierdie maatskappye wat informeel kompeterende intelligensie toepas, is betreklike 'goeie presteerders' en ander is 'swak presteerders'. Daar word geglo dat die prestasievlak van hierdie kompeterende intelligensie beïnvloed word deur organisatoriese kultuur. Die implikasie is dat werknemers wat aangemoedig en opgelei is om aan dieselfde dinge te glo en wat dieselfde waardes, norme en praktyke deel, in 'n beter posisie is om inligting te deel en met 'n ope gemoed met mekaar om te gaan. Die vrye vloei van inligting is die basiese bestanddeel wat help om doeltreffende kompeterende intelligensie te produseer. Met die doel om na te vors of daar 'n statisties sinvolle verhouding bestaan tussen organisatoriese kultuur en kompeterende intelligensie, is daar eers 'n literatuurstudie gedoen om uit ander se werk te leer. Na die literatuuroorsig is daar 'n empiriese studie gedoen. Die empiriese deel van die studie poog om na te vors of die vervaardigers en handelaars informele kompeterende intelligensie toepas en ook of daar 'n positiewe verhouding bestaan tussen die onafhanklike en afhanklike veranderlikes. Data is versamel deur middel van 'n vraelys aan hoëvlak bestuurders. Nege-en-dertig vraelyste is uitgestuur waarvan 23 volledig deur die organisasies ingevul is. Statistiese ontleding is toe gedoen om deur middel van die statistiese pakket SPSS die korrelasies te bepaal. Die verhouding tussen organisatoriese kultuur en kompeterende intelligensie is op twee maniere bepaal: dit is eers gekorreleer in terme van die ses geselekteerde organisatoriese kultuurdimensies (werknemer betrokkenheid, menslike hulpbronne, organisatoriese fokus, kommunikasievloei., beloning en vertroue) en kompeterende intelligensie; en tweedens in terme van tellings van elke maatskappy se organisatoriese kultuur en kompeterende intelligensie. Die vlak van die telling het bepaal of die maatskappy goed presteer het of nie. In albei gevalle is daar gevind dat daar 'n positiewe verhouding bestaan tussen organisatoriese kultuur en prestasie in kompeterende intelligensie. Hierdie bevindinge ondersteun die hipotese dat organisatoriese kultuur wel bydra tot verbeterde intelligensiepraktyke. Verder bewys dit dat ondernemings in Eritrea redelik goed vaar in informele kompeterende intelligensie.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
Contains one part in Tigrigna.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Against the background of education reforms, this study was conducted to determine what can be learnt from using lesson study as professional development strategy in Eritrea. The core problem discussed in the study is that the instigators of successive education reforms in Eritrea expected teachers to shift their teaching from more teacher focused to student-centred approaches with little or no support provided to them. This implies that teachers in Eritrean need effective and sustainable support systems that enable them to implement the reform initiatives. In this study, the researcher uses lesson study as a strategy that could provide teacher development experiences to teachers in Eritrea that are different from the traditional one-shot varieties such as workshops, short-term orientations and training of trainer programmes which are often normally provided by the official programmes. Lesson study is a well-established classroom-based activity in which teachers systematically examine their teaching by collaboratively planning, teaching, observing, revising and re-teaching lessons. Several successes with lesson study have been reported in research in Japan, where it has been used extensively, as well as elsewhere. However, no study on teacher professional development has been conducted using lesson study as a strategy within the Eritrean context. This study is an interpretive qualitative case study that explores the effects of lesson study on science teachers’ learning and classroom practice in selected middle schools of Eritrea. It involved twenty one participants – fifteen science teachers, three school directors and three pedagogic heads for a duration of one year. Data were generated through questionnaires, semi-structured focus group interviews, observations, documents for generating research lesson events, video-recordings and photographs. The findings show that participation in lesson study cycles that were extended over a period of time was effective in enhancing the learning of teachers and changing the way they teach science in their classrooms resulting in enhanced students confidence, participation and learning. Evidence reported in this study also indicates that lesson study made a contribution to minimising teacher isolation by bringing teachers together to collaborate and share professional ideas and experiences. Moreover, the findings show the existence of a direct relationship between teachers’ interest in teacher development initiatives and the interest that the school leadership shows in such initiatives and in the extent of support they provide to the participating teachers. Though participants reported receiving benefits from lesson study, they were constrained by a lack of time, curriculum overload, large class-size, teachers’ poor living conditions, lack of suitable space, shortage of resources, students’ poor English proficiency, newness of the process and students’ negligence. This study has also contributed to extending the body of knowledge on lesson study. Finally, it is hoped that the findings of this study may be used as a guiding framework for future teacher development initiatives in the education sector or other professional development programmes in Eritrea.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie is teen die agtergrond van onderwyshervormings in Eritrea onderneem om te bepaal wat uit die gebruik van lesstudie as strategie vir die professionele ontwikkeling van Eritrese opvoeders geleer kon word. Die kernprobleem van die studie is dat die opeenvolgende onderwyshervormings in Eritrea vereis dat onderwysers hulle onderrigbenadering van opvoedergerigte na meer studentegerigte metodes verander, sonder dat hulle enige noemenswaardige ondersteuning ontvang. Dit impliseer dat daardie onderwysers ’n doeltreffende en volhoubare ondersteuningstelsel nodig het om die hervormingsinisiatiewe in werking te stel. Met die lesstudiestrategie wat in hierdie navorsing gebruik is, is onderwysers in Eritrea blootgestel aan ander ontwikkelingservarings as die tradisionele eenmalige weergawes, wat gewoonlik in die vorm van werksessies, korttermynoriënterings en opleier-opleidingsprogramme plaasvind. Lesstudie is ’n gevestigde klaskamergebaseerde aktiwiteit waarin onderwysers hulle eie onderrig stelselmatig ondersoek deur lesse in samewerking met kollegas te beplan, aan te bied, waar te neem, te hersien en weer aan te bied. Verskeie suksesse met lesstudie is al aangemeld in navorsing in Japan, waar dit op groot skaal gebruik word, sowel as elders. Tog is geen studie oor die professionele ontwikkeling van onderwysers in Eritrese verband al met behulp van lesstudie as ’n strategie uitgevoer nie. Die metodologie vir die navorsing was ’n vertolkende kwalitatiewe gevallestudie wat ondersoek ingestel het na die uitwerking van lesstudie op wetenskaponderwysers se leer- en klaskamerpraktyk in uitgesoekte middelbare skole in Eritrea. Die 21 respondente – 15 wetenskaponderwysers, drie skooldirekteure en drie onderrighoofde – is vir ’n jaar by die studie betrek. Data is deur middel van vraelyste, semigestruktureerde fokusgroeponderhoude, waarnemings, dokumente vir die skep van navorsingslesgebeure, video-opnames en foto’s ingesamel. Die bevindinge toon dat deelname aan lesstudiesiklusse oor ’n langer tydperk onderwysers se leerpraktyk doeltreffend versterk en hulle wetenskaponderrig in die klas verander het. Dit het verhoogde vertroue, deelname en leer onder studente tot gevolg gehad. Bewyse wat in hierdie studie aangemeld is, toon ook dat lesstudie onderwyser-isolasie help beperk het deur onderwysers bymekaar te bring om saam te werk en professionele idees en ervarings uit te ruil. Daarbenewens dui die bevindinge op ’n regstreekse verband tussen onderwysers se belangstelling in inisiatiewe vir hulle eie ontwikkeling en die skoolleiers se klaarblyklike belangstelling in, en ondersteuning vir, onderwysers en hulle professionele ontwikkeling. Hoewel deelnemers by lesstudie baat gevind het, is hulle aan bande gelê deur tydsbeperkinge, ’n oorvol kurrikulum, groot klasse, swak lewensomstandighede, ’n tekort aan geskikte ruimte, te min hulpbronne, swak vaardigheid in Engels onder studente, die nuutheid van die proses en studente se agtelosigheid. Hierdie studie dra by tot die uitbreiding van die beskikbare kennis oor lesstudie. Die bevindinge sal hopelik as ’n raamwerk kan dien om toekomstige inisiatiewe vir opvoederontwikkeling in die onderwyssektor sowel as in ander programme vir professionele ontwikkeling in Eritrea te rig.

The aim of this thesis is to provide a differentiated view of peri-urban agriculture in the context of urban population growth in Asmara, Eritrea. Peri-urban agriculture is viewed as a distinct type of broader urban agriculture, and in this case is not as subsistence-orientated as other branches of it. Urban population growth is comprised of three elements, namely, natural population increase, rural-urban migration and outward movement of people to the urban periphery linked to urban expansion. Each receives extensive treatment. Asmara is the capital city of Eritrea and using Weeks (2004:473) phrase can be termed as a “primate city”. As such, it exerts a major influence on the political, economic and cultural life of the country, but has never been subjected to this type of research. The analytical framework that is adopted is that of urban population growth. In order to operationalize it, theoretical insights into each of its three branches were applied. For example, the informalisation of the economy in developing cities was used to explain the operation of peri-urban agriculture in the context of natural population growth. An adaption of the original Harris-Todaro Model by Fields (2004) was used for the migrants, and the Mosaic Model by Bryant and Johnson (1992) for those facing urban encroachment. Primary data were collected in the field by the author with the help of research assistants. This was supplemented by secondary data which involved reports commissioned by the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Public Works. Focus Group discussions were also held to supplement the data with information, views and insights that do not emerge in one-to-one interviews. This thesis demonstrates that those respondents operating within the context of natural population growth make a viable living from peri-urban agriculture, but that they also recognise that there are considerable challenges to be faced. Three sub-groups of farmers are identified. Of these, poultry farmers are the most vulnerable because of the high costs of the inputs, the uncertainty associated with avian „flu and an undeveloped distribution network. The vegetable producers, on the other hand, have a sophisticated marketing network, but low levels of education, high household numbers and an impending shortage of land and water. The agriculturalists that have migrated to Asmara seem to have created sustainable occupations for themselves over a number of years. However, 75 percent of them felt that migration to Asmara was not worthwhile. This negative view is explained in terms of the struggle it has taken to maintain such a living and the growing shortage of land. This set of farmers achieves lower production levels than its city-reared counterparts, carries considerable expenses and has to hire its land. The farmers who have had to cope with urban encroachment fall into two classes. The first has chosen to remain in peri-urban agriculture despite feeling the pressure to scale down activities and thus have a lower income. The majority of this group are dairy farmers who have to trade off increasing costs of cattle feed against shrinking grazing land. They are unwilling to take the initiative to solve their land problems, but look to the authorities to do so. The second class of respondents in this category have abandoned their agricultural holdings. The majority of these agriculturalists are poultry farmers living in the Eastern side of the city. A shortage of agricultural land, high population densities and high costs of inputs make poultry farming difficult. This thesis, therefore, presents a multifaceted view of peri-urban agriculture. While each set of farmers has to cope with its own particular circumstances, there is a common factor. This is the tension between preserving agricultural land on the urban fringe and the need to expand the city to accommodate its inhabitants.

Eritreans have been subjected to limited and unequal education provision. throughout their hundred years of colonial history. It was expected that in post-independence Eritrea education provision would be equitably provided to all the regions and ethnic groups in the country. The focus of the thesis is on understanding disparities in provision in primary schooling with particular emphasis on ethno-regional disparities and what precipitate these inequalities. This thesis presents an account of the state of primary schooling in Eritrea between 1992 and 2001.

Mitt syfte med detta arbete är att få en bild av hur relationerna mellan olika religiösa samfund såg ut under en tid då EFS byggde upp och etablerade sin verksamhet i Eritrea. För att få ett lokalt signum på uppsatsen kommer den till stor del att handla om en lokal missionär, Olle Hagner från Ovansjö socken, som kom att tillbringa närmare 40 år som missionär i östra Afrika – många av dessa med sin fru som följeslagare.

Följande frågeställningar har fungerat som utgångspunkt:

* Varför missionerade EFS i just Eritrea?

* Vad åstadkom Olle Hagner?

* Är det möjligt att se en förändring över tid på hur missionärerna såg på den inhemska religionen på plats?

* Hur gestaltade sig de inter- och intrareligiösa relationerna mellan EFS-missionärer (särskilt Hagner), muslimer, kopter, katoliker och anhängare av den inhemska religionen?

* Vilka tänkbara orsaker ligger bakom eventuella förändringar i attityder och relationer?

Kritiken från Hagner och EFS mot andra samfund var bitvis hård, och då framförallt mot den katolska kyrkan. Detta är inte förvånande då den katolska kyrkan gjorde allt för att tränga ut EFS’ missionärer ur Eritrea och lyckades också med detta under en period.

Olle Hagner anlände till Eritrea första gången 1923 efter att ha lovat att ta vid efter sin broder Johans tidigare missionsgärning i Eritrea som han tvingats avbryta på grund av sjukdom. Hagner kom att arbeta som missionär i Eritrea i närmare 40 år och hans tid som missionär kom att innebära många konflikter, framförallt med den katolska kyrkan och den italienska staten vilka han inte värderade högt. Hagner samarbetade under sin tid i Eritrea med flertalet av andra religiösa samfund. Hagner utövade sin mission i tre olika språkområden i Eritrea. I ett av dom, Kunama, har Hagner utfört översättningsarbeten av bland annat Nya testamentet.

Thesis (MScFor (Forest and Wood Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.
Like in many developing countries, forest and woodland resources contribute significantly to ensure the sustainability of livelihoods of rural people of Eritrea. However, the contribution made by forest and woodland resources has been masked due to the inability of the traditional economic valuation methods to reveal the hidden values of forest resources. As a result they do not reflect in GDP accounting, development planning and conservation policymaking. The underestimation of the importance of forest and woodland resources to the rural subsistence economy results in both market and policy failures. These in turn lead to escalated forest degradation, livelihood insecurity, value conflicts and ineffective conservation programmes. The forest and woodlands of administrative sub-zone Dighe were selected as a case study as they comprise trees, shrubs and other non-woody plants of outstanding importance both in terms of socio-economics and biodiversity richness. However, these resources are being rapidly depleted as a result of clearing for commercial agriculture and are under growing pressure due to resettlement of returnees and needs of other social actors. The study was carried out in three representative administrative areas of the sub-zone. A literature survey was carried out to identify the best of traditional neo-classical economic valuation methods to use in this study. Complementary methods from various streams of economics, ethnobotany, ecological anthropology and rural sociology were reviewed. The sub-set of selected marketable items were quantified and monetised based on market-based valuation approaches; and compared with non-marketable roles to indicate the magnitude of full values of the forest and woodland resources. Values that could not be quantified were described qualitatively. A production-consumption analysis of dom palm scrub leaf harvesting for household utensils was carried out. Forest health was investigated based on observation, semi-structured interviews and secondary information. The study revealed that local forests and woodlands provide essential goods and services for subsistence use, to generate income and to reduce vulnerability during times of hardships. Riverine forests, acacia woodlands and scattered trees and shrubs of grassland are the three vegetation types found in the study area. The riverine forest, dominated by dom palm, is a most valuable resource as it provides for multiple uses. Among the many marketable and non-marketable benefits, forests and woodlands provide wild food, construction material, livestock feed, household utensils, firewood, traditional medicine, shade, climate amelioration, erosion control, cultural heritages and scenic values. All members of rural households regardless of age, gender and wealth extract forest products, which minor variation between households and administrative areas. Variability of consumptive use values between households and between administrative areas and other non-marketable values are determined by relative wealth status, seasonality, resource availability and distribution, market outlets and local institutions. The study revealed that the riverine forests and woodland values of the Dighe administrative sub-zone alone have contributed economical values many times greater than US $ 1.43 million per annum for selected quantifiable items only. This would be higher if the other non-marketable forest values were monetised including the livestock grazing and access to watering points. Beyond any doubt, the high local values of forest and woodlands and consequently the contribution to the national economy justify the conservation of the remaining forest. Moreover, the production-consumption analyses showed that the present level of dom scrub leaf harvesting is sustainable. Forest health situation analysis indicates, however, that the entire forest is under immense pressure. Moreover, the findings of this study suggest that conserving forest resource for local values is compatible with the millennium global development agendas.

This study was designed to investigate the current policies and practices of secondary school governance in Eritrea. There is a basic need to investigate the nature of parental involvement in school governance, particularly in relation to policies enshrined in the Parent Teacher Association (PTA) guidelines. The study examined the parents' commitment to execute their school governance role properly and to determine their capacity to fulfil their responsibilities with respect to the powers and functions vested in them. Education was merely the domain of the school and parents were discouraged from interfering in matters of school governance, therefore parental participation has been very limited. Thus, the focus of the study was to investigate the prevailing problems that curtail parental involvement and identify appropriate strategies for improving and strengthening school governance.

An integrated approach with remote sensing, GeographicInformation Systems (GIS) and more traditional fieldworktechniques was adopted to assess the groundwater potential inthe central highlands of Eritrea. Digitally enhanced colorcomposites and panchromatic images of Landsat TM and Spot wereinterpreted to produce thematic maps such as lithology andlineaments. The potential of the Advanced Spaceborne ThermalEmission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data forlithological and lineament mapping was evaluated. Topographicparameters such as surface curvature, slope and drainagesystems were derived from digital elevation models and used tomap landforms. Digital elevation models (DEM) derived fromcontours and acquired in the Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission(SRTM) were compared in relation to location, drainage networksand lineament extraction. Fracture patterns and spacing weremeasured in the field in different rock types and compared withlineaments. Selected springs and wells were visited to studytheir topographic and hydrogeological setting. Well logs,pumping tests, water table depth in dry and wet season as wellas location of wells were collected. All thematic layersincluding hydrogeological data were integrated and analysed ina geographic information system. A groundwater potential mapwas generated and compared with yield data. Groundwaterrecharge was estimated based on water level fluctuations inlarge dug wells and chloride mass-balance method.

Principal component analysis for rock type mapping providedbetter results with ASTER than with Landsat TM data. DEM datapermitted to create detailed landform maps useful torgroundwater potential assessment. DEM derived from SRTM dataare better for detection of drainage systems and linearfeatures than those derived from contours. Most of the fracturesystems corresponding to lineaments are either extensionalrelated to normal faults and dykes, or shear fractures relatedto strike-slip faults. N-S, NW-SE, WNW-ESE, NE-SW and ENE-WSWare dominant fracture orientations with often very densespacing. High yielding wells and springs are often related tolarge lineaments and corresponding structural features such asdykes. Typically wells and springs in basaltic areas havehigher yields mainly due to primary joints. Young alluvialsediments with high permeability and deeply weathered rocklayers are important for water supply especially in hydraulicconnection with fracture systems in crystalline bedrock.Groundwater potential zones demarcated through the model are inagreement with bore well yield data. The spatial distributionof groundwater potential zones shows regional patterns relatedto lithologies, lineaments, drainage systems and landforms.Recharge rates of 10 - 50 mm were estimated in this region. Theresults demonstrate that the integration of remote sensing,GIS, traditional fieldwork and models provide a powerful toolin the assessment and management of water resources anddevelopment of groundwater exploration plans.

Key words:Remote sensing, Geographic InformationSystems, groundwater, geomorphology, Digital elevation model,lithology, hard rock, lineament, structures, hydrogeology,Eritrea

Sammanfattning                                                                            Min studie riktar sig mot föräldrar/familjer med ursprung från Eritrea som har funktionshindrade barn. Barnet är antingen född i Sverige eller i hemlandet Eritrea. Anledningen till min studie är att jag vill undersöka hur det är att komma till ett land som Sverige och hur det funktionshindrade barnet påverkar föräldrarnas liv.   Min studie har två syften. Det första syftet är att öka kundkapen om och förståelsen för funktionshinder och etnicitet i kombination. Det andra syftet är att föräldrar till funktionshindrade barn med ursprung från Eritrea skall få komma till tals.   Jag har genomfört kvalitativa samtalsinterjuver och för tolkning och reflektion till min studie har jag använt mig av metodologin hermeneutik. Jag har avgränsat mig till att enbart undersöka föräldrar till funktionshindrade barn med ursprung från Eritrea som är bosatta i Sverige. Undersökningen baserar sig på informanternas egna berättelser och uppfattningar av verkligheten som är deras. Det är enbart föräldrarnas situation som beskrivs.   Frågeställningar i uppsatsen är följande; hur är det att leva med ett funktionshindrat barn i ett land som Sverige? Hur ser man på funktionshinder? Hur fungerar samhällsinsatserna för de familjer som är berättigade till sådana? Hur ser man på sitt funktionshindrades barns framtid? Studien visar på vissa likheter och skillnader i familjernas upplevelser kring att ha ett barn med funktionshinder i Sverige. Två av tre informanterna som har varit bosatta i Sverige relativt länge, upplever inte kontakten med de samhälleliga insatserna som ansträngande, tillskillnad från den tredje informanten som inte är lika tillfreds med samhällets insatser. De likheter som jag har funnit i mina informanters berättelse är bland annat religionens betydelse i deras vardag, den syn och attityd som finns mot funktionshinder, både i hemlandet och här i Sverige samt oro för hur deras funktionshindrade barn skall klara sig i vuxenlivet.    Nyckelord; funktionshinder, etnicitet, dubbelutsatthet, LSS insatser

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD
Eritrea, a relatively young African nation, is one of the least developed countries in the world. Its economy is predominantly dependent on subsistence agriculture and the level and magnitude of poverty is more severe in rural areas. The formal financial sector is underdeveloped, state-owned, far from being competitive, and limited in terms of depth and breadth as measured by the relevant financial sector development indicators. To address the limitations of the formal banking sector and to help fill the financing gap, and improve the general livelihood of those at the lower income group, the Government of Eritrea introduced a Saving and Microcredit Programme (SMCP) in 1996 for which no scientific study measuring its impact has been done at the household level. The study was conducted in rural areas to find out whether the SMCP as a microfinance institution has improved the livelihood of its clients. The specific objectives of the study were to describe the characteristic feature of rural livelihoods in terms of the resources owned, the strategies pursued and outcomes achieved, identify and examine the determinants of household participation in the SMCP and finally assess the impact of participation in SMCP on household livelihoods. The study employed a quasi-experimental cross-sectional survey design involving structured and semi-structured questionnaire administered to 500 respondents of whom 200 represented the treated group and 300 the controlled group. Logit regression was employed to identify the factors that determine household participation in the SMCP. In regard to this, age of the client household, household size, marital status, level of education of the client household, the size of first round loan, entrepreneurial experience, type of loan product offered by the institution, ownership of livestock and microenterprise, the perception of the client on involuntary deposits, the occurrence of a negative events (shock) to the household and village access to electricity were found to have statistically significant effect on the household‟s probability to participate in the SMCP. Furthermore, the marginal effects were also computed to evaluate the contribution of each of these factors to the likelihood of participating in the SMCP. A propensity score matching model was applied to assess the impact of the programme on the livelihood of its clients. The findings reveal that participation in the SMCP has a significantly higher average treatment effect on the treated (ATT) households. Profits generated from off-farm and small microenterprises, the values of household and livestock assets, food and non-food consumption expenditures and nutrition quality, were found to be on average higher for the treated households than for the controlled households. Therefore, it could be argued that the provision of micro financial resources has significant positive effects on household livelihood outcomes. The study has important social and economic policy implication regarding the role of finance in rural development.

The research aim was to assess the vegetation and soils of the Rora /' Habab plateau, Eritrea and to develop methods of propagating the native tree species, juniper and olive. The research consisted of vegetation and soil surveys, interviews with local people, archival research, and experiments on propagation of olive and juniper. Junipers are now confined to the north of the plateau. Olives are more abundant in the north but have very few individuals in the centre, where there are many dead trees, or south. Soil erosion was ubiquitous and often severe. Soil morphology and nutrient status were related to vegetation, topography, land use, and erosion status, and varied greatly over short distances. Soil texture was coarser and most chemical factors (except total Ca and exchangeable Na) were lower in the south. Organic C, total N, exchangeable Ca, percent day, CEC and the sum of bases were higher in soils from grazed land than in cultivated fields. Germination of olive seeds was 92% when the endocarp was removed; stratification had little effect. Rooting of olive stem cuttings attained 76% under mist when parent plants were fertilised and cuttings were treated with rooting hormone. Germination for juniper was 56% after stratification at 5°C for 30 to 60 days. Juniper stem cuttings rooted in only one of three experiments, where rooting was 78% in a well ventilated, cool, low-mist environment. Olive seedlings which were fertilised and watered every 7, 14, or 21 days for two months, were taller, had lower root:shoot ratios and soil moisture than unfertilised plants. Fertilised seedlings watered every 28 days died. Root volume was less for plants watered every 21 days but watering interval had little effect on other variables in unfertilised seedlings. Ecological restoration is urgently required to rehabilitate the Rora plateau, which has Africa's most northerly remnant juniper / olive woodlands.

Thesis (MPA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This paper that is composed of six chapters discusses the basic issues of modem tax administration and the extent to which Eritrean tax administration adheres to the requirements contained in these issues. The first chapter includes a general introduction, brief historical background of Eritrea, premise, problem definition, objective, design and methods, scope and limitation of the study. The second chapter deals with the literature review on the theoretical perspective of tax system and administration. There are detailed discussions about the types, characteristics, and functions, ethics of taxes and efficiency and effectiveness of tax administration. This theoretical aspect discusses the basic issues of modem tax administration trends and their development and reforms. The reforms are mainly concerned with prevention of tax evasion, avoidance, corruption and measures taken for making tax administration more efficient and reducing the complexity of taxation laws. Chapter three explores international success stories in dealing with major tax issues, thereby using the solutions as benchmarks. Experiences in Singapore, Bolivia, Croatia, Jamaica, Guatemala and Spain are used as standards to examine the level of efficiency and effectiveness of tax administration in Eritrea. This chapter also shows that modem tax administrations are concerned with a stronger focus on taxpayers, employees and their development, usage of technology, financial independence and privatisation of those areas that could be better performed by the private sector. To accomplish the above mentioned goals, the abovementioned countries have set in motion to reform tax administrations with the aim of solving key problems such as low salaries and the connected problems of attracting and retaining high quality personnel and curbing corruption. The fourth chapter presents the actual situation of tax administration in Eritrea. It deals with missions, objectives, functions, human resource condition, facilities, the level of application of modem technology and the weaknesses and strength of the Inland Revenue Department (lRD). It also describes the measures, which have been taken by IRD administration to motivate its employees and to enhance the voluntary compliance of taxpayers. The fifth chapter provides a consolidated assessment of the present situation of tax administration in Eritrea based on international experiences of tax administration and on theoretical aspects of taxation. This chapter also scrutinizes the amendments of Proclamation No. 62/1994 and 64/1994 and their effect on tax administration, saving, consumption and investment in Eritrea. The sixth chapter provides a conclusion and recommendations that could be used by tax authorities in Eritrea to implement the best practices of tax administration used in the abovementioned countries. This study provides an overview on IRD's present situation and how it could successfully manage organisational transformation to achieve significantly increased customer satisfaction, enhanced organisational flexibility, employee motivation and increase in tax collection by following the recommendations based on theory and the experiences of other countries.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie studie wat bestaan uit ses hoofstukke, word die basiese kwessies om moderne belasting administrasie bespreek en die mate waartoe die belasting administrasie van Eritrië daaraan voldoen. Die eerste hoofstuk sluit die volgende in: 'n algemene inleiding, 'n kort historiese agtergrond oor Eritrië, 'n voorafgaande stelling, 'n probleem definisie, asook die doelwitte, metodes, omvang en delimitasies van die studie. Die tweede hoofstuk bevat 'n literatuur oorsig oor die teoretiese perspektief op belastingsisteme en administrasie. Daar is gedetailleerde besprekings van die tipes, kenmerke en funksies van belasting asook die etiek daarvan en die doeltreffendheid en effektiwiteit van die belasting administrasie. Hierdie hoofstuk bespreek die basiese kwessies i.v.m. die tendense in belasting administrasie, hoe hulle ontwikkel en hoe hulle hervorm kan word. Die hervormings het meestal betrekking op die voorkoming van belasting ontduiking en vermyding, korrupsie, en metodes om die belasting administrasie meer effektief te maak en om die wette minder ingewikkeld te maak. Hoofstuk drie gaan in op internasionale suksesverhale i.v.m. belasting en die oplossings word as bakens gebruik. Die effektiwiteit van Eritrië se belastingstelsel word gemeet aan wat gebeur het in ander lande soos Singapore, Boliwië, Kroatië, Jamaika, Guatemala en Spanje. Hierdie hoofstuk toon ook dat moderne belasting administrasie meer fokus op belastingbetalers, werknemers, die gebruik van tegnologie, finansiële onafhanklikheid en die privatisering van areas wat beter deur die privaatsektor bedryf kan word. Om die bostaande te bereik, het die genoemde lande maatreëls ingestelom die belasting administrasie te hervorm en om die volgende sleutelprobleme op te los: lae salarisse, die lok en behou van hoë kwaliteit personeel en die voorkoming van korrupsie. In die vierde hoofstuk word die eintlike werklikheid van belasting administrasie in Eritrië bespreek. Dit behandel die doelwitte en funksies van die belasting department (IRD) asook die sterktes en swakhede daarvan en tot hoe 'n mate moderne tegnologie gebruik word. Dit beskryf ook wat die belasting departement gedoen het om sy wernemers te motiveer en om die samewerking van belasting betalers te verseker. Die vyfde hoofstuk is 'n waardebepaling van die eintlike huidige situasie van belasting administrasie in Eritrië gemeet teen internasionale ondervindings en die teoretiese aspekte van belasting. In hierdie hoofstuk word ook gekyk na die amendemente tot Proklamasie No 62/1994 en 64/1994 en hulle uitwerking op belasting administrasie, spaar, verbruik en belegging 10 Eritrië. In die sesde hoofstuk is daar gevolgtrekkings en aanbevelings wat die outoriteite in Eritrië kan gebruik. Hulle kan die praktyke wat die beste in ander lande gewerk het, implementeer. Hierdie studie verskaf 'n oorsig oor die huidige situasie in die Binnelandse Inkomste Departement in Eritrië en oor hoe organisatoriese hervorming kan plaasvind wat sal lei tot beter belasting betalers tevredenheid, meer organisatoriese vlugheid, werknemers motivering en 'n dramatiese vermeerdering in belasting invordering. Hierdie hervorming moet gegrond wees op die aanbevelings soos geformuleer uit die ondervindings van ander lande.

There are studies that have touched on the question of whether sanctions are effective or not. Some argue that sanctions are effective in achieving their goals, while others argue that they are ineffective. Some adopt the opinion that sanctions are effective with other foreign policy tools in specific conditions conducted with them. But there are not many who write about the adverse effects of sanctions on the target country's internal politics after their failure to achieve their goals as a separate subject.

This study highlights the counterproductivity of sanctions imposed on the authoritarian regimes that aim to pressure them into changing their policies or bring them down. The paper goes beyond the ineffectiveness of sanctions to argue that sanctions that target the authoritarian regimes help to strengthen the position of the authoritarian leaders instead of bringing political change. That happens in two different ways: If the sanctions are smart they either provoke the masses or unite them, which in turn shifts the public opinion in favor of the target regime or the target regime led by its charismatic leader will manipulate and exaggerate their effects for the purposes of furthering his power. If sanctions are comprehensive, however, they cause economic crisis and devastation of socioeconomic structures that hit the whole society and ensure the regime's continuity by limiting the capacity of the public to organize. In both situations the imposition of the sanctions would strengthen the sanctioned authoritarian regime. In this study, Libya and Eritrea were selected to examine the hypothesis on smart sanctions on the authoritarian regime while Iraq was chosen to examine the hypothesis on comprehensive sanctions.

Thesis--Norges Landbrukshøgskole, Institutt for økonomi og samfunnsfag, 2003.
Title from title screen (viewed June 1, 2004). Includes bibliographical references (p. 200-204). Also issued in print format.

This thesis is an exploratory study of the way perceptions and emotions shape the agency of asylum seekers. Using Eritrean asylum seekers that travel to Italy and their perceptions of the Italian asylum system as a case study, it explores how perceptions of Italy and its asylum system shape the strategies of Eritrean asylum seekers at different stages of their migration journey. This research went some way towards developing a notion of agency that also takes into account dimensions (such as the importance of perceptions and emotions) that are sometimes overlooked in forced migration studies, thereby contributing (or so I hope) to a more informed and subtle view of asylum seekers’ movements and of their interaction with their surrounding environment. My fieldwork demonstrates that perceptions and emotions play an important role in shaping asylum seeker agency, and that perceptions are heavily influenced by the circulation of rumours among migrants. The first part of the thesis explores the way perceptions about Italy are produced and re-produced in Eritrea (thereby leading to a set of recurrent expectations), as well as the way the identity formation process happening in Eritrea has led to the emergence of peculiar characteristics that are relevant in explaining Eritrean asylum seekers’ strategies for coping with the challenges of the asylum system. The second part of this project focuses on asylum journeys, and specifically on the various trajectories developed by asylum seekers, on the circulation of rumours and on the way perceptions about destination countries evolve. The last part examines the Italian asylum and reception systems and provides some examples of the strategies adopted by asylum seekers to overcome problems and obstacles; it also explores the factors that shape the agency of Eritrean asylum seekers, especially in relation to the Italian asylum system and to the rules of the Dublin Procedure.

Recently wind resource assessment studies have become an important research tool to identify the possible wind farm locations.  In this thesis work technical analysis was carried out to determine the wind resource potential of two candidate sites in Eritrea with help of suitable software tools. The first site is located along the Red Sea cost which is well known for its wind resource potential, whereas the second site is located in the central highlands of Eritrea with significant wind resource potential. Detailed wind resource assessment, for one year hourly weather data including wind speed and wind direction, was performed for the two candidate sites using MS Excel and MATLAB. The measured wind data at Assab wind site showed that the mean wind speed and power density was 7.54 m/s and 402.57 W/m2 , whereas the mean wind speed and mean power density from Weibull distribution was 7.51 m/s and 423.71 W/m2 respectively at 80m height. Similarly, the measured mean wind speed and mean power density at Dekemahre wind site was obtained to be 5.498 m/s and 141.45 W/m2, whereas the mean wind speed and mean power density from Weibull distribution was 5.4859m/s and 141.057W/m2 respectively. Based on the analysis results Assab wind site classified as wind class-III and Dekemhare as wind class-I.  Wind farm modeling and Annual Energy Production (AEP) estimation was performed for E-82 & E-53 model turbines from Enercon Company with the help of MATLAB and Windpro software. The analysis revealed that Assab wind farm was an ideal site for wind energy production with capacity factor (CF) 53.4% and 55% for E-82 and E-53 turbines respectively. The gross and net AEP for turbine E-82 at Assab wind farm was 469.5 GWh and 446.025 GWh respectively with 95% park efficiency. Similarly, the analysis showed that the CF in Dekemhare site was very low with typical value 14.2% and 15.26% for E-82 and E-53 turbines respectively. The gross and net AEP of that site for model turbine E-53 was 53.5 GWh and 50.825 GWh respectively with 5% wake loss. Finally, a simplified economic analysis was carried out to determine the economic feasibility of possible wind power projects in both sites by assuming investment cost 1600 €/kW for E-82 turbine and 2000 €/kW for E-53 turbine. The total wind farm investment cost was found to be 215.85 and 107.93 Million Euro for E-82 and E-53 model turbines respectively. The levelized cost of energy at Assab and Dekemhare wind farm for E-82 model turbine was 0.0307 €/kWh and 0.5526 €/kWh respectively. The analysis result show that the levelized cost of energy in Dekemhare wind fasrm was much higher than that of Assab wind farm.