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Journal articles on the topic 'Eritrea Eritrea Eritrea Italy Eritrea'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

D’Agostino, Gabriella. "La construction de la mémoire coloniale en Érythrée: les Erythréens, les Métis, les Italiens. — The construction of memory in colonial Eritrea: Eritreans, Mestizos and Italians." Sign Systems Studies 34, no. 2 (December 31, 2006): 493–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/sss.2006.34.2.12.

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The construction of memory in colonial Eritrea: Eritreans, Mestizos and Italians. Focusing on some passages of life histories collected in Asmara and based on the ‘memory of Italy’, I study the representation of the past in order to reveal the shaping of the subjective experience by the colonial discourse in Eritrea. If the main aim of my essay is the understanding of the play of interactions between individuals and collectivity, one more important element I take into account is ‘memory’ seen as a “social selection of remembering” (Halbwachs). I try to connect the social position and narrative role of single members (of the Eritrean society) to the meaning it takes the ‘going back to the past’ for them as individuals belonging to a group (an Eritrean, a Mestizo, an Italian) in relation to the past and the present. The consequence is that the logic dominant/dominated is inadequate to explain the internal articulations of the colonial context and that the focus must be shifted on individual and collective systems of expectations and on the negotiations of meaning resulting from a “past always to be recovered” and a “present always to be rebuilt”.

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2

Riley, Dylan, and Rebecca Jean Emigh. "Post-Colonial Journeys: Historical Roots of Immigration and Integration." Comparative Sociology 1, no. 2 (2002): 169–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156913302100418484.

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AbstractThe effect of Italian colonialism on migration to Italy differed according to the pre-colonial social structure, a factor previously neglected by immigration theories. In Eritrea, precolonial Christianity, sharp class distinctions, and a strong state promoted interaction between colonizers and colonized. Eritrean nationalism emerged against Ethiopia; thus, no sharp break between Eritreans and Italians emerged. Two outgrowths of colonialism, the Eritrean national movement and religious ties, facilitate immigration and integration. In contrast, in Somalia, there was no strong state, few class differences, the dominant religion was Islam, and nationalists opposed Italian rule. Consequently, Somali developed few institutional ties to colonial authorities and few institutions provided resources to immigrants. Thus, Somali immigrants are few and are not well integrated into Italian society.

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3

Taddia, Irma. "The Regional Archive at Addi Qäyyeh, Eritrea." History in Africa 25 (1998): 423–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3172198.

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During the past few years of researching in Eritrea I had the chance to discover an important but little known source for the history of colonial Eritrea that the government that came to power in 1991 is evaluating: the regional archive of Addi Qäyyeh. This archive is in the main town of an area of the Eritrean highlands, Akkälä Guzay, and comprises a large number of documents on Italian colonialism. This documentation is exceptional; indeed, the great bulk of such documents remain in Italy, conserved in the unexploited Archivio Eritrea within the Ministerio degli Affari Esteri in Rome. To my knowledge the regional archive at Addi Qäyyeh is the only remaining colonial source in Eritrea, if we exclude some minor religious archives, and its interest is unquestionable.As noted, the main sources for colonial Eritrea are in Italy. The documents in the Archivio Eritrea amply testify to the importance of this material. This deals with colonial papers, inquiries, historical and geographical documentation, anthropological materials, and adminstrative papers—altogether, a large amount of material as yet little utilized by scholars. The colonial history of Eritrea remains in many respects a very poor field of study, and recent work has considered only a few documents in this rich collection. However, the Archivio Eritrea is not exhaustive—a complementary source offers a different set of materials amenable to historical study.Many documents preserved at Addi Qäyyeh have the same importance and share many subjects with those in Rome, while others are unique. Here I would just like to mention briefly some of the latter, and offer general information to intending historians of colonial Eritrea.

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4

Locatelli, Francesca. "The Archives of the Municipality and the High Court of Asmara, Eritrea: Discovering the Eritrea “Hidden from History”." History in Africa 31 (2004): 469–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361541300003636.

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Eritrean independence in 1993 raised fundamental questions regarding the Eritrean past. Inevitably, scholars initially focused their analysis on the history of the Eritrean nationalist movement and liberation struggle. The long guerrilla war against the Ethiopian regime attracted the interest of numerous researchers, not only because of its implications for the redefinition of the political landscape of the Horn of Africa, but also because of the ways in which it had mobilized and reorganized Eritrean society. While this literature has shed much light upon interesting aspects of the political history of independent Eritrea, further investigation of the precolonial and colonial past is still required to gain a deeper understanding of the formation of Eritrean national identity in all its intricate facets.The question of Eritrean national identity is intimately connected to its colonial history, which in many ways remains marginalized in the analysis of Eritrean past. The Italian colonial period between 1890 and 1941 was a crucial moment in the definition of those social and political transformations which contributed to the formation of Eritrea-as-a-nation. Nevertheless, this historical phase remains underexplored. The colonial past has been an issue that European powers to varying extents have had to confront since the end of empire. Both historians of colonialism and Africanist historians have collaborated in the reconstruction of the past of colonized societies. In Italy this process remains in embryonic form. Many Africanist historians, such as Irma Taddia and Alessandro Triulzi, have already addressed the problem concerning the gaps left by Italian historiography on both the colonial past and the history of the colonized societies in its various aspects. As Triulzi points out, both practical and political reasons slowed the development of those debates that were emerging in the historiographies of other excolonial powers.

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5

Muehlbauer, Mikael. "An Italian Renaissance Face on a “New Eritrea”:." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 78, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 312–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2019.78.3.312.

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A whitewashed neo-Renaissance façade set into a high rock escarpment above the village of Abreha wa-Atsbeha, in East Tigray, Ethiopia, stands in stark contrast to its sunbaked highland surroundings. Behind this façade is a relatively large rock-cut structure, one of the oldest medieval church buildings in Ethiopia. An Italian Renaissance Face on a “New Eritrea”: The 1939 Restoration of the Church of Abreha wa-Atsbeha addresses how the restoration of this church conducted by Italian Fascist authorities represents the appropriation of local history by both Fascist Italy and Ethiopia's own imperial rulers. As Mikael Muehlbauer describes, while the façade classicizes the building, evoking both the Italianita of the Renaissance and the Romanitas of imperial Rome, earlier murals inside claimed it for Yohannes IV, the nineteenth-century Tigrayan emperor of Ethiopia.

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6

Faldini, C., L. Prosperi, F. Traina, M. Nanni, S. Tesfaghiorghi, S. Tsegay, M. Yosief, C. Pungetti, and I. Sanzarello. "Surgical treatment of neglected congenital idiopathic talipes equinovarus after walking age in Eritrea: an Italo-Eritrean cooperation." MUSCULOSKELETAL SURGERY 100, no. 2 (March 10, 2016): 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12306-016-0398-z.

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7

Pospielov, Andrii. "The first period of double interstate military conflict on the African horn (1960-1977)." Scientific Visnyk V. O. Sukhomlynskyi Mykolaiv National University. Historical Sciences 48, no. 2 (2019): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33310/2519-2809-2019-48-2-108-113.

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The article is devoted to the first period of the interstate military conflict in the Horn of Africa. The events of 1960-1977 are revealed. In two conflict zones. On the one hand, the buildup and manifestation of an interstate military-political confrontation between Ethiopia and the Republic of Somalia, and on the other hand, aspects of the emergence of an intrastate military conflict in Ethiopia itself related to the Eritrean issue are analyzed. Moreover, it is noted that the province of the Ethiopian Empire, and since 1974 the Republic of Eritrea, de facto was not so much an internal structure of the indicated state as a semi-legal state, fought for its independence. This process was provoked in 1945-1959. Great Britain, Italy and the UN. These world players created a situation of the unification of British and Italian Somalia into a single state - the Republic of Somalia, depriving it after the creation of those territories that were inhabited by related tribes. Thus, Western countries pushed Somalia to search for ways to unite with the territories of Ogaden and Kenya exclusively by military means. And Somalia, which was experiencing the shortcomings of all Somalia, was forced to seek a partner who would provide official Mogadishu with the means of warfare, against the background of constant help not to her, but exclusively to neighboring Ethiopia. That is why the Republic of Somalia has become an exclusively Soviet ally since the late 1960s. An example of the creation of a single Republic of Somalia and an attempt to have Western countries as an ally, and after 1974 the countries of socialism, the maritime power of Ethiopia, actually created a complex of double interstate conflict in this region of East Africa. It was in him that the status of Somalia as a country without related territories and Eritrea as the usual province of Ethiopia was fixed, which did not suit their peoples and leaders.

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Kochetov, Dmitriy. "Colonial Past in Italian Relations with the Former African Colonies." Izvestia of Smolensk State University, no. 2 (54) (September 4, 2021): 214–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2021-54-2-214-225.

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The subject of article is influence of the colonial past on the relations of former metropole, namely Italy, with its former colonies in Africa. The question is considered in the context of the fact that the British, French or even Portuguese colonialisms definitely left interstate entities. In other words, they continue to considerably influence the relations with their former African colonies. Italian one, in its turn, left nothing like the Commonwealth of Nations, the International Organisation of La Francophonie or the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. However, by 2021 even in relations with each individual former colony of Rome in Africa (Eritrea, Somalia and Libya), it was replaced by the current agenda. Only in the case of Eritrea, which emerged as a result of Italian rule, there is probability, that in the nearest future the colonial past will affect its relations with Italy. Somalia, and especially Libya, which had been a reminder of the need to repair colonial damage for more than half a century, ceased to exist as single states. As a result, the long-ended colonialism ceased to be vital for their relations with the former metropole in a positive and negative way. Moreover, the author highlights that for any former colony, not only in Africa, or a country with big Italian community, Rome did nothing comparable with at least the Dutch Language Union. It means, that the elimination of any trace of Italian colonialism from international affairs is related not only to its weakness, but also to the lack of efforts made by modern Italy.

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Mavropoulos, Nikolaos. "Why the Italians Set their Sights on East Africa." Povijesni prilozi 39, no. 58 (2020): 93–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.22586/pp.v39i58.9843.

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In the wake of the Unification, the Italian expansionist designs were aimed, as expected, towards Africa. The fear of French aggression on the coast of North Africa drove Rome to the camp of the Central Powers, a diplomatic event of colossal importance for Europe's historical evolution until the First World War. The disturbance of the Mediterranean balance, when France occupied Tunisia and Britain Cyprus and Egypt, caused stress, anxiety and confusion among the statesmen of Italy, a fact which is reflected in their subsequent erroneous choices. The frustrations, the inability to find a colony in proximity to Italy's geographical area and the diplomatic defeats led Rome by inference to the Red Sea and Eritrea.

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10

Sbacchi, Alberto. "Italy and Ethiopia: the Colonial Interlude Revisited." Aethiopica 7 (October 22, 2012): 114–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/aethiopica.7.1.283.

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In 1997 the president of the Italian Republic visited Ethiopia and Eritrea to acknowledge the mistakes of Italian colonialism toward the people of the Horn of Africa. The theme of Italian colonialism in Ethiopia has long been an emotional one. However, in the last few years new archival resources have become available. The literature on the Italian occupation has become more objective and reliable. Hence there is a better appreciation of the Italian presence in Ethiopia, and the new generation is ready to admit Italy’s positive contribution. There are statistics on Italian investments in Ethiopia that show that Italy made the largest financial investment that Africa has ever seen. Considering those and other facts, the author of the paper attempts to reassess the issue of the Italian presence in Ethiopia, in all objectivity and on its own merits. ATTENTION: Due to copy-right no online publication is provided.

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11

Deplano, Valeria. "Within and outside the nation: former colonial subjects in post-war Italy." Modern Italy 23, no. 4 (August 16, 2018): 395–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mit.2018.27.

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After Mussolini’s regime collapsed, Italy rebuilt itself as a nation and a democracy. The Republican Constitution approved in 1948 rejected the ideologies of both racism and racial discrimination, which had been strengthened and made harsher by Fascism since the mid-1930s. Yet, despite this, racism and racialisation continued in the post-Fascist years. The article analyses how the presence of former colonial subjects in Italy between the 1940s and 1960s was perceived, represented and managed, and demonstrates that the hegemonic discourse of the post-war period still considered Italy to be a white and ethnically homogeneous nation. It considers the stories of people from Libya and Eritrea who applied for Italian citizenship and the life in Italy of some Somali students in the 1960s. From different perspectives, these case studies show how in republican Italy inclusion and exclusion, as well as concepts of identity and otherness, were the consequence of processes of racialisation and ideas inherited from the previous period.

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12

Mavropoulos, Nikolaos. "The First Italo-Ethiopian Clash over the Control of Eritrea and the Origins of Rome’s Imperialism." Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques 47, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 88–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/hrrh.2021.470105.

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In the wake of Italy’s unification, the country’s expansionist designs were aimed, as expected, toward the opposite shore of the Mediterranean. The barrage of developments that took place in this strategic area would shape the country’s future alliances and colonial policies. The fear of French aggression on the coast of North Africa drove officials in Rome to the camp of the Central Powers, a diplomatic move of great importance for Europe’s evolution prior to World War I. The disturbance of the Mediterranean balance of power, when France occupied Tunisia and Britain held Cyprus and Egypt, the inability to find a colony in proximity to Italy, and a series of diplomatic defeats led Roman officials to look to the Red Sea and to provoke war with the Ethiopian Empire.

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13

Mavropoulos, Nikolaos. "The First Italo-Ethiopian Clash over the Control of Eritrea and the Origins of Rome's Imperialism." Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques 47, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 88–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/hrrh.2020.470105.

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Abstract In the wake of Italy's unification, the country's expansionist designs were aimed, as expected, toward the opposite shore of the Mediterranean. The barrage of developments that took place in this strategic area would shape the country's future alliances and colonial policies. The fear of French aggression on the coast of North Africa drove officials in Rome to the camp of the Central Powers, a diplomatic move of great importance for Europe's evolution prior to World War I. The disturbance of the Mediterranean balance of power, when France occupied Tunisia and Britain held Cyprus and Egypt, the inability to find a colony in proximity to Italy, and a series of diplomatic defeats led Roman officials to look to the Red Sea and to provoke war with the Ethiopian Empire.

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14

Salomone, A., V. Masenga, G. Minuto, C. Parodi, and P. Roggero. "First report of Tomato spotted wilt virus (Tospovirus, Bunyaviridae) infecting Euphorbia eritrea and Asclepias curassavica in Liguria, Italy." Plant Pathology 52, no. 6 (December 2003): 806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2003.00915.x.

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15

Lusini, Gianfrancesco. "I Codici Etiopici del Fondo Martini nella Biblioteca Forteguerriana di Pistoia." Aethiopica 5 (May 8, 2013): 156–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/aethiopica.5.1.452.

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In the Biblioteca Forteguerriana of Pistoia (Italy), a small collection of Ethiopian manuscripts is kept, entrusted to the Library by the heirs of Ferdinando Martini (1841-1928), “governatore civile” of the Colonia Eritrea from 1897 to 1907. These five manuscripts are catalogued here. Of great philological and artistic relevance is the illustrated Octateuch dated 1438 (Ms. Martini etiop. n. 2 = Zanutto n. 5), probably written in Tigrāy, namely in the monastery of Dabra Seqwert, district of Saḥart. In the XIXth-cent. chronological codex Martini etiop. n. 1 (= Zanutto n. 1), the materials transmitted by the traditional Liber Axumae are considerably enlarged and updated. The homiletic volume Martini etiop. n. 5 (= Zanutto n. 2), previously owned by Eǧǧegāyyahu, the mother of Menilek II (1844–1913), Emperor from 1889 to 1913, dates back to the XIXth cent. and contains various texts, still unpublished. The collection includes also an XVIIIth-cent. Hāymānota ’abaw (Ms. Martini etiop. n. 4 = Zanutto n. 4), closing with the apocryphal Book of the Letter, and a XVII–XVIIIth-cent. History of the Galla (Ms. Martini etiop. n. 3 = Zanutto n. 3), possibly the oldest manuscript of one of the first works of Amharic literature.

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Katz, Dana. "Barbarism Begins at Home: Islamic Art on Display in Palermo's Museo Nazionale and Sicilian Ethnography at the 1891‐92 Esposizione Nazionale." International Journal of Islamic Architecture 9, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 91–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/ijia_00005_1.

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Abstract In the last quarter of the nineteenth century, Palermo's Museo Nazionale (National Museum) displayed one of the earliest institutional collections of Islamic art in Western Europe. The museum's director, Antonino Salinas, exhibited objects demonstrating the island's material heritage, including its two-and-a-half centuries of rule by North African dynasties during the medieval period. The prevailing perception elsewhere in post-unification Italy ‐ that Sicily was ungovernable and barbaric in nature ‐ heightened the display's significance. Another exhibition that many Italians would have perceived as representing the 'other' was the Mostra Etnografica Siciliana (Sicilian Ethnographic Exhibition), which the folklorist Giuseppe Pitrè created for the 1891‐92 Palermo Esposizione Nazionale (National Exposition). Highlighting Sicily's volatile image, the Italian press implicitly equated Pitrè's show with the so-called Abyssinian Village, which stood in the exposition fairgrounds and marked the establishment of Italy's first colony in Eritrea at a time of unprecedented imperial expansion. At the National Museum, Salinas remained undeterred, and despite associations of the island's conditions with Africa, he expanded its Islamic holdings. Likewise, Pitrè exhibited costumes, tools, and devotional objects that further accentuated regional differences at the National Exposition. In both displays, Salinas and Pitrè presented what they conceived as Sicily's unique cultural and historical patrimony.

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Catania, Lucrezia, Rosaria Mastrullo, Angela Caselli, Rosa Cecere, Omar Abdulcadir, and Jasmine Abdulcadir. "Male perspectives on FGM among communities of African heritage in Italy." International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare 9, no. 1 (March 14, 2016): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhrh-07-2015-0023.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the attitudes, knowledge and beliefs regarding female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) of six groups of immigrant men from countries where FGM/C is practiced and to identify their role in the decision-making process of circumcising their daughters. Design/methodology/approach – The study took the form of qualitative action research with seven focus groups of 50 men coming from Somalia, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Benin, Egypt and Nigeria, living in Florence, Italy. Findings – Different conceptions, cultures and attitudes about FGM/C exist among men coming from different countries, but also within the same community. The participants expressed positions both in favor and against the maintenance of the practice. There were opposite beliefs about the religious motivations invoked. Research limitations/implications – The study is qualitative and the non-probability sample and the small number of participants are important limitations. Practical implications – The study improves current knowledge on men’s role and attitude in FGM/C and gives important information for the prevention of future activities that could include both men and women of the community. Social implications – The need to involve men in preventive actions against FGM/C has been underlined by the World Health Organization. The involvement of men and leaders of the communities could facilitate cultural changes toward the abandoning of these practices. FGM/C is often considered as a phenomenon concerning only women, who are frequently left alone to face the decision of whether to abandon the ritual. Originality/value – The great advantage of conducting such a study in a country of migration is the presence of different communities, with different cultural views, in the same area.

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O’Kane, David, and Anna Arnone. "Eritrea." Anthropology Today 32, no. 5 (October 2016): 26–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8322.12301.

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19

Hagos, Muluberhan Berhe. "ERITREA." Human Rights Law in Africa Online 2, no. 1 (2004): 1059–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221160604x01232.

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Human Rights Law in Africa, Editors. "ERITREA." Human Rights Law in Africa Online 3, no. 1 (1998): 292–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221160698x00384.

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21

Abbay, Futsum. "Eritrea." African Disability Rights Yearbook 3, no. 1 (2015): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-7138/2015/v3n1a7.

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22

Yearbook of Islamic and Middle East, Editors. "Yemen-Eritrea." Yearbook of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law Online 3, no. 1 (1996): 447–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221129897x00414.

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Yearbook of Islamic and Middle East, Editors. "Yemen-Eritrea." Yearbook of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law Online 3, no. 1 (1996): 451–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221129897x00423.

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24

Bodansky, Daniel, and J. Romesh Weeramantry. "Diplomatic Claims (Eritrea v. Ethiopia), Eritrea ' s Claim 20/Ethiopia ' s Claim 8, Partial Awards; Economic Loss Throughout Ethiopia (Ethiopia v. Eritrea), Ethiopia ' s Claim 7, Partial Award; Jus ad Bellum (Ethiopia v. Eritrea), Ethiopia ' s Claims 1-8, Partial Award; Loss of Property in Ethiopia Owned by Non-Residents (Eritrea v. Ethiopia), Eritrea ' s Claim 24, Partial Award; Pensions (Eritrea v. Ethiopia), Eritrea ' s Claims 15, 19 & 23, Final Award; Ports (Ethiopia v. Eritrea), Ethiopia ' s Claim 6, Final Award; Western & Eastern Fronts (Ethiopia v. Eritrea), Ethiopia ' s Claims 1 & 3, Partial Award; Western Front, Aerial Bombardment & Related Claims (Eritrea v. Ethiopia), Eritrea ' s Claims 1, 3, 5, 9-13, 14, 21, 25 & 26, Partial Award." American Journal of International Law 101, no. 3 (July 2007): 616–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002930000029833.

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Diplomatic Claims (Eritrea v. Ethiopia), Eritrea's Claim 20/Ethiopia's Claim 8, Partial Awards. At <http://www.pca-cpa.org>.Eritrea Ethiopia Claims Commission, December 19, 2005.Economic Loss Throughout Ethiopia (Ethiopia v. Eritrea), Ethiopia's Claim 7, Partial Award. At <http://www.pca-cpa.org>.Eritrea Ethiopia Claims Commission, December 19, 2005.Jus ad Bellum (Ethiopia v. Eritrea), Ethiopia's Claims 1–8, Partial Award. At <http://www.pca-cpa.org>.Eritrea Ethiopia Claims Commission, December 19, 2005.Loss of Property in Ethiopia Owned by Non-Residents (Eritrea v. Ethiopia), Eritrea's Claim 24, Partial Award. At <http://www.pca-cpa.org>.Eritrea Ethiopia Claims Commission, December 19, 2005.Pensions (Eritrea v. Ethiopia), Eritrea's Claims 15, 19 & 23, Final Award. At <http://www.pca-cpa.org>.Eritrea Ethiopia Claims Commission, December 19, 2005.Ports (Ethiopia v. Eritrea), Ethiopia's Claim 6, Final AwardS At <http://www.pca-cpa.org>.Eritrea Ethiopia Claims Commission, December 19, 2005.Western & Eastern Fronts (Ethiopia v. Eritrea), Ethiopia's Claims 1 & 3, Partial Award. At <http://www.pca-cpa.org>.Eritrea Ethiopia Claims Commission, December 19, 2005.Western Front, Aerial Bombardment & Related Claims (Eritrea v. Ethiopia), Eritrea's Claims 1, 3, 5, 9–13,14, 21, 25 & 26, Partial Award. At <http://www.pca-cpa.org>.Eritrea Ethiopia Claims Commission, December 19, 2005.On December 19, 2005, the Eritrea Ethiopia Claims Commission (Commission) issued seven partial awards and two final awards. These awards determined the respective international responsibility of Eritrea and Ethiopia arising out of the 1998–2000 armed conflict between those two states.

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Yohannes, Zemehret. "Eritrea: constitutional forum." Review of African Political Economy 23, no. 70 (December 1996): 570–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03056249608704229.

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International Monetary Fund. "Eritrea: Selected Issues." IMF Staff Country Reports 97, no. 88 (1997): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451811933.002.

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International Monetary Fund. "Eritrea: Selected Issues." IMF Staff Country Reports 98, no. 91 (1998): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451811940.002.

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International Monetary Fund. "Eritrea: Statistical Appendix." IMF Staff Country Reports 00, no. 55 (2000): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451811957.002.

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29

Cliffe, Lionel. "Congress in Eritrea." Review of African Political Economy 14, no. 39 (September 1987): 81–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03056248708703738.

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30

Magnet, Joseph Eliot. "Ethiopia-Eritrea Rapproachment." African Journal of Legal Studies 12, no. 1 (December 18, 2019): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17087384-12340041.

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Abstract On July 9, 2018 Ethiopia and Eritrea signed a Joint Declaration of Peace and Friendship. On July 17, 2018 Ethiopia announced plans for landlocked Ethiopia to use Eritrea’s port of Assab. Ethiopia’s proposed use of Assab has implications for the indigenous Afar people who have lived in the port area for two thousand years. The United Nations Special Rapporteur on the situation of Human Rights in Eritrea and the United Nations Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in Eritrea found that Eritrea engaged in widespread persecution of the Afar people, including evicting them from the port area of Assab without any compensation. Both UN entities found that this persecution amounted to crimes against humanity. This paper considers the legal consequences for Ethiopia and Ethiopian officials if they use the Assab port area taken from the Afar by criminal means: will they be involving themselves in Eritrea’s crimes? The paper then considers alternative arrangements from the perspective of where the interests of Ethiopia, Eritrea and the Afar are anticipated to converge. It concludes with proposals to resolve the present untenable situation.

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TEWELDE, Yonatan. "ERITREA BASININDA DIŞ ÜLKE HABERLERİ a" ERITREA PROFILE GAZETESİ İNCELEMESİ/ FOREIGN NEWS COVERAGE IN ERITREAN NEWSPAPER – ERITREA PROFILE." Journal of Yaşar University 9, no. 35 (June 1, 2014): 6175. http://dx.doi.org/10.19168/jyu.80551.

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32

Marcus, Harold G., and Tom Killion. "Historical Dictionary of Eritrea." Canadian Journal of African Studies 32, no. 3 (1998): 632. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/486335.

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McClellan, Charles W., and Tom Killion. "Historical Dictionary of Eritrea." African Studies Review 42, no. 3 (December 1999): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/525216.

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34

Kibreab, Gaim. "Forced labour in Eritrea." Journal of Modern African Studies 47, no. 1 (February 18, 2009): 41–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x08003650.

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ABSTRACTUsing fieldwork data collected in Eritrea, Rome, Milan and Stockholm, and supplemented by human rights organisation reports and discussions with key informants in four cities in the UK, this article examines the extent to which the Eritrean national service and its concomitant Warsai-Yikaalo Development Campaign qualify as forced or compulsory labour as defined by the relevant international conventions.

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35

Dorman, Sara Rich. "Eritrea: A dream deferred." African Affairs 114, no. 456 (May 28, 2015): 488–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adv032.

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36

"Carpomya incompleta. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, No.June (August 1, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpp/20133225817.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Carpomya incompleta (Becker). Diptera: Tephritidae. Hosts: jujube (Ziziphus spp.). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (France, Italy, Sicily), Asia (Iraq, Israel, Oman, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen), Africa (Burkina Faso, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Libya, Niger and Sudan).

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37

"Pileolaria terebinthi. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, No.April (August 1, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20153159067.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Pileolaria terebinthi Castagne. Pucciniomycetes: Pucciniales: Pileolariaceae. Hosts: Pistacia spp. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, France, Greece, Italy, Sicily, Spain and Ukraine), Asia (Azerbaijan, China, Anhui, Henan, Jiangsu, Yunnan, India, Himachal Pradesh, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Syria and Turkey) and Africa (Algeria, Egypt, Eritrea and Morocco).

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38

"Bactrocera oleae. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, no. 1st Revision) (August 1, 1996). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpp/20046600074.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin). Diptera: Tephritidae (olive fly, olive fruit fly). Attacks olive, cultivated and wild. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe, Balearic Islands, Corsica, Crete, Cyprus, France, Greece, Italy, Malta, Portugal, Sardinina, Sicily, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, Yugoslavia, Africa, Algeria, Angola, Canary Islands, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, Morocco, South Africa, Sudan, Tunisia, CIS, Georgia, Asia, India, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria.

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39

"Zaprionus tuberculatus. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, No.June (August 1, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpp/20193256153.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Zaprionus tuberculatus Malloch. Diptera: Drosophilidae. Hosts: polyphagous. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Cyprus, Greece, Crete, Italy, Malta, Romania, Spain, Canary Islands), Asia (Israel, Turkey) and Africa (Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Congo Democratic Republic, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Eritrea, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mayotte, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Reunion, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, South Africa, Saint Helena, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe).

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40

"Bactrocera oleae. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, No.June (August 1, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpp/20153229065.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Bactrocera oleae (Rossi). Diptera: Tephritidae. Host: olives (Olea europaea). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Albania. Croatia, Cyprus, France, Corsica, Greece, Crete, Mainland Greece, Italy, Sardinia, Sicily, Malta, Montenegro, Portugal, Azores, Mainland Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Balearic Islands, Canary Islands, Mainland Spain and Switzerland), Asia (Republic of Georgia, India, Jammu and Kashmir, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria and Turkey), Africa (Algeria, Angola, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, Mauritius, Morocco, Reunion, Seychelles, South Africa, Sudan and Tunisia) and North America (Mexico, USA, California).

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41

"Bagrada hilaris. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, No.December (July 1, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpp/20173018331.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Bagrada hilaris (Burmeister). Hemiptera: Pentatomidae. Hosts: Brassicaceae. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Italy, Sicily, Malta), Asia (Afghanistan, India, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Mizoram, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Iran, Iraq, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Yemen), Africa (Angola, Botswana, Cape Verde, Congo Democratic Republic, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Senegal, Seychelles, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe), North America (Mexico, USA, Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Utah), South America (Chile).

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42

"Parlatoria blanchardi. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, no. 1st revision) (August 1, 2004). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpp/20066600148.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Parlatoria blanchardi (Targioni Tozzetti) Hemiptera: Diaspididae Hosts: Mainly date palm (Phoenix dactylifera), also some other Arecaceae. Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, France, Italy, Spain, ASIA, Afghanistan, India, Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Gujarat, Punjab, Rajasthan, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Yemen, AFRICA, Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Eritrea, Kenya, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Niger, Somalia, Sudan, Tunisia, CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN, Jamaica, Montserrat, SOUTH AMERICA, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Pemambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, OCEANIA, Australia, Queensland.

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43

"Ceroplastes rusci. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, December (August 1, 1993). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpp/20036600373.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Ceroplastes rusci (Linnaeus). Homoptera: Coccidae. Attacks figs, Citrus. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe, Albania, Azores, Balearic Islands, Corsica, Crete, Cyprus, France, Gibraltar, Greece, Italy, Malta, Portugal, Sardinia, Sicily, Spain, Turkey, Yugoslavia, Africa, Algeria, Canary Islands, Cape Verde Islands, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Libya, Madeira, Morocco, Principe, Sao Tome, Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Tunisia, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Asia, India, Bihar, Karnataka, Kerala, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, United Arab Emirates, Australasia and Pacific Islands, Irian Jaya, Central America and Caribbean, Antigua, Dominican Republic, South America, Argentina, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Guyana, Uruguay.

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44

"Sesamia cretica. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, no. 1st revision) (August 1, 2001). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpp/20066600241.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Sesamia cretica Lederer. Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Attacks sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), wheat (Triticum), maize (Zea mays), rice and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum). Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, France, Greece, Italy, Republic of Macedonia, Slovenia, Spain, Canary Islands, Mainland Spain, Yugoslavia (Fed. Rep), ASIA, China, Yunnan, India, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab, Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Syria, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkey, Uzbekistan, Yemen, AFRICA, Algeria, Cameroon, Chad, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, Mali, Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, Somalia, Sudan, Togo, Tunisia.

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45

"Lobesia botrana. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, No.December (August 1, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpp20133016749.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Lobesia botrana Denis & Schiffermüller. Lepidoptera: Tortricidae. Main host: grapevine (Vitis vinifera). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Albania; Austria; Belarus; Belgium; Bulgaria; Croatia; Cyprus; Czech Republic; Corsica and Mainland France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Sardinia, Sicily and Mainland Italy; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Macedonia; Malta; Moldova; Montenegro; Poland; Portugal; Romania; Russia; Serbia; Slovakia; Slovenia; Balearic Islands and Mainland Spain; Switzerland; England and Wales, UK; and Ukraine), Asia (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan), Africa (Algeria, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya and Morocco), North America (California, USA) and South America (Argentina and Chile).

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46

Morone, Antonio M. "QUANDO FINÌ IL COLONIALISMO ITALIANO? TRE DECOLONIZZAZIONI A CONFRONTO." Istituto Lombardo - Accademia di Scienze e Lettere - Rendiconti di Lettere, July 20, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/let.2019.683.

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The end of Italian colonialism cannot simply be limited to Italy’s military defeat during the Second World War and the consequent loss of colonial possessions. In actuality, the Republic of Italy clamored for the restitution of the former colonies until the rejection of the Bevin-Sforza Compromise at the U.N. General Assembly in 1949. It is therefore justifiable to point out the reality of an Italian colonialism during the Republican era, with its specific characteristics, which was the premise of the decolonization processes for Libya, Eritrea and Somalia. This note takes into consideration the specificity of these three paths of decolonization with reference to the Italian transition from a renewed colonial policy to a real postcolonial one.

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47

Minter, D. W. "Arthrinium sporophleum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]." IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, no. 216 (August 1, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20183347370.

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Abstract A description is provided for Arthrinium sporophleum, which is found on dead attached or fallen often rather dry leaves, stems, straw, stubble. Some information on its associated organisms and substrata, habitat, dispersal and transmission, and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Africa (Eritrea, as Ethiopia in GBIF database), North America (Canada, USA (Alaska, California, New Jersey)), Asia (India (Uttarakhand)), Atlantic Ocean (Portugal (Madeira)), Australasia (New Zealand), Europe (Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK), Pacific Ocean (USA (Hawaii))). This species was one of many detected as contaminants in sealed bakery products, but only at a very low level and not listed among the species considered problematic because of mycotoxin production.

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48

"Siphoninus phillyreae. [Distributiom map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, No.June (July 1, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpp/20133225821.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Siphoninus phillyreae (Haliday). Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae. Hosts: polyphagous on Oleaceae (Fraxinus, Olea, Phillyrea), Rosaceae (Crataegus, Cydonia, Malus, Prunus, Pyrus). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, France, Corsica, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Sicily, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain, Canary Islands, Mainland Spain, UK, England and Wales, Ukraine), Asia (India, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Iran, Israel, Japan, Honshu, Kyushu, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, Turkmenistan), Africa (Cameroon, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Libya, Morocco, South Africa, Sudan, Tunisia), North America (Mexico, USA, California, Florida, Nevada), South America (Argentina, Chile, Venezuela), Oceania (Australia, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, New Zealand).

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49

Minter, D. W. "Dendryphion comosum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]." IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, no. 197 (August 1, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20133414743.

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Abstract A description is provided for Dendryphion comosum, a saprobe, almost always on herbaceous stems, predominantly of Urtica and some members of the Apiaceae, with occasional observations on other herbs and on dead woody material. Some information on its substrata, habitats, economic impacts, dispersal and transmission and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Africa (Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi), Central America (Costa Rica), North America (Canada (British Columbia), Mexico, USA (Florida)), South America (Brazil (Sao Paulo)), Asia (China, Georgia, India (Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu), Iran, Taiwan), Australasia (Australia (Queensland), New Zealand), Caribbean (Cuba), Europe (Belgium, former Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK)).

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50

"Spodoptera cilium. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, June (August 1, 1995). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpp/20056600555.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Spodoptera cilium Guenée Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Lawn caterpillar. Attacks lawns, turf, rice. Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, France, Italy, Rhodes, Spain, Turkey, AFRICA, Algeria, Angola, Botswana, Canary Islands, Comoro Islands, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Reunion, Rodriguez, Sao Tomé, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Socotra, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, ASIA, Afghanistan, Andaman Islands, Bahrain, Burma, China, Hainan, Hongkong, India, Andra Pradesh, Bihar, Delhi, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Indonesia, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, Malaysia, Sabah, Peninsular Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Syria, Taiwan, Thailand, Yemen.

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