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1
De, Siati Ester. "The (Re)Creation of Second-Generation Eritreans’ Identity in Bologna, Italy." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Afrikanska studier, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-28183.
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The aim of this thesis is analysing the way in which second-generation Eritreans in Bologna re-construct their Eritrean identity. The originality of the thesis is the fact that this type of research has not been done in Bologna yet: Bologna is a multicultural city where its left-wing tradition has appreciated cultural differences differently from other cities in Italy, such as Milan.To reach the aim of the thesis I interviewed some second-generations Eritreans who were born and grew up in Italy. I also used some previous researches that have been conducted in Italy and abroad about the re-creation of second-generation Eritreans’ identity. The whole research is framed in a theoretical framework, which is composed by the definition of four concepts that are useful for the research; these concepts are: culture, identity, nation, and, diaspora.According to this study, there are many ways in which second-generation Eritreans shape their identity in Bologna. The main ways in which second-generation Eritreans shape their Eritrean identity in Bologna are: the encounter with other Eritreans, their parents’ roots, the language, and the holiday trips back to Eritrea.
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Fumba, Mireille Elin, and Amanuel Zegay. "Eritrea, a new commercial hub for international trade? : A case study of the Eritrean Free Zone Authority." Thesis, Linnaeus University, Linnaeus School of Business and Economics, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-5790.
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Many people have not even heard about Eritrea and even less about the free zones that is establishing there. The purpose of this thesis is to increase the understanding about the free zones that exits in Eritrea today. The port of Massawa is the one that the focus is upon in our thesis. The reason for the implementation of the free zones is the re-construction of the economy. The country is restoring the economy due to the fact that they had been in war with Ethiopia. Free zones are an established concept that already exists in other country’s for example Djibouti, Dubai, Sudan and so on. The free zones in Eritrea will have to show its forefeet to be competitive.
We want to increase the understanding of the free zones in Eritrea and even increase the understanding for how the strategy and the project are being handled. We will use models and theories to explain how the implementation is being done in the Eritrean free zones. The models that we are going to use, will illustrate how the management can be done. The methodological chapter will describe the approached used during the entire thesis. By collecting various kinds of data, the understanding has increased. We have analyzed all data, concluded the report and offered further recommendations.
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Sebhatleab, Natan. "The Eritrean-Ethiopian Conflict: A Theoretical Analysis." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1704.
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This paper examines the Eritrean-Ethiopian border conflict as a modern case study concerning the shortcomings of international law. It examines the history between the two countries and how the conflict emerged despite strong social and cultural ties between the two. After a 30-year long war where Eritrea gained its independence, a brief period of peace was overcome by war and tension. A United Nations (UN) commission tasked with distributing the disputed lands to its rightful owner ruled that the lands belonged to Eritrea and the UN Security Council (UNSC) agreed to enforce this ruling. Ethiopia re-occupied it and the UNSC has yet to act.
This essay looks at a range of international legal theories and tries to explain this case using these concepts. These include realism, neo-realism, liberalism, constructivism, and critical legal studies. This paper concludes neo-realism and critical legal studies accurately depict the events. This paper looks at the shared characteristics between these two theories and what they tell us about the status of international law. These findings indicate imbalanced power structures and a world where the powerful can impose their will on the weak with little ramifications.
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Arnone, Anna. "Being Eritrean in Milan : the constitution of identity." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2010. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/2489/.
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The research concerns the Eritrean community resident in Milan where it originated around forty years ago. In this thesis I reflect on how people who migrated from Eritrea at different times, and young people who were born from Eritrean parents in Milan, perceive themselves as a community away from their native country; how they perceive the differences and similarities between each other and those considered to be outside this community; and how the memories of the past are perceived by people with different personal and social histories. Since this research relates to the formation of identities and perceptions of the self among a migrant community, issues are analysed with the awareness that movement, dislocation, and re-location have great impact on the perceptions of home and of the self in cultural, historical and social terms.
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Jeon, Jihwan. "Risks and Livelihood Strategies of Eritrean Urban Refugeesin Khartoum." Thesis, University of York, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.507785.
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Kidane, Gerbremariam T. "Assessment of Eritrean rural development projects and their impacts." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53726.
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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Development, a non-ceasing phenomenon as long as mankind has dwelt on this planet, IS a complex matter which encompasses the three bottom-lines, i.e. social, economic and environmental aspects and aims at improving the quality of life. In fact, development issues are always challenging countries and their leaders as they try to introduce strategies and projects to benefit their rural sector which constitutes, especially in developing countries, most of the population who are living in poverty and continuing to stagger in very destitute level. One of these countries is Eritrea, a nation of which more than 80% live in rural areas and which is rated one of the lowest twenty nations on the human development index (measurement of literacy, health and life expectancy status) as well as the human poverty index of which 53% of the population lived below national poverty line during the period of 1987 to 2000 (UNDP, 2002). This paper is an attempt to discuss rural development and how it is being implemented in relation to Eritrea's reconstructions and rehabilitation efforts that took place after its freedom from foreign occupation. It is an assessment on the rural projects' planning and implementation process, and eventually also looks at the impacts they have on the life of the beneficiaries. As a whole, this research paper consists of an introduction and nine chapters. It can be classified into five parts, i.e. the theoretical literature, the country's status in specific fields, the sample research areas, an overall synthesis and lastly conclusions and recommendations as one part. The theoretical background revolves around rural areas and their reasons for poverty, different development theories within which rural development could be seen as one ingredient, and focuses on participatory rural development where projects can play vital roles in changing life style especially when they are managed in an integrated way touching main areas of need. The second section of the paper is a general overview of the socio-economic status of Eritrea and some of the efforts made by the government. These are mainly the health, education, water supply, agriculture and darn construction projects, accomplished mainly by government in partnership with domestic and foreign NGOs, whereas the same time people contributed mainly in kind. In relation to these five projects the researcher has drawn up questionnaires and personally filled them in five villages, namely Sheeb, Ade-awhi, Korbariaya, Azien and Wara, while at the same time holding discussions with the beneficiaries. In this section the assessment of the people's state and their response in relation to the planning process as well as impacts of the projects on their lives have been made for every village. In other words, the chapter shows the practical data analysis of the research. The next is, in similar form, an overall synthesis of the research. The researcher weighs and analyses the results in relation to planning issues, especially how far the people played a role in participation and the extent of their influence as well as their contentment with the end result in comparison to their expectations. Moreover, it investigates the projects' impact on the environment, and their influence on the socio-economic lives of the beneficiaries, and then sees how the projects have been managed at institutional level and whether the policies that are in effect have direct influence on initiating rural development projects. Finally some conclusions are drawn and recommendations are made that could be a benchmark for further studies and provide impetus to accelerate the present rural development planning and implementation. The researcher may have overlooked some necessary elements or missed some basic factors in dealing the current way of initiating development. But with the resources were available and the time at his disposal, while faced by the limitations explained in the introductory section of the paper, the researcher has made some efforts to highlight his convictions to the best of his academic ability. The sole purpose of his final statements is based on his wish for more rural upliftment and long-term as well as sustainable benefit to the rural people of his country, Eritrea.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ontwikkeling, 'n verskynsel wat nie ophou nie, bestaan al so lank as wat daar lewe op die planeet bestaan. Dit is 'n ingewikkelde saak wat drie aspekte behels: die sosiale, ekonomiese en omgewings aspekte en die doel daarvan is om lewensgehalte te verbeter. Ontwikkelingskwessies stel 'n uitdaging aan die leiers van lande; die regerings moet stategië uitwerk en projekte van stapel stuur wat die landelike sektor sal bevoordeel en veral in ontwikkelende lande, woon die grootste gedeelte van die bevolking op die platteland waar hulle gebuk gaan onder armoede. Eritrea is een van hierdie lande. 80% van die mense van Eritrea woon op die platteland. Etritrea word gereken as een van die twintig onontwikkelste lande op die menslike ontwikkelings indeks (wat geletterdheid, gesondheid en lewensverwagting meet) en ook op die menslike armoede indeks. 53% van die bevolking het vir die tydperk 1987 tot 2000 onder die nasionale armoedelyn geleef (UNDP, 2002). In hierdie studie word landelike ontwikkeling bespreek en hoe dit geïmplementeer is tydens die rekonstruksie en rehabilitasie pogings na die onafhanklikheid van Eritrea. Dit is 'n waardebepaling van die beplanning en implementasie van die landelike projekte en kyk ook na die impak wat dit op die lewens van die landelike bevolking gehad het. In die geheel bestaan hierdie studie uit 'n inleiding en nege hoofstukke. Dit kan in vyf afdelings ingedeel word: teoretiese literatuur, die stand van die land betreffende spesifieke gebiede, die navorsingsgebiede, 'n oorsigtelike sintese en ten laaste die gevolgtrekkings en aanbevelings. In die teoretiese agtergrond gaan dit om die landelike gebiede en die redes vir armoede, asook die ontwikkelingsteorië waarin landelike ontwikkeling gesien word as een bestandeel. Dit fokus op deelnemende landelike ontwikkeling waarin projekte 'n belangrike rol kan speel om die lewensgehalte te verbeter, veral as dit bestuur word op 'n geïntegreerde wyse en die grootste behoeftes aanspreek. Die tweede afdeling is 'n algemene oorsig van die sosio-ekonomiese stand van Eritrea en van die regering se pogings om dit te verbeter. Die vyf projekte wat betudeer is, is gemoeid met gesondheid, onderwys, water voorsiening, landbou en die konstruksie van damme. Die regering het hierdie projekte onderneem in vennootskap met plaaslike en buitelandse nie-regerings organisasies (NGOs) maar die bevolking self het ook 'n bydrae gemaak, gewoonlik in die vorm van arbeid. Met betrekking tot hierdie vyf projekte het die navorser vraelyste opgestel en dit persoonlik in die vyf dorpies naamlik Sheeb, Ade-awhi, Korbariaya, Azien en Wara voltooi terwyl hy dan ook besprekings met die bevolking gehou het. In hierdie afdeling word daar vir elke dorpie'n waardebepaling gedoen van die toestand van die mense en hulle reaksie op die beplanningsproses asook die impak van die projek op hulle lewe. Dan volg 'n oorsigtelike sintese van die navorsing. Die navorser weeg die resultate op en analiseer dit veral betreffende beplanning en tot hoe verre die mense self 'n rol gespeel het, hoeveel invloed hulle gehad het en of die resultaat aan hulle verwagtings voldoen. Die studie kyk ook na die impak van die projek op die omgewing en die invloed wat dit gehad het op die sosio-ekonomiese lewens van diegene wat veronderstel is om voordeel daaruit te trek. Daar word gekyk na hoe die projekte op hoër vlak bestuur is en of regeringsbeleid 'n invloed het op die beplanning van landelike ontwikkelingsprojekte. Dan word gevolgtrekkings en aanbeveling gemaak wat tot nut kan wees vir ander navorsers en kan lei tot beter en vinniger beplanning en implementasie van landelike ontwikkelings projekte. Die navorser het dalk per abuis sekere elemente en basiese faktore oorgesien maar met die hulpbronne en tyd tot sy beskikking asook die beperkings wat in die inleiding tot die studie bespreek word, het hy sy oortuigings op skrif gestel tot die beste van sy vermoë. Hy hoop dat sy aanbevelings sal lei tot groter landelike ontwikkeling op die lang termyn en dat die mense van sy land, Eritrea, die volgehoue voordeel sal trek.
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Abdella, Ali Suleman. "An analysis of the Eritrean grade 9 biology textbook." University of the Western Cape, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6594.
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Magister Philosophiae - MPhilTeachers, during various seminars, workshops and departmental meetings, continuously complained about the inadequacy of the grade 9 biology textbook used in the Eritrean secondary schools. Among others, the teachers concerns has provided a necessary stimulus for embarking on this research which sought to determine the role, quality readability and relevance of the Eritrean grade 9 biology textbook, based on the teachers' and students' perceptions. Interviews, questionnaires, Cloze test and Word Difficulty Index were used to collect the data. The interview and questionnaires provided information on how the textbook was being used by both teachers and students. In addition they provided information about quality of the textbook and its relevance to the daily life experiences of the students. Moreover, Cloze test and Word Difficulty Index provided information on the readability of the textbook. The finding of this study reveals that both teachers and students use the textbook as the major source of information. Also, the factors that determine quality of the textbook were found to be poor except the physical features and organisation. With respect to relevance, very limited attempts were made to link biology to the daily life experiences of the students. The Cloze test and Word Difficulty Index show that the students clearly experience difficulty in understanding what they have read. In conclusion, this study makes some recommendation to writers on how to improve the quality of the textbook. The results obtained in this study are by no means exhaustive. Finally, areas warranting further investigation are suggested.
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Abbay, Futsum Tesfatsion. "The eritrean land tenure system from historical and legal perspectives /." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32790.
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A land tenure system is a set of rules which govern social relations between peoples in respect to land. It defines the property rights in land of individuals or groups in a specific locality or society. The property rights, which are in effect bundles of rights, may include the right to use, lease, mortgage, transfer, and so on. The source of these tenurial rules can be either customs or enacted laws. This thesis examines in detail these aspects of land tenure systems in respect to Eritrea, a country situated in the Horn of East Africa. Accordingly, the indigenous systems of land tenure of the country, land reforms introduced by the country's colonizers, and land laws enacted by the country's Government after independence, are discussed and criticized.
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Ogbagzy, Rahel Araya. "The construction of Eritrean women's identity in the Canadian context." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0007/MQ45487.pdf.
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Haggi, Haggi Michael. "The health experiences of Eritrean refugee families in the UK." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.606342.
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Refugees face multiple vulnerabilities during different stages of their migration and settlement. However, the impact of the vulnerabilities on their health experiences remain diverse; also, there is paucity and limitations in application of theoretical concepts in systematically analysing and understanding the empirical evidence that exits on refugee or migrant health. The aim of this interpretive ethnographic study was, therefore, to explore the health experiences Eritrean refugee families in context of their migration journey and settlement in the UK, and consequently contribute to the efforts aimed at understanding and improving health experiences of refugees. The findings of this study are based on thematic analysis, utilizing NVvivo, of narratives of 18 parents, from 11 Eritrean refugee families, living in a Midlands city of England. The narratives were collected (March 2010 to May 2011) through semi -structured in -depth interviews conducted by the insider researcher. Three broad themes emerged from the analysis: The first theme, flight and settlement: implications of 'illegality' and social exclusion, examines how 'illegal' migration status during the course of migration journey, and social exclusion and associated factors during the asylum process in the UK, influenced the experiences, including health experiences, of the Eritrean refugee families. The second theme, refugee families: health implications and adaptation, shows the ingraining of the participants' narratives in their past and present experiences and optimism about their future lives. The third theme, health definition and experiences with healthcare services in the UK, portrays the participants' perceptions and views about health, illness and health services in the UK. Overall, having analysed the health experiences of understudied refugee group based on relevant theory and literature the study contributes to the wider refugee and refugee family health literature. The study also presents recommendations that would help improve health experiences of refugees. ABSTRACT Refugees experience multiple vulnerabilities during
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Weldegergis, Berhane Tekle. "Analysis of organochloro-pesticides in Eritrean water and sediment samples." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49830.
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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The choice of the sample preparation technique used in combination with a chromatographic technique in environmental analysis strongly influences the performance of the method as a whole. The main aim of this work was to evaluate methods like: micro liquid-liquid extraction (цLLE)and solid phase micro extraction (SPME) in combination with gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GCECD) and a recently developed technique named stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) combined with thermal desorption system-programmable temperature vaporizationgas chromatography-mass spectrometer (TDS-PTV-GC-MS) for the analysis of organochloro-pesticides (OCPs) in natural water and to make a comparison between them. The most suitable method was then selected for the analysis of water samples collected from Eritrea. An additional goal was to develop a sensitive method for the analysis ofOCPs in soil and sediment samples. цLLE-GC-ECD and SPME-GC-ECD methods were evaluated for the analysis of OCPs in water. The former allowed achieving a sensitivity of less than 100 ppt and the latter was able to detect down to the 1 ppt level. Both methods were found to be repeatable with %RSD of3% to 19% and 5% to 12% as well as linear with a range of 1:103 and 1:5x103 respectivey. SBSE-TDS-GC-MS was also investigated for the analysis of OCPs in water samples. With this technique a good sensitivity down to 1 ppt was also obtained. The less sensitive nature of the MS compared to ECD was hereby compensated for by the large amount of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) phase on the stir bar. The method was repeatable and linear with a range of 1:5000, which is similar to the one obtained for the SPME-GC-ECD method. All three methods were also tested with real contaminated water samples and a comparison of the three techniques in terms of sensitivity, linearity, repeatability, availability and cost effectiveness was done. As a method of choice in terms of the above criteria, SPMEGC- ECD was applied to the water samples collected from Eritrea. The presence of some oePs such as a-BBC (benzenehexachloride), heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, endosulfan I, p,p'-DDE (dichlorodiphenylchloroethylene), endosulfan II, p,p'-DDD (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane), endosu!fan sulfate and p,p'-DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) in some of the Eritrean water samples was demonstrated The SPME-GC-ECD technique for the analysis OCPs in soil and sediment samples was investigated. It was shown to be able to detect down to 1 pg/g (lppt) with good linearity and repeatability. The method was also evaluated for authentic soil samples. Due to a lack of time the method could not be applied for the analysis of the soil and sediment samples collected from Eritrea.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die keuse van 'n gepaste monster-voorbereidingsmetode wat gebruik word tesame met 'n chromatografiese skeidingtegniek in omgewings-analise het 'n beduidende effek op die algehele metode. Die doel van hierdie werk was om metodes soos mikrovloeistof- vloeistof ekstraksie (цLLE) en soliede fase mikro ekstraksie (SPME) in kombinasie met gaschromatografie met elektronvangs deteksie (GC-ECD) te ontwikkel vir die analise van organochloor-pestisiede (OCPs) in natuurlike water. Vervolgens is hierdie metodes vergelyk met die onlangs-ontwikkelde roerstaaf sorptiewe ekstraksie tegniek (SBSE) in kombinasie met termiese desorbsie-GCmassaspektrometriese deteksie (TDS-GC-MSD). Die mees geskikte metode is vervolgens gebruik vir die analise van Eritreaanse watermonsters. Daarbenewens was die doelook om 'n sensitiewe metode te ontwikkel vir die analise van OCPs in gronden sedimentmonsters. Beide цLLE en SPME-GC-ECD metodes is gekarakteriseer deur goeie herhaalbaarheid en lineariteit. Die sensitiwiteit van bogenoemde metodes was minder as 100 dele per triljoen (ppt) en 1 ppt, respektiewelik. Ook met SBSE-TDS-GC-MSD kon 'n deteksielimiet van 1 ppt bereik word. In hierdie geval is vir die verlies van sensitiwiteit van die MSD in vergelyking met die ECD, gekompenseer deur die groter hoeveelheid PDMS op die roerstaaf in vergelyking met 'n SPME apparaat. Die herhaalbaarheid en lineariteit van die metode is vergelykbaar met dié van die SPMEGC- ECD metode. Al drie metodes is vergelyk vir die analise van gekontamineerde watermonsters in terme van sensitiwiteit, liniêre bereik, herhaalbaarheid, toeganklikheid en kosteeffektiwiteit. SPME-GC-ECD is vervolgens gekies as metode van voorkeur vir die analise van Eritreaanse watermonsters. Die teenwoordigheid van sekere OCPs soos a-BHC, heptachloor, heptachloorepoksied, endosulfan I, p,p'-DDE, endosulfan II, p,p' -DDD, endosulfan sulfaat en p,p' -DDT in die monsters is gedemonstreer. Die toepasbaarheid van die SPME-GC-ECD metode vir die analise van OCPs in grond-en sedimentmonsters is ook geëvalueer, en dit was moontlik om so min as 1 pg/g waar te neem. Weens tydbeperkings was dit nie moontlik om Eritreaanse grondmonsters met die ontwikkelde metode te analiseer nie.
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Ghezai, Haben. "Narratives of extreme adversity and strength amongst Eritrean refugee people." Thesis, University of East London, 2017. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/6757/.
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Eritrea is currently one of the top ten countries from which individuals seek asylum; with the number of Eritrean refugee people tripling in the United Kingdom (UK) since 2014. Eritreans have fled their homeland for many different reasons, including: the 1961-1993 Eritrean-Ethiopian independence war, the 1998- 2000 border conflict and more recently, human rights violations. Extreme adversity is not an uncommon human experience, however discourses surrounding “psychological trauma” have dominated the way in which refugee people’s experiences are understood. This often means that professionals are limited to working with refugee people within rigid Western frameworks for understanding adversity and resilience. Such ways of working enforces the dominant medical narrative, de-politicises adversity and silences more subjugated ways of understanding extreme adversity and resilience. Ethnographic narrative analysis was used to explore how Eritrean refugee people made sense of their experiences, as well as the multifaceted and contextual ways they have narrated these experiences. The study revealed that participants did not make sense of or respond to their experiences within the trauma framework. Rather, participants made sense of their experiences within the socio-political, economic and historical context in which they existed, and told stories of acceptance, hope, survival and justice. Furthermore, strength was not understood as an internal quality or ability, but as a process embedded within the social and cultural contexts that existed. Recommendations for the theory and practice of clinical psychology and policy will be explored, alongside suggestions for future research.
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Nur, Ali. "The Identity Formation of Descendants of Eritrean Immigrants in Sweden." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22956.
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The topic of this thesis is the identity formation of descendants of Eritrean immigrants in Sweden. The aim of this research was to understand how descendants of Eritrean immigrants have adapted to the Swedish society and how this has contributed to who they are and what this means for their future based on the process of social identity theory. The research sought to answer the following questions (1) How descendants of Eritrean immigrants identify themselves, and (2) How they negotiate their Swedish and Eritrean identity by interviewing six interviewees. A qualitative approach was used in this study, and data were analyzed using social identity theory. The result of the study was that descendant immigrant identified with Swedish and Eritrean cultures. They also categorized themselves based on culture, language, and religion. Therefore, language, ethnicity, culture, and religion constitute identity formation of the descendants of Eritrean immigrants in Sweden.
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Ketema, Raymok. "ERITREAN SOUNDS OF RESISTANCE: A HISTORICAL, POLITICAL, and MUSICAL ANALYSIS ON THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR, 1960s to 1990s." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1524148034538656.
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Zere, Abraham T. "Narration in Gebreyesus Hailu's The Conscript." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1407920806.
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Sahle, Habtemichael Faniel. "The application of decision support systems in the Eritrean public sector." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50117.
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Thesis (MPA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The traditional skills required in government-wide local knowledge, sound political judgment and concern for the welfare of people-are still essential in the global information society. But, to be more effective, these skills now have to be supported by the new decision-making techniques of operations research and decision support systems. The capacity of the human mind to handle complex issues is limited. This situation of complexity and incapacity makes the application of operations research techniques and electronic DSS essential for good governance outcomes. Operations research is a multidisciplinary discipline that requires a team approach to decision making. It is based on systems analysis approach because of its preoccupation with interconnections among parts rather than within the parts themselves. This systems approach allows the optimization of an organization's overall goals, not just those of isolated departments. Optimization is one of the functions of operations research techniques. Linear programming models are most effective at the operational level of decision making with a single objective where scarce or limited resources must be allocated or used in an optimal manner. At the policy level where there are many uncertainties and conflicting objectives, multiobjective programming is more suitable. On the other hand, dynamic programming is flexible and is particularly applied whenever a sequence of decisions must be made and the goal is to find the combination of decisions that optimizes the overall effectiveness of the entire set of decisions. However, when a problem is too complex to be treated by numerical optimization techniques, simulation is used. That is when the problem either cannot be formulated for optimization, because the formulation is too large, there are too many interactions among the variables, or the problem is stochastic (probabilistic) in nature. Despite the analytical power of operations research, many real-world problems are not amenable to direct analytical solution by known mathematical techniques. Hence, in the absence of exact methods to solutions, we usually resort to heuristics, i.e. finding a good but not necessarily the best solution. Other problems encountered by public sector agencies include service stations (waiting lines), inventory levels, forecasting, and project scheduling, which all need decision support systems. To reduce the adverse impact of waiting to acceptable levels one has to minimize costs associated with providing service and those associated with waiting time. For smooth operations, inventory of goods must be kept to an acceptable level to minimize setup or ordering, inventory holding, and shortage (public complaints, and loss of good will and sales) costs. Forecasting is crucial as most managerial decisions are based on projected information and policy analysis is almost always about future outcomes. Many government policies and programs are implemented through projects. Project managers must know how long a specific project will take to finish, what the critical tasks are, and what the probability of completing the project within a given time span is. Successful applications of operations research and decision support systems in the public sector have been recorded including in the areas of the military, transportation, crime and justice, police units, energy, natural resources, facility location, and land use planning. However, operations research applications are not without impediments. Technical and institutional barriers are some of the problems encountered in the effort to apply operations research in the public sector. Similarly, reasons for the slow growth of decision support systems include lack of user demand, lack of system designer motivation, lack of system designer expertise, reluctance to change, and increased risk of failure In the Eritrean public sector, the low level of awareness of operations research and decision support systems is reflected in the inadequacy of addressing multicriteria decision processes, the lack and lor inappropriate selection of decision support systems, improper project management techniques, suboptimal facility locations and service stations, the low level of multidisciplinary approach, and the absence of national standards for pollution control. In general, constraints such as the lack of capacity, awareness, know-how, and software, are rampant. The study concludes that policy-making processes should incorporate opportunities to exercise choices and explore rational options. These rational options are the results of appropriate interface of human, operations research and decision support systems.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die tradisionele vaardighede wat van 'n regering verwag word - wye kennis van plaaslike omstandighede, goeie politieke oordeel en besorgdheid oor die welvaart van mense - was nog altyd belangrik in die moderne wêreld. Hierdie vaardighede moet egter ondersteun word deur die nuwe besluitnemingstegnieke van operasionele navorsing en besluitnemings ondersteuningstelsels om effektief te wees. Die vermoë van die menslike brein om komplekse kwessies te hanteer, is beperk. Hierdie situasie van kompleksheid aan die een kant en onvermoë aan die ander kant maak die aanwending van operasionele navorsingstegnieke en elektroniese besluitneming nodig vir goeie regeringsuitkomste. Operasionele navorsing is 'n multidisiplinêre disipline wat 'n spanbenadering tot besluitneming benodig. Dit is baseer op die sisteemanalise benadering omdat dit gaan oor interkonneksies tussen onderdele en nie soseer oor die onderdele self nie. Hierdie sisteembenadering maak die optimisering van die sisteem se oorhoofse doelwitte moontlik, nie net die doelwitte van geïsoleerde departemente nie Optimisasie is een van die funksies van operasionele navorsing. Liniêre programmeringsmodelle is meer effektief op die operasionele vlak van besluitneming met 'n enkel doelwit waar skaars of beperkte bronne toegewys of gebruik moet word op 'n optimale wyse. Op die beleidsvlak waar baie onsekerhede en botsende doelwitte voorkom, is multi-doelwit programmering meer geskik. Aan die ander kant is dinamiese programmering meer toepaslik en buigsaam, veral as dit toegepas word waar 'n reeks besluite geneem moet word en die doel is om 'n kombinasie van besluite te vind wat die oorhoofse effektiwiteit van die hele stel besluite optimiseer. Sekere probleme is egter te kompleks om met numeriese optimisering op te los, omdat die probleem nie geprogrammeer kan word vir optimisering nie, omdat die formulasie te groot is, daar te veel interaksies tussen die veranderlikes is, of die probleem stogasties van aard is. Dan kan simulasies oorweeg word om oplossings te probeer vind. Ten spyte van die analitiese krag van operasionele navorsing, kan baie werklike probleme nie direk deur analitiese wiskundige tegnieke opgelos word nie - altans nie deur bekende wiskundige tegnieke nie. As 'n presiese oplossing nie moontlik is nie, kan kan 'n heuristiese oplossing ondersoek word, d.w.s. 'n goeie, maar nie noodwendig die beste oplossing nie. Ander probleme wat deur die openbare sektor ondervind word, sluit in diensstasies, inventarisvlakke, voorspellings, en projekskedulering. Hulle benodig almal besluitnemingsstelsels vir effektiewe oplossings. Om die wagtydperk te verminder tot 'n aanvaarbare vlak moet die koste verbonde aan die verskaffing van die diens en die koste verbonde aan wagtydperke minirniseer word. Om 'n operasie glad te laat verloop moet die inventaris van goedere op 'n aanvaarbare vlak gehou word om die koste van bestellings, die byhou van voorrade en tekorte (klagtes van die publiek, die verlies aan vertroue en verkope) te minirniseer. Voorspelling is van die uiterste belang vir hierdie doel, omdat bestuursbesluite baseer is op geskatte syfers en beleidsontleding betrekking het op toekomstige uitkomste. Baie regeringsbeleide en -programme word deur projekte geïmplementeer. Projekbestuurders moet weet hoe lank dit sal neem om 'n projek te voltooi, wat die belangrike take is en hoe waarskynlik dit is dat die projek betyds voltooi sal word. Operasionele navorsing en besluitnemingsondersteuning stelsels is al suksesvol aangewend in die volgende openbare sektore: militêre funksies, vervoer, misdaad en justisie, die polisie, energie, natuurlike hulpbronne, en die beplanning van grondgebruik. Tegniese en ander hindernisse word egter soms ondervind by die gebruik van operasionele navorsingstegnieke in die openbare sektor. Redes hoekom die gebruik van sulke stelsels so stadig toeneem, sluit in die gebrek aan aanvraag van verbruikers, die gebrek aan stelselontwerp motivering, die gebrek aan stelselontwerp vaardighede, onwilligheid om te verander en die groter risiko van mislukking. In die openbare sektor van Eritrea word die lae vlak van bewustheid van operasionele navorsing en besluitnemingsondersteuning stelsels gereflekteer in 'n onvermoë om dit te gebruik, die gebrek aan of verkeerde keuse van sulke hulpmiddels, verkeerde bestuurstegnieke, suboptimale plasing van dienspunte, die afwesigheid van multi-disiplinêre benaderings, en die afwesigheid van nasionale standaarde vir die beheer van besoedeling. Beperkings soos 'n gebrek aan kapasiteit, bewustheid, kennis en sagteware kom algemeen voor. In hierdie studie word daar tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat beleidmakende prosesse die geleentheid behoort in te sluit om keuses te maak en om verskillende opsies te toets. Hierdie rasionele opsies is die gevolg van die regte interaksie tussen die mens, operasionele navorsing en besluitnemingsondersteuning stelsels.
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Tesfagabir, Tewelde W. "An Eritrean Perspective of Africa's Potential for Indigenous, Independent Food Sustainability." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3842.
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Food insecurity in Africa is a threat to future generations because many countries rely on potentially unsustainable food policies. Eritrea's indigenous food sustainability policy has not been explored or analyzed in a scholarly manner. This qualitative case study analyzed the effectiveness of the current policy of food sustainability without relying on foreign food aid in Eritrea. The main research question addressed relates to how Eritrean irrigation farmers understand and implement the Eritrean government's food sustainability policy. The theoretical framework for this study, Kingdon's policy stream, set the agenda for a policy of sustainable indigenous Eritrean agricultural development without food aid. I have collected data by conducting semistructured interviews with 15 farmers who each have at least 7 years' experience providing food for their own families. Data from the interviews was audio recorded, transcribed, reviewed by the interviewees for increased credibility and reliability, translated in to English, and emergently coded and categorized for theme and pattern analysis. This study`s findings contain important lessons relative to advancing food self-sufficiency in Eritrea. The implications for social change across Africa may include informing practitioners and policymakers of the importance of applying appropriate policies to encourage food self-sufficiency.
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Meres, Sereke-Berhan. "Ethiopian and Eritrean Businesses Growth Barriers in the Washington, DC Area." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2613.
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Prior studies have revealed that recent Asian and Hispanic immigrant entrepreneurs have made significant contributions to social change in the United States. Although African immigrant entrepreneurs have made such contributions, few studies exist about them, and there is limited knowledge about this business community. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to identify the barriers of growth in Ethiopian and Eritrean immigrant-owned firms in the Washington, DC area who were in business for a minimum of 3 years and represented various trade lines and geographical locations. The enhanced integrated model of ethnic business development, which proposes growth strategies by analyzing the interaction of opportunity structures, ethnic resources, and entrepreneurial and management skills, was used as the conceptual framework to guide this study. Semistructured interview data were gathered from the business owners and then analyzed by employing a pattern matching technique. The data analysis revealed the themes of management deficiencies and the lack of organizational support system as the main growth barriers of the firms studied. These findings suggested the improvement of management skills and the creation of an organizational support system. This effort demands a collaboration of public, private, and community organizations. The results of this study may have positive social change implications to local economies by facilitating the growth of immigrant-owned businesses and enhancing their job and income-creating potential.
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Tewelde, Yonatan. "Chatroom Nation: an Eritrean Case Study of a Diaspora PalTalk Public." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1603897547633518.
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Martignoni, Martina. "Postcolonial organising : an oral history of the Eritrean community in Milan." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/37730.
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This thesis explores the politics of self-organising of the Eritrean community in Milan and investigates the interconnections between postcoloniality, migration, difference and organising. Postcoloniality is seen as a crucial time-space for contemporary forms of organising. I employ a postcolonial approach not only to understand the historical environment in which my research is placed but also to imagine new forms of organising that involve migrants in Europe. I approach the problem of organising by engaging with literature on diversity management and multiculturalism. Moving from a critique of these practices I look for alternative forms of organising – specifically inside social movements – and ask what the effects of bringing postcolonial critique to bear organisational practices are and what does it mean to organise in a postcolonial way. Oral history, the methodology I use, shares with postcolonial studies the attempt of deconstructing a homogenous approach to history, giving value instead to subjectivity and to radical conflicts around heterogeneity. I examine the history of the Eritrean community in Milan from the vantage point of the lives of Eritrean migrants and second generations and I argue that two interrelated activities shaped their politics: practices of self-organisation in everyday life and the diasporic organization when dealing with politics concerning Eritrea. An analysis of this interrelation brings me to discuss what self-organising looks like in postcoloniality and what is the role of difference in it. While difference has often been connected to identities, I argue that the experience of the Eritreans in Milan suggests looking at difference as defined by practices. Difference comes to be a constituent divergence that rejects relativism and comparison. By thinking the relationship between postcoloniality and organization the thesis aims to contribute to the imagination of new forms of organising among differences.
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Ambroso, Guido Claudio. "'Urban ethnicity' : culture and politics among Eritrean and Egyptian migrants in Milan." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1987. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1317976/.
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This thesis argues that 'ethnicity' can be seen as the interplay between culture and politics in a specific social context. It compares the ethnic identity and organization of two migrant groups, Eritreans and Egyptians, in Milan and their contrasting relationship with the 'host society'. It also assesses the theoretical significance of 'cultural strategy', 'social closure' and the 'social construction of race', evaluating their significance for the concept of 'ethnicity'. The main method adopted is that of qualitative participant research. After a description of the social and cultural background of emigration and of the context of arrival, the thesis analyzes the main differences between the two groups in terms of patterns of employment, legal situation and housing. While these differences may partly be explained by the two groups' different demographic structures, social networks and ethnic identity, the crucial difference is in their different patterns of leadership, organization and political contacts with the 'host society'. The Eritreans have a high attendance at their 'ethnic institutions' because their leaders have been able to draw support from and to establish contacts with, sections of the 'host society' in order to find employment, to obtain sojourn permits and to gain access to public housing. By contrast, the Egyptians have a low attendance at the religious institution that they share with other Muslims, not only for ideological reasons, but also because of the institution's relative lack of resources. Instead, intermarriage is one of the main avenues of social advancement. The thesis concludes that 'ethnicity' can be seen as a 'usurpatory cultural strategy' in relation to the racist ideologies and 'exclusionary' practices of the 'host society'. For the Eritreans it involves the stressing of cultural distinctiveness and social enhancement at a group level. For the Egyptians it involves concealment of cultural difference and social enhancement pursued at an individual level.
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O'Kane, D. J. P. "Peasant nationalism in Embaderho : land and national identities in an Eritrean village." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.421014.
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Kahsay, Kiflom Michael. "Sustainable digitization of valuable collections owned by the Eritrean Research Documentation Centre." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/51265.
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This piece of work reflects on the state of digitization at the Eritrean Research and Documentation Centre (ERDC) which manages several valuable heritage collections. The purpose of the research was to evaluate the current selection process followed when digitizing these collections and to advise on the sustainability of a digitization programme. The recommendations captured as part of the research will be used to prepare a digitization policy as well as to develop essential guidelines and manuals necessary at the start of a sustainable digitization initiative.
The research followed a qualitative approach and a case study research design was adopted. A thorough literature study was conducted to identify appropriate procedures for digitizing valuable collections, the associated challenges and to find solutions to these problems. The core purpose of the literature was to inform the research on how an institution can sustainably digitize its collections. In-depth interviews were then conducted with ERDC managers and the current operations staff. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data from the ERDC employees. Seven managers and operations staff of the digitization program were purposively selected for interviews. During the interviews the following were addressed: the policy, selection criteria, processes, challenges and solutions for digitization constraints. The main goal of the interviews was to understand the current digitization progress at the ERDC and to then compare these findings with the available literature. The research data were analysed to identify themes/ related issues that would need to be addressed. These themes were used to develop recommendations to share with ERDC.
The recommendations specifically address the digitization policy, critical challenges, required resources, selection issues, standards and formats, workflow, quality control, access to users and evaluation of the digitization programme.Mini Dissertation (MIT)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
Information Science
MIT
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Mebrahtu, Hagos. "Measuring the gender-wage differential and discrimination in the Eritrean labour market." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6908.
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Bibliography: leaves 84-87.The objective of the study is to measure and investigate the sources of gender-wage differentials in the Eritrean labour market. The study uses primary data drawn from the Income and Expenditure Household Survey collected by National Statistics Eritrea in 1997. Three separate standard wage functions for males, females and a pooled one for both sexes are estimated, in which, the dependent variable (semi-log monthly wage) is a linear function of years of schooling, experience, experience squared, and hours worked, and dummy variables capturing, occupations, ethnicity, industry, employer, marital status, fighters (represents whether the individual employee belong to the group who participated in the army struggle for independence or not). The decomposition exercise involved subtracting the female wage equation from the male wage equation, and then the wage differential that is found is in tum decomposed using the standard Oaxaca -Blinder (1973) procedure. The econometric result showed that women earned about 66 % of what men earned. The wage differentials are decomposed into two components, the differential due to the measurable variables and that due to discrimination. The results from the decompositions of the gender-wage differentials show that 18 % of the wage differentials result from discrimination, while 82 % is accounted for by the measurable variables. These results signal that gender-wage differentials emanate both from human capital differences and unequal treatment in the labour market. The results from the wage equation of female workers showed that human capital followed by the variable fighters, hours worked per a week, marital status, industrial sectors, and type of employer were important determinant of female wages. Place of work and occupations were the least important, and ethnicity was insignificant in the wage determination process of the female employees. Likewise, the human capital followed by the variable fighter, place of work and occupations were important variables in determining the male wages. Ethnicity, industrial sectors, employer and marital status were least important in the wage determination process of the male employees in Eritrea in 1997.
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Teka, Edwin M. "Instability in the Horn of Africa an assessment of the Ethiopia-Eritrean conflict." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/5236.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedThis thesis analyzes instability in the Horn of Africa focusing specifically to the Ethiopia-Eritrea border conflict fought between the two countries in 1998-2000. It provides a historical background of both countries, and how they were influenced by external actors and subsequent federation of Eritrea into Ethiopia in 1950. The study then examines the termination of Eritrean federation, which sparked the emergence of secession movements culminating to Eritrea's independence in 1993. Among the notable findings of the study are that the two countries signed a total of twenty-five protocols by September 1993, which included among other things, a joint defense pact and trade agreements but were not implemented. Economic and border incompatibilities served as sources of tension between the two countries. Despite the signing of a Comprehensive Peace Agreement, the African Union and the international community have failed to resolve this conflict, and it remains a potential flashpoint in the Horn of Africa. The recommendations include pursuing a political compromise over the symbolic village of Badme and placing it under the sovereignty of a condominium administered by both states and then addressing other sources of interdependence. Additionally, the international community needs to pressurize both countries to fully democratize.
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Ogbamicael, Lettedenghil. "Gender differences in learning achievement in Eritrean secondary schools, with emphasis on science." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/4c1a3cb8-f8b3-4d41-9c87-de789e8820a7.
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Negash, Goitom. "Unmuted by Social Media: Narratives of Eritrean and Ethiopian Migrants in the US." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1565627544096228.
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Haile, Estifanos. "Groundwater chemistry and recharge rate in crystalline rocks : case study from the Eritrean highland /." Stockholm: Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4085.
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Hassanen, Sadia. "Repatriation, Integration or Resettlement : The Dilemmas of Migration among Eritrean Refugees in Eastern Sudan /." New Jersey : Redsea Press, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-6641.
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El, Hariri Alessandra. "'Perceiving Italy' : an exploration of asylum-seekers' strategies : the case of Eritrean asylum-seekers." Thesis, University of Essex, 2017. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/21126/.
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This thesis is an exploratory study of the way perceptions and emotions shape the agency of asylum seekers. Using Eritrean asylum seekers that travel to Italy and their perceptions of the Italian asylum system as a case study, it explores how perceptions of Italy and its asylum system shape the strategies of Eritrean asylum seekers at different stages of their migration journey. This research went some way towards developing a notion of agency that also takes into account dimensions (such as the importance of perceptions and emotions) that are sometimes overlooked in forced migration studies, thereby contributing (or so I hope) to a more informed and subtle view of asylum seekers’ movements and of their interaction with their surrounding environment. My fieldwork demonstrates that perceptions and emotions play an important role in shaping asylum seeker agency, and that perceptions are heavily influenced by the circulation of rumours among migrants. The first part of the thesis explores the way perceptions about Italy are produced and re-produced in Eritrea (thereby leading to a set of recurrent expectations), as well as the way the identity formation process happening in Eritrea has led to the emergence of peculiar characteristics that are relevant in explaining Eritrean asylum seekers’ strategies for coping with the challenges of the asylum system. The second part of this project focuses on asylum journeys, and specifically on the various trajectories developed by asylum seekers, on the circulation of rumours and on the way perceptions about destination countries evolve. The last part examines the Italian asylum and reception systems and provides some examples of the strategies adopted by asylum seekers to overcome problems and obstacles; it also explores the factors that shape the agency of Eritrean asylum seekers, especially in relation to the Italian asylum system and to the rules of the Dublin Procedure.
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Bright, Nancee Oku. "Mothers of steel : the women of Um Gargur, an Eritrean refugee settlement in Sudan." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1992. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:92d26c17-84ee-4bb3-b8a6-0bdd03e8c817.
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This is an ethnographic study of the lives and experiences of Eritrean refugee women in Um Gargur, a settlement in eastern Sudan established in 1976. It is based upon fourteen months of fieldwork and builds upon the findings of my 1985 M.Phil, thesis, "A Preliminary Study of the Position of Eritrean Refugees in the Sudan", for which I conducted two months of research in Urn Gargur. While the M.Phil, thesis was a comparative study of Um Gargur and two other cases of resettlement in Africa, here I am concerned primarily with questions of gender, everyday life, and how processes of change and realignments of power impact upon women in displaced heterogeneous societies. After more than a decade in exile the people of Um Gargur continue to be fiercely nationalistic and as unresigned to remaining refugees as they are to assimilating into Sudan. There is also a growing trend towards Islamic conservatism in the settlement. This, coupled with the fact that Um Gargur is composed largely of mistrusted "strangers", means that women experience more restrictions in Um Gargur than they did in their communities of origin. The aim of the thesis is to examine the effect of displacement and exile upon gender roles, social infrastructures, traditions and perceptions, as people of disparate origins, occasionally with conflicting beliefs and mores, negotiate a way of living together. The title "Mothers of Steel" is taken from a riot instigated by women when charges were introduced for water. As the women revolted, their children shouted "Our mothers are steel, our fathers are monkeys!" This represented the main crisis point between men and women. Yet although the title derives from this incident, women, as they feed, nurture, socialise their children and keep their families intact, have clearly become "mothers of steel" in the eyes of their children since they have lived in Um Gargur. Chapter One introduces an overview of the settlement and shows that women's deliberate exclusion from all formal institutions leaves them at a disadvantage despite the fact that over 50% of them are household heads for much of the year. The following chapters examine how categories as diverse as politics, honour, health, and economics, impinge on the lives of the refugee women and their families, and argue that in contexts of displacement, where social realities are constantly being redefined, these categories all have a moral dimension. In Chapters Three and Four I show how limited employment opportunities in Um Gargur have meant that the majority of men continuously resident in the settlement have lost their roles as providers while women's roles have taken on a new symbolic significance. The society attempts to compensate for men's loss of status by placing greater restrictions upon women. Women's reactions to this are varied, but significant numbers of them have redrawn the parameters of "honourable" behaviour to allow themselves more flexibility. Women establish ties, not unlike kinship bonds, which traverse ethnic and religious boundaries and offer limited economic power and physical and psychological support. In Chapter Five I explore the tensions between traditional beliefs and practices and "Western" models of health care. While society's notion of what constitutes honour has calcified in reaction to a situation of extreme social dislocation and jeopardisation of "male" and "female" behaviour patterns, I show in Chapter Six that the women of Um Gargur have recognised their common plight and responded by renegotiating their identity, whilst at the same time being the primary agents - through myths, songs, names, and stories about Eritrea - in the construction of their children's identities as Eritreans. In the Conclusion (Chapter Seven) I introduce the story of the aforementioned water riot to illustrate how radically women's perceptions of their own power have altered, and how their children now perceive them. I suggest that though the process of change has been slow, the pressures faced by the community have meant that women's reconceptualisation of their own roles has been inevitable.
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Keflom, Tsegaye. "Eritrean primary school teachers' perceptions of the relationship between pre-service education and the demands of the workplace." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/2049.
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Magister Educationis - MEdThis study investigates six Eritrean primary school teacher's perceptions of their pre-service education. Six primary school teachers from three different schools in two different regions of Eritrea were interviewed. The researcher investigated whether primary school teachers found the knowledge and/or skill acquired from their pre-service courses in the Asmara Teachers' Training Institute helpful to make and use effective lesson plans, prepare and use relevant teaching aids, assess their students' performance, prepare lesson content, manage the classroom effectively, and select and use relevant teaching methods.
South Africa
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Mahmoud, Siham Mukhtar. "Evaluating and enhancing websites : a case study of an Eritrean state owned media website - shabait.com." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49952.
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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Ministry of Information of Eritrea is basically aimed at providing the society with news, information, education and entertainment. In addition to its service presentation through radio, TV and printed press the Ministry of Information has taken the initiative to present its services in the digital way by publishing a website known as shabait.com. But as the technique is new to the country as well as to the organization, it is to be expected that there will be inaccuracies in the way the website was designed. Hence, evaluating and redesigning shabait.com with the goal of making it informative, attractive and easy to use will be very beneficial to the organization as well as to users of the website. This recently launched website is not very attractive and not successfully directed to its users. Therefore, the main aim of this study is to assess and find the best way of presenting information digitally to the Eritrean society, as well as to anyone interested in finding out about Eritrea through the State owned media website. This study was firstly approached by gathering previously written relevant information from books, journals, and the Internet. In addition to that interviews with concerned people in Eritrea were held to understand the aim, difficulties and challenges of the website. Subsequently the website was assessed according to the evaluation criteria developed, based on the literature review. The evaluation of the website assumed three different approaches of qualitative as well as quantitative types. A usability test with both quantitative and qualitative questions was done through a questionnaire, which was analyzed statistically. A competitive analysis, of qualitative type with two international websites was also made. In order to create a good quality website, it is essential to have clearly specified goals, policies and strategies, and adequate advanced human as well as technological resources, so that it will be easy to overcome the common challenges such as competition, diversity of users, budget constraints, and inadequacy of policy instruments. The findings of the evaluation of shabait.com indicate that the website is not attractive, is user unfriendly, of low content quality as well as with low download speed and, more importantly, was not advertised well. Therefore, shabait.com is not fit to be considered as a sole first hand information provider website for the Eritrean society as well as for anybody who is concerned about Eritrea. At the end of the study recommendations of how the website can be modified to be successful are listed.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doelwit van die Ministerie van Inligting van Eritrea is om nuus, inligting, opvoeding en vermaak aan die gemeenskap te verskaf. Bykomend tot die radio, TV en die gedrukte media, het die Ministerie van Inligting nou ook besluit om 'n digitale diens te lewer deur middel van 'n webwerf bekend as shabait.com. Aangesien die betrokke tegnieke vir die land sowel as vir die organisasie iets nuuts is, kan daar verwag word dat die ontwerp van die webwerf onakkuraathede sal toon. Dus moet shabait.com evalueer en verbeter word om dit sodoende aantreklik en gebruikersvriendelik te maak; dit sal tot die voordeel strek van die organisasie so wel as die gebruikers. Hierdie jong webwerf is tans nie baie aantreklik of maklik om te gebruik nie. Dus is die doelwit van hierdie studie om die beste wyses te vind om die gemeenskap van Eritrea, sowel as ander belangstellendes, deur middel van 'n webwerf wat deur die staat beheer word, digitaal van inligting te bedien. Relevante geskrewe inligting is bekom deur middel van boeke, joernale en die Internet. Daar is ook onderhoude gevoer met mense betrokke by shabait.com om sodoende die doelwitte, probleme en uitdagings van die webwerf beter te verstaan. Daarna is die webwerf evalueer volgens ontwikkelde kriteria gebaseer op die literatuuroorsig. Vir die evaluasie is drie benaderings gebruik, beide kwalitatief en kwantitatief. 'n Bruikbaarheidstoets is deur middel van 'n vraelys gedoen met kwalitatiewe sowel as kwantitatiewe vrae en die antwoorde is statisties ontleed. Twee internasionale webwerwe is ook ontleed sodat hulle gehalte met dié van shabait.com vergelyk kon word. Om 'n webwerf van goeie gehalte te ontwerp, is dit noodsaaklik om duidelik omskrewe doelwitte, beleide en stategië, asook genoegsaam opgeleide mense en gevorderde tegnologiese hulpbronne te hê sodat die uitdagings soos kompetisie, verskeidenheid van gebruikers, begrotingsbeperkings en swak beleidsinstrumente oorkom kan word. Die bevindinge van die evaluasie van shabait.com toon dat die webwerf onaantreklik en gebruikersonvriendelik is, die inhoud is van swak gehalte, die aflaai spoed is laag en en die werf is nie goed adverteer nie. Daarom is die werf nie geskik om beskou te word as die enigste eerstehandse inligtingsverskaffer webwerf vir die gemeenskap van Eritrea sowel as ander belangstellendes nie. Aan die einde van die studie is daar aanbevelings vir die verbetering van die webwerf.
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Weldemichael, Awet Tewelde. "The Eritrean and East Timorese liberation movements toward a comparative study of their grand strategies /." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1610045481&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Venosa, Joseph L. "Paths toward the Nation: Islamic Identity, the Eritrean Muslim League and Nationalist Mobilization, 1941-61." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1304607892.
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Kbrom, Berhane Abraham. "The relationship between organizational culture and competitive intelligence performance in the context of Eritrean trade and manufacturing industries." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50178.
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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In our contemporary globalized world, Eritrean enterprises are challenged with high competition from within and from foreign counterparts. Consequently, only those companies that predict the future and take proactive decisions can win the game. However, none of these organizations have applied formal competitive intelligence practice in a proactive, disciplined, and systematic fashion to defend against threats as well as to exploit opportunities, though informally they do engage in the practice. Some of these informal competitive intelligence practicing companies are relatively 'good performers' and others are 'poor performers'. The level of this competitive intelligence performance is believed to be influenced by organizational culture. This implies that employees who are encouraged and trained to have shared values, beliefs, norms and practices are in a better position to share information and interact with each other with open minds. Here, the free flow of information is the basic ingredient that helps to produce effective competitive intelligence. In an attempt to explore if a statistically significant relationship exists between organizational culture and competitive intelligence performance, a literature study was first carried out to learn from other scholars' work. The literature review was then followed by an empirical study. This empirical part of the study attempted to investigate if Eritrean manufacturers and traders perform informal competitive intelligence practice as well as if there is a positive relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Data was collected through a questionnaire from top level managers. Of the 39 questionnaires distributed, 23 organizations properly completed the questionnaire. Statistical analysis was then computed using the SPSS package to determine the correlations. The relationship between organizational culture and competitive intelligence was determined in two ways: first, it was correlated in terms of the six selected organizational culture dimensions (employee involvement, human resources, organizational focus, communication flow, reward, and trust) and competitive intelligence; and second, in terms of scores of each firm's organizational culture and competitive intelligence. Moreover, the level of the score determined whether these companies performed well or not. In both cases a positive relationship was found between organizational culture and competitive intelligence performance. These results supported the hypothesis that organizational culture does contribute to improved competitive intelligence practice. Furthermore, the finding suggests that Eritrean firms are doing moderately good in their informal competitive intelligence.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In ons huidige globaliseerde wêreld kry Eritrea se ondernemings te doen met sterk kompetisie van binne en van buite die land. Dus floreer net daardie ondermemings wat die toekoms kan voorspel en pro-aktiewe besluite kan neem. Dit is egter waar dat nie een van hierdie organisasies formele, kompeterende intelligensiepraktyke op 'n pro-aktiewe, gedisiplineerde en sistematiese wyse toegepas het om hulself teen dreigemente te beskerm en om geleenthede uit te buit nie; informeel het hulle wel. Sommige van hierdie maatskappye wat informeel kompeterende intelligensie toepas, is betreklike 'goeie presteerders' en ander is 'swak presteerders'. Daar word geglo dat die prestasievlak van hierdie kompeterende intelligensie beïnvloed word deur organisatoriese kultuur. Die implikasie is dat werknemers wat aangemoedig en opgelei is om aan dieselfde dinge te glo en wat dieselfde waardes, norme en praktyke deel, in 'n beter posisie is om inligting te deel en met 'n ope gemoed met mekaar om te gaan. Die vrye vloei van inligting is die basiese bestanddeel wat help om doeltreffende kompeterende intelligensie te produseer. Met die doel om na te vors of daar 'n statisties sinvolle verhouding bestaan tussen organisatoriese kultuur en kompeterende intelligensie, is daar eers 'n literatuurstudie gedoen om uit ander se werk te leer. Na die literatuuroorsig is daar 'n empiriese studie gedoen. Die empiriese deel van die studie poog om na te vors of die vervaardigers en handelaars informele kompeterende intelligensie toepas en ook of daar 'n positiewe verhouding bestaan tussen die onafhanklike en afhanklike veranderlikes. Data is versamel deur middel van 'n vraelys aan hoëvlak bestuurders. Nege-en-dertig vraelyste is uitgestuur waarvan 23 volledig deur die organisasies ingevul is. Statistiese ontleding is toe gedoen om deur middel van die statistiese pakket SPSS die korrelasies te bepaal. Die verhouding tussen organisatoriese kultuur en kompeterende intelligensie is op twee maniere bepaal: dit is eers gekorreleer in terme van die ses geselekteerde organisatoriese kultuurdimensies (werknemer betrokkenheid, menslike hulpbronne, organisatoriese fokus, kommunikasievloei., beloning en vertroue) en kompeterende intelligensie; en tweedens in terme van tellings van elke maatskappy se organisatoriese kultuur en kompeterende intelligensie. Die vlak van die telling het bepaal of die maatskappy goed presteer het of nie. In albei gevalle is daar gevind dat daar 'n positiewe verhouding bestaan tussen organisatoriese kultuur en prestasie in kompeterende intelligensie. Hierdie bevindinge ondersteun die hipotese dat organisatoriese kultuur wel bydra tot verbeterde intelligensiepraktyke. Verder bewys dit dat ondernemings in Eritrea redelik goed vaar in informele kompeterende intelligensie.
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Venosa, Joseph L. "Faith in the nation examining the contributions of Eritrean Muslims in the national movement, 1946-1961 /." Ohio : Ohio University, 2007. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1187294262.
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Rossi, Alexia. "Towards a process-based understanding of resilience: an investigation into post-trauma resilience in Eritrean refugees." Thesis, London Metropolitan University, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.595664.
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Resilience literature has recently seen an important shift in focus from the identification of individual characteristics that seem to contribute to positive adaptation to a focus on how these characteristics appear to work together cumulatively to result in such adaptation. There is a paucity of research though that conceptualises post-trauma resilience as an interactional and transactional process or adopts a culturally-sensitive perspective. This study therefore sets out to consider some of these gaps by qualitatively investigating the processes underlying resilience from an ecological, developmental and culturally-sensitive perspective in an adult population that have endured high levels of psychological trauma. Refugees were the population of choice given the proportionally high levels of exposure to traumatic events present within this population. Moreover, the study of the resilience process within the experience of refugees hailing from certain cultural backgrounds such as Eritrean is remarkably scarce. Six in-depth interviews were conducted with Eritrean refugees who have sought asylum in Malta. Subsequently, in the theoretical sampling stage, an additional seventh interview was conducted with one of the original participants. Themes garnered from a constructivist grounded theory data analysis high light the role in resilience of a variety of psychological processes including responding to external messages critically and analytically and striving to maintain existential well-being. Additionally, analysis pointed towards the role of contextual factors such as religious practices and cu ltural norms and indicated the presence of a set of transactional processes between these two aspects. Finally. a theoretical model was developed attempting to capture how these processes operate in conj unction to lead to post-trauma resilience in Eritrean refugees. Following a discussion of this study's limitations, suggestions detailing how future research can help enlighten areas that were only partially examined by this research, were provided. Finally, implications for theory and practice were discussed in view of providing suggestions for resilience-based interventions for refugees exposed to traumatic events. ;
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Cole, Georgia. "Beyond the politics of labelling : exploring the cessation clauses for Rwandan and Eritrean refugees through semiotics." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b8e80d3c-7ba2-4082-a901-43cbcea9330f.
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Academics have for decades written on the need to interrogate the labels upon which the field of Refugee and Forced Migration Studies has been founded. At the centre of these discussions has been theorising around the 'integrity' and 'content' of the refugee label itself, with foundational texts expounding the need to take nothing about the meaning and purpose of this label for granted. This is evidently important in popular accounts, where the term's misuse fuels anti-immigrant sentiments and societal mistrust, as well as for the futures of these populations, as multiple interpretations of their status affect attempts to negotiate durable solutions to their plight. Without denying the importance of these theoretical accounts, or the incredibly rich literature that has emerged on account of them, this thesis suggests that much of the theorising on labelling to date has lacked a clear theoretical framework around which to structure otherwise critical observations vis-Ã -vis the performative and malleable characteristics of language. It therefore introduces semiotic theories and methodologies as an approach for making sense of these manifold interpretations and their relationships to each other, and to explore what impacts this has on negotiations over refugees' futures. Associated theories are used to explain the controversial negotiations that surrounded the invocation of the Cessation Clause for Eritrean refugees in Sudan in 2002, and the ongoing attempts to apply Cessation to Rwandan refugees in Uganda. Both processes were mired by controversy, and yet almost no literature exists detailing when, why and how they unfolded as they did. Disaggregating the refugee 'label' through the semiotic frameworks provided by Saussure and Barthes helps explain the conceptual and spatial dissonance that plagued attempts to conclude these protracted refugee situations. Through doing so, this thesis seeks to make three main contributions. First, it provides these extended accounts of how decisions to apply Cessation are arrived at, thereby filling an empirical gap in literature on this process. Second, it presents a heuristic framework rooted in linguistic theories to explain how certain words and objects - including the refugee label - can see their meanings transformed and bourgeon over time, the mechanisms through which this distortion occurs and is accommodated within discussions over the treatment of refugees, and the implications that the application of this theoretical framework has for how we understand particular incidents of decision-making within the refugee regime. Third, these theoretical approaches are shown to result in key challenges to how the role, content and function of the word refugee have been conceptualised to date.
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Kebede, Freweyini Hadush. "Human Rights Responsibilities Of States In Armed Conflicts : case of Eritrean involvement in Ethiopia’s Tigray war." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-184542.
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Venosa, Joseph L. "Faith in the Nation: Examining the Contributions of Eritrean Muslims in the Nationalist Movement, 1946-1961." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1187294262.
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Finneran, Niall Patrick. "Post-Pleistocene socio-economic developments in the northern Ethiopian/Eritrean Highlands : a case study from Aksum, Tigray." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1999. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/273076.
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Masomelele, Mviko. "Analysis of models of development in Ethiopia on ADLI policy after Ethio-Eritrean war of 1998-2000." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1014623.
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In this research, the researcher is analysing the models of development in Ethiopia on ADLI policy after the Ethio-Eritrean War of 1998-2000. As a post- conflict country it is always important to know how a country reconstructs its economy after the war. The researcher will give a brief background of Ethiopia with her different regime changes. Ethiopia is a landlocked country and is found in the Horn of Africa. Her boarders are Eritrea on the north and north east, and Djibouti and Somalia on the East, Kenya on the south, on the west and south west by Sudan. (BCC) Ethiopia has been under three remarkably different political regimes; the feudal imperial era under Emperor Haile Selassie; the socialist military dictatorship of Colonel Mangistu’s Derg; and the marketoriented Western aligned democracy of Prime Minister Meles Zenawi.(Devereux et al,2005:121 ) Each regime had applied different policies on agriculture which employs 80 percent of the population. Feudal policies where the land was in the hands of the landlords failed during Selassie’s regime and this was proved by the famine of 1974. He was overthrown by Derg in a coup in 1974. Derg introduced a “radical agrarian transformation based on land redistribution. His policies on agriculture were based on the Marxist egalitarian ideology and by conviction that feudal relations in agriculture had exposed millions of highland Ethiopians to intolerable levels of poverty and vulnerability.” (Devereux et al, 2005:121-122). According to Derg’s agricultural policy land was confiscated from the landlords and was redistributed to the rural farmers and it was trying to break inequalities over land control and it aimed at achieving agricultural productivity and rural incomes. Derg’s regime was overthrown by Ethiopian Peoples’ Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) in 1991. EPRDF further continued with land redistribution in the wake of 1990s and it gave farmlands to demobilised soldiers and tried to correct the inequalities that emerged with time as farming families were growing. (Devereux et al, 2005:122) In all these regimes, land was owned by the state. Ethiopian economy is based on agriculture which contributes 47 percent to GNP and more than 80 percent of exports, and employs 85 percent of the population. Ethiopia’s agriculture is plagued by periodic droughts, soil degradation emanating from poor agricultural practices and overgrazing, deforestation, high population density, underdeveloped water resources and poor transport infrastructure which makes extremely difficult and expensive to get goods to the market. (BCC, 07) The EPRDF came up with the new agricultural policy in the beginning of 1991 and it was known as Agriculture Development Led Industrialisation (ADLI). ADLI is the policy that emphasised on modernising smallholder agriculture and intensifying yield productivity through the supply of appropriate technology, certified seeds, fertilizers, rural credit facilities and technical assistance. (Getachew, 2003:9) This policy introduced some reforms in agriculture as it introduced a nationwide agricultural extension program, the propagation of laws that liberalised the purchasing and distribution of inputs and to increase and to make credit facilities available to rural farmers. In 1995 Minister of Agriculture (MoA) introduced a vehicle to drive the policy, which was called the Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to End Poverty (PADETES). The PADETES started with 32047 farmers on board. The aim was to educate farmers in new farming methods which will increase productivity and make farmers self sufficient. Agriculture Sample Survey 2009/10 states that ‘country’s experience showed that farmers’ attitude and tendency to adapt and accept new innovations, modern agricultural techniques and technologies, such as use of fertilizers, irrigation, improved seeds and pesticides that help to improve their living standards through attaining enhanced productivity, do have positive impact on the development on the agricultural sector as a whole.’(Central Statistical Agency, 2010: i) Teshome (2006:1) shows complexity of Ethiopian agriculture when he says that it largest contributor to the GDP, exports and foreign earnings and it employs almost 85 percent of the population. On the contrary, despite its socio-economic importance its performance continues to be low due to many natural and manmade factors which will be discussed in this research.
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Kahn, Diddy Mymin. "Surviving rape and the cultural stigma of rape: psychological distress and resilience amongst Eritrean asylum seekers in Israel." Thesis, University of Essex, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.601380.
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Eritrean asylum seekers have suffered severe trauma en passage via the Sinai Peninsula en route to Israel. This study seeks to understand the meaning of these experiences to these women. In depth interviews were conducted with 14 Eritrean women using qualitative methods in accordance with grounded theory. While the study found that these women reported traumatic experiences and suffered considerable distress as a result of their experiences, their general resilience and coping were central to their narratives. Both their distress and their resilience were mediated in tenns of their perceptions of the cultural stigma and existential plight associated with the trauma they had experienced and the aftennath they were living through. The presence of cultural stigma tends to increase distress, while their absence tends to reduce distress. Separately, the study showed that regardless of the relative severity of their distress, the women used a number of coping strategies which were also culturally mediated and enhanced the women's resilience. These included silence regarding their experiences, social support, reliance on religious bel iefs, adaptive avoidance and psychosocial assistance. The study concluded that constructing a theory of how the women perceive cultural stigma was crucial to an understanding of the psychological impact of rape for Eritrean asylum seekers. The study also concluded that the acknowledgement of the coexistence of the distress of rape with great resilience was essential to providing effective assistance. The implications of these conclusions are that psychosocial assistance among members of this population should be focused on resilience based mental health efforts. These efforts would be best supported by access to rights by state institution support of resilience (through provision of shelter, healthcare, and economic empowerment) in order to promote the mental health of Eritrean women who have been raped and tortured in the Sinai desert.
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Gherbrehiwet, Tesfamicael. "Lay logic : health conceptions, perceived health status , health locus of control, health value and health behaviour of Eritrean immigrants." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294691.
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Conrad, Bettina [Verfasser], and Rainer [Akademischer Betreuer] Tetzlaff. ""We are the Prisoners of our Dreams" : Long-distance Nationalism and the Eritrean Diaspora in Germany / Bettina Conrad. Betreuer: Rainer Tetzlaff." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1027573118/34.
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Tewolde, Amanuel Isak. "Encounters with 'race' : Eritrean refugees and asylum-seekers' self-identification practices in relation to the experience of racialisation in post-apartheid South Africa." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/65613.
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Little is known about the everyday racialisation experiences and self-identification practices of foreign-born non-South African communities in South Africa such as refugees, asylumseekers and immigrants. To explore this everyday phenomenon, I employed an interpretative phenomenological analysis approach and interviewed 46 Eritrean refugees and asylumseekers living in Johannesburg, Durban and Cape Town. This study is embedded in the field of race, ethnicity and immigration studies. Racialisation theory, racial and ethnic identity theories, and immigrant adaptation theories were employed to interpret the findings. Results indicate that most participants largely resisted and challenged their racialisation by both bureaucratic forms and local South Africans in their everyday social interactions. Participants were racially perceived and classified by ordinary South Africans, as coloured, indian, alternately as coloured and indian, black, and as racially ambiguous. Some viewed racial identities as meaningless categories. Others self-identified ethnically in a contextually contingent and dynamic ways as Eritreans, Habesha and Tigrinya. Still others racially selfidentified as black, and as coloured. Through their complex and novel practices of racial selfidentification patterns, the participants re-defined traditional racial self-identification practises in South Africa. For some, skin colour and phenotype did not inform their racial self-identification and the majority inconsistently moved between racial categories depending on the social context and in complex ways. The participants‘ experiences suggest that traditional South African racial categories are encountering resistance and re-definition by foreign-born refugee and asylum-seeker communities; furthermore, such communities are introducing new ways of racial self-identification practices in everyday life in post-Apartheid South Africa.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2018.
Sociology
PhD
Unrestricted
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Mogos, Mulubrhan Fisseha. "Translation and Adaptation of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) Scale Into Tigrigna Language for Tigrigna Speaking Eritrean Immigrants in the United States." Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3251.
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ABSTRACT
Depression is one of the oldest known mental health conditions. It is acknowledged to be a global health problem that affects people from any culture or ethnic group. The prevalence of depression widely varied across countries and cultures. The cross-cultural relevance of the concept of depression, its screening or diagnosis, and cultural equivalence of items used to measure symptoms of depression has been area of research interest. Differences in prevalence rates in depression have been suggested as being due to research artifacts, such as use of instrument developed for one culture to another culture. With the current trend of globalization and increased rate of immigration, the need for measurement scales that can be used cross-culturally is becoming essential. Translation and adaptation of existing tools to different languages is time saving and cost effective than developing a new scale. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale [CES-D; (Radloff, 1977)] has been widely used as a screening tool for depressive symptoms in community and clinical settings. It has been widely accepted and translated to multiple languages and its measurement equivalence tested across groups. This study was designed as a mixed method study. The purpose of this study was three fold: (a) translate and adapt the CES-D scale into Tigrigna Language for use by Tigrigna speaking Eritrean immigrants in the United States using the forward backward translation and cognitive interview techniques (b) test the psychometric properties of the Tigrigna version CES-D scale using confirmatory factor analysis under the framework of structural equation modeling and (c) test measurement equivalence of the scale by comparing data collected from 253 Eritrean immigrants using the Tigrigna version CES-D scale with a secondary data collected from 1918 non Eritrean US citizens using the English version CES-D scale in a separate study. The baseline four factor CES-D scale model originally suggested for the general population fitted the data from both samples. The fit indices for the Tigrigna sample were (χ2 = 299.87, df = 164, RMSEA = .06, SRMR = .06, GFI = .89, and CFI = .98) and for the English sample (χ2 = 1496.81, df = 164, RMSEA = .07, SRMR = .04, GFI = .92, and CFI = .98). The Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis showed reasonably adequate fit (χ2 (328) = 1796.68, RMSEA= .07, SRMR = .06, GFI = .89, CFI = .98). Fourteen of the 20 CES-D items were invariant across the two samples suggesting partial metric invariance. Partial full factor invariance was also supported. In conclusion, the findings of this study provide adequate evidence in support of the applicability of the four factor CES-D scale for measuring depressive symptoms in Tigrigna speaking Eritrean immigrants/refugees in the United States.
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Berhe, Senait Ghebru. "The effect of an argumentation-based training programme on pre-service science teachers’ ability to implement a learner-centred curriculum in selected Eritrean Middle Schools." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4317.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhDThis study is part of a larger school-based research project aimed at training science teachers to integrate argumentation into K-12 science instruction. The current study examined the effect of an argumentation-based training programme on pre-service science teachers’ ability to use an argumentation-based instructional model (ABIM) to implement a learner-centred curriculum in selected Eritrean middle school science classrooms. The study was situated within the social constructivist and argumentation theoretical frameworks. A predominately qualitative research approach was utilized to address the purpose and the research questions of this study. The research design was primarily a case study of a cohort of 25 undergraduate middle school pre-service science teachers, enrolled in a teaching practice course in January, 2013 under the auspices of the Department of Science, College of Education at Eritrea Institute of Technology (EIT). None of the pre-service teachers involved in the study had taken a formal course work, workshops or seminars on argumentation instruction. Six of the 25 pre-service teachers were selected for an in-depth qualitative analysis using purposive sampling technique (Groenewald, 2004; Flyvbjerg, 2006). This study utilized multiple data collection instruments including, questionnaire, argument-based tasks, classroom observation, interview, reflective questionnaire, video-tape class lessons and field notes. Argumentation framework as espoused in the work of Toulmin (1958) and Ogunniyi (2004) were utilized as the units of analysis for the data collected in the study. Furthermore, the study considered a variety of validity and ethical protocols to ensure the findings and interpretation generated from the data were valid.
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Abuelgasim, Khalda. "“Who do I turn to?” The experiences of Sudanese women and Eritrean refugee women when trying to access healthcare services in Sudan after being subject to gender-based violence." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Internationell mödra- och barnhälsovård (IMCH), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-355757.
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Aim: To explore the experiences of Sudanese women and Eritrean refugee women in Sudan when seeking healthcare after being subject to gender-based violence. Background: In Sudan there is a general assumption that anyone who is subject violence, including gender-based violence, must first go to the police department to file a report and be given “Form Eight”, a legal document, which they must present to the healthcare provider before they receive any care. Without this form healthcare providers are, supposedly, by law not allowed to treat the person. This complicates an already vague system of services for women subject to gender-based violence. Methods: A qualitative study using semi-structured interviews of eight Sudanese women and seven Eritrean refugee women. Data was analyzed through a framework analysis (a form of thematic analysis). Results: Women had to bring Form Eight before they received any help, this led to a delay in the time to receive care. There was a general lack of cooperation by police officers. Some women feared the consequences of help seeking, apparent amongst those subject to domestic violence and the Eritrean refugee women. Generally, the healthcare provided to these women was inadequate. Conclusion: This study concludes the experiences of all the women in this study when seeking healthcare after being subject to gender-based violence were far from international standards. A lot needs to be done in order for women to know the clear answer to the question posed in the title of this study; “Who do I turn to?”.