Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Érosion éolienne'
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Badr, Thérèse. "Quantification des émissions atmosphériques diffuses produites par érosion éolienne." Valenciennes, 2007. https://ged.uphf.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/84e60e29-6b31-4942-adc6-855aba62b0fb.
Full textThe environmental impacts as well as the economical problems and regulation constraints related to wind erosion motivate current efforts to model and quantify erosion. The nature of the underlying processes makes quantification of fugitive dust emissions a very demanding exercise that is still subject to active research. Certain aspects were not fully apprehended, others require further development. These include the influence of the wide size distribution of granular materials and the sensitivity of the stockpiles’ wind exposure on industrial sites to various parameters, such as the geometry of the pile and its location as well as the wind conditions. The objective of this work is to improve the accuracy of fugitive dust emissions estimations, by creating precise and detailed databases for existing models. Three-dimensional numerical simulations were developed and validated in order to investigate the sensitivity of the mean flow structure to varying stockpile geometries and wind conditions. A second local approach was also applied, which aims to study flow characteristics and the evolution of the friction velocity at the wall in the presence of non-erodible elements for various configurations and roughness densities. The numerical data can be used in order to improve the current models’ accuracy and performance
Descamps, Isabelle. "Érosion éolienne d'un lit de particules à large spectre granulométrique." Valenciennes, 2004. http://ged.univ-valenciennes.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/44494702-5d08-4012-8430-5783e7c50c30.
Full textThis research deals with diffuse dust emissions on steelwork sites. It aims to estimate more accurately dust emissions due to wind erosion of exposed aggregate storage piles. Previous studies have shown the importance of the surface material's characteristics on aerodynamic entrainment. Only few recent experimental investigations focused on multiple grain-sized bed. They show that coarser particles at the bed's surface induces a temporal decrease in the emitted mass flux. In the present study, a stochastic wind erosion model, which takes into account a wide size distribution of materials, has been developed. It is based on the interaction between particles take-off and turbulent coherent structures. It allows to predict a temporal decrease in emitted mass flux from a multiple grain-size bed exposed to a turbulent flow. The rate of this decrease depends on the flow velocity and the characteristics of the particles. Numerical results were compared to experimental datas for adjustments
Sow, Mamadou. "Mesure, caractérisation et paramétrisation des flux d’aérosols terrigènes produits par érosion éolienne en zone sahélienne." Thesis, Paris Est, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PEST0056/document.
Full textThe aim of this work is to link quantitatively the characteristics (intensity and sizedistribution) of the flux of fine mineral particles produced by wind-erosion in a Sahelian zone with the aerodynamic conditions prevailing during the erosion events. Achieving this goal is a prerequisite for quantifying accurately 1) the transfer of soil nutrients (N, P, Fe…) from the source areas to the deposition zones located downwind, and 2) the impact on climate of air-suspended mineral particles which are able to scatter and absorb solar and terrestrial radiation. An important part of this work has been dedicated to the collection of experimental data during the 2006 and 2007 summer campaigns of the « Analyse Multidisciplinaire de la Mousson Africaine » (AMMA) experiment. Measurements were carried out at Banizoumbou (60km east of Niamey, Niger) on a sandy agricultural field representative of the Sahelian wind erodible surfaces. After describing the original experimental set-up and associated methodology, a complete study of all the types of events monitored during the field campaigns is made. Very few transport cases accompanied by significant deposition were observed (only two over the whole measuring period), but many erosion cases were recorded. The latter could result either from the temporal strengthening of the south western monsoon winds prevailing in this season (‘monsoon events’) or to the passage of convective systems accompanied by strong surface winds and often followed by rain (‘convective events’). After rigorous cross examination of the quality of the data set 2 events of the monsoon type and one of the convective type are retained for the rest of the study. In good agreement with previous wind tunnel experiments, comparing the size distributions measured during the events confirms that the emission flux is richer in very fine particles during the energetic convective event than during the less violent monsoon ones. Then, these results are compared with the predictions of the Dust Production Model (DPM) based on the previous wind-tunnel studies. It is found that the DPM is able to simulate correctly the intensity of the emission mass flux provided adequate values are selected for the binding energies of the fine particle populations identified in the laboratory experiments. However, a more detailed analysis of the size-resolved fluxes reveals that the DPM tends to overestimate the production of particles larger than 10µm and underestimate the flux of particles with sizes between 2 and 8µm. This leads us to propose a new parameterization based on a detailed study of the 3 events selected previously. This parameterization allows prediction of the changes in emission flux intensity and sizedistribution with aerodynamic conditions. In a final step, the parameterization is tested successfully on an independent erosion event
Alfaro, Stéphane. "Simulation expérimentale et modélisation de la production d'aérosol minéral par érosion éolienne." Paris 12, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA120065.
Full textChomette, Olivier. "Modélisation et analyse méso-échelle du cycle de l'aérosol désertique : aspects radiatifs et dynamiques." Lille 1, 1999. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1999/50376-1999-347.pdf.
Full textFoucaut, Jean-Marc. "Etude théorique et expérimentale des phénomènes d'envol et de saltation de particules dans une couche limite turbulente." Lille 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LIL10132.
Full textAmory, Charles. "Érosion éolienne et rugosité de la surface neigeuse en Terre Adélie : observations et approche numérique." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAU007/document.
Full textThe Antarctic ice sheet surface mass balance (SMB; the result of the balance between accumulation and ablation terms) has a direct influence on variations in the global mean sea level. In the context of climate change, atmospheric models are needed to improve its current and future estimation.Intense surface winds over the coastal slopes of East Antarctica are responsible for aerodynamic entrainment of snow at the surface, which has a significant influence on the BMS. Transport of snow by the wind also produces aeolian erosion features aligned parallel to the prevailing winds at the time of their formation. The spatial distribution of these features is a major determinant of surface roughness. On the other hand, surface roughness is an obstacle to flow and directly affects the surface wind field and, by extension, aeolian snow transport.The work presented here is based on observations and numerical modeling of aeolian snow erosion in a coastal stretch of Adélie Land, East Antarctica. First, the regional atmospheric model MAR, which includes a detailed representation of aeolian transport processes, was run at a spatial resolution of 5 km over a zone including Adélie Land and model results were compared with meteorological observations made over one month in summer, including continuous measurements of the wind and the aeolian snow mass flux. Aeolian snow mass fluxes modeled by MAR were highly sensitive to parameterization of surface roughness, and a single calibration of this parameter was not enough to simulate the surface wind field at two measurement points located only 100 km apart with the same accuracy. Consequently, roughness-erosion interactions were analyzed at the scale of individual aeolian erosion events using observations. The results of this analysis underlined that (i) the barrier effect generated by aeolian erosion features had an inhibiting impact on the aeolian snow mass flux and (ii) that the barrier effect can be strongly reduced by the ability of aeolian erosion features to realign with the dominant wind during a transport event. Examination of observations made over a period of one year revealed that this adjustment process is prone to temporal variations mainly linked to past temperatures. Finally, we showed that reconfiguring the model, including introducing temperature dependence in the parameterization of surface roughness considerably improved the representation of aeolian snow mass fluxes by the MAR model for the year concerned. These results suggest that spatial and temporal distribution of surface roughness should be included in atmospheric models for realistic simulations of aeolian snow transport over Antarctica
Ferreira, Maria Clara Schuwartz. "Influence de particules non-érodables dans le processus d'érosion éolienne." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1S012/document.
Full textWind erosion process can lead to several environmental consequences: desertification, land degradation, air pollution, etc. This last one is related to particulate matter emissions from granular materials commonly found on industrial sites, such as ore and coal. The particle size distribution of these granular materials usually consist of a mixture of a wide range of diameters, which include larger particles that are non-erodible even with strong gusts of wind. The non-erodible particles play a protective role for erodible particles, paving the surface and reducing emissions. The main objective of this thesis is to estimate more accurately emissions due to wind erosion considering the influence of the pavement caused by non-erodible particles. An analytical model was proposed to quantify emissions from particle beds and stockpiles with a wide size distribution. The effects of pavement process are incorporated in the model through the decrease of the mean friction velocity on the erodible surface as the non-erodible particles accumulate. Previous works have defined a mathematical relation between the evolution of the friction velocity over the erodible surface and the geometry of the roughness elements. Nonetheless, the formulation was only valid to limited cover rates of non-erodible particles. Numerical simulations were carried out in this work to extend the formulation in order to include other cases encountered in real situations (with larger amounts of non-erodible particles). The proposed emission model describes the relationship between the minimum value of friction velocity (at which emissions cease), taking advantage of the numerical findings, and the final eroded depth of the bed, which in turn, provides the emitted mass. Wind tunnel experiments were carried out in order to better understand the pavement phenomenon and estimate emissions from a bed of particles containing a bimodal size distribution. The experimental results were also used to validate the modeling, including the global emitted mass and the final characteristics of the bed surface. A good agreement was found between experimental and modeled results for the global emissions and the bed eroded depth. The erosion model was extended for application in stockpiles. In this case, the erodibility of the particles is more complex as the friction velocity and the threshold conditions are not spatially homogeneous. The idea of the model was to subdivide the pile in isosurfaces in which the threshold conditions and the friction velocity are constant and then treat each one of these areas as a different source where the emission model can be applied. Wind tunnel experiments were carried out in order to estimate emissions from a sand pile containing a bimodal size distribution. The modeled and the experimental results were compared for the configuration of an isolated stockpile and a good agreement was found between the estimated and the measured emitted mass. The impact of the presence of a building and a successive parallel stockpiles on the overall particles emission was also evaluated. Wind tunnel experiments and numerical simulations were carried out for several configurations evaluating the effects of: (i) main wind flow orientation, (ii) wind flow velocity, (iii) gap between the obstacle and (iv) amount of non-erodible particles. It was found that the flow interferences between the obstacles increase emissions. Therefore, all wind perturbations have a significant impact and have to be accounted in dust emission estimation and modeling
O processo de erosão eólica pode levar a várias consequências ambientais: desertificação, degradação da terra, poluição do ar, etc. Esta última está relacionada com as emissões de partículas provenientes de materiais granulares comumente encontrados em indústrias, como minério e carvão. A distribuição granulométrica destes materiais normalmente consiste em uma mistura com uma ampla gama de tamanhos, incluindo partículas maiores que não são erodíveis mesmo com fortes rajadas de vento. As partículas não erodíveis desempenham um papel protetor para as partículas erodíveis, pavimentando a superfície e reduzindo as emissões. O objetivo principal desta tese é estimar com maior acurácia as emissões devidas à erosão eólica considerando a influência da pavimentação causada pelas partículas não-erodíveis. Um modelo analítico foi proposto para quantificar as emissões de leitos de partículas e pilhas com ampla distribuição granulométrica. Os efeitos do processo da pavimentação são incorporados no modelo por meio da diminuição da velocidade de fricção média na superfície erodível à medida que as partículas nãoerodíveis se acumulam. Trabalhos anteriores definiram uma relação matemática entre a evolução da velocidade de fricção na superfície erodível e a geometria dos elementos rugosos. No entanto, a formulação é válida apenas para limitadas taxas de cobertura de partículas não-erodíveis (< 12%). Simulações numéricas foram realizadas neste trabalho para estender a formulação de modo a incluir outros casos encontrados em situações reais (com maiores quantidades de partículas nãoerodíveis). O modelo de emissão proposto descreve a relação entre o valor mínimo da velocidade de fricção (para qual as emissões cessam), utilizando os resultados numéricos, e a profundidade final erodida do leito, que, por sua vez, fornece a massa emitida. Experimentos em túnel de vento foram realizados para melhor compreender o fenômeno da pavimentação e estimar as emissões de um leito de partículas contendo uma distribuição granulométrica bimodal. Os resultados experimentais foram também utilizados para validar a modelagem, incluindo a massa global emitida e as características finais da superfície do leito. Uma boa concordância foi encontrada entre os resultados experimentais e modelados para as emissões globais e a profundidade erodida do leito. O modelo de erosão foi estendido para aplicação em pilhas de estocagem. Neste caso, a erodibilidade das partículas é mais complexa, uma vez que a velocidade de fricção e as condições de limiar não são espacialmente homogêneas. A ideia do modelo é subdividir a pilha em isosuperfícies em que as condições de limiar e a velocidade de fricção são constantes e, em seguida, tratar cada uma dessas áreas como uma fonte diferente onde o modelo de emissão pode ser aplicado. Foram realizados ensaios experimentais em túnel de vento para estimar as emissões de uma pilha de areia contendo uma distribuição de tamanho bimodal. Os resultados experimentais e modelados foram comparados para a configuração de uma pilha isolada (orientada 60 e 90° em relação a direção do escoamento) e uma boa concordância foi encontrada entre a massa estimada e a emitida. O impacto na emissão da presença de um edifício e de uma pilha de estocagem sucessiva também foi avaliado. Experimentos em túnel de vento e simulações numéricas foram realizados para várias configurações avaliando os efeitos de: (i) orientação do vento, (ii) velocidade do vento, (iii) espaçamento entre os obstáculos e (iv) quantidade de partículas não erodíveis. Verificou-se que as interferências do escoamento entre os obstáculos aumentam as emissões. Portanto, todas as perturbações no escoamento têm um impacto significativo e devem ser contabilizadas na estimativa e modelagem de emissões de partículas
Kardous, Mouldi. "Quantification de l'érosion éolienne dans les zones arides tunisiennes : approche expérimentale et modélisation." Paris 12, 2005. https://athena.u-pec.fr/primo-explore/search?query=any,exact,990002281750204611&vid=upec.
Full textIn Tunisia, only modelling the horizontal fluxes can allow to quantify aeolian erosion. The model developed in LISA reproduces satisfyingly the erosion fluxes in hyper-arid deserts but complementary parameterizations are needed when applied to arid areas, especially to account for tilled surfaces. The effects of the tillage have been parameterized by performing wind tunnel experiments. A predictive relation for horizontal fluxes depending only on the geometric characteristics of ridges has been developed and validated for tilled surfaces. Experiments on two parcels tilled with differnet tools have also been performed. They confirm the results obtained in wind tunnel and point out that tillage generate erosion problem only for areas previously protected again erosion. These experiments have also allow to validate in situ the new parameterizations
Fall, Ousmane. "L'érosion éolienne dans le bassin arachidier du Sénégal : déclenchement, mécanismes et réactions." Reims, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002REIML004.
Full textTurpin, Catherine. "Amélioration des modèles de quantification des émissions particulaires diffuses liées a l'érosion éolienne de tas de stockage de matières granulaires sur sites industriels." Valenciennes, 2010. http://ged.univ-valenciennes.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/780d2ca6-e89f-4753-b9d6-2bc417211836.
Full textFugitive dust emissions from open stock yards for bulk materials represent a significant part of overall estimated atmospheric emission on industrial sites. The aim of the thesis work is to improve the accuracy of the current models of estimation of fugitive dust emissions, by defining more precisely the parameters which affect wind erosion as well on the material stored scale as on the industrial sites scale. Previous studies have shown that the presence of non-erodible roughness elements on erodible surfaces has the effect of absorbing part of the wind shear stress and thus protecting the erodible surface from wind erosion. Therefore, the friction velocity evolution has been studied as a function of the characteristics changes of the surface roughnesses during the erosion process. Besides, it is commonly known that the wind exposure of the stockpiles and subsequent emissions from these stockpiles depends on various parameters such as the geometry, the location of the pile, the site topography as well as the wind conditions. An experimental study in a wind tunnel and numerical simulations, characterizing the wind flow over the piles, have been carried out to study the effect of each of these parameters on dust emissions. These studies have provided further insight into the phenomena of wind erosion and have allowed a more accurate and relevant evaluation of fugitive dust emissions on industrial sites
Labiadh, Mohamed Taieb. "Quantification de l'érosion éolienne sur des surfaces anthropisées : simulations des flux en masse à l'échelle des zones arides Tunisiennes." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077072.
Full textSelouane, Karim. "Etude géomorphologique et de la dynamique morpho-sédimentaire actuelle du Sahara Atlantique face à la vulnérabilité des aménagements entre l'Oued Draâ et Lagwira." Paris, ENMP, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ENMP0001.
Full textThe Atlantic Sahara is located between the ex-Spanish Sahara and the far North/West part of Mauritania. Our study area is 300 000 km2 big, and lies between the 20th and 30th parallel. Its boundaries are natural (the low Oued Draâ and the Atlantic Ocean on the West side) but also administrative (Algeria on the N-E side and Mauritania on the East and South). With very few points over 400 m over the sea level, the Atlantic Sahara is a plateau and plains area. This huge territory is crossed by several structural accidents whose most important one is the Agadir-Timiris-Dakar accident. This accident is parallel to the medio-atlantic fracture, located just at the boundaries of two sedimentary basins reaching the Ocean (the senegalo-mauritanian basin and the Tarfaya-Laâyoune-Dakhla basin). The surprising (and seeming) monotony of this area can be explained by the important moghrebine limestone-sandy (Villafranchian from 2,5 to 4 Ma) composed by lumachel and pectens shell extension on the West side and the granitic archean layer on the East side. This monotony partly hidden by the barkhane fields disappears din some parts with relieves which induce (whatever its volume) very strong contrasts. However, as the rest of the Saharan Africa, the Atlantic Sahara suffered from glaciations and interglacial effects as well as neotectonic events more or less important (as the present observed structures and rejects let us suppose). After the elaboration of the terminal encrusting during the middle/ upper Pliocene, it occurred some morphogenetic crisis (from tectonic, climatic and oceanic origin) which destroyed definitely the neogenic relives balance. The most important crisis took place between the Miocene and the old Quaternary. It has been a major turning point in the morphologic evolution of the Atlantic Sahara. Indeed some significant modifications of morphogenetic factors put in relief the beginning of the Quaternary era, while the landscape was modified by a wet/arid alternation that we know, more or less at this time. Because of erosion conditions in arid climate since - at least - Ogolian (15 000 - 10 000 BP) and post-Holocene (5 000 - 3 000 BP), old fields from Precambrian and Cenozoic are hidden by the debris of that destruction. Most of time there are only quaternary clastic deposits broken stone left, which are generated by the combined action of fluviatile, wind and marine erosion and the weathering processes. Glacis and terraces’ models such as depressions have larger dimensions in the West. Since the end of the Holocene era (3 000 BP) -Sahara’s aridification beginning - the wind took a more and more important role in the current landscape erection, gradually erasing or fossilizing the paleo-topography and some superficial deposits. On the margino-littoral area, the desert – cliff - sea triptych morphology is closely linked to the evolution of the recent hydro-climatic dynamics and to the lithologic competence of the outcrops that face very powerful winds, and of lesser importance, of run-off. As a result, the trade winds (from North) are probably the fundamental agent of morphogenesis of the littoral shells (named “Aguerguer”) and this since Ogalian era, as proved by the aerodynamic models that form the Barkhanes (fossils), the sand river and the “Yardangs”. Nonetheless, the Atlantic Sahara littoral geosystem is currently in a landscape mutation, following its development. Moreover the Atlantic Sahara geopolitical strakes that process and embrittle the regional development politics in this hostile area and the relief of its ecosystem facing the filling with sand, erosion and land implosion risks to the margino-littoral dynamics
Furieri, Bruno. "Erosion éolienne de tas de stockage de matières granulaires sur sites industriels : amélioration des méthodes de quantification des émissions." Phd thesis, Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambresis, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00853659.
Full textLaurent, Benoit. "Simulation des émissions d'aérosols désertiques à l'échelle continentale : analyse climatologique des émissions du nord-est de l'Asie et du nord de l'Afrique." Paris 12, 2005. https://athena.u-pec.fr/primo-explore/search?query=any,exact,990003941960204611&vid=upec.
Full textMineral dust emissions from the North-eastern of Asia and the North of Africa are studied by modelling. The major aims of this study are : 1) to quantify mineral dust emissions ; 2) to determine the main areas of dust emission in frequency and in intensity ; and 3) to investigate the variability of the emissions. A physically explicit dust emission scheme is used. Database of the surface features are established at 1/4°x1/4° spatial resolution. Maps of the aerodynamic roughness lengths have been established from POLDER-1 product composition. Soil properties are derived from measurements performed on samples and observations from desert areas. Surface re-analyzed meteorological databases of ECMWF are used. The influence of soil moisture and snow cover on simulated dust emissions is quantified. The simulated emissions have been compared to horizontal visibilities measured by meteorological stations, and to satellite observations (AAI TOMS and IDDI Meteosat)
Beladjine, Djaoued. "Étude expérimentale du processus de collision d'une bille sur un empilement granulaire : application au mécanisme de saltation dans le transport éolien." Rennes 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007REN1S036.
Full textSand grains transported by the desert wind move in successive jumps on a granular bed. During the impact, they can eject other grains. To study this process, we collided a single bead on a packing of identical grains. We reported the experiment for a broad range of incident speeds and impact angles. The results show that, although the incident bead dissipates less energy for grazing impacts, the number of ejected grains is smaller in this case. The mean values of the ejection speed and ejection angle are, to first order, insensitive to the kinematics characteristics of the incident bead. In addition, the total kinetic energy of ejected beads is directly proportional to the fraction of incident energy given
Masutti, Christophe. "Le Dust Bowl, la politique de conservation des ressources et les écologues aux Etats-Unis dans les années 1930." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2004. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2004/MASUTTI_Christophe_2004.pdf.
Full textBensaid, Abdelkrim. "SIG et télédétection pour l'étude de l'ensablement dans une zone aride : le cas de la wilaya de Naâma (Algérie)." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006GRE10051.
Full textIn Algeria, nearly 20 million hectares are threatened by wind erosion. For a long time, the phenomenon of wind erosion and its hamlful effects on the natural environ ment constitute a serious problcm, especially in the arid regions of the country. These last years. Following the irrational exploitation of the natural resources (fodder) and with the setting in culture of the fragile grounds (cIearing) this process was particularly accentuated. The extent of degradation in the arid region of the wilaya of Naâma generated a new situation characterized by the reduction of vegetable cover, the decrcase in the production as weIl as the extension of the fast stranding on the zones development. With through this study, we tried to show on the one hand, the potential of the use of the remote sensing : and the GIS for the characterization of the condition of the land use and its space-time evolution from the treatments carried out on a series of Landsat TM and MSS imagery of various dates (1972,1987 and 2002). Ln addition to place at the disposal of the potential users and the decision maker's information on the environment and the natural resources of these zones, via the installation of a prototype integrated in a geographical infommtion system. The prototype is conceived based on the principle of double-prototyping method. The system will be a tool of decision-making aid, useful for the management of the natural phenomena, and more patiicularly the land degradation and the stranding of the grounds of the wilaya of Naâma
Bouzaida, Dalel. "Caractérisation et suivi des états de surfaces éolisés en Tunisie pré-saharienne : approches stationnelle et spatiale." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO20016.
Full textUnder the effect of climate change, new landscapes reflecting the interactions between natural processes and human inappropriate activities appeared in Southern Tunisia. Wind erosion is one of the most important events. In this thesis, operational and validated methodology (the permanent transect method) has been developed for the characterization of Surfaces States and quantification of the sediment balance of a 500 m length transect over a period of two years. On spatial scale, mapping of the Aeolian units of deflation, transit and sand deposit was developed. Radiometric characterization of sand accumulations was then tried for the detection of changes that occurred within more than 35 years.At the site level, the permanent transect method enabeled the diachronic sedimentary balance calculation and the comparison of the Surface states changes. The single observation of these areas is insufficient to determine the real eolian process of a region ; moreover it induces to errors of interpretation on the sedimentary process.At the spatial scale, maps of the Aeolian units enabeled to determine the vulnerability of the environment to the process of deflation, transport and deposition. In addition, the characterization of sand accumulations by radiometric indices is not obvious within 30 m resolution images. The statistical analyses have shown that Color Index is the most indicated for this type of study. The calculation of the rates of change between two successive dates images allows to estimate the sandy spaces evolution and their spatial distribution for more than 35 years
Fernandes, Royston. "Wind erosion in presence of vegetation." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0194.
Full textAtmospheric mineral dust resulting from aeolian soil erosion affects the Earth system. Their size-distribution (PSD) plays a key role on atmospheric radiation balance, cloud formation, atmospheric chemistry, and the productivity of terrestrial and marine ecosystems. However, climate models still fail to reproduce accurately the suspended dust PSD. This is explained by the poor representation of the dust emission mechanisms and the associated surface wind speed in these large-scale models. This is particularly true in the presence of surface roughnesses such as vegetation in semiarid regions. This thesis aims at improving the understanding of dust emission in semi-arid environments, characterized by heterogeneous surfaces with sparse seasonal vegetation. To this end, a combination of numerical and field experiments was employed, with investigations progressing from a bare erodible soil to surfaces with sparse vegetation.A review of the existing dust emission schemes showed ambiguities in the parametrization of the processes influencing the emitted dust. A sensitivity analysis, using a 1D dust dispersal model, demonstrated (i) the importance of surface dust PSD and inter-particle cohesive bond parametrization on the emitted dust PSD, and (ii) the importance of the deposition process on the net dust flux PSD. Based on this analysis, a new emission scheme was incorporated into a 3D erosion model, coupled with a Large Eddy Simulation (LES) airflow model, and evaluated first on a bare surface against the WIND-O-V’s 2017 field experiment in Tunisia. The model was able to reproduce the near-surface turbulent transport dissimilarity between dust and momentum observed during the experiment. This means that momentum and dust are not always transported by the same turbulent eddies. The model demonstrated that the main cause of this dissimilarity is the dust emission intermittency, which varies as a function of wind intensity and fetch.The role of sparse vegetation on the net emitted dust flux was then explored using the WIND-O-V’s 2018 experiment, conducted at the same site as the 2017 experiment. The resulting field measurements were used to evaluate the 3D erosion model, including vegetation characteristics. A comparison between the 2017 and 2018 experiments confirmed that sparse vegetation reduces dust emission by increasing the erosion threshold friction velocity, which depends on vegetation characteristics and wind direction relative to the vegetation arrangement. During the 2018 experiment, the net emitted dust flux PSD varied continuously, unlike the 2017 experiment, with a progressive impoverishment in coarse particles (1.50 μm). This impoverishment was found independent of the vegetation, and resulted from the depletion of coarse particles at the surface due to longer emission periods in 2018 without surface tillage or precipitation. This non-influence of vegetation on the dust flux PSD was validated by the similarity of the dust flux PSD at the beginning of the 2018 experiment, when the vegetation was at its maximum height, with the one of the 2017 experiment without vegetation. It was further confirmed by the simulations that demonstrated (i) negligible re-deposition of coarse particles on to vegetation during emission events, and (ii) negligible effect of the turbulence induced by the vegetation on the PSD of the net emitted dust flux.Our 3D erosion model appears as a promising tool for characterizing dust emissions over heterogeneous surfaces typical of semi-arid regions and for deriving dust emission schemes for climate models as a function of surface roughness properties
Wu, Jianzhao. "Numerical simulation of wind erosion : application to dune migration." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEC016/document.
Full textWind erosion is a complex dynamic process consisting in an atmospheric boundary layer, aeolian particle transport, sand dune deformation and their intricate interactions. This thesis undertakes this problems by conducting three-dimensional numerical simulations of solid particle transport over a fixed or deformable sand dune. Turbulent flow is calculated by a developed numerical solver (Large-eddy simulation (LES) coupled with immersed boundary method (IBM)). Solid particle trajectories are tracked by a Lagrangian approach. Particle entrainment, particle-surface interactions and particle deposition are taken into account by physical comprehensive wind erosion models. Firstly, a new numerical solver has been developed to simulate turbulent flows over moving boundaries by introducing the IBM into LES. Two canonical simulation cases of a turbulent boundary layer flow over a Gaussian dune and over a sinusoidal dune are performed to examine the accuracy of the developed solver. Recirculation region characteristics, mean streamwise velocity profiles, Reynolds stress profiles as well as the friction velocity over the dune are presented. In the Gaussian case, a good agreement between experimental data and simulated results demonstrates the numerical ability of the improved solver. In the sinusoidal case, the developed solver with wall modeling over the immersed boundary shows a better performance than the pure one, when a relatively coarse grid is used. Secondly, physical comprehensive modeling of wind erosion is described in detail, based on the forces acting an individual particle. An instantaneous entrainment model for both lifting and rolling-sliding modes is proposed to initialize particle incipient motions. Lagrangian governing equations of aeolian particle motion are presented and used to simulate the trajectories of solid particles. Particularly, Lagrangian governing equations of bed-load particle motion are originally deduced and applied to model the particle rolling-sliding movement on the bed surface. In addition, particle-surface interactions are taken into account by probabilistic rebound/splash models. Thirdly, numerical simulations of particle transport over a fixed Gaussian dune and over a deformable sinusoidal dune are carried out. In the fixed Gaussian case, an overall good agreement on the particle concentration profiles over the dune between the simulated results and the experimental data of Simoens et al. (2015) preliminarily validates the ability and accuracy of the developed numerical solver coupled with physical comprehensive wind erosion models. In the deformable sinusoidal case, the simulated dune shapes are compared with the experimental ones of Ferreira and Fino (2012). A good agreement between them is observed at t = 2.0 min and an obvious underestimate of the dune shape is shown at t = 4.0 min and t = 6.0 min. By analyzing the simulated results, it is shown that the recirculation zone behind the dune is gradually reduced as the dune deforms and that windward erosion and lee side deposition is observed. It is also shown after testing that the splash entrainment is important for the lee side erosion. Moreover, a preliminary attempt is presented to apply an improved splash model with accounting for the bed slope effect to the simulation of sand dune deformation. A better performance on the simulated dune shape is achieved at t = 4.0 min in comparison with the experimental one
Pierre, Caroline. "Variabilité interannuelle des émissions d'aérosols minéraux en zone semi-aride sahélienne." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00921688.
Full textRamram, Mohammed. "Loess et exemples de dépressions hydroéoliennes dans la basse vallée du Rhône (France)." Aix-Marseille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX10016.
Full textAbdourhamane, Touré Amadou. "Erosion en milieu sableux cultivé au Niger : dynamique actuelle et passée en liaison avec la pression anthropique et les changements climatiques." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00833028.
Full textTresca, Antoine. "Contrôle souple de la dynamique éolienne le long d'un littoral artificialisé et propositions de gestion : le cas de la façade maritime du Grand Port Maritime de Dunkerque." Phd thesis, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00825877.
Full textCrépy, Maël. "Les Paysages du vent : géohistoire et géoarchéologie de la dépression de Kharga (désert Libyque, Égypte) du cinquième siècle avant notre ère à nos jours : 2 500 ans d'interactions entre dynamiques éoliennes et activités humaines dans un milieu hyperaride." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE2141.
Full textThe limiting features of the wind dynamics are scarce in the Western desert of Egypt, one of the most arid areas in the world: eolian ablation and transport are the prevailing factors of the morphogenesis. Born from artesian waters and human activities, the oases of Kharga basin form an area where the deposition processes are stronger thanks to the large amount of water and vegetation. Eolian dynamics, and their morphogenetic impacts, are strengthened by the nesting of oasis sites (deposition areas) in a desert region (sediment source-zone). The landscapes of the wind are thus formed by the juxtaposition of these areas where opposed processes occur. This thesis aims to describe, understand and explain their development.This work based on geomorphology, geoarchaeology, « géohistoire » and sedimentology gives an account on the impacts on the landscapes of the interactions between eolian dynamics and human activities since the creation of the oases 2 500 years ago. It consists in an overview of the natural and anthropogenic processes and an assessment of the living conditions in the oasis since the Antiquity.The three main results of this research are:- a typology of the elements forming the landscapes of the wind;- a descriptive modelisation of the system at stake in their formations, which is based on an asynchronous cycle of colonisation and abandonment of the sites;- an overview of the main patterns of the long-term environmental and morphogenetic evolution since the creation of the oases.This triple contribution shows that the landscapes of the wind are born from the distortion between the regional environmental trend towards degraded conditions and the local and temporary improvements of the edaphic conditions due to human activities
Gomes, Tania Cristina. "Feições eólicas quaternárias e vulnerabilidades agrícolas em áreas de arenização no Pampa brasileiro." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Le Mans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LEMA3009.
Full textIn southern Brazil exposes sand spots embedded in Brazilian Pampa landscape. Both stable and/or unstable wind deposits represent the inheritance of a drier climate than the current one and provide important paleoclimatic evidences for understanding this landscape. The objective of this thesis is to identify, associations between the current geomorphological features and the quaternary surface formations, as well as the erosive/depositional dynamics acting on these features, in the context of an area historically submitted to agricultural pressure. Methodological procedures included field, cabinet and laboratory work steps. Field observations led to the initial interpretations on the morphological evolution of stable and/or unstable eolian deposits, as well as to the survey of the four points of collection of sedimentary material, for both granulometric and morphological analyzes and for absolute dating, which was established by optically stimulated luminescence method (SAR protocol). The sediments are predominantly composed by quartz sands, of Fine sand modal class, varying to lesser fractions of Medium sand and Very fine sand. Both morphological and optical characteristics of the sediments clarify the eolic competence over the particles and their mobilization, demonstrating a certain degree of selection. The geomorphological features distribution associated to the relief units shows that the eolic deposits occur substantially on the tops of hills, followed by dry valleys. In relation to land uses, which was mapped between 1982 and 2016, there is a significant increase in the area devoted to crops, in detriment to the field one. The Pampas has livestock as its primary aptitude, but the conversion of land use, especially from pasture fields to crop, intensifies the pressure on water resources, on herbaceous vegetation and on sandy soils, which are particularly sensitive to erosion
O Sul do Brasil expõe manchas de areia encravadas na paisagem do Pampa brasileiro. Os depósitos eólicos estáveis e/ou instáveis representam a herança de um clima mais seco do que o atual e fornecem evidências paleoclimáticas importantes para a compreensão dessa paisagem. O objetivo deste estudo é identificar associações entre as feições geomorfológicas atuais e as formações superficiais quaternárias, assim como as dinâmicas erosivas/deposicionais atuantes nessas feições, no contexto de uma área submetida historicamente à pressão agrícola. Os procedimentos metodológicos incluíram etapas de trabalho de campo, de gabinete e de laboratório. A observação de campo conduziu interpretações sobre a evolução morfológica dos depósitos eólicos e o levantamento dos quatro pontos de coletas de material sedimentar eólico, para análises granulométrica, morfoscópica e para a realização de datação absoluta pelo método LOE. Os sedimentos são compostos predominantemente por areias quartzosas, de classe modal Areia Fina. As características morfológicas e ópticas dos sedimentos esclarecem quanto à competência eólica sobre as partículas e sobre seu transporte, demostrando certo grau de selecionamento. A distribuição das feições geomorfológicas, associada às unidades de relevo mostra que os depósitos eólicos ocorrem substancialmente sobre os topos de colinas, seguido de vales secos. Os usos da terra, há um aumento significativo da superfície destinada à Lavoura, em detrimento à de Campo. O Pampa possui, como aptidão a pecuária, mas a conversão de uso em lavoura, intensifica a pressão sobre os recursos hídricos, vegetação herbácea e solos francamente arenosos, sensíveis à erosão
Ould, Ahmedou Dah. "Formation et migration des dunes de sable : : Etudes expérimentales des processus d'érosion, d'avalanches et du transport éolien." Rennes 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005REN1S034.
Full textGomes, Tania Cristina. "Feições eólicas quaternárias e vulnerabilidades agrícolas em áreas de arenização no Pampa brasileiro." Thesis, Le Mans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LEMA3009/document.
Full textIn southern Brazil exposes sand spots embedded in Brazilian Pampa landscape. Both stable and/or unstable wind deposits represent the inheritance of a drier climate than the current one and provide important paleoclimatic evidences for understanding this landscape. The objective of this thesis is to identify, associations between the current geomorphological features and the quaternary surface formations, as well as the erosive/depositional dynamics acting on these features, in the context of an area historically submitted to agricultural pressure. Methodological procedures included field, cabinet and laboratory work steps. Field observations led to the initial interpretations on the morphological evolution of stable and/or unstable eolian deposits, as well as to the survey of the four points of collection of sedimentary material, for both granulometric and morphological analyzes and for absolute dating, which was established by optically stimulated luminescence method (SAR protocol). The sediments are predominantly composed by quartz sands, of Fine sand modal class, varying to lesser fractions of Medium sand and Very fine sand. Both morphological and optical characteristics of the sediments clarify the eolic competence over the particles and their mobilization, demonstrating a certain degree of selection. The geomorphological features distribution associated to the relief units shows that the eolic deposits occur substantially on the tops of hills, followed by dry valleys. In relation to land uses, which was mapped between 1982 and 2016, there is a significant increase in the area devoted to crops, in detriment to the field one. The Pampas has livestock as its primary aptitude, but the conversion of land use, especially from pasture fields to crop, intensifies the pressure on water resources, on herbaceous vegetation and on sandy soils, which are particularly sensitive to erosion
O Sul do Brasil expõe manchas de areia encravadas na paisagem do Pampa brasileiro. Os depósitos eólicos estáveis e/ou instáveis representam a herança de um clima mais seco do que o atual e fornecem evidências paleoclimáticas importantes para a compreensão dessa paisagem. O objetivo deste estudo é identificar associações entre as feições geomorfológicas atuais e as formações superficiais quaternárias, assim como as dinâmicas erosivas/deposicionais atuantes nessas feições, no contexto de uma área submetida historicamente à pressão agrícola. Os procedimentos metodológicos incluíram etapas de trabalho de campo, de gabinete e de laboratório. A observação de campo conduziu interpretações sobre a evolução morfológica dos depósitos eólicos e o levantamento dos quatro pontos de coletas de material sedimentar eólico, para análises granulométrica, morfoscópica e para a realização de datação absoluta pelo método LOE. Os sedimentos são compostos predominantemente por areias quartzosas, de classe modal Areia Fina. As características morfológicas e ópticas dos sedimentos esclarecem quanto à competência eólica sobre as partículas e sobre seu transporte, demostrando certo grau de selecionamento. A distribuição das feições geomorfológicas, associada às unidades de relevo mostra que os depósitos eólicos ocorrem substancialmente sobre os topos de colinas, seguido de vales secos. Os usos da terra, há um aumento significativo da superfície destinada à Lavoura, em detrimento à de Campo. O Pampa possui, como aptidão a pecuária, mas a conversão de uso em lavoura, intensifica a pressão sobre os recursos hídricos, vegetação herbácea e solos francamente arenosos, sensíveis à erosão
Boussen, Salma. "Evolution de haldes plombo-zincifères dans le nord de la Tunisie : l'exemple d’un contexte carbonaté." Limoges, 2010. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/ad96cbba-472a-4fa9-9f24-0c964a2b1273/blobholder:0/2010LIMO4034.pdf.
Full textIn Northern Tunisia, mining exploitation left tailings as big heaps rich in Potentially Toxic Elements (PTE) with values up to 46900 mg/kg for Pb and 49501 mg/kg for Zn. These wastes are stored in uncontrolled and untreated deposits and exposed to Aeolian erosion and run-off processes due to specificities of Mediterranean climates. The PTE contents in the surrounding soils generally devoted to cereal cultivation are as high as 12488 mg/kg for Pb and 3485 mg/kg for Zn. The contents in sediments downstream are also high, in the range of 47800 mg/kg for Pb and 5767 mg/kg for Zn. In Mediterranean and carbonate rich context, the main risk of mining activities is the dispersion of tailings particles by prevalent winds and by tailing erosion by the means of streams and during heavy raining seasons. Aassessment by chemical extractions of the potential mobility in the tailings, soils and sediments shows low PTE proportions easily released. The evaluation of the biodisponibility of the PTE reveals that the wheat excluder plants have low bioaccumulation and transfer factor
Bensaid, Abdelkrim. "SIG ET TÉLÉDÉTECTION POUR L'ÉTUDE DE L'ENSABLEMENTDANS UNE ZONE ARIDE : LE CAS DE LA WILAYA DE NAÂMA (ALGÉRIE)." Phd thesis, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00169433.
Full textA travers cette étude, nous avons essayé de montrer d'une part, le potentiel de l'utilisation de la télédétection et du système d'information géographique pour la caractérisation de l'état de l'occupation du sol et son évolution spatio-temporelle à partir des traitements effectués sur une série d'images satellitaires de Landsat de différentes dates (1972, 1987 et 2002).
D'autre part, de mettre à la disposition des utilisateurs potentiels et des décideurs les informations sur l'état de l'environnement et les ressources naturelles de ces zones, via la mise en place d'un prototype intégré dans un système d'information géographique. Le prototype ainsi développé est basé sur le principe du double prototypage. Le système sera un outil d'aide à la décision, utile pour la gestion des phénomènes naturels, et plus particulièrement la dégradation des sols et l'ensablement des terres de la wilaya de Naâma.
Cissokho, Robert. "Développement d'un indice de vulnérabilité à l'érosion éolienne à partir d'images satellitales, dans le Bassin arachidier du Sénégal : cas de la région de Thiès." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8427.
Full textWind erosion is an environmental issue among the most critical one in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid regions of the planet. Soil erosion accelerated by the wind action causes damages both locally and regionally. Locally, wind erosion decreases the soil nutrients by the mobilization of finer particles and organic matter. This mobilization is one of the causes of lost of soil fertility with lead to the drop in agricultural productivity and to the reduction of the topsoil depth. Regionally, dust storms raised by the wind have a significant impact on population health and infrastructure because of particles deposition. In areas where soils are frequently submitted to wind aggressions, studies are urgently required in order to spatially characterize the soils according to their degree of vulnerability. Such characterization is important for many reasons, especially for administrative authorities who must decide what action to undertake in order to preserve and conserve the agricultural potentialities of soils, often with limited financial resources available. However, in some regions, as in our study area, the region of Thiès in Senegal, such studies are lacking. In fact, in regions where soil erosion is active, the studies undertaken are much localized because of their approaches (soil erosion models) which require a substantial amount of data for short intervals of time to "capture" the spatial variability of the dynamics of the factors involved in the process of wind erosion. The availability of these data at a regional level is particularly problematic in developing countries because infrastructures and resources to support continuous monitoring of environmental variables are not always available. The approach in this research aims to fill this gap, mainly through satellite imagery and more particularly those provided by Landsat-5 and Landsat-7. Landsat images cover almost the entire optical spectrum (visible, near/mid/thermal infrared) at resolutions which allow to characterize spatially the soils, according to their vulnerability at a finer level (decametric resolution) than what is possible with satellite imagery often used in environmental studies (AVHRR images from the NOAA satellite series) with a kilometric resolution. In addition, the full archive of Landsat-5 and -7 covering more than 20 years is now easily accessible. This is an undeniable asset in order to study the dynamics of the process affecting soils vulnerability to wind erosion. Taking into account the parameters used in wind erosion models (climate, soil, vegetation), we have identified those we can estimate from satellite imagery either directly (e.g. fractional vegetation cover) or indirectly (e.g. characterization of soils by their degree of degradation). Using Landsat images acquired during to the two seasons of the region (rainy and dry season) as well as climatic data and the existing low scale soil map of the region, we developed a database describing the environmental conditions from 1988 to 2002. These data were then considered as inputs (criteria) in an empirical model we made, by modulating the impact of each criterion (weight and score). By this model, we created maps showing the degree of vulnerability (vulnerability index) of the region by date according to Landsat image acquisition date. Several tests are done to validate the internal consistency of the model. To evaluate the dynamic of the erosion process for the period we studied, we have compared our maps. Our principal conclusions are as follows: 1) the proposed model has a good internal consistency and is sensitive to spatial and temporal variation of the factors taken into consideration; 2) as expected, among the factors used to explain soil vulnerability, erodibility and fractional green vegetation cover are the most important; 3) these two factors present a high intra and inter-season variation so that it is difficult to bring out long term trends even if some parts of the territory (North and East) have high vulnerability indices regardless of season; 4) the diachronic analysis of vulnerability index maps shows seasonal trend because areas with low vulnerability indices are increasing in rainy season, when the surface moisture is higher and vegetation is particularly active, and significantly decrease in dry season; 5) as expected, susceptibility, or the impact of wind on vulnerability, is stronger when the wind speed is high and vulnerability is high. In areas where vulnerability is low, an increase in wind speed has less impact. In our study we have also included a comparative analysis of some factors derived from Landsat images and from the hyperspectral sensor of the experimental satellite HYPERION. Even if spatial resolution of the images provided by both sensors is similar, the accuracy of factors extracted from the hyperspectral images is definitely higher. This is due to the spectral resolution of the sensor which permits the selection of appropriate bands with the highest level of interaction with the factor of interest. This comparative study shows that in the near future, the accessibility to this type of images will improve the calculation of the index of vulnerability by our model. For now, Landsat imagery provides very interesting information to monitor the process of soil erosion by wind.