Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Érosion sols'
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Mehenni, Abdelwadoud. "Comportement hydromécanique et érosion des sols fins traités." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0299/document.
Full textThe current evolution of the social and economic context requires from the different actors of the public works sector to adapt their practices to the challenges of sustainable development. In the field of earthworks, companies must offer technical solutions to reuse the materials located in the vicinity of the projects in order to limit the borrowing materials and unused soils deposits. Soil treatment may allow the reuse of these materials. This study was focused on four treatment products (kaolinite, bentonite, lime and cement) as well as their effects on the hydro-mechanical behavior and internal erosion resistance of a fine silt. An enhanced HET device was designed in the framework of this study to determine the internal erosion characteristics of treated soils especially with lime and cement. Beyond the characterization of treatment effects on short-term hydro-mechanical behavior of soils, the work of this study extends to the durability of treatment and the evolution of long-term hydro-mechanical behavior of treated soils subjected to drying-wetting cycles. This study of sustainability was carried out through a multi-scale approach based on laboratory study data on soil samples and field investigations on hydraulic structures made of treated soil. The study showed that hydraulic conditions variations can decrease the performance of treated soils. These degradations result on an increase in hydraulic conductivity, a decrease of the mechanical strength and also a reduction in the critical shear stress which expresses a decrease of the internal erosion resistance. The kinetic of performance loss depends to the nature of the treatment product and percentage used as well as the exposure level, the number and amplitude of the hydraulic variations. However, the field study showed that it is possible to reduce the kinetic degradation of the soil performance through an appropriate construction design
Tarog, Ioana. "Perméabilité et érosion interne des mélanges sable-argile : Combustion théorique et expériemntale." Lyon, INSA, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ISAL0068.
Full textThis work is a study of the internal erosion of the grounds and fill artificial. Erosion by mechanical wrenching of the particles of ground is analyzed using the evolution of the hydraulic conductivity of a porous environment prefissured under the action of a flow. The first two parts are devoted on the one hand to the phenomenon of internal erosion under the aspects of typology, the origin and the mechanisms of evolution, and on the other hand with the concept of permeability, as well as with the theoretical and empirical approaches used for the estimate of the hydraulic conductivity of the porous environments or of mixtures sands - clay. These two parts, in bibliographical matter, make it possible to pose the bases of this work and to understand the mechanisms which control the studied phenomenon. The third part relates to theoretical modelings, by a self-coherent method, permeability of bicomposite mixtures (materials permeable and impermeable, of type mixes sand/clay, for the ground compacted), and tri-composite (materials permeable, impermeable and infinitely permeable, of type mixes sand/clay/pocket of water, for the ground partially compacted). The fourth part presents the designed experimental device, which makes it possible to follow the hydraulic characteristics of a prefissured material, during the development of internal erosion, as well as the tests undertaken on samples of mixtures of sand/clay. This device consists of the juxtaposition of a hydraulic test and a mechanical system of creation. Of crack. From measurements of hydraulic conductivity, we deduce the variation from the opening of the crack which pro vides indications on the kinetics of internal erosion
Gafrej, Raoudha. "Modélisation conceptuelle du transfert des matières en suspension : effets d'échelles spatio-temporelles." Paris 6, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA066372.
Full textN'Simba, François. "Approche économique de lutte contre les pertes des sols." Bordeaux 4, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR40030.
Full textThe phenomenon of erosion, because of its economic and environmental implications, has become one of the major problems confronted by those who manage our natural environment. Erosion is a natural phenomenon which can, however, be accentuated by modern agricultural methods. Soil erosion causes damage not only on an agricultural level, but also in areas unconnected with farming. The most immediate consequences are a reduction in the earth fertility (with all the attendant consequences regarding production and yields), which in return calls for a massive use of fertilisers. The erosion of earth enriched by fertilisers contributes to the deposit of soil particles in lakes and rivers. These products of erosion coming from agricultural land have a negative effet on water supply, on leisure activities, the cost of water treatment and wild life. These are external effects, as they are not taken into account in the farmer's decision-making process when it comes to choosing farming methods. These external costs must therefore be taken into account in the drawing up of soil conservation programmes. These soil conservation programmes also have an impact on farmer's income, prices, agricultural production and water quality
Diallo, Drissa. "Erosion des sols en zone soudanienne du Mali : transfert des matériaux érodés dans le bassin versant de Djitiko (Haut-Niger)." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000GRE10142.
Full textKhalil, Tony. "Modélisation du transport réactif en milieux poreux saturé : étude des processus chimio-hydro-mécaniques." Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ECDN0056.
Full textSoil and urban basement may be affected by various pollutants. Indeed, their mobility is governed by different physical and chemical processes of transport and retention / release. The retention tends to reduce the spread of the particles while the release accelerates the transport of particles. Thus, it is necessary to understand the mechanisms of pollutants transport in the soil and to predict the long-term migration. First, we will describe a model of transport and flow in porous and saturated media which is based on PDEs. In addition, these equations refer to the mass transport in saturated and porous medium which is governed generally by the classical convection-dispersion-diffusion equation. Briefly, the equations of flow and transport with effects of viscosity and density are implemented in the codes of differences and finite elements using the software Diffpack. Then, we propose to couple the transport model with internal erosion. Thus, we proposed a mathematical model of internal erosion and we validated it by experimental tests. Similarly, we have shown that erosion has a direct influence on particle transport. This led us to define a coupling between the transport, erosion and pollutants. In addition, the developed model is based on reactive transport that attempts to simulate the process of flow-transportation, physical and chemical reactions. Finally, we attempt to model the effect of the transport of eroded particles on deformable media, with respect to the role of the deformation of the ground
Bah, Abdoul Salam. "Les problèmes d'érosion hydrique et les stratégies de mise en valeur des sols au Mali sud : étude du cas d'une zone libéréee d'onchocercose : le terroir de Fonsébougou." Bordeaux 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR30005.
Full textIn fonsebougou, souther mali, the soils have suffered from an intense erosion and all the degradations that are entailed it ever since their improsement for agricultural purposes was undertaken, especially for the cultivation of cotton. It is true that their present functioning is closely related of the bioclimate. We first tried to study certain factors of erosion (rock composition, climate, vegetation, soils, etc) through the presentation of the village ground. This is followed by an attempt to understand the water streaming process, the origin and forms or erosion, as well as to asses the impact of antropic facters. An experimental approach has been undertaken on the ground in order to quantify the water streaming, the loss of earth as well as the loss of mineral elements. A computer analysis was based or our findings ; after which we tried to elaborate an equation which would predict future water streaming. We then proposed many strategies among which, that of structural preservation, which should be appreciated in accordance which geomorphology of the land and the water dynamics (rain-water flow). .
Santiago, Romero Hector. "Influence du type d'outil, de la vitesse et de la pente sur l'intensité de l'érosion aratoire." Toulouse, INPT, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001INPT001A.
Full textZhong, Chuheng. "Study of soil behavior subjected to an internal erosion process." Thesis, Nantes, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NANT4055.
Full textSuffusion selective erodes the fine particles from the soil matrix. In the process of suffusion, eroded particles are moved by the seepage and filtered by the coarse fraction. This coupled phenomenon will result in the changes in seepage velocity, hydraulic gradient and permeability coefficient and so on. A large device is selected to study the filtration process in internal erosion and the mechanism of suffusion. Thanks to the pressure measuring ports along the rigid wall of the large device, local process of suffusion can be studied. The results from another small device are used to compare with the results of the large device to research the scale effect of the specimen. The basic filtration equation indicates the final state of the filtration process. In the suffusion process, the filtration process ends when the fine content is closed to the value computed by the basic filtration equation. A small number of fine particles can still affect the hydraulic response. Suffusion is a heterogeneous process and the position of the maximum value of the local hydraulic gradient is transferred from upstream to downstream. The grain size of eroded particles becomes huger with the development of the suffusion. And the erosion process can be divided into three stages: « grain adjustment » stage, « seepage stability » stage, and « seepage change » stage. The specimen size has some influence on the erosion process. The criteria based on particle size will lead to a high risk, but energy method is compatible. Combining three erosion laws, three erosion models were formulated based on the mass balance of four assumed constituents: stable fabric of the solid skeleton, erodible fines, fluidized particles, and pure fluid. The finite difference method is used to solve the governing differential equations
Guinle-Thenevin, Isabelle. "Influence des valeurs extrêmes (millennales) des données physiques de l'environnement naturel sur le sol et le proche sous-solApplication aux sites de stockage de déchets." ENSMP, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ENMP0809.
Full textHabib, Nejad-Roshan Mahmoud. "Le Bassin-versant du Sefid-Rud (Iran) : milieu naturel, érosion des sols et aménagement." Aix-Marseille 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX10039.
Full textCerdan, Olivier. "Analyse et modélisation du transfert de particules solides à l'échelle de petits bassins versants cultivés." Orléans, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ORLE2017.
Full textJacome, Pereira Andrès. "MNT à très haute résolution spatiale pour la représentation 3D de ravines d’érosion en montagne." AgroParisTech, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/60/19/37/PDF/ajacome_2010-memoire-these-final.pdf.
Full textAssessment and comprehension of gully erosion dynamics at their temporal and spatial scale in Badlands (marl’s geology, south of French Alps need fast and easy reproductible methods of characterization of these phenomena. We tested two approaches of spatial observation in order to accomplish this goal: an aerial approach by stereophotogrammetry from unmanned aerial vehicle (drone) images, and a terrestrial approach by ground laser scanner. For the aerial approach an adequate combination of ground preparation, systematic errors compensation (resulting from image acquisition) and an image matching strategy enabled us to obtain a drone DTM with resolution, accuracy, and hydrologic coherence within the limit of the data (average image ground resolution 3 cm). In regard to the terrestrial approach, results of LiDAR measurement test on different geometric surfaces show that the noise is of 1 cm from a measure distance of 30 m. The application of a simple average filter in a regular grid of 1 cm makes it possible to reduce the noise and also to recreate geometric forms of more than 3 cm large. The “advantage-constraints” ratio between these two approaches shows us that the aerial approach produces DTM with better extent and continuity, while the terrestrial approach produces more precise and detailed DTM. These results reveal the enormous potential of drone images for the development of inexpensive DTM. In addition, ground LiDAR arises as an interesting topographic surveying system for the monitoring of elementary processes of gully erosion, allowing for very detailed measurements in space and time
Gumiere, Silvio José. "Contribution à la modélisation déterministe spatialisée de l'érosion hydrique des sols à l'échelle des petits bassins versants cultivés." Montpellier SupAgro, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NSAM0022.
Full textAnthropogenic activity associated with intensive agricultural production is often the origin of an acceleration in soil erosion processes, such that the rate of erosion will exceed the rate of soil formation. In Europe and the world, water erosion affects all types of landscapes to different degrees. Water erosion models may provide helpful information for the development and application of land management practices in catchments with soil and water conservation concerns. The objective of this work was to reflect on and then critically analyse the problem of water erosion modelling from different points of view: conceptually, model exploration and model parameterisation. From this reflection, and after a literature review, which focused on two of the main problems identified with present-day erosion models, namely model parameterisation and sedimentological connectivity, we have developed a physically based and distributed water erosion model, able to provide dynamic information about soil loss and sediment transport within small agricultural catchments during rainfall events. The model takes into account the effects of land management practices on sediment transport using a distributed GIS parameterisation. The model was calibrated and validated for a Mediterranean catchment, using an automatic and multi-scale calibration procedure. Another result from this work was the development of a sensitivity analysis framework to provide an exploratory analysis of distributed erosion models at different space and time scales. This framework has been applied to four water erosion models (MHYDAS-Erosion, STREAM, MESALES and PESERA). Results have shown a similarity in behaviour of the four erosion models with regards to input parameter variations
Pham, Tuan Long. "Erosion et dispersion des sols argileux par un fluide." Phd thesis, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00353451.
Full textSail, Yacine. "Caractérisation exprérimentale de l'érosion de volume de matériaux pulvérulents." Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ECDN0008.
Full textInternal erosion is one of the major instability mechanisms in hydraulic earth structures. This work aims to improve the understanding and to characterize the phenomena involved during the internal erosion of soils. In particular we focus on the development of such phenomena and their impact on the mechanical behaviour of soil. To achieve this objective, a large oedo-permeameter device was developed allowing the monitoring of the local variations in density and interstitial pressure, the eroded mass, the injected flow and the axial deformation of sample. Parametric tests were performed on mixtures of glass beads. Firstly, the experimental device and measurements have been validated by ensuring the cross checking of these latter. Then initiation and development processes of internal erosion were identified for gap-graded samples containing 40% and 20% of fines. Different interpretations based on hydraulic gradient, flow velocity, shear stress and erosion power were studied. Sensitivity and/or invariance of each approach are discussed with respect to the sample length, the percentage of fines, the axial stress and the loading history. The induced settlement of sample is also studied in relation to the eroded particle volume, and local variations in density. Finally, the importance of the way of building samples was showed thanks to tests conducted with a soil from dikes of Rhine
Angéliaume, Alexandra. "Ruissellement, érosion et qualité des eaux en terre de grande culture : étude comparée de deux bassins versants du Laonnois et du Soissonnais (02)." Lille 1, 1996. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1996/50376-1996-338-1.pdf.
Full textGosselin, Pascale. "Érosion thermique du pergélisol en milieu fluvial arctique : rivière Duval, Pangnirtung, Nunavut." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29621/29621.pdf.
Full textDelahaye, géographe Daniel. "Approches spatialisées et analyses expérimentales des phénomènes de ruissellement et d'érosion des sols : Application aux systèmes de production agricole du Calvados." Caen, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992CAEN1099.
Full textA research study conducted in northwest France, more precisely in the Calvados department, has permitted the identification of the principal types of erosion. The bocage is the principal region affected by the phenomenon. The development of these erosional processes has been induced by a reduction of the traditional types of cultivation. A spatial approach has been taken which uses a scale ranging from the micro-plot to the water shed. The results obtained permit the proposal of a range of simple anti-erosion techniques easily integrated into agricultural practices
Sechi-Sapowicz, Serafina. "Les Archives sédimentaires témoins des phases d'érosion : approche géo-archéologique appliquée au bassin versant de la Basse Vallée de la Seine (Normandie, France) et au Campidano Septentrional (Sardaigne, Italie)." Rouen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ROUES045.
Full textThe study of sedimentary archives of all geomorphological compartments of the Lower Seine Valley watershed (Normandy), as well as sites of piedmont in the Septentrional Campidano (Central Western Sardinia), enabled us to identify several erosion and sedimentation phases. These phases mark important changes resulting from the direct or indirect impact of several factors or from their combinations Thus erosion markers reveal morphogenetic "crises" controlled by the internal lithologic properties of the studied system, as well as by the climatic and anthropogenic signals. In our study areas, the first erosional phases we have encountered (from the late Pleistocene to the early Holocene) correspond to the major climatic and eustatic changes identified on a global scale. The main impact of the climatic factor continues at least until the beginning of the Neolithic era. From the middle final Neolithic to the Protohistory era, Man became a more active player in causing soil imbalance (i. E: deforestation, switch from a mono-specific agriculture to a professionalized agriculture). From the end of the Iron Age to the Roman period, Man became an aggravating factor (i. E: high deforestation, intensive land use). Later, from the Middle-Ages to the Contemporary era, Man became the triggering factor (i. E: the land becomes a mosaic of cropped agricultural areas with a shift towards agriculture with heavy animal tractation) that has a direct impact on the major erosional phases. Once it passed a certain threshold of imbalance accelerated by human activities that made the soil more susceptible to the weather hazards, the resilience of the environment stops and follows to climate fluctuations however minor
Liégeois, Marie. "Des aléas et des hommes : élaboration d'une méthode de diagnostic de la vulnérabilité à l'aléa érosion." Lyon, Ecole normale supérieure, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ENSF0031.
Full textArmand, Romain. "Étude des états de surface du sol et de leur dynamique pour différentes pratiques de travail du sol : mise au point d’un indicateur de ruissellement." Strasbourg, 2009. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2009/ARMAND_Romain_2009.pdf.
Full textThis study concerns water erosion occuring on loamy hills of Alsace (France). It focuses on continuous grain corn, whose surface state characteritics (SSC) strongly influences runoff formation during spring. Our goal is to study the differences of surface state characteristics (EDS) amongst different tillage treatments: conventional technique (based on plough use), no-tillage techniques and direct-drilling. The SSC’s spatial variability created by tillage has been particularly investigated. Measurements of runoff and erosion have been carried out under natural and artificial rainfalls to complete surface observations. Main results indicate a decrease in runoff and erosion in no-till and direct-drilling treatments. Most of SSC differences between tillage treatments were observed on interrows. Based on SSC and runoff measurements, an indicator estimating the rainfall amounts required to observed runoff was built
Albaradeyia, Issa. "Modélisation de l'érosion en zone montagneuse semi-aride." Lille 1, 2007. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2007/50376-2007-Albaradeyia.pdf.
Full textWertz, Sophie. "Impact d'une érosion de la diversité microbienne du sol sur le fonctionnement et la stabilité des communautés hétérotrophes, dénitrifiantes et nitrifiantes." Lyon 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LYO10092.
Full textRoy, Hari Gobinda. "Évolution de l’évolution de l’occupation du sol (1950-2025) et impacts sur l’érosion du sol dans un bassin versant méditerranéen." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AZUR2024/document.
Full textThe European Mediterranean coastal area has experienced widespread land cover change since 1950 because of rapid urban growth and expansion of tourism. Urban sprawl and other land cover changes occurred due to post-war economic conditions, population migration, and increased tourism. Land cover change has occurred through the interaction of environmental and socio-economic factors, including population growth, urban sprawl, industrial development, and environmental policies. In addition, rapid expansion of tourism during the last six decades has caused significant socioeconomic changes driving land cover change in Euro-Mediterranean areas. Mediterranean countries from Spain to Greece experienced strong urban growth from the 1970’s onwards, and a moderate growth rate is projected to continue into the future. Land cover change can result in environmental changes such as water pollution and soil degradation. Several previous studies have shown that Mediterranean vineyards are particularly vulnerable to soil erosion because of high rainfall intensity and the fact that vineyards are commonly located on steeper slopes and the soil is kept bare during most of the cultivation period (November to April) when precipitation is at its highest. The main objective of this thesis is to predict long-term soil erosion evolution in a Mediterranean context of rapid urban growth and land use change at the catchment scale. In order to achieve this, the following specific aims have been formulated: (i) to analyze the spatial dynamics of land cover change from 1950 to 2008; (ii) to compare the impact of historical time periods on land cover prediction using different time scales; (iii) to test the impacts of spatial extent and cell size on LUCC modeling; and (iv) to predict the impact of land cover change on soil erosion for 2025
Rochim, Abdul. "Characterization of suffusion susceptibility of granular soils." Nantes, 2015. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=ee2ad57c-d766-46d7-aae0-03a86dc0f87b.
Full textMost of instabilities of hydraulic earth structures (dikes, levees or dams) are due to internal erosion processes. Among these processes, suffusion concerns the fine fraction from structure made of soils or from soil of foundations. This process is complex as it combines three processes: detachment, transport and possibly the filtration of some transported particles. No susceptibility classification for suffusion process exists in literature. Thanks to a specific device, a series of suffusion tests is performed. An advanced study is also realized about the effect of hydraulic loading history. The results show that methods characterizing the erosion susceptibility based on hydraulic gradient or rate of erosion don’t lead to a unique characterization of suffusion process for different histories of hydraulic loading. Thanks to a new analysis based on energy expended by the seepage flow to characterize the hydraulic loading, we propose a susceptibility classification for suffusion process. Some tests are performed with a small scale model of dike. First results show that it is possible to obtain the same soil susceptibility classification at the scale of this physical model. The experimental characterization is completed by some numerical simulations with Plaxis software. All these results highlight the complexity of studied processes and open the way to further research opportunities concerning the applicability to earth structures of laboratory characterizations of internal erosion
Grellier, Séraphine. "Invasion ligneuse par l'Acacia sieberiana dans un pâturage raviné du KwaZulu-Natal (Afrique du Sud)." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066308.
Full textNouvellet, Yann. "Mesure des processus d'érosion." Paris 7, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA070020.
Full textThe dynamics od soil erosion in the Soudano-Sahelian region of southern-central Senegal is directly related to high population pressure. Inter-rill erosion was measured between 1998 and 2000 in a 400 km2 zone in the department of Nioro du Rip. Sixty plots were set up in order to study the influence of a series of parameters (topography, soil and land-use) on inter-rill erosion and on a few small rills. The mean elevation of each plot was mesured each year with an electronic relief-meter. The elevation of soil surface may vary from year to year as largely as a few millimetres. These variations are independent from slope and other topographic parameters, soil texture, or crop type. Moreover, plots which received significantly more rainfall were not significantly more eroded. The topographic profiles studied indicate that two erosion processes could determine the rate of inter-rill erosion. Inter-rill erosion is usually limited. The location of the test plots could explain the values observed due to either tillage erosion or to water erosion. However, the low slope values and the limited impact of agricultural implement do not support the hypothesis that tillage erosion is a significant factor in the evolution of the landscape. In a catchment area of 20 km2, a hundred of topographic index, calculated from a Digital Elevation Model, were used to predict the occurence of rills and gullies in the area. Nine models were selected for validation with an independent dataset. The study shows that the so-called rills and gullies do not appear to be linked to a specific erosion index. The slope gradient is presented as being the most significant factor. The results show the importance of discontinuous erosion features in the dynamic of the landscape. In conclusion, it is noted that high population densities and intensive crop production do not automatically lead to high levels of erosion. One of the least studied factors involved is the role of prevailing aeolian erosion, in the redistribution of soil particles in the landscape
Kardous, Mouldi. "Quantification de l'érosion éolienne dans les zones arides tunisiennes : approche expérimentale et modélisation." Paris 12, 2005. https://athena.u-pec.fr/primo-explore/search?query=any,exact,990002281750204611&vid=upec.
Full textIn Tunisia, only modelling the horizontal fluxes can allow to quantify aeolian erosion. The model developed in LISA reproduces satisfyingly the erosion fluxes in hyper-arid deserts but complementary parameterizations are needed when applied to arid areas, especially to account for tilled surfaces. The effects of the tillage have been parameterized by performing wind tunnel experiments. A predictive relation for horizontal fluxes depending only on the geometric characteristics of ridges has been developed and validated for tilled surfaces. Experiments on two parcels tilled with differnet tools have also been performed. They confirm the results obtained in wind tunnel and point out that tillage generate erosion problem only for areas previously protected again erosion. These experiments have also allow to validate in situ the new parameterizations
Trevisan, Dominique. "Comportement hydrique et susceptibilité à l'érosion de sols limoneux cultivés : Etude expérimentale au champ sous pluies simulées." Orléans, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986ORLE0409.
Full textBoli, Baboule Zachée. "Fonctionnement des sols sableux et optimisation des pratiques culturales en zone soudanienne humide du nord-Cameroun (expérimentation au champ en parcelles d'érosion à Mbissiri)." Dijon, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996DIJOS016.
Full textFellag, Rachid. "Phénomènes d'érosion interne dans les graves et les sols grossiers : Application aux digues et aux barrages." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1111/document.
Full textInternal erosion is the main cause of failure of hydraulic structures such dykes and dams. The consequences of such failures are substantial and costly. The objective of this thesis is to better understand one of the erosion phenomena, the suffusion, and to characterize the initiation and the evolution of this phenomenon. A physical modeling approach is used for this study. Tests are carried out in a Plexiglas pipe of 18 cm inner diameter, equipped with pressure sensors, flowmeter and turbidimeter. A device for collecting the eroded particles, at selected time intervals, is installed in the downstream part of the device. In this study we performed a series of tests on coarse cohesionless soil. In this type of material, erosion is manifested by suffusion. It corresponds to the detachment and transport of fine particles through the pore space of the coarse particles. First, a cohesionless soil reconstitution protocol is developed. The idea is to make wet mixtures with water content depending on the fine particle content. To overcome some problems encountered in carrying out the tests, the device is arranged vertically, and the materials tested are reconstituted from mixtures of sand particles. A parametric study on the influence of several parameters such as particle size distribution, flow pressure, nature and content of clay particles and initial density are conducted. The results show that the erodibility of the material depends on the shape of the particle size distribution. Indeed erosion is more pronounced for materials containing less fine particles. This erodability is more pronounced when the curve is gap-graded. Erodibility of the tested soils increases with the hydraulic load. The addition of clay particles increases the resistance to suffusion of the soils. Three categories of clayed or fine soils are tested: illite (Argile Verte de Velay), kaolinite (Speswhite), and crushed sand (C10). The results show that materials containing illite are more resistant to suffusion than materials containing kaolinite, whereas materials containing crushed sand are less resistant. This resistance to suffusion increases with clay particle content. The erosion of materials also depends on the initial density of the soil tested. Indeed, for the same applied pressure, the quantity of eroded particles decreases with increasing the initial density
Mabit, Lionel. "Estimation de l'érosion hydrique des sols par la méthode du Cesium-137 : application aux bassins versants de Vierzy (France) et Lennoxville (Québec)." Paris 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA010504.
Full textWater erosion is one of the major source of soil degradation on the oceanic and continental temperate plains. Many research works have been undertaken using conventional sediment loading measurements, at spatial scales ranging from plots to watersheds. However, such measurements have to be carried over several tens of years to integrate the interannual variability of climate and cropping practices. Besides, a spatialized assessment of the problem seems essential previously to the implementation of any conservation plan. In this context, the use of the caesium-137 (@cs) radiotracer appears as a fast and well adapted method that complements the other soil erosion assessment techniques. Using this methodology made possible to quantify, spatialize and map net soil movements on two agricultural watersheds : a 180 ha one, located in the soissonnais, northern France (Vierzy), and a 80 ha one, on the appalachian piedmont, in southern Quebec (Lennoxville). The net sediment output was estimated at 1,9 and 3 t/ha/yr in Vierzy and Lennoxville respectively. The internal soil redistribution rates ranged from -18 to +19 t/ha/yr for the french site, and from -20 to +12 t/ha/yr in Quebec. The variability and the differences between the two sites, in terms of net sediment production and of spatial redistribution and magnitude of soil movements, reflect the differences of the morphoclimatic conditions and of the cropping practices encountered in the two watersheds. It appears that the soil loss rates are 12 to 30 times higher that the average pedogenetic processes rates under temperate climate conditions. The long term sustainability of the present agricultural systems are thus questionned
Martinat, Audrey. "Érosion des sentiers en moyenne montagne auvergnate." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF20025/document.
Full textIn this thesis, weathering of hiking trails has been studied in the low mountain ranges of the Massif Central (Auvergne, France) through the morphological comparison of four sectors in the Massif du Sancy and the Chaîne des Puys, each one presenting different erosion stages and rhythms of evolution. Our methodological approach is based on the crossing of three unpublished field datasets: topographic data, climate data and cartography of hiker behavior. High resolution topographic data mobilized three complementary data collection methods (terrestrial laser scanning, GPS monitoring and manual monitoring). Cross-analysis of all these data allowed us to: (1) quantify erosion and depositional volumes; (2) map the weathering sensitivity of studied areas; (3) identify the seasonality of weathering processes; (4) propose an operational evaluation tool for the management of hiking trails in low mountain ranges. Weathering quantification results show a clear differentiation of the studied areas. This contrasting erosion gradient has been proved to be linked to: local bioclimatic parameters which command the seasonality of weathering processes, irregular touristic attendance and substratum durability. In response to this erosion, varied management were introduced (guideline, wattle fence, low wall, water bars ...) and globally effective. Nevertheless, it appears that a refinement of the positioning adjustments, based on an understanding of weathering processes over a longer period would optimize the protective role of these structures
Lombart, Olivier. "Etude des processus et quantification de l'érosion hydrique dans la partie marnaise du vignoble champenois." Reims, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998REIML001.
Full textIn the vineyard of champagne, the phenomenas of rill erosion are an embarrassment for the managment of the cultivation. For the studies of these processes, two methods was used : the cartography of the rill erosion and the measurement of the quantities of the displaced particles. This study allows to show that the surfaces affected by this type of erosion are important on the clays, that a seasonal rythm appears and that among the explicative factors, the slope seems to have an important part
Abdel, Moeti Gamal El sayed Abdel baki. "L'érosion du sol et effets sur l'environnement à Aix-en-Provence, au sud de la France." Aix-Marseille 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX10012.
Full textMathieu, Renaud. "Erosion hydrique des sols granitiques de la Cordillère cotière du Chili central : cartographie et utilisation de l'imagerie spatiale." Marne-la-Vallée, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MARN0026.
Full textRegazzoni, Pierre-Louis. "Confrontation et analyse d'érodimètres et caractérisation de la sensibilité à l'érosion d'interface." Nantes, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NANT2131.
Full textThe Jet Erosion Test and the Hole Erosion Test are two devices allow characterizing the two main interface erosion mechanisms : overtopping and piping phenomena. A bibliographical review is carried out to analyze and study the different methods of interpretation for the tests. A comparative study is carriedout with the two erodimeters on natural soil samples, compacted with the Proctor protocol and representing a panel of sensitivity to erosion. The first interpretation is based on the methods coming from the litterature. The obtained values for the erosion coefficient and for the critical shear stress and the stoil classification are dependent on the used device. An energetical approach between the fluid and the soil is done in order to propose a method of interpretation for the two devices. A new erosion sensitivity index is proposed and the obtained values are compared between the two apparatus. Two dissipated hydraulic energy scales appear and an identical soil classification is built with the two devices. A statistical analysis is carried out for the compacted soils which gives an expression of the index of sensitivity to erosion in some physical parameters. A study concerning the variation observed on the soil « erodibility » from the dry side to the wet side is done. The influence of the saturation degree is pointed out. In addition, a relation is proposed between the permeability and the index of sensitivity to erosion
Nguyen, Duc Manh. "Méthode Hydro-Géomécanique de caractérisation de la susceptibilité des sols à l'érosion interne." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENI052.
Full textInternal erosion is the displacement of the fine particles of a soil under the action of an internal flow. This mechanism could be the origin of the damage on embankments and earth dams. In the word, 46% of failure observed on earthwork, are caused by internal erosion. In France, 70 critical cases have been detected. Unfortunately, due to internal erosion, the prediction of risk remains difficult. The understanding of this phenomenon of internal erosion appears as a major scientific challenge. The aim of this thesis is to develop a diagnostic method of internal erosion in dams and other earthworks. We seek to establish a protocol that will guide us to the test and help us to interpret the results. This method allows concluding about the risk of internal erosion appearance. (i) Initially, the main results of geotechnical survey allow identifying the layers of homogeneous characteristics of soil which are measured by the pressuremeter test. The results of cluster analysis of pressuremeter tests allow determining the localisation, the nature and the mean geotechnical characteristics of the soil. (ii) The results are used to determine the threshold of sensibility to internal erosion with the help of expert software. This software allows to calculate the criteria of internal erosion and to describe the sensitivity of the soil to internal erosion. (iii) A new experimental device is developed in our laboratory. This experiment called “Cross Erosion Test" (CET) allows determining the experimental resistance of the soil to the risk of internal erosion. The test consists of the injection, in a first drilling, of clear water and of the recovery, in another drilling, of water charged with eroded particles. For different initial state of the soils, it is possible to measure and to characterize the internal erosion by visualisation of the water flow and the measurement of the weight of the extracted eroded particles. The results show that this experience allows characterizing the internal erosion in a specific soil. The advantage of this technique is that it can be used in situ to predict the risk of suffusion in dams and dikes. (iv) A validation of experiences, with a 3D finite element method is carried out with the help of the Comsol Multiphysics 4.3b software. This model shows that under experiment hydraulic conditions, the hydraulic gradient is concentrated around the injection and the pumping. A finite element 2D model is developed to simulate erosion process. This approach describes the phenomenon of internal erosion and transport of fines particles in the porous medium of soils tested
Lupker, Maarten. "Dynamique sédimentaire, érosion physique et altération chimique dans le système himalayen." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPL038N/document.
Full textChemical weathering of the earth crust supplies the essential elements for numerous biogeochemical cycles. Physical erosion of large orogens, such as the Himalayan range, is accompanied by significant weathering fluxes possibly affecting the global environment. The objective of this PhD is to understand how surface processes affect river sediment properties in order to asses current erosion and weathering rates but also to decipher their past variations. To answer this question we studied the transport dynamics, the physical and the geochemical characteristics of the sediments in the Ganga basin. This study suggests that about 10 % of the flux eroded in the Himalayas is currently stored in the Ganga floodplain. Cosmogenic isotopes (10Be) measured in river sediments show stable erosion rates between 1.3 and 1.4 mm/yr for the entire Himalayan range drained by the Ganga. Furthermore, we show that River sediments are progressively depleted in the most mobile elements, as weathering proceeds during transfer in the floodplain. By comparing this flux to the weathering flux of the Himalayan range, we show that floodplain weathering is predominant in weathering Himalayan sediments. Cation exchange occurring when Ganga and Brahmaputra (G&B) sediments enter the marine environment are limited and enhances the long term carbon storage, linked to silicate weathering by only ca. 20 %. Finally, the Bay of Bengal sedimentary record, which documents the last 20 000 years of Himalayan erosion shows that the sediments exported during the last glacial maximum (LGM) were significantly less weathered compared to the sediments currently exported. The Himalayan system is thus not buffered towards the high frequency climate forcing changes of the Quaternary and modern weathering rates cannot easily be extrapolated over the past
Dubucq, Michel. "Identification et cartographie par télédétection des sols érodés : application au Lauragais toulousain (Sud-Ouest France)." Toulouse 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989TOU30208.
Full textCrosaz, Yves. "Lutte contre l'érosion des sols en montagne méditerranéenne : connaissance du matériel végétal et quantification de son impact sur l'érosion." Aix-Marseille 3, 1995. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008567.
Full textKakule, Vyakuno Emmanuel. "Pression anthropique et aménagement rationnel des hautes terres de Lubero en R. D. C. : rapports entre société et milieu physique dans une montagne équatoriale." Toulouse 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU20006.
Full textIn the Lubero highlands, in Democratic Republic of Congo, there are environmental and social problems which depend on natural and social factors. These problems, which appear once the demographic carrying capacity of the lands has been surpassed, are the vegetation degradation, the fall of soils' fertility, the soils' erosion, the protected areas violation, the land scarcity and the land conflicts. As far as the physical environment is concerned, they depend on the slopes, the deep rocks' alteration, the soils' granulometry, the low vegetal cover and the erosive potential of the climate. For the society, they are caused by the progressive occupation of the land, the human densities, the landed system, the exploitation of the nature and the development of lands. To resolve these problems, and more particularly the problem of soils' erosion, which is the most important, this thesis proposes a rational planning integrating an intervention on the physical environment as well as social and economical measures. The controlling of soils' erosion requires the construction of terraces and anti-erosive hedges, the practice of agroforestery, of soil conservation methods, the reforestation and some degree of agricultural mechanization. Execution of these requires foremostly the actors' awareness and the land reforms, accompanied by population emigration, family planning and diversification of activities apart from agriculture. So, the protection of the environment shows that there is a narrow relation between man and nature in territory's planning matter
Brenot, Jérôme. "Quantification de la dynamique sédimentaire en contexte anthropisé : l'érosion des versants viticoles de Côte-d'Or." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00177201.
Full textGaly, Albert. "Étude géochimique de l'érosion actuelle de la chaîne himalayenne." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1999. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1999_GALY_A.pdf.
Full textThe aim of this study was to give some new constrains on the Himalayan erosion, using the geochernistry of dissolved and particulate matter carried by Himalayan rivers. The main results are : - The supended load is not representative of the total erosion load. For the Ganges-Brahmaputra (G-B), it represents less than 50% of the total particulate discharge. The total erosion in the G-B is therefore 2. 4 ± 0. 5 109 ton/yr. - The location of intense erosion corresponds to the location of heavy rain in the range or at the G-B scale. The erosion rate are 3. 4 ± 0. 7 mm/yr. For the Brahmaputra Himalaya and 2. 3 ± 0. 6 for the Ganges Himalaya while the run off of these 2 domains are 2. 1 and 1. 2 m/yr. , respectively. In central Nepal, erosion rates follow the climatic contrast between the south and the North flank of the range : the erosion of the South flank of the high range is more than 6 times higher than that of the North flank. - The highest erosion rate is located just above the crustal ramp of the main Himalayan thrust, bellow the heaviest rain and on glaciated terranes. Tectonic convergence and the geometry of the crustal thrust focus the vertical uplift in the narrow zone of the south flank of the high range, where the erosion is twice more important than everywhere else. - The Himalayan erosion is buffered by physical processes. For the G-B, more than 55% of the eroded carbonate are carried by the particulate phase and no more than 1. 3% of the eroded silicate have been dissolved. - The high erosion rate acts as a restriction of the weathering. In the south flank of the high range, where the erosion rate is the highest, the weathering of rocks is the lowest. This result implies that there is not a general and positive relationship between tectonic and weathering. This link is even more complex for the whole orogenie process since the weathering of highly divided material in the foreland basin has to be taken into account. - The alkalinity flux corresponding to silicate weathering is 2. 7 1011 mol/yr. Corresponding to 2. 3% of the global flux. The budget of the weathering implies a dominant contribution of the carbonate dissolution to the riverine chemistry and that weathered silicate are mostly sodic. The long term atmospheric co2 consumption by silicate weathering has been estimated to be 6. 4 10¹⁰ mol/yr. For the whole G-B. - 14 Eq% of the alkalinity corresponds to an abiotic alteration. The main is the sulfide oxidation that produces around 70% of the dissolved sulfate load of the G-B. Some metamorphic C02 degassing, along Tibetan graben account for less than 1% of the who le alkalinity, but is loc ally significant. - Dissolved Sr budget and silicate alkalinity budget are uncoupled. An incongruent dissolution of carbonate in the Tibetan part of the range is the main source of dissolved Sr while the small weathering of old crustal terranes (> 2Ga) on the south flank acts as a ⁸⁷Sr spike for the Himalayan rivers. The G-B (6. 5 108 mol/yr. Of dissolved Sr with ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr- 0. 730) plays a key role of the Sr oceanic budget but has a few impact on the alkalinity. - The global impact on the carbon cycle by the Himalayan erosion lies in its ability to preserve and bury organic carbon. This burial is one order of magnitude higher than the long term atmospheric CO₂ consumption by silicate weathering and represents 5% of the global C burial. This enhanced C removal from the ocean-atmosphere reservoir by the erosion of the Himalaya could be sufficient to destabilize the global carbon cycle
Leguédois, Sophie. "Mécanismes de l'érosion diffuse des sols : modélisation du transfert et de l'évolution granulométrique des fragments de terre érodés." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00516390.
Full textKaroui, Tarek. "Etude expérimentale de l'érosion de sols homogènes et hétérogènes." Thesis, Le Havre, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2014LEHA0018/document.
Full textAInternal erosion is one of main causes of instabilities of hydraulic retaining structures such as dykes, levees and dams. This problem can lead to the collapse of the structure with considerable material damage and sometimes human losses. This study is devoted to characterisation of suffusion in homogeneous and heterogeneous soil. It also participates to other studies performed in the framework of the the national project ERINOH (INternal ERosion in Hydraulic Structures). Tests using the device EFA (Erosion Function Apparatus) were performed on homogeneous samples made of sand and fines (Kaolinite, Illite ou Silt) prepared in the laboratory. The results showed the importance of the type and the percentage of fines on the erosion resistance. Thereafter, these results were compared to other results obtained from similar samples and performed at IFFSTAR (Paris) using HET (Hole Erosion Test) device. This comparison showed important differences on estimating the hydraulic shear stress. Nevertheless, classification results for both devices place tested samples in similar categories. These two devices (EFA and HET) can be complementary in soil classification against internal erosion. The EFA showed that it can perform tests on samples containing lower percentage of fines which cannot be tested on the HET device. Tests on erosion columns were performed on two different kinds of soils : homogeneous et heterogeneous soils. Homogeneous soils were made of sand and fines (clays and Silt) at different fines contents in the whole composition. The results showed the importance of the type and the percentage of fines on the initiation and evolusion of the suffusion. Tests performed on heterogeneous soils were splitted into three different categories : Two-layers sample tests, segregated sample tests and tests carried out with natural soils. Test using two-layers sample showed the influence of a geometrical heterogeneity created by granulometric discontinuity on suffusion. Segregation tests showed that under fixed conditions segregated sample can be slightly more resistant against internal erosion. The observation of permeability and post-test grain size analysis showed redistribution of soil particles that can lead to better resistance against suffusion. Test performed on natural soil (Rhine gravels) showed substancial resistance against suffusion under hydraulic load due to auto-filtration properties. Pressure measurments along the sample showed the variation of local hydraulic gradients, indirect parameters of fines redistribution in the sample with partial clogging
Hauchart, Valérie. "Culture du coton et dégradation des sols dans le Mouhoun (Burkina Faso)." Reims, 2005. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000232.pdf.
Full textIntegrated into international economic networks and produced in some countries of the South, cotton is more and more cultivated in the western parts of Burkina Faso where soils and weather conditions are favourable. After some field observations and interviews carried on with the farmers of Mouhoun, the area seems to be affected by dynamics mechanisms of water and wind erosion which are visible in the landscapes, active at various scales and variable according to the different topographical units. The cultivation of cotton has developed in traditional farming systems of savanna areas, these systems being based on moving farming and the pratice of fallowing land. However, the specific logics of cotton growing have gradually changed the traditional systems through the intensification and mechanization they involve, thus simultaneously causing a differenciation among farmers. As the modernization of technical practices is not always adapted to the local environments which are by nature vulnerable to erosion, the land is increasingly weakening and the damage process is made worse owing to overexploitation of resources and misuse of imported farming methods. Aware that the land is “getting tired” and eroding, the farmers in Mouhoun are spontaneously implementing erosion management, the latter being associated to national and international programmes for sustainable preservation of the environment
Louhichi, Kamel. "Essai de modélisation bio-économique de la relation agriculture-environnement : le cas de l'érosion en Tunisie." Montpellier 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON10031.
Full textDiscontinuities and non-convexities are among the fundamental specificities of the relationship between agriculture and environment. Whereas it concerns groundwater pollution, the erosion of soils or salinity, the externalities associated to the process of agricultural production are complex and mostly non-linear. To evaluate them through the simple way of the usual rules of internalisation is not completely satisfactory. Thus we have adopted a multidisciplinary approach, associating economics and agronomy via a model coupling a bio-physical simulator and an economic programme, optimising the producers behavioury. This model introduces some sophistications, namely a dynamic recursif approach. .
Nguyen, Van Thiet. "Aménagements hydroélectriques et conséquences environnementales dans le nord du Vietnam." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU20031/document.
Full textThe thesis project assumes that the construction of hydropower dams could be a driven force for a harmonious economic development between mountains and plains. The aim would be to link policies for hydropower dam development, and policies for agriculture in mountains, within individual strategies, in relationship with physical and socio-economic constraints. Since 2000’s, throughout Southeast Asia, many projects of large hydropower dams are built or being built to meet the strong growth in demand for energy, causing great threats to water management and the environment on the one hand, and imposing important population displacement on the other hand. In these mountainous regions, the erosion process is a major risk for both the filling of reservoirs and agricultural soil productivity. Then major investors, for the lifespan of hydropower dams, and small farmers, for their livelihoods, are equally impacted. The challenge is to reformulate the relationship between planning and management of hydropower dams, and planning and management of agricultural uplands in upstream areas of dams. Although the socio-economic support has been very much improved from the Vietnamese State, displaced and non-displaced farmers are still largely undergoing regional socio-spatial changes on-going. In spite of good government and international intentions, the lack of consultation at local level and the lack of knowledge in hydro-ecology remain major constraints to the success of environmental protection and equity between the concerned populations, two mandatory conditions for sustainability of hydroelectric dam projects. In conclusion, it appears that the successful implantation of a large hydroelectric dam is related to the ability of policymakers to understand the complex interactions between ecological and socio-economic systems